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Liu Y, Wang L, Li Y, Zhong C, Wang X, Wang X, Xia Z, Liao J, Huang C, Mao C, Feng Y, Luo C, Mai W, Song H, Li H, Bao L, Chen D, Sheng Y, Zhang H, Wei X, Chen J, Yi W. HVEM in acute lymphocytic leukemia facilitates tumour immune escape by inhibiting CD8 + T cell function. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00959-1. [PMID: 38809326 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Leukaemia remains a major contributor to global mortality, representing a significant health risk for a substantial number of cancer patients. Despite notable advancements in the field, existing treatments frequently exhibit limited efficacy or recurrence. Here, we explored the potential of abolishing HVEM (herpes virus entry mediator, TNFRSF14) expression in tumours as an effective approach to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and prevent its recurrence. METHODS The clinical correlations between HVEM and leukaemia were revealed by public data analysis. HVEM knockout (KO) murine T cell lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line EL4 were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and syngeneic subcutaneous tumour models were established to investigate the in vivo function of HVEM. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), RNA-seq and flow cytometry were used to analyse the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) and tumour draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Immune functions were investigated by depletion of immune subsets in vivo and T cell functional assays in vitro. The HVEM mutant EL4 cell lines were constructed to investigate the functional domain responsible for immune escape. RESULTS According to public databases, HVEM is highly expressed in patients with ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is negatively correlated with patient prognosis. Genetic deletion of HVEM in EL4 cells markedly inhibited tumour progression and prolonged the survival of tumour-bearing mice. Our experiments proved that HVEM exerted its immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting antitumour function of CD8+ T cell through CRD1 domain both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, we identified a combination therapy capable of completely eradicating ALL tumours, which induces immune memory toward tumour protection. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the potential mechanisms by which HVEM facilitates ALL progression, and highlights HVEM as a promising target for clinical applications in relapsed ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yiyi Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijin Xia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liao
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunliu Huang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Chengzhou Mao
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongyi Feng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congzhou Luo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Mai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongrui Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Bao
- Yichun Central Blood Station, Yichun, China
| | - Danchun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Sheng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Wei
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yu X, Yang F, Shen Z, Zhang Y, Sun J, Qiu C, Zheng Y, Zhao W, Yuan S, Zeng D, Zhang S, Long J, Zhu M, Zhang X, Wu J, Ma Z, Zhu H, Su M, Xu J, Li B, Mao R, Su Z, Zhang J. BTLA contributes to acute-on-chronic liver failure infection and mortality through CD4 + T-cell exhaustion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1835. [PMID: 38418488 PMCID: PMC10901893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) levels are increased in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF). This condition is characterized by susceptibility to infection and T-cell immune exhaustion. However, whether BTLA can induce T-cell immune exhaustion and increase the risk of infection remains unclear. Here, we report that BTLA levels are significantly increased in the circulating and intrahepatic CD4+ T cells from patients with HBV-ACLF, and are positively correlated with disease severity, prognosis, and infection complications. BTLA levels were upregulated by the IL-6 and TNF signaling pathways. Antibody crosslinking of BTLA activated the PI3K-Akt pathway to inhibit the activation, proliferation, and cytokine production of CD4+ T cells while promoting their apoptosis. In contrast, BTLA knockdown promoted their activation and proliferation. BTLA-/- ACLF mice exhibited increased cytokine secretion, and reduced mortality and bacterial burden. The administration of a neutralizing anti-BTLA antibody reduced Klebsiella pneumoniae load and mortality in mice with ACLF. These data may help elucidate HBV-ACLF pathogenesis and aid in identifying novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, China.
| | - Feifei Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongliang Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijuan Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Medicine College, Dali University, 671000, Dali, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawu Zeng
- Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350000, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shenyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfei Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqi Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoxiang Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Milong Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Richeng Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhijun Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, China.
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jing'An Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
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Sordo-Bahamonde C, Lorenzo-Herrero S, Granda-Díaz R, Martínez-Pérez A, Aguilar-García C, Rodrigo JP, García-Pedrero JM, Gonzalez S. Beyond the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 era: promising role of the BTLA/HVEM axis as a future target for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:142. [PMID: 37649037 PMCID: PMC10466776 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent introduction of monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints to harness antitumor immunity has revolutionized the cancer treatment landscape. The therapeutic success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based therapies mainly relies on PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockade. However, the limited overall responses and lack of reliable predictive biomarkers of patient´s response are major pitfalls limiting immunotherapy success. Hence, this reflects the compelling need of unveiling novel targets for immunotherapy that allow to expand the spectrum of ICB-based strategies to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy and benefit for cancer patients. This review thoroughly dissects current molecular and functional knowledge of BTLA/HVEM axis and the future perspectives to become a target for cancer immunotherapy. BTLA/HVEM dysregulation is commonly found and linked to poor prognosis in solid and hematological malignancies. Moreover, circulating BTLA has been revealed as a blood-based predictive biomarker of immunotherapy response in various cancers. On this basis, BTLA/HVEM axis emerges as a novel promising target for cancer immunotherapy. This prompted rapid development and clinical testing of the anti-BTLA blocking antibody Tifcemalimab/icatolimab as the first BTLA-targeted therapy in various ongoing phase I clinical trials with encouraging results on preliminary efficacy and safety profile as monotherapy and combined with other anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that the intricate signaling network constituted by BTLA/HVEM/CD160/LIGHT involved in immune response regulation, tumor development and tumor microenvironment could limit therapeutic success. Therefore, in-depth functional characterization in different cancer settings is highly recommended for adequate design and implementation of BTLA-targeted therapies to guarantee the best clinical outcomes to benefit cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sordo-Bahamonde
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Seila Lorenzo-Herrero
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rocío Granda-Díaz
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Pérez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Candelaria Aguilar-García
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M García-Pedrero
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Segundo Gonzalez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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del Rio ML, de Juan CYD, Roncador G, Caleiras E, Álvarez-Esteban R, Pérez-Simón JA, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. Genetic deletion of HVEM in a leukemia B cell line promotes a preferential increase of PD-1 - stem cell-like T cells over PD-1 + T cells curbing tumor progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113858. [PMID: 37033927 PMCID: PMC10076739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A high frequency of mutations affecting the gene encoding Herpes Virus Entry Mediator (HVEM, TNFRSF14) is a common clinical finding in a wide variety of human tumors, including those of hematological origin. METHODS We have addressed how HVEM expression on A20 leukemia cells influences tumor survival and its involvement in the modulation of the anti-tumor immune responses in a parental into F1 mouse tumor model of hybrid resistance by knocking-out HVEM expression. HVEM WT or HVEM KO leukemia cells were then injected intravenously into semiallogeneic F1 recipients and the extent of tumor dissemination was evaluated. RESULTS The loss of HVEM expression on A20 leukemia cells led to a significant increase of lymphoid and myeloid tumor cell infiltration curbing tumor progression. NK cells and to a lesser extent NKT cells and monocytes were the predominant innate populations contributing to the global increase of immune infiltrates in HVEM KO tumors compared to that present in HVEM KO tumors. In the overall increase of the adaptive T cell immune infiltrates, the stem cell-like PD-1- T cells progenitors and the effector T cell populations derived from them were more prominently present than terminally differentiated PD-1+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the PD-1- T cell subpopulation is likely to be a more relevant contributor to tumor rejection than the PD-1+ T cell subpopulation. These findings highlight the role of co-inhibitory signals delivered by HVEM upon engagement of BTLA on T cells and NK cells, placing HVEM/BTLA interaction in the spotlight as a novel immune checkpoint for the reinforcement of the anti-tumor responses in malignancies of hematopoietic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa del Rio
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Carla Yago-Diez de Juan
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Giovanna Roncador
- Monoclonal Antibodies Unit, National Center for Cancer Research (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Core Unit, National Center for Cancer Research (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Álvarez-Esteban
- Section of Statistics and Operational Research, Department of Economy and Statistics, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pérez-Simón
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio / Institute of Biomedicine (IBIS / CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
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Kuske M, Haist M, Jung T, Grabbe S, Bros M. Immunomodulatory Properties of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-More than Boosting T-Cell Responses? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1710. [PMID: 35406483 PMCID: PMC8996886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that serve to enhance effector T-cell anti-tumor responses has strongly improved success rates in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and other tumor types. The currently approved ICI constitute monoclonal antibodies blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1. By this, the T-cell-inhibitory CTLA-4/CD80/86 and PD-1/PD-1L/2L signaling axes are inhibited. This leads to sustained effector T-cell activity and circumvents the immune evasion of tumor cells, which frequently upregulate PD-L1 expression and modulate immune checkpoint molecule expression on leukocytes. As a result, profound clinical responses are observed in 40-60% of metastatic melanoma patients. Despite the pivotal role of T effector cells for triggering anti-tumor immunity, mounting evidence indicates that ICI efficacy may also be attributable to other cell types than T effector cells. In particular, emerging research has shown that ICI also impacts innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells, which may amplify tumoricidal functions beyond triggering T effector cells, and thus improves clinical efficacy. Effects of ICI on non-T cells may additionally explain, in part, the character and extent of adverse effects associated with treatment. Deeper knowledge of these effects is required to further develop ICI treatment in terms of responsiveness of patients to treatment, to overcome resistance to ICI and to alleviate adverse effects. In this review we give an overview into the currently known immunomodulatory effects of ICI treatment in immune cell types other than the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.J.); (S.G.)
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Cytokines and costimulation in acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2021; 136:418-428. [PMID: 32526028 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is an important curative therapy for high-risk hematological malignancies, but the development of severe and/or steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains a significant limitation to optimal outcomes. New approaches to prevent and treat aGVHD remain an unmet need that can be best addressed by understanding the complex disease pathophysiology. It is now clear that chemoradiotherapy used prior to alloSCT induces the release of endogenous alarmins (eg, HMGB-1, ATP, IL-1α, IL-33) from recipient tissue. Exogenous pathogen-derived molecules (eg, lipopolysaccharide, nucleic acids) also translocate from the gastrointestinal tract lumen. Together, these danger signals activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to efficiently present alloantigen to donor T cells while releasing cytokines (eg, interleukin-12 [IL-12], IL-23, IL-6, IL-27, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β) that expand and differentiate both pathogenic and regulatory donor T cells. Concurrent costimulatory signals at the APC-T-cell interface (eg, CD80/CD86-CD28, CD40-CD40L, OX40L-OX40, CD155/CD112-DNAM-1) and subsequent coinhibitory signals (eg, CD80/CD86-CTLA4, PDL1/2-PD1, CD155/CD112-TIGIT) are critical to the acquisition of effector T-cell function and ensuing secretion of pathogenic cytokines (eg, IL-17, interferon-γ, tissue necrosis factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and cytolytic degranulation pathway effectors (eg, perforin/granzyme). This review focuses on the combination of cytokine and costimulatory networks at the T-cell surface that culminates in effector function and subsequent aGVHD in target tissue. Together, these pathways now represent robust and clinically tractable targets for preventing the initiation of deleterious immunity after alloSCT.
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D'Arrigo P, Tufano M, Rea A, Vigorito V, Novizio N, Russo S, Romano MF, Romano S. Manipulation of the Immune System for Cancer Defeat: A Focus on the T Cell Inhibitory Checkpoint Molecules. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2402-2448. [PMID: 30398102 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181106114421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system actively counteracts the tumorigenesis process; a breakout of the immune system function, or its ability to recognize transformed cells, can favor cancer development. Cancer becomes able to escape from immune system control by using multiple mechanisms, which are only in part known at a cellular and molecular level. Among these mechanisms, in the last decade, the role played by the so-called "inhibitory immune checkpoints" is emerging as pivotal in preventing the tumor attack by the immune system. Physiologically, the inhibitory immune checkpoints work to maintain the self-tolerance and attenuate the tissue injury caused by pathogenic infections. Cancer cell exploits such immune-inhibitory molecules to contrast the immune intervention and induce tumor tolerance. Molecular agents that target these checkpoints represent the new frontier for cancer treatment. Despite the heterogeneity and multiplicity of molecular alterations among the tumors, the immune checkpoint targeted therapy has been shown to be helpful in selected and even histologically different types of cancer, and are currently being adopted against an increasing variety of tumors. The most frequently used is the moAb-based immunotherapy that targets the Programmed Cell Death 1 protein (PD-1), the PD-1 Ligand (PD-L1) or the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4). However, new therapeutic approaches are currently in development, along with the discovery of new immune checkpoints exploited by the cancer cell. This article aims to review the inhibitory checkpoints, which are known up to now, along with the mechanisms of cancer immunoediting. An outline of the immune checkpoint targeting approaches, also including combined immunotherapies and the existing trials, is also provided. Notwithstanding the great efforts devoted by researchers in the field of biomarkers of response, to date, no validated FDA-approved immunological biomarkers exist for cancer patients. We highlight relevant studies on predictive biomarkers and attempt to discuss the challenges in this field, due to the complex and largely unknown dynamic mechanisms that drive the tumor immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo D'Arrigo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Tufano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Rea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Vigorito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Tumor development is characterized by the accumulation of mutational and epigenetic changes that transform normal cells and survival pathways into self-sustaining cells capable of untrammeled growth. Although multiple modalities including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are available for the treatment of cancer, the benefits conferred are often limited. The immune system is capable of specific, durable, and adaptable responses. However, cancers hijack immune mechanisms such as negative regulatory checkpoints that have evolved to limit inflammatory and immune responses to thwart effective antitumor immunity. The development of monoclonal antibodies against inhibitory receptors expressed by immune cells has produced durable responses in a broad array of advanced malignancies and heralded a new dawn in the cancer armamentarium. However, these remarkable responses are limited to a minority of patients and indications, highlighting the need for more effective and novel approaches. Preclinical and clinical studies with immune checkpoint blockade are exploring the therapeutic potential antibody-based therapy targeting multiple inhibitory receptors. In this chapter, we discuss the current understanding of the structure, ligand specificities, function, and signaling activities of various inhibitory receptors. Additionally, we discuss the current development status of various immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting these negative immune receptors and highlight conceptual gaps in knowledge.
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Barham MS, Abrahams DA, Khayumbi J, Ongalo J, Tonui J, Campbell A, de Kock M, Ouma SG, Odhiambo FH, Hanekom WA, Gandhi NR, Day CL. HIV Infection Is Associated With Downregulation of BTLA Expression on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4 T Cells in Active Tuberculosis Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1983. [PMID: 31497018 PMCID: PMC6712065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly a quarter of the global population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), with 10 million people developing active tuberculosis (TB) annually. Co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has long been recognized as a significant risk factor for progression to TB disease, yet the mechanisms whereby HIV impairs T cell-mediated control of Mtb infection remain poorly defined. We hypothesized that HIV infection may promote upregulation of inhibitory receptors on Mtb-specific CD4 T cells, a mechanism that has been associated with antigen-specific T cell dysfunction in chronic infections. Using cohorts of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals with latent Mtb infection (LTBI) and with active TB disease, we stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for 6 hours with Mtb peptide pools and evaluated co-expression profiles of the inhibitory receptors BTLA, CTLA-4, and PD-1 on IFN-γ+/TNF-α+ Mtb-specific CD4 T cells. Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in all participant groups expressed predominately either one or no inhibitory receptors, unlike cytomegalovirus- and HIV-specific CD4 T cells circulating in the same individuals, which were predominately CTLA-4+PD-1+. There were no significant differences in inhibitory receptor expression profiles of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells between HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected individuals with LTBI. Surprisingly, BTLA expression, both alone and in combination with CTLA-4 and PD-1, was markedly downregulated on Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in HIV-infected individuals with active TB. Together, these data provide novel evidence that the majority of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells do not co-express multiple inhibitory receptors, regardless of HIV infection status; moreover, they highlight a previously unrecognized role of BTLA expression on Mtb-specific CD4 T cells that could be further explored as a potential biomarker of Mtb infection status, particularly in people living with HIV, the population at greatest risk for development of active TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S Barham
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Deborah A Abrahams
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeremiah Khayumbi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Joshua Ongalo
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Joan Tonui
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Angela Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marwou de Kock
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Gurrion Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Neel R Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Schneider P, Weigert A, Lee KM, Kim TJ, Perez-Simon JA, Del Rio ML. HVEM, a cosignaling molecular switch, and its interactions with BTLA, CD160 and LIGHT. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:679-682. [PMID: 31160757 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Immunobiology Section, Research Institutes of the University of Leon, Campus of Vegazana s/n, 24071, Leon, Spain. .,Leon Regional Transplantation Coordination Center, Leon University Hospital, Leon, Spain. .,Acción Estratégica en Salud, Consorcio CIBER-ONC, Seville, Spain.
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jose-Antonio Perez-Simon
- Acción Estratégica en Salud, Consorcio CIBER-ONC, Seville, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Biomedical Institute of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria-Luisa Del Rio
- Transplantation Immunobiology Section, Research Institutes of the University of Leon, Campus of Vegazana s/n, 24071, Leon, Spain. .,Leon Regional Transplantation Coordination Center, Leon University Hospital, Leon, Spain. .,Acción Estratégica en Salud, Consorcio CIBER-ONC, Seville, Spain.
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11
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Yu X, Zheng Y, Mao R, Su Z, Zhang J. BTLA/HVEM Signaling: Milestones in Research and Role in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:617. [PMID: 30984188 PMCID: PMC6449624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immune-regulatory receptor, similar to CTLA-4 and PD-1, and is mainly expressed on B-, T-, and all mature lymphocyte cells. Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM)-BTLA plays a critical role in immune tolerance and immune responses which are areas of intense research. However, the mechanisms of the BTLA and the BTLA/HVEM signaling pathway in human diseases remain unclear. This review describes the research milestones of BTLA and HVEM in chronological order and their role in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijuan Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Richeng Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Quan L, Lan X, Meng Y, Guo X, Guo Y, Zhao L, Chen X, Liu A. BTLA marks a less cytotoxic T-cell subset in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with high expression of checkpoints. Exp Hematol 2018; 60:47-56.e1. [PMID: 29353075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy results in lymphoma have been encouraging. Preclinical and clinical trials have proven checkpoint blockade, such as PD-1 antibody, as an effective treatment for lymphoma, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Combination of checkpoint blockades has emerged as a new way to treat lymphoma; however, the status of checkpoint expression and their function in DLBCL have not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we examined the expression of BTLA, PD-1, TIM-3, LIGHT, and LAG-3 in tumor microenvironmental T cells of DLBCL using flow cytometry and compared the cytotoxicity and differentiation status of BTLA+ and BTLA- T-cells. We further characterized the relationship of STAT3 phosphorylation (p-STAT3) with BTLA expression. Our results suggest that BTLA+ T cells highly express other checkpoint molecules, including PD-1, TIM-3, LIGHT, and LAG-3. Moreover, high expression of BTLA is correlated with advanced stage of DLBCL. BTLA+ T cells have a less-differentiated phenotype, lower cytolytic function, and higher potential to proliferate compared with BTLA- T cells. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that increased BTLA predicts poor prognosis in patients with DLBCL, and blockade of BTLA with other checkpoints may potentially represent a new strategy for immunotherapy of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Quan
- Department of Hematology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiuwen Lan
- Gastroenterological Department, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Meng
- Department of Gynaecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiuchen Guo
- Department of Hematology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yiwei Guo
- Department of Hematology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Hematology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Aichun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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13
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Ward-Kavanagh LK, Lin WW, Šedý JR, Ware CF. The TNF Receptor Superfamily in Co-stimulating and Co-inhibitory Responses. Immunity 2017; 44:1005-19. [PMID: 27192566 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines related to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) provide a communication network essential for coordinating multiple cell types into an effective host defense system against pathogens and malignant cells. The pathways controlled by the TNF superfamily differentiate both innate and adaptive immune cells and modulate stromal cells into microenvironments conducive to host defenses. Members of the TNF receptor superfamily activate diverse cellular functions from the production of type 1 interferons to the modulation of survival of antigen-activated T cells. Here, we focus attention on the subset of TNF superfamily receptors encoded in the immune response locus in chromosomal region 1p36. Recent studies have revealed that these receptors use diverse mechanisms to either co-stimulate or restrict immune responses. Translation of the fundamental mechanisms of TNF superfamily is leading to the design of therapeutics that can alter pathogenic processes in several autoimmune diseases or promote immunity to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Ward-Kavanagh
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wai Wai Lin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Šedý
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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14
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Thangavelu G, Anderson CC. Divide and conquer: Blocking graft versus host but not graft versus leukemia T cells with agonist BTLA co-inhibitory signals. CHIMERISM 2017; 2:29-32. [PMID: 21547036 DOI: 10.4161/chim.2.1.15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the main objectives in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) research is the prevention of graft versus host disease (GVHD) while maintaining the graft versus leukemia/lymphoma (GVL) effect. Whether these two responses generated by donor T cells can be sufficiently separated and controlled remains controversial. While various approaches have been tested to achieve this goal, success has been relatively limited. Lymphocyte responses are negatively regulated by a series of receptors that function along with antigen receptors to deliver co-inhibitory signals. B and T lymphocyte associated (BTLA) is a novel co-inhibitory molecule expressed by activated T cells, B cells and other immune cells. A study by Albring et al. has now shown in a murine model that a single injection of agonistic anti-BTLA monoclonal antibody can inhibit GVHD long-term while maintaining GVL responses and immunity to infection. These studies suggest that future development of biologics to harness the function of co-inhibitory signals will be an important approach in the prevention of autoimmunity and GVHD and in protocols to achieve transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Departments of Surgery and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Alberta Diabetes Institute; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
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15
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Wang WD, Gao YC, Lu YB, Zhang JA, Liu GB, Kong B, Xiang WY, Dai YC, Yu SY, Jia Y, Fu XX, Yi LL, Zheng BY, Chen ZW, Zhong J, Xu JF. BTLA-expressing CD11c antigen presenting cells in patients with active tuberculosis exhibit low capacity to stimulate T cell proliferation. Cell Immunol 2016; 311:28-35. [PMID: 27717503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite past extensive studies on B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA)-mediated negative regulation of T cell activation, the role of BTLA in antigen presenting cells (APCs) in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (ATB) remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that BTLA expression on CD11c APCs increased in patients with ATB. Particularly, BTLA expression in CD11c APCs was likely associated with the attenuated stimulatory capacity on T cells (especially CD8+ T cell) proliferation. BTLA-expressing CD11c APCs showed lower antigen uptake capacity, lower CD86 expression, higher HLA-DR expression, and enhanced IL-6 secretion, compared to counterpart BTLA negative CD11c APCs in healthy controls (HC). Interestingly, BTLA-expressing CD11c APCs from ATB patients displayed lower expression of HLA-DR and less IL-6 secretion, but higher expression of CD86 than those from HC volunteers. Mixed lymphocyte reaction suggests that BTLA expression is likely associated with positive rather than conventional negative regulation of CD11c APCs stimulatory capacity. This role is impaired in ATB patients manifested by low expression of HLA-DR and low production of IL-6. This previous unappreciated role for BTLA may have implications in the prevention and treatment of patients with ATB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Dang Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Gao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Lu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jun-Ai Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Gan-Bin Liu
- Department of Respiration, Dongguan 6thHospital, Dongguan 523008, China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yu Xiang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - You-Chao Dai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shi-Yan Yu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Fu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lai-Long Yi
- Department of Respiration, Dongguan 6thHospital, Dongguan 523008, China
| | - Bin-Ying Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China.
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16
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Enhanced Innate Inflammation Induced by Anti-BTLA Antibody in Dual Insult Model of Hemorrhagic Shock/Sepsis. Shock 2016; 45:40-9. [PMID: 26674453 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis following hemorrhagic shock is a common clinical condition, in which innate immune system suffers from severe suppression. B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immune-regulatory coinhibitory receptor expressed not only on adaptive, but also on innate immune cells. Our previous data showed that BTLA gene deficient mice were protected from septic mortality when compared with wild-type control C57BL/6 mice. Here, we extended our study by treating C57BL/6 mice with an anti-BTLA monoclonal antibody (clone 6A6; reported to have the ability to neutralize or agonize/potentiate BTLA signaling) in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock (Hem) followed by sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); positing initially that if BTLA engagement was neutralized, like gene deficiency, an anti-BTLA mAb would have the similar effects on the inflammatory response/morbidity in these mice after such insults. Here, we report that BTLA expression is elevated on innate immune cells after Hem/CLP. However, anti-BTLA antibody treatment increased cytokine (TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10)/chemokine (KC, MIP-2, MCP-1) levels and inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells) recruitment in the peritoneal cavity, which in turn aggravated organ injury and elevated these animals' mortality in Hem/CLP. When compared with the protective effects of our previous study using BTLA gene deficient mice in a model of lethal septic challenge, we further confirmed BTLA's contribution to enhanced innate cell recruitment, elevated IL-10 levels, and reduced survival, and that engagement of antibody with BTLA potentiates/exacerbates the pathophysiology in Hem/sepsis.
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Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Fernandez-Renedo C, Moral AMB, Bühler L, Del Rio ML. T follicular helper expansion and humoral-mediated rejection are independent of the HVEM/BTLA pathway. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:497-510. [PMID: 26924526 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways contributing to humoral-mediated allograft rejection are poorly defined. In this study, we assessed the role of the herpesvirus entry mediator/B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (HVEM/BTLA) signalling pathway in the context of antibody-mediated allograft rejection. An experimental setting was designed to elucidate whether the blockade of HVEM/BTLA interactions could modulate de novo induction of host antidonor-specific antibodies during the course of graft rejection. To test this hypothesis, fully allogeneic major histocompatibility complex-mismatched skin grafts were transplanted onto the right flank of recipient mice that were treated with isotype control, anti-CD40L or modulatory antibodies of the HVEM/BTLA signalling pathway. The frequencies of CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cells (B220-, CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1high), extrafollicular helper cells (B220-, CD4+ CXCR5- PD-1+ and PD-1-) and germinal centre (GC) B cells (B220+Fas+ GL7+) were analysed by flow cytometry in draining and non-draining lymph nodes at day 10 post transplantation during the acute phase of graft rejection. The host antidonor isotype-specific humoral immune response was also assessed. Whereas blockade of the CD40/CD40L pathway was highly effective in preventing the allogeneic humoral immune response, antibody-mediated blockade of the HVEM/BTLA-interacting pathway affected neither the expansion of Tfh cells nor the expansion of GC B cells. Consequently, the course of the host antidonor antibody-mediated response proceeded normally, without detectable evidence of impaired development. In summary, these data indicate that HVEM/BTLA interactions are dispensable for the formation of de novo host antidonor isotype-specific antibodies in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Immunobiology Section, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Leon and Castilla and Leon Regional Transplantation Coordination, Leon University Hospital, Leon, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Renedo
- Transplantation Immunobiology Section, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Leon and Castilla and Leon Regional Transplantation Coordination, Leon University Hospital, Leon, Spain
| | - Ana María Bravo Moral
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Veterinary Faculty, Lugo, Spain
| | - Leo Bühler
- Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Luisa Del Rio
- Transplantation Immunobiology Section, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Leon and Castilla and Leon Regional Transplantation Coordination, Leon University Hospital, Leon, Spain
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18
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Shao R, Li CS, Fang Y, Zhao L, Hang C. Low B and T lymphocyte attenuator expression on CD4+ T cells in the early stage of sepsis is associated with the severity and mortality of septic patients: a prospective cohort study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:308. [PMID: 26329820 PMCID: PMC4556404 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an inhibitory receptor, whose primary role in CD4+ T cell is thought to inhibit cytokine production. We explore BTLA expression on CD4+ T cells in healthy controls and septic patients, and assess the correlation of BTLA expression on CD4+ T cells in the early stage of sepsis with the severity and mortality of septic patients in the emergency department (ED). Methods 336 consecutive patients were included in this study. BTLA expression on CD4+ T cells was measured by flow cytometry within 24h of ED admission. Results Our results showed that the percentage of BTLA+/CD4+ T cells was high expression in healthy volunteers and it was statistically reduced in severe sepsis and septic shock compared with healthy controls(all P<0.01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curves of BTLA expression on CD4+ T cells was slightly lower than that of procalcitonin (PCT) and Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score. The percentage of BTLA+/CD4+T cells was lower in non-survivors than in survivors (P<0.01), and similar results were obtained when expressed as mean of fluorescence intensities (MFI) (P<0.01). Adjusted logistic regression analysis suggested that the percentage of BTLA+/CD4+ T cells was associated with 28-day mortality in septic patients (odds ratio (OR) = 0.394). Conclusion Our study shows that the percentage of BTLA+/CD4+ T cells was high in healthy volunteers. Furthermore, lower percentage of BTLA+/CD4+ T cells during the early stage of sepsis is associated with the severity and the mortality of septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capitcal Medical University, 8# Worker's Stadium South Road, Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Chun-Sheng Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capitcal Medical University, 8# Worker's Stadium South Road, Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Yingying Fang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capitcal Medical University, 8# Worker's Stadium South Road, Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Lianxing Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capitcal Medical University, 8# Worker's Stadium South Road, Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Chenchen Hang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capitcal Medical University, 8# Worker's Stadium South Road, Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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19
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Le Mercier I, Lines JL, Noelle RJ. Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators. Front Immunol 2015; 6:418. [PMID: 26347741 PMCID: PMC4544156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Le Mercier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - J Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
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Hardcastle SL, Brenu EW, Johnston S, Nguyen T, Huth T, Wong N, Ramos S, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. Characterisation of cell functions and receptors in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). BMC Immunol 2015; 16:35. [PMID: 26032326 PMCID: PMC4450981 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal immune function is often an underlying component of illness pathophysiology and symptom presentation. Functional and phenotypic immune-related alterations may play a role in the obscure pathomechanism of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). The objective of this study was to investigate the functional ability of innate and adaptive immune cells in moderate and severe CFS/ME patients. The 1994 Fukuda criteria for CFS/ME were used to define CFS/ME patients. CFS/ME participants were grouped based on illness severity with 15 moderately affected (moderate) and 12 severely affected (severe) CFS/ME patients who were age and sex matched with 18 healthy controls. Flow cytometric protocols were used for immunological analysis of dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophil function as well as measures of lytic proteins and T, natural killer (NK) and B cell receptors. RESULTS CFS/ME patients exhibited alterations in NK receptors and adhesion markers and receptors on CD4(+)T and CD8(+)T cells. Moderate CFS/ME patients had increased CD8(+) CD45RA effector memory T cells, SLAM expression on NK cells, KIR2DL5(+) on CD4(+)T cells and BTLA4(+) on CD4(+)T central memory cells. Moderate CFS/ME patients also had reduced CD8(+)T central memory LFA-1, total CD8(+)T KLRG1, naïve CD4(+)T KLRG1 and CD56(dim)CD16(-) NK cell CD2(+) and CD18(+)CD2(+). Severe CFS/ME patients had increased CD18(+)CD11c(-) in the CD56(dim)CD16(-) NK cell phenotype and reduced NKp46 in CD56(bright)CD16(dim) NK cells. CONCLUSIONS This research accentuated the presence of immunological abnormalities in CFS/ME and highlighted the importance of assessing functional parameters of both innate and adaptive immune systems in the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharni Lee Hardcastle
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith Health Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Ekua Weba Brenu
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith Health Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Samantha Johnston
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith Health Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Thao Nguyen
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith Health Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Teilah Huth
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith Health Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Naomi Wong
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith Health Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sandra Ramos
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith Health Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Donald Staines
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith Health Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith Health Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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Haymaker CL, Wu RC, Ritthipichai K, Bernatchez C, Forget MA, Chen JQ, Liu H, Wang E, Marincola F, Hwu P, Radvanyi LG. BTLA marks a less-differentiated tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subset in melanoma with enhanced survival properties. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1014246. [PMID: 26405566 PMCID: PMC4570103 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1014246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent adoptive cell therapy (ACT) clinical trial using autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with metastatic melanoma, we found an association between CD8+ T cells expressing the inhibitory receptor B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and clinical response. Here, we further characterized this CD8+BTLA+ TIL subset and their CD8+BTLA− counterparts. We found that the CD8+ BTLA+ TILs had an increased response to IL-2, were less-differentiated effector-memory (TEM) cells, and persisted longer in vivo after infusion. In contrast, CD8+BTLA− TILs failed to proliferate and expressed genes associated with T-cell deletion/tolerance. Paradoxically, activation of BTLA signaling by its ligand, herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), inhibited T-cell division and cytokine production, but also activated the Akt/PKB pathway thus protecting CD8+BTLA+ TILs from apoptosis. Our results point to a new role of BTLA as a useful T-cell differentiation marker in ACT and a dual signaling molecule that curtails T-cell activation while also conferring a survival advantage for CD8+ T cells. These attributes may explain our previous observation that BTLA expression on CD8+ TILs correlates with clinical response to adoptive T-cell therapy in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston, TX USA
| | - Richard C Wu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston, TX USA ; MD/PhD Program; University of Texas Medical School at Houston ; Houston, TX USA ; Graduate Program in Immunology; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences ; Houston, TX USA ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Department of Internal Medicine ; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Krit Ritthipichai
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston, TX USA ; Graduate Program in Immunology; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences ; Houston, TX USA
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston, TX USA ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Department of Internal Medicine ; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Marie-Andrée Forget
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston, TX USA
| | - Jie Qing Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston, TX USA ; Lion Biotechnologies ; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section; Department of Transfusion Medicine; Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section; Department of Transfusion Medicine; Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda, MD USA ; Sidra Medical Research Hospital ; Doha, Qatar
| | - Francesco Marincola
- Surgery Branch; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda, MD USA ; Department of Immunology; H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center ; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston, TX USA ; Lion Biotechnologies ; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Laszlo G Radvanyi
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston, TX USA ; Lion Biotechnologies ; Tampa, FL USA ; Department of Immunology; H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center ; Tampa, FL USA
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23
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Interactions between herpesvirus entry mediator (TNFRSF14) and latency-associated transcript during herpes simplex virus 1 latency. J Virol 2013; 88:1961-71. [PMID: 24307582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02467-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) is one of several cell surface proteins herpes simplex virus (HSV) uses for attachment/entry. HVEM regulates cellular immune responses and can also increase cell survival. Interestingly, latency-associated transcript (LAT), the only viral gene consistently expressed during neuronal latency, enhances latency and reactivation by promoting cell survival and by helping the virus evade the host immune response. However, the mechanisms of these LAT activities are not well understood. We show here for the first time that one mechanism by which LAT enhances latency and reactivation appears to be by upregulating HVEM expression. HSV-1 latency/reactivation was significantly reduced in Hvem(-/-) mice, indicating that HVEM plays a significant role in HSV-1 latency/reactivation. Furthermore, LAT upregulated HVEM expression during latency in vivo and also when expressed in vitro in the absence of other viral factors. This study suggests a mechanism whereby LAT upregulates HVEM expression potentially through binding of two LAT small noncoding RNAs to the HVEM promoter and that the increased HVEM then leads to downregulation of immune responses in the latent microenvironment and increased survival of latently infected cells. Thus, one of the mechanisms by which LAT enhances latency/reactivation appears to be through increasing expression of HVEM.
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Steinberg MW, Huang Y, Wang-Zhu Y, Ware CF, Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M. BTLA interaction with HVEM expressed on CD8(+) T cells promotes survival and memory generation in response to a bacterial infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77992. [PMID: 24205057 PMCID: PMC3813523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an Ig super family member that binds to the herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a TNF receptor super family (TNFRSF) member. Engagement of BTLA by HVEM triggers inhibitory signals, although recent evidence indicates that BTLA also may act as an activating ligand for HVEM. In this study, we reveal a novel role for the BTLA-HVEM pathway in promoting the survival of activated CD8+ T cells in the response to an oral microbial infection. Our data show that both BTLA- and HVEM-deficient mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes had significantly reduced numbers of primary effector and memory CD8+ T cells, despite normal proliferation and expansion compared to controls. In addition, blockade of the BTLA-HVEM interaction early in the response led to significantly reduced numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. HVEM expression on the CD8+ T cells as well as BTLA expression on a cell type other than CD8+ T lymphocytes, was required. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the function of the BTLA-HVEM pathway is not limited to inhibitory signaling in T lymphocytes, and instead, that BTLA can provide crucial, HVEM-dependent signals that promote survival of antigen activated CD8+ T cell during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos W. Steinberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yujun Huang
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yiran Wang-Zhu
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Carl F. Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford|Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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CD8 T cell memory to a viral pathogen requires trans cosignaling between HVEM and BTLA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77991. [PMID: 24205056 PMCID: PMC3812147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the molecular interactions required to program activated CD8 T cells to survive and become memory cells may allow us to understand how to augment anti-viral immunity. HVEM (herpes virus entry mediator) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family that interacts with ligands in the TNF family, LIGHT and Lymphotoxin-α, and in the Ig family, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and CD160. The Ig family members initiate inhibitory signaling when engaged with HVEM, but may also activate survival gene expression. Using a model of vaccinia virus infection, we made the unexpected finding that deficiency in HVEM or BTLA profoundly impaired effector CD8 T cell survival and development of protective immune memory. Mixed adoptive transfer experiments indicated that BTLA expressed in CD8α+ dendritic cells functions as a trans-activating ligand that delivers positive co-signals through HVEM expressed in T cells. Our data demonstrate a critical role of HVEM-BTLA bidirectional cosignaling system in antiviral defenses by driving the differentiation of memory CD8 T cells.
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Yang C, Chen Y, Guo G, Li H, Cao D, Xu H, Guo S, Fei L, Yan W, Ning Q, Zheng L, Wu Y. Expression of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) in macrophages contributes to the fulminant hepatitis caused by murine hepatitis virus strain-3. Gut 2013; 62:1204-13. [PMID: 22637698 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fulminant viral hepatitis (FH) remains a serious clinical problem for which the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. The B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immunoglobulin-domain-containing protein that has the capacity to maintain peripheral tolerance and limit immunopathological damage during immune responses. However, its precise role in FH has yet to be investigated. DESIGN BTLA-deficient (BTLA-/-) mice and their wild-type littermates were infected with murine hepatitis virus strain-3 (MHV-3), and the levels of tissue damage, cell apoptosis, serum liver enzymes, fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) and cytokine production were measured and compared. Survival rate was studied after MHV-3 infection with or without adoptive transferring macrophages. RESULTS FGL2 production, liver and spleen damage, and mortality were significantly reduced in BTLA-/- mice infected with MHV-3. This effect is due to rapid, TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)-dependent apoptosis of MHV-3-infected macrophages in BTLA-/- mice. The early loss of macrophages resulted in reduced pathogenic tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and FGL2 levels and lower viral titres. The importance of TNFα in MHV-3-induced pathology was demonstrated by increased mortality in TNFα-treated MHV-3-infected BTLA-/- mice, whereas TNFα-/- mice were resistant to the infection. Moreover, adoptively transferring macrophages to BTLA-/- mice caused sensitisation, whereas blocking BTLA protected wild-type mice from virus-induced FH mortality. CONCLUSIONS BTLA promotes the pathogenesis of virus-induced FH by enhancing macrophage viability and function. Targeting BTLA may be a novel strategy for the treatment of FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Yang
- Deaprtment of Basic Medicine, Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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The co-receptor BTLA negatively regulates human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell proliferation: a potential way of immune escape for lymphoma cells. Blood 2013; 122:922-31. [PMID: 23692853 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-464685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 cells, the major γδ T-cell subset in human peripheral blood, represent a T-cell subset that displays reactivity against microbial agents and tumors. The biology of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells remains poorly understood. We show herein that the interaction between B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) is a major regulator of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell proliferation control. BTLA was strongly expressed at the surface of resting Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and inversely correlated with T-cell differentiation. BTLA-HVEM blockade by monoclonal antibodies resulted in the enhancement of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptor-mediated signaling, whereas BTLA-HVEM interaction led to a decrease in phosphoantigen-mediated proliferation by inducing a partial S-phase arrest. Our data also suggested that BTLA-HVEM might participate in the control of γδ T-cell differentiation. In addition, the proliferation of autologous γδ T cells after exposition to lymphoma cells was dramatically reduced through BTLA-HVEM interaction. These data suggest that HVEM interaction with BTLA may play a role in lymphomagenesis by interfering with Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell proliferation. Moreover, BTLA stimulation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells appears as a new possible mechanism of immune escape by lymphoma cells.
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Bjordahl RL, Steidl C, Gascoyne RD, Ware CF. Lymphotoxin network pathways shape the tumor microenvironment. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:222-9. [PMID: 23339845 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that Lymphotoxin (LT)-β related cytokines directly contribute to the phenotype of cancer cells and alter the tumor microenvironment. Lymphotoxins are part of a cytokine network well known in controlling the development and homeostasis of secondary lymphoid organs. In the adult, the LT network takes on the responsibility of generating inflammatory microenvironments that control innate and adaptive immune responses involved in host defense. This review provides a perspective of the emerging evidence implicating the LT Network in the development and progression of various cancers including lymphoma. Redirecting the LT Network to alter tumor microenvironments may provide a specific approach to therapeutically target tumor-permissive microenvironments and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Bjordahl
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Deppong CM, Green JM. Experimental advances in understanding allergic airway inflammation. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2013; 5:167-80. [PMID: 23277043 DOI: 10.2741/s364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is largely an inflammatory disease, with the development of T cell mediated inflammation in the lung following exposure to allergen or other precipitating factors. Currently, the major therapies for this disease are directed either at relief of bronchoconstriction (ie beta-agonists) or are non-specific immunomodulators (ie, corticosteroids). While much attention has been paid to factors that regulate the initiation of an inflammatory response, chronic inflammation may also be due to defects in regulatory mechanisms that limit or terminate immune responses. In this review, we explore the elements controlling both the recruitment of T cells to the lung and their function. Possibilities for future therapeutic intervention are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Deppong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Convergent and divergent effects of costimulatory molecules in conventional and regulatory CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 110:1023-8. [PMID: 23277554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220688110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules of the CD28 family on T lymphocytes integrate cues from innate immune system sensors and modulate activation responses in conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tconv) and their FoxP3(+) regulatory counterparts (Treg). To better understand how costimulatory and coinhibitory signals might be integrated, we profiled the changes in gene expression elicited in the hours and days after engagement of Treg and Tconv by anti-CD3 and either anti-CD28, -CTLA4, -ICOS, -PD1, -BLA, or -CD80. In Tconv, a shared "main response" was induced by CD28, ICOS, and, surprisingly, BTLA and CD80, with very limited CD28-specific (primarily Il2) or ICOS-specific elements (including Th1 and Th2 but not the follicular T signature). CTLA4 and PD1 had a very subtle impact in this system, similarly inhibiting the response to anti-CD3. Treg responded to the same costimulatory hierarchy and to the same extent as Tconv, but inducing different clusters of genes. In this reductionist system, costimulatory or coinhibitory engagement mainly elicits generic responses, suggesting that the variability of their effects in vivo result from temporal or anatomical differences in their engagement, rather than from inherently different wiring.
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Wu YL, Liang J, Zhang W, Tanaka Y, Sugiyama H. Immunotherapies: the blockade of inhibitory signals. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:1420-30. [PMID: 23197939 PMCID: PMC3509335 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes require signaling by the T cell receptor and by nonclonotypic cosignaling receptors. The costimulatory and inhibitory signals profoundly influence the course of immune responses by amplifying or reducing the transcriptional effects of T cell receptor triggering. The inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and BTLA have recently drawn much attention as potential targets for immunotherapies. This review focuses on the progress that has been made with the mentioned receptors in the field of immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases, malignancies, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/chemistry
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Mice
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transplantation Immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wu
- 1. Virus Inspection Department of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jing Liang
- 2. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- 4. Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Negative T-cell costimulatory pathways: their role in regulating alloimmune responses. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 13:373-8. [PMID: 18685332 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328306117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Negative T-cell costimulatory pathways regulate T-cell responses and are of great interest in the development of tolerance-inducing strategies in transplantation. This article provides an update of major contributions to the understanding of the known negative costimulatory pathways, and reviews recent studies on the effects of targeting of these pathways in alloimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Graft tissue expression of negative costimulatory molecules, especially programmed death receptor ligand 1, plays a major role in regulation of alloimmune responses. The recently demonstrated programmed death receptor ligand 1:B7-1 interaction highlights the complexity and possible redundancy/hierarchy of the functions of these pathways in vivo. CD160 was identified as a ligand of Herpes virus entry mediator and has been established as a new coinhibitory molecule. A soluble form of B7-H3 with possible functional roles has been identified in mice and humans. SUMMARY The understanding of negative costimulatory pathways is embarrassed by complex interactions between simultaneously activated positive and negative costimulatory pathways among themselves and with immunosuppressive agents, differential expression of these molecules on different immune cell subsets as well as their expression in parenchymal cells of transplanted tissues, all of them clearly affecting their functions. Further elucidation of these novel concepts is pertinent for targeting these pathways in translational studies in near future.
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del Rio ML, Jones ND, Buhler L, Norris P, Shintani Y, Ware CF, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. Selective blockade of herpesvirus entry mediator-B and T lymphocyte attenuator pathway ameliorates acute graft-versus-host reaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4885-96. [PMID: 22490863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cosignaling network mediated by the herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM; TNFRSF14) functions as a dual directional system that involves proinflammatory ligand, lymphotoxin that exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes (LIGHT; TNFSF14), and the inhibitory Ig family member B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). To dissect the differential contributions of HVEM/BTLA and HVEM/LIGHT interactions, topographically-specific, competitive, and nonblocking anti-HVEM Abs that inhibit BTLA binding, but not LIGHT, were developed. We demonstrate that a BTLA-specific competitor attenuated the course of acute graft-versus-host reaction in a murine F(1) transfer semiallogeneic model. Selective HVEM/BTLA blockade did not inhibit donor T cell infiltration into graft-versus-host reaction target organs, but decreased the functional activity of the alloreactive T cells. These results highlight the critical role of HVEM/BTLA pathway in the control of the allogeneic immune response and identify a new therapeutic target for transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa del Rio
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Leon, 24007 Leon, Spain
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McGrath MM, Najafian N. The role of coinhibitory signaling pathways in transplantation and tolerance. Front Immunol 2012; 3:47. [PMID: 22566929 PMCID: PMC3342378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative costimulatory molecules, acting through so-called inhibitory pathways, play a crucial role in the control of T cell responses. This negative “second signal” opposes T cell receptor activation and leads to downregulation of T cell proliferation and promotes antigen specific tolerance. Much interest has focused upon these pathways in recent years as a method to control detrimental alloresponses and promote allograft tolerance. However, recent experimental data highlights the complexity of negative costimulatory pathways in alloimmunity. Varying effects are observed from molecules expressed on donor and recipient tissues and also depending upon the activation status of immune cells involved. There appears to be significant overlap and redundancy within these systems, rendering this a challenging area to understand and exploit therapeutically. In this article, we will review the literature at the current time regarding the major negative costimulation pathways including CTLA-4:B7, PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 and PD-L1:B7-1, B7-H3, B7-H4, HVEM:BTLA/CD160, and TIM-3:Galectin-9. We aim to outline the role of these pathways in alloimmunity and discuss their potential applications for tolerance induction in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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del Rio ML, Kurtz J, Perez-Martinez C, Ghosh A, Perez-Simon JA, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator targeting protects against the acute phase of graft versus host reaction by inhibiting donor anti-host cytotoxicity. Transplantation 2011; 92:1085-93. [PMID: 21978997 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182339d4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) functions as a coinhibitory/costimulatory molecule that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and exhibits a pattern of expression restricted to the hematopoietic compartment. Engagement of BTLA by its ligand, herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), delivers negative signals to T cells, whereas engagement of HVEM receptor on T cells by surface BTLA expressed on other immune cells costimulates T activation. Previous work has reported that parental donor BTLA knock-out or HVEM knock-out T cells adoptively transferred into nonirradiated F1 recipient mice survived poorly, and the rejection of host hematopoietic cells was attenuated compared with F1 recipients receiving wild-type T cells. METHODS Parent into nonirradiated immunocompetent F1 murine model of acute graft versus host reaction, which is induced with the adoptive transfer of splenocytes from donor B6 mice (H-2(b)) into F1 recipients (BALB/c×B6, H-2(d/b)), was used as an experimental approach to test the therapeutic effect of targeting BTLA during the course of an allogeneic immune response. RESULTS We herein provide evidence that administration of an anti-BTLA monoclonal antibody leads to significant reduction of donor anti-host allogeneic immune response against bone marrow and thymus during the acute phase of graft versus host reaction in a parent into nonirradiated F1 murine model of alloreactivity. Anti-BTLA protection against donor anti-host hematopoietic cell rejection correlated with impaired anti-host cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity than reduction in T-cell number infiltrating host tissues. CONCLUSIONS These findings place BTLA receptor as a potential immunoregulatory target for the modulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated alloresponses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa del Rio
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
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Steinberg M, Cheung TC, Ware CF. The signaling networks of the herpesvirus entry mediator (TNFRSF14) in immune regulation. Immunol Rev 2011; 244:169-87. [PMID: 22017438 PMCID: PMC3381650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily member herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) (TNFRSF14) regulates T-cell immune responses by activating both inflammatory and inhibitory signaling pathways. HVEM acts as both a receptor for the canonical TNF-related ligands, LIGHT [lymphotoxin-like, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes] and lymphotoxin-α, and as a ligand for the immunoglobulin superfamily proteins BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator) and CD160, a feature distinguishing HVEM from other immune regulatory molecules. The ability of HVEM to interact with multiple ligands in distinct configurations creates a functionally diverse set of intrinsic and bidirectional signaling pathways that control both inflammatory and inhibitory responses. The HVEM system is integrated into the larger LTβR and TNFR network through extensive shared ligand and receptor usage. Experimental mouse models and human diseases indicate that dysregulation of HVEM network may contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis, making it an attractive target for drug intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Autoimmunity
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/immunology
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/metabolism
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/genetics
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/immunology
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/metabolism
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/genetics
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/immunology
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptor Cross-Talk/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carl F. Ware
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Sanford|Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a co-inhibitory receptor that interacts with herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), and this interaction regulates pathogenesis in various immunologic diseases. In graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), BTLA unexpectedly mediates positive effects on donor T-cell survival, whereas immunologic mechanisms of this function have yet to be explored. In this study, we elucidated a role of BTLA in GVHD by applying the newly established agonistic anti-BTLA monoclonal antibody that stimulates BTLA signal without antagonizing BTLA-HVEM interaction. Our results revealed that provision of BTLA signal inhibited donor antihost T-cell responses and ameliorated GVHD with a successful engraftment of donor hematopoietic cells. These effects were dependent on BTLA signal into donor T cells but neither donor non-T cells nor recipient cells. On the other hand, expression of BTLA mutant lacking an intracellular signaling domain restored impaired survival of BTLA-deficient T cells, suggesting that BTLA also serves as a ligand that delivers HVEM prosurvival signal in donor T cells. Collectively, current study elucidated dichotomous functions of BTLA in GVHD to serve as a costimulatory ligand of HVEM and to transmit inhibitory signal as a receptor.
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Zhang M, Howard K, Winters A, Steavenson S, Anderson S, Smelt S, Doellgast G, Sheelo C, Stevens J, Kim H, Hamburger A, Sein A, Caughey DJ, Lee F, Hsu H, Siu G, Byrne FR. Monoclonal antibodies to B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) have no effect on in vitro B cell proliferation and act to inhibit in vitro T cell proliferation when presented in a cis, but not trans, format relative to the activating stimulus. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:77-87. [PMID: 21078085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immunoglobulin superfamily member surface protein expressed on B and T cells. Its ligand, herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), is believed to act as a monomeric agonist that signals via the CRD1 of HVEM to inhibit lymphocyte activation: HVEM is also the receptor for lymphotoxin-α and LIGHT, which both bind in the CRD2 and CRD3 domains of the HVEM molecule, and for CD160 which competes with BTLA. We have shown that recombinant HVEM and a panel of different monoclonal antibodies specifically bind murine BTLA on both B and T cells and that some antibodies inhibit anti-CD3ε-induced T cell proliferation in vitro, but only when constrained appropriately with a putatively cross-linking reagent. The antibodies had no significant effect on in vitro T cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay nor on in vitro DO11.10 antigen-induced T cell proliferation. None of these antibodies, nor HVEM-Fc, had any significant effect on in vitro B cell proliferation induced by anti-immunoglobulin M antibodies (±anti-CD40) or lipopolysaccharide. We further elucidated the requirements for inhibition of in vitro T cell proliferation using a beads-based system to demonstrate that the antibodies that inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro were required to be presented to the T cell in a cis, and not trans, format relative to the anti-CD3ε stimulus. We also found that antibodies that inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro had no significant effect on the antibody captured interleukin-2 associated with the in vivo activation of DO11.10 T cells transferred to syngeneic recipient BALB/c mice. These data suggest that there may be specific structural requirements for the BTLA molecule to exert its effect on lymphocyte activation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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Albring JC, Sandau MM, Rapaport AS, Edelson BT, Satpathy A, Mashayekhi M, Lathrop SK, Hsieh CS, Stelljes M, Colonna M, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Targeting of B and T lymphocyte associated (BTLA) prevents graft-versus-host disease without global immunosuppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2551-9. [PMID: 21078889 PMCID: PMC2989771 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One-time treatment with an antibody against BTLA provides long-term protection against graft-versus-host disease without affecting effector T cell responses to tumors or pathogens. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT), preventing its broader application to non–life-threatening diseases. We show that a single administration of a nondepleting monoclonal antibody specific for the coinhibitory immunoglobulin receptor, B and T lymphocyte associated (BTLA), permanently prevented GVHD when administered at the time of aHSCT. Once GVHD was established, anti-BTLA treatment was unable to reverse disease, suggesting that its mechanism occurs early after aHSCT. Anti-BTLA treatment prevented GVHD independently of its ligand, the costimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptor herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), and required BTLA expression by donor-derived T cells. Furthermore, anti-BTLA treatment led to the relative inhibition of CD4+ forkhead box P3− (Foxp3−) effector T cell (T eff cell) expansion compared with precommitted naturally occurring donor-derived CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (T reg cell) and allowed for graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects as well as robust responses to pathogens. These results suggest that BTLA agonism rebalances T cell expansion in lymphopenic hosts after aHSCT, thereby preventing GVHD without global immunosuppression. Thus, targeting BTLA with a monoclonal antibody at the initiation of aHSCT therapy might reduce limitations imposed by histocompatibility and allow broader application to treatment of non–life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn C Albring
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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40
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Serriari NE, Gondois-Rey F, Guillaume Y, Remmerswaal EBM, Pastor S, Messal N, Truneh A, Hirsch I, van Lier RAW, Olive D. B and T lymphocyte attenuator is highly expressed on CMV-specific T cells during infection and regulates their function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3140-8. [PMID: 20693422 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), like its relative programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), is a receptor that negatively regulates murine T cell activation. However, its expression and function on human T cells is currently unknown. We report in this study on the expression of BTLA in human T cell subsets as well as its regulation on virus-specific T cells during primary human CMV infection. BTLA is expressed on human CD4(+) T cells during different stages of differentiation, whereas on CD8(+) T cells, it is found on naive T cells and is progressively downregulated in memory and differentiated effector-type cells. During primary CMV infection, BTLA was highly induced on CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells immediately following their differentiation from naive cells. After control of CMV infection, BTLA expression went down on memory CD8(+) cells. Engagement of BTLA by mAbs blocked CD3/CD28-mediated T cell proliferation and Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion. Finally, in vitro blockade of the BTLA pathway augmented, as efficient as anti-PD-1 mAbs, allogeneic as well as CMV-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation. Thus, our results suggest that, like PD-1, BTLA provides a potential target for enhancing the functional capacity of CTLs in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacer-Eddine Serriari
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 891, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Université de Méditerranée, Infrastructures en Biologie Sante et Agronomie Cancer Immunomonitoring Platform, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 137, Marseille, France
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41
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Abstract
B and T lymphocyte associated (BTLA) is an Ig domain superfamily protein with cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. Its ligand, herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), is a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member. The unique interaction between BTLA and HVEM allows for a system of bidirectional signaling that must be appropriately regulated to balance the outcome of the immune response. HVEM engagement of BTLA produces inhibitory signals through SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (Shp-1) and Shp-2 association, whereas BTLA engagement of HVEM produces proinflammatory signals via activation of NF-kappaB. The BTLA-HVEM interaction is intriguing and quite complex given that HVEM has four other ligands that also influence immune responses, the conventional TNF ligand LIGHT and lymphotoxin alpha, as well as herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked Ig domain protein CD160. BTLA-HVEM interactions have been shown to regulate responses in several pathogen and autoimmune settings, but our understanding of this complex system of interactions is certainly incomplete. Recent findings of spontaneous inflammation in BTLA-deficient mice may provide an important clue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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42
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Felix NJ, Suri A, Salter-Cid L, Nadler SG, Gujrathi S, Corbo M, Aranda R. Targeting lymphocyte co-stimulation: From bench to bedside. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:514-25. [PMID: 20429850 DOI: 10.3109/08916931003674741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Felix
- Department of Immunology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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43
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Gurka S, Worbs S, Kroczek RA. Generation of novel anti-BTLA monoclonal antibodies for in vivo use and their functional testing at near-physiological conditions. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 28:405-14. [PMID: 20025499 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2009.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have generated and characterized a panel of monoclonal antibodies recognizing B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), a transmembrane protein expressed on essentially all lymphoid cells. One of the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) detects for the first time all BTLA protein variants described for various mouse strains with high sensitivity, both in flow cytometry and immunohistology. Further tests have determined that this MAb recognizes a BTLA epitope independent of the HVEM binding site. Moreover, we identified a number of antibodies capable of efficiently blocking the interaction of BTLA with its ligand herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). A series of experiments was performed with these MAbs at near-physiological conditions to assess their blocking potential in vivo. These tests, performed with whole MAbs and also their F(ab)(2) formats, revealed that measurements of binding at 37 degrees C to primary cells expressing the target protein on the cell surface offer superior information on their blocking capacity. The generated BTLA-specific MAb will be used for in vivo studies to further elucidate the biological role of BTLA-HVEM interaction and function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gurka
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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44
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Thangavelu G, Smolarchuk C, Anderson CC. Co-inhibitory molecules: Controlling the effectors or controlling the controllers? SELF NONSELF 2010; 1:77-88. [PMID: 21487510 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.2.11548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nearly forty years ago the concept was proposed that lymphocytes are negatively regulated by what are now called co-inhibitory signals. Nevertheless, it is only the more recent identification of numerous co-inhibitors and their critical functions that has brought co-inhibition to the forefront of immunologic research. Although co-inhibitory signals have been considered to directly regulate conventional T cells, more recent data has indicated a convergence between co-inhibitory signals and the other major negative control mechanism in the periphery that is mediated by regulatory T cells. Furthermore, it is now clear that lymphocytes are not the sole domain of co-inhibitory signals, as cells of the innate immune system, themselves controllers of immunity, are regulated by co-inhibitors they express. Thus, in order to better understand negative regulation in the periphery and apply this knowledge to the treatment of disease, a major focus for the future should be the definition of the conditions where co-inhibition controls effector cells intrinsically versus extrinsically (via regulatory or innate cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Department of Surgery; Alberta Diabetes Institute; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta Canada
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45
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del Rio ML, Lucas CL, Buhler L, Rayat G, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. HVEM/LIGHT/BTLA/CD160 cosignaling pathways as targets for immune regulation. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:223-35. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0809590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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46
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Cheung TC, Oborne LM, Steinberg MW, Macauley MG, Fukuyama S, Sanjo H, D'Souza C, Norris PS, Pfeffer K, Murphy KM, Kronenberg M, Spear PG, Ware CF. T cell intrinsic heterodimeric complexes between HVEM and BTLA determine receptivity to the surrounding microenvironment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7286-96. [PMID: 19915044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory cosignaling pathway formed between the TNF receptor herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM, TNFRSF14) and the Ig superfamily members, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and CD160, limits the activation of T cells. However, BTLA and CD160 can also serve as activating ligands for HVEM when presented in trans by adjacent cells, thus forming a bidirectional signaling pathway. BTLA and CD160 can directly activate the HVEM-dependent NF-kappaB RelA transcriptional complex raising the question of how NF-kappaB activation is repressed in naive T cells. In this study, we show BTLA interacts with HVEM in cis, forming a heterodimeric complex in naive T cells that inhibits HVEM-dependent NF-kappaB activation. The cis-interaction between HVEM and BTLA is the predominant form expressed on the surface of naive human and mouse T cells. The BTLA ectodomain acts as a competitive inhibitor blocking BTLA and CD160 from binding in trans to HVEM and initiating NF-kappaB activation. The TNF-related ligand, LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes, or TNFSF14) binds HVEM in the cis-complex, but NF-kappaB activation was attenuated, suggesting BTLA prevents oligomerization of HVEM in the cis-complex. Genetic deletion of BTLA or pharmacologic disruption of the HVEM-BTLA cis-complex in T cells promoted HVEM activation in trans. Interestingly, herpes simplex virus envelope glycoprotein D formed a cis-complex with HVEM, yet surprisingly, promoted the activation NF-kappaB RelA. We suggest that the HVEM-BTLA cis-complex competitively inhibits HVEM activation by ligands expressed in the surrounding microenvironment, thus helping maintain T cells in the naive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Cheung
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Detection of protein on BTLAlow cells and in vivo antibody-mediated down-modulation of BTLA on lymphoid and myeloid cells of C57BL/6 and BALB/c BTLA allelic variants. Immunobiology 2009; 215:570-8. [PMID: 19837478 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA, CD272) is a polymorphic molecule belonging to the Ig superfamily (SF) that attenuates BCR and TCR-mediated signaling, and thereby functions as a negative regulator of lymphocyte activation. Herein, we report an anti-murine BTLA mAb (clone 4G12b) that remarkably detects protein expression on BTLA(low) cells such as naïve CD4(+) cells, CD8(+) T cells, dendritic cells (DC), as well as in NKT cells and for the first time, we found BTLA expression on DX5(dim) and DX5(bright) subsets of non-T NK cells in both C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c BTLA allelic variants. Anti-BTLA 4G12b mAb binds to an overlapping epitope to that recognized by anti-BTLA 6A6 mAb, but in contrast to the concept widely accepted of blocking activity of 6A6 mAb, surprisingly neither 4G12b nor 6A6 mAbs impeded murine HVEM-mIgG(2a).Fc recombinant fusion protein from interacting with BTLA-expressing cells. Lastly, in vivo administration of anti-BTLA 4G12b mAb induced a profound and lasting down-modulation of BTLA expression that led to BTLA receptor internalization with the potential utility of shutting down BTLA expression at any stage during the course of the immune response in both B6 and BALB/c strains of mice.
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49
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Wang Y, Zhu M, Miller M, Fu YX. Immunoregulation by tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:232-43. [PMID: 19426225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxins, inducible expression, competes with herpesvirus glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that contributes to the regulation of immune responses. LIGHT can influence T-cell activation both directly and indirectly by engagement of various receptors that are expressed on T cells and on other types of cells. LIGHT, LIGHT receptors, and their related binding partners constitute a complicated molecular network in the regulation of various processes. The molecular cross-talk among LIGHT and its related molecules presents challenges and opportunities for us to study and to understand the full extent of the LIGHT function. Previous research from genetic and functional studies has demonstrated that dysregulation of LIGHT expression can result in the disturbance of T-cell homeostasis and activation, changing the ability of self-tolerance and of the control of infection. Meanwhile, blockade of LIGHT activity can ameliorate the severity of various T-cell-mediated diseases. These observations indicate the importance of LIGHT and its involvement in many physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding LIGHT interactions offers promising new therapeutic strategies that target LIGHT-engaged pathways to fight against cancer and various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Wang
- The Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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50
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Sun Y, Brown NK, Ruddy MJ, Miller ML, Lee Y, Wang Y, Murphy KM, Pfeffer K, Chen L, Kaye J, Fu YX. B and T lymphocyte attenuator tempers early infection immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1946-51. [PMID: 19587015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coinhibitory pathways are thought to act in later stages of an adaptive immune response, but whether coinhibition contributes to early innate immunity is unclear. We show that engagement of the newly discovered coinhibitory receptor B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) by herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) is critical for negatively regulating early host immunity against intracellular bacteria. Both HVEM(-/-) and BTLA(-/-), but not LIGHT(-/-), mice are more resistant to listeriosis compared with wild-type mice, and blockade of the BTLA pathway promotes, while engagement inhibits, early bacterial clearance. Differences in bacterial clearance were seen as early as 1 day postinfection, implicating the initial innate response. Therefore, innate cell function in BTLA(-/-) mice was studied. We show that innate cells from BTLA(-/-) mice secrete significantly more proinflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with heat-killed Listeria. These results provide the first evidence that a coinhibitory pathway plays a critical role in regulating early host innate immunity against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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