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Yao Y, Shang W, Bao L, Peng Z, Wu C. Epithelial-immune cell crosstalk for intestinal barrier homeostasis. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350631. [PMID: 38556632 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is mainly formed by a monolayer of epithelial cells, which forms a physical barrier to protect the gut tissues from external insults and provides a microenvironment for commensal bacteria to colonize while ensuring immune tolerance. Moreover, various immune cells are known to significantly contribute to intestinal barrier function by either directly interacting with epithelial cells or by producing immune mediators. Fulfilling this function of the gut barrier for mucosal homeostasis requires not only the intrinsic regulation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) but also constant communication with immune cells and gut microbes. The reciprocal interactions between IECs and immune cells modulate mucosal barrier integrity. Dysregulation of barrier function could lead to dysbiosis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. In this overview, we provide an update on the characteristics and functions of IECs, and how they integrate their functions with tissue immune cells and gut microbiota to establish gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition & Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanjing Shang
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lingyu Bao
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoyi Peng
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Li C, Lanasa D, Park JH. Pathways and mechanisms of CD4 +CD8αα + intraepithelial T cell development. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:288-302. [PMID: 38514370 PMCID: PMC11015970 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian small intestine epithelium harbors a peculiar population of CD4+CD8αα+ T cells that are derived from mature CD4+ T cells through reprogramming of lineage-specific transcription factors. CD4+CD8αα+ T cells occupy a unique niche in T cell biology because they exhibit mixed phenotypes and functional characteristics of both CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The molecular pathways driving their generation are not fully mapped. However, recent studies demonstrate the unique role of the commensal gut microbiota as well as distinct cytokine and chemokine requirements in the differentiation and survival of these cells. We review the established and newly identified factors involved in the generation of CD4+CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and place them in the context of the molecular machinery that drives their phenotypic and functional differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dominic Lanasa
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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3
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Mohamed AA, al-Ramadi BK, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ. Interplay between Microbiota and γδ T Cells: Insights into Immune Homeostasis and Neuro-Immune Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1747. [PMID: 38339023 PMCID: PMC10855551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of multicellular organisms, especially mammals, harbors a symbiotic commensal microbiota with diverse microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbial and eukaryotic species. This microbiota exerts an important role on intestinal function and contributes to host health. The microbiota, while benefiting from a nourishing environment, is involved in the development, metabolism and immunity of the host, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis in the GI tract. The immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis via a unique immunological network that populates the intestinal wall with different immune cell populations. Intestinal epithelium contains lymphocytes in the intraepithelial (IEL) space between the tight junctions and the basal membrane of the gut epithelium. IELs are mostly CD8+ T cells, with the great majority of them expressing the CD8αα homodimer, and the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) instead of the αβ TCR expressed on conventional T cells. γδ T cells play a significant role in immune surveillance and tissue maintenance. This review provides an overview of how the microbiota regulates γδ T cells and the influence of microbiota-derived metabolites on γδ T cell responses, highlighting their impact on immune homeostasis. It also discusses intestinal neuro-immune regulation and how γδ T cells possess the ability to interact with both the microbiota and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel K. al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria J. Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Wang Q, Lu Q, Jia S, Zhao M. Gut immune microenvironment and autoimmunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110842. [PMID: 37643491 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A variety of immune cells or tissues are present in the gut to form the gut immune microenvironment by interacting with gut microbiota, and to maintain the gut immune homeostasis. Accumulating evidence indicated that gut microbiota dysbiosis might break the homeostasis of the gut immune microenvironment, which was associated with many health problems including autoimmune diseases. Moreover, disturbance of the gut immune microenvironment can also induce extra-intestinal autoimmune disorders through the migration of intestinal pro-inflammatory effector cells from the intestine to peripheral inflamed sites. This review discussed the composition of the gut immune microenvironment and its association with autoimmunity. These findings are expected to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders, as well as novel strategies for the prevention and treatment against related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Wang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Sujie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China.
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5
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Li GQ, Xia J, Zeng W, Luo W, Liu L, Zeng X, Cao D. The intestinal γδ T cells: functions in the gut and in the distant organs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206299. [PMID: 37398661 PMCID: PMC10311558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Located in the frontline against the largest population of microbiota, the intestinal mucosa of mammals has evolved to become an effective immune system. γδ T cells, a unique T cell subpopulation, are rare in circulation blood and lymphoid tissues, but rich in the intestinal mucosa, particularly in the epithelium. Via rapid production of cytokines and growth factors, intestinal γδ T cells are key contributors to epithelial homeostasis and immune surveillance of infection. Intriguingly, recent studies have revealed that the intestinal γδ T cells may play novel exciting functions ranging from epithelial plasticity and remodeling in response to carbohydrate diets to the recovery of ischemic stroke. In this review article, we update regulatory molecules newly defined in lymphopoiesis of the intestinal γδ T cells and their novel functions locally in the intestinal mucosa, such as epithelial remodeling, and distantly in pathological setting, e.g., ischemic brain injury repair, psychosocial stress responses, and fracture repair. The challenges and potential revenues in intestinal γδ T cell studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Pharmacological Research on Gastrointestinal Tumors, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiliang Xia
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weijia Luo
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Logen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Pharmacological Research on Gastrointestinal Tumors, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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6
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Qiu Z, Khairallah C, Chu TH, Imperato JN, Lei X, Romanov G, Atakilit A, Puddington L, Sheridan BS. Retinoic acid signaling during priming licenses intestinal CD103+ CD8 TRM cell differentiation. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20210923. [PMID: 36809399 PMCID: PMC9960115 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide frontline protection at barrier tissues; however, mechanisms regulating TRM cell development are not completely understood. Priming dictates the migration of effector T cells to the tissue, while factors in the tissue induce in situ TRM cell differentiation. Whether priming also regulates in situ TRM cell differentiation uncoupled from migration is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that T cell priming in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) regulates CD103+ TRM cell differentiation in the intestine. In contrast, T cells primed in the spleen were impaired in the ability to differentiate into CD103+ TRM cells after entry into the intestine. MLN priming initiated a CD103+ TRM cell gene signature and licensed rapid CD103+ TRM cell differentiation in response to factors in the intestine. Licensing was regulated by retinoic acid signaling and primarily driven by factors other than CCR9 expression and CCR9-mediated gut homing. Thus, the MLN is specialized to promote intestinal CD103+ CD8 TRM cell development by licensing in situ differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Timothy H. Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jessica N. Imperato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xinyuan Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Galina Romanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Amha Atakilit
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lynn Puddington
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Brian S. Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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7
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Martínez-Vargas IU, Sánchez-Bello ME, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Hernández-Cázares F, Santos-Argumedo L, Talamás-Rohana P. Myo1f has an essential role in γδT intraepithelial lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041079. [PMID: 37207213 PMCID: PMC10189005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
γδT intraepithelial lymphocyte represents up to 60% of the small intestine intraepithelial compartment. They are highly migrating cells and constantly interact with the epithelial cell layer and lamina propria cells. This migratory phenotype is related to the homeostasis of the small intestine, the control of bacterial and parasitic infections, and the epithelial shedding induced by LPS. Here, we demonstrate that Myo1f participates in the adhesion and migration of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Using long-tailed class I myosins KO mice, we identified the requirement of Myo1f for their migration to the small intestine intraepithelial compartment. The absence of Myo1f affects intraepithelial lymphocytes' homing due to reduced CCR9 and α4β7 surface expression. In vitro, we confirm that adhesion to integrin ligands and CCL25-dependent and independent migration of intraepithelial lymphocytes are Myo1f-dependent. Mechanistically, Myo1f deficiency prevents correct chemokine receptor and integrin polarization, leading to reduced tyrosine phosphorylation which could impact in signal transduction. Overall, we demonstrate that Myo1f has an essential role in the adhesion and migration in γδT intraepithelial lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Ulises Martínez-Vargas
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Elena Sánchez-Bello
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Emilio Miguel-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Hernández-Cázares
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, ; Patricia Talamás-Rohana,
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, ; Patricia Talamás-Rohana,
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8
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Nishijima H, Matsumoto M, Morimoto J, Hosomichi K, Akiyama N, Akiyama T, Oya T, Tsuneyama K, Yoshida H, Matsumoto M. Aire Controls Heterogeneity of Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells for the Expression of Self-Antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:303-320. [PMID: 34930780 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The deficiency of Aire, a transcriptional regulator whose defect results in the development of autoimmunity, is associated with reduced expression of tissue-restricted self-Ags (TRAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). Although the mechanisms underlying Aire-dependent expression of TRAs need to be explored, the physical identification of the target(s) of Aire has been hampered by the low and promiscuous expression of TRAs. We have tackled this issue by engineering mice with augmented Aire expression. Integration of the transcriptomic data from Aire-augmented and Aire-deficient mTECs revealed that a large proportion of so-called Aire-dependent genes, including those of TRAs, may not be direct transcriptional targets downstream of Aire. Rather, Aire induces TRA expression indirectly through controlling the heterogeneity of mTECs, as revealed by single-cell analyses. In contrast, Ccl25 emerged as a canonical target of Aire, and we verified this both in vitro and in vivo. Our approach has illuminated the Aire's primary targets while distinguishing them from the secondary targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nishijima
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Minoru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junko Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuko Akiyama
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; and
| | - Takeshi Oya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshida
- YCI Laboratory for Immunological Transcriptomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan;
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9
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Yang K, Kallies A. Tissue-specific differentiation of CD8 + resident memory T cells. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:876-890. [PMID: 34531111 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells play crucial roles in defense against infections and cancer and have been implicated in autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis. In mice and humans, they exist in all nonlymphoid organs and share key characteristics across all tissues, including downregulation of tissue egress and lymph node homing pathways. However, recent studies demonstrate considerable heterogeneity across TRM cells lodged in different tissues - linked to the activity of tissue-specific molecules, including chemokines, cytokines, and transcription factors. Current work indicates that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays a major role in generating TRM heterogeneity at phenotypic and functional levels. Here, we review common and unique features of TRM cells in different tissues and discuss putative strategies aimed at harnessing TRM cells for site-specific protection against infectious and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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10
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Yu H, Chen G, Wang L, Liu F, Yuan J, Ni Q, Xia X, Wan Y. Mapping the spatial distribution of T cells in repertoire dimension. Mol Immunol 2021; 138:161-171. [PMID: 34428621 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
T cells mediate adaptive immunity in diverse anatomic compartments through recognition of specific antigens via unique T cell receptor (TCR) structures. However, little is known about the spatial distribution of an organism's TCR repertoire. Here, using high-throughput TCR sequencing (TCRseq), we investigated the TCR repertoires of sixteen tissues in healthy C57B/L6 mice. We found that TCR repertoires generally classified into three categories (lymph nodes, non-lymph node tissues and small intestine) based on sequence similarity. Clonal distribution and diversity analyses showed that small intestine compartment had a more skewed repertoire as compared to lymph nodes and non-lymph node tissues. However, analysis of TRBV and TRBJ gene usage across tissue compartments, as well as comparison of CDR3 length distributions, showed no significant tissue-dependent differences. Interestingly, analysis of clonotype sharing between mice showed that although non-redundant public clonotypes were found more easily in lymph nodes, small intestinal CD4 + T cells harbored more abundant public clonotypes. These findings under healthy physiological conditions offer an important reference dataset, which may contribute to our ability to better manipulate T cell responses against infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Haili Yu
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiangbei Yuan
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong Province, 518036, China
| | - Qingshan Ni
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China; School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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11
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Wu X, Sun M, Yang Z, Lu C, Wang Q, Wang H, Deng C, Liu Y, Yang Y. The Roles of CCR9/CCL25 in Inflammation and Inflammation-Associated Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:686548. [PMID: 34490243 PMCID: PMC8416662 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine is a structure-related protein with a relatively small molecular weight, which can target cells to chemotaxis and promote inflammatory response. Inflammation plays an important role in aging. C-C chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) and its ligand C-C chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) are involved in the regulating the occurrence and development of various diseases, which has become a research hotspot. Early research analysis of CCR9-deficient mouse models also confirmed various physiological functions of this chemokine in inflammatory responses. Moreover, CCR9/CCL25 has been shown to play an important role in a variety of inflammation-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, etc. Therefore, the purpose of this review gives an overview of the recent advances in understanding the roles of CCR9/CCL25 in inflammation and inflammation-associated diseases, which will contribute to the design of future experimental studies on the potential of CCR9/CCL25 and advance the research of CCR9/CCL25 as pharmacological inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yonglin Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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12
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Dai B, Hackney JA, Ichikawa R, Nguyen A, Elstrott J, Orozco LD, Sun KH, Modrusan Z, Gogineni A, Scherl A, Gubatan J, Habtezion A, Deswal M, Somsouk M, Faubion WA, Chai A, Sharafali Z, Hassanali A, Oh YS, Tole S, McBride J, Keir ME, Yi T. Dual targeting of lymphocyte homing and retention through α4β7 and αEβ7 inhibition in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100381. [PMID: 34467254 PMCID: PMC8385326 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-integrins are therapeutically effective for inflammatory bowel disease, yet the relative contribution of α4β7 and αEβ7 to gut lymphocyte trafficking is not fully elucidated. Here, we evaluate the effect of α4β7 and αEβ7 blockade using a combination of murine models of gut trafficking and longitudinal gene expression analysis in etrolizumab-treated patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Dual blockade of α4β7 and αEβ7 reduces CD8+ T cell accumulation in the gut to a greater extent than blockade of either integrin alone. Anti-αEβ7 reduces epithelial:T cell interactions and promotes egress of activated T cells from the mucosa into lymphatics. Inflammatory gene expression is greater in human intestinal αEβ7+ T cells. Etrolizumab-treated patients with CD display a treatment-specific reduction in inflammatory and cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) genes. Concurrent blockade of α4β7 and αEβ7 promotes reduction of cytotoxic IELs and inflammatory T cells in the gut mucosa through a stepwise inhibition of intestinal tissue entry and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Dai
- Departments of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A. Hackney
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ryan Ichikawa
- Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Allen Nguyen
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Justin Elstrott
- Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Luz D. Orozco
- Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kai-Hui Sun
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alvin Gogineni
- Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexis Scherl
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Gubatan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monika Deswal
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ma Somsouk
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - William A. Faubion
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Akiko Chai
- Product Development, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zaineb Sharafali
- Product Development, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Azra Hassanali
- Product Development, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Young S. Oh
- Product Development, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Swati Tole
- Product Development, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jacqueline McBride
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mary E. Keir
- Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Departments of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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13
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Hoffman RA, Huang S, Chalasani G, Vallejo AN. Disparate Recruitment and Retention of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells to The Small Intestinal Mucosa between Young and Aged Mice. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1183-1196. [PMID: 34341701 PMCID: PMC8279532 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), a highly specialized class of innate immune cells that serve as rapid sensors of danger signals in circulation or in lymphoid tissue are well studied. However, there remains knowledge gaps about age-dependent changes of pDC function in the intestinal mucosa. Here, we report that under homeostatic conditions, the proportion of pDC expressing C-C chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) in the intestinal intraepithelial cell (iIEC) population is comparable between young (2-4 months) and aged (18-24 months) mice, but the absolute numbers of iIEC and pDC are significantly lower in aged mice. Employing the classic model of acute endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found a decrease in the proportion and absolute number of intraepithelial pDC in both young and aged mice despite the LPS-induced increased expression of the chemokine C-C ligand 25 (CCL25), the ligand of CCR9, in the intestinal mucosa of young mice. In adoptive transfer experiments, a significantly lower number of pDC was retained into the intestinal layer of aged host mice after LPS administration. This was associated with recoverable pDC numbers in the intestinal lumen. Furthermore, co-adoptive transfer of young and aged pDC into young hosts also showed significantly lower retention of aged pDC in the epithelial layer compared to the co-transferred young pDC. Collectively, these data show age-associated changes in mucosal CCL25 gene expression and in pDC number. These may underlie the reported inadequate responses to gastrointestinal pathogens during chronologic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sulan Huang
- Department of Health Promotion and Development,
| | | | - Abbe N Vallejo
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh,
- Division of Rheumatology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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14
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Giannoudaki E, Gargan S, Hussey S, Long A, Walsh PT. Opportunities to Target T Cell Trafficking in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:640497. [PMID: 33816403 PMCID: PMC8012547 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.640497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell subsets are considered central orchestrators of inflammation and homeostasis in the intestine and are established targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. While approaches aimed at the neutralization of T cell effector cytokines have provided significant benefits for pediatric and adult patients, more recent strategies aimed at inhibiting the infiltration of pathogenic T cell subsets have also emerged. In this review, we describe current knowledge surrounding the function of T cell subsets in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and outline approaches aimed at targeting T cell trafficking to the intestine which may represent a new treatment option for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Giannoudaki
- National Children's Research Center, Children's Health Ireland (CHI) Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Gargan
- National Children's Research Center, Children's Health Ireland (CHI) Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus Hussey
- National Children's Research Center, Children's Health Ireland (CHI) Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- National Children's Research Center, Children's Health Ireland (CHI) Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick T Walsh
- National Children's Research Center, Children's Health Ireland (CHI) Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Zhu Q, Pan QZ, Zhong AL, Hu H, Zhao JJ, Tang Y, Hu WM, Li M, Weng DS, Chen MY, Ma G, Xia JC. Annexin A3 upregulates the infiltrated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio to remodel the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107139. [PMID: 33191179 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that inflammation is required for the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The annexin family protein, which has a highly similar structure, has been demonstrated to participate in pro- or anti-inflammatory regulation in the developing of tumours. However, the potential effects of ANXA3 in the immune microenvironment of HCC remain unknown. In present study, we found that increased ANXA3 expression is associated with a higher infiltrated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (iNLR) in HCC. Moreover, HCC patients with a high iNLR and high ANXA3 expression confer the highest risk of death. ANXA3 can be detected in both cell lysates and culture supernatants. However, the secretory ANXA3 did not directly regulate the iNLR. Further study demonstrated that ANXA3 upregulated the iNLR by inducing chemokine CXCL8 and CCL25 release from HCC cells. We further confirmed that ANXA3 promotes tumourigenesis and detected the same associations between ANXA3 and the iNLR or chemokines in vivo. Our findings indicate that ANXA3 regulates the chemokine to remodel the iNLR and promotes tumourigenicity in HCC. These results further expanded our understanding of ANXA3 in the microenvironment of HCC and might provide novel targets for the investigation of molecular treatments for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Qiu-Zhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Ai-Lin Zhong
- Office of International Exchange and Cooperation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Radiation Therapy, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Yan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Wan-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - De-Sheng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Gang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China.
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16
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Suzuki T, Hayman L, Kilbey A, Edwards J, Coffelt SB. Gut γδ T cells as guardians, disruptors, and instigators of cancer. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:198-217. [PMID: 32840001 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide with nearly 2 million cases per year. Immune cells and inflammation are a critical component of colorectal cancer progression, and they are used as reliable prognostic indicators of patient outcome. With the growing appreciation for immunology in colorectal cancer, interest is growing on the role γδ T cells have to play, as they represent one of the most prominent immune cell populations in gut tissue. This group of cells consists of both resident populations-γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (γδ IELs)-and transient populations that each has unique functions. The homeostatic role of these γδ T cell subsets is to maintain barrier integrity and prevent microorganisms from breaching the mucosal layer, which is accomplished through crosstalk with enterocytes and other immune cells. Recent years have seen a surge in discoveries regarding the regulation of γδ IELs in the intestine and the colon with particular new insights into the butyrophilin family. In this review, we discuss the development, specialities, and functions of γδ T cell subsets during cancer progression. We discuss how these cells may be used to predict patient outcome, as well as how to exploit their behavior for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Suzuki
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Liam Hayman
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
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17
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Sumida H. Recent advances in roles of G-protein coupled receptors in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2020; 39:77-82. [PMID: 32775124 PMCID: PMC7392907 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2019-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) potentially provide the first line of immune defense against enteric pathogens. In addition, there is growing evidence supporting the
involvement of IELs in the pathogenesis of gut disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Various kinds of molecules are involved in the dynamics of IELs, such as homing to the
intestinal epithelium and retention in the intestinal mucosa. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of cell surface receptors and regulate many biological
responses. Although some GPCRs, like CCR9, have been implicated to have roles in IEL homing, little is still known regarding the functional roles of GPCRs in IEL biology. In this
review, we provide a concise overview of recent advances in the roles of novel GPCRs like GPR55 and GPR18 in the dynamics of IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayakazu Sumida
- 1Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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18
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Slevin SM, Garner LC, Lahiff C, Tan M, Wang LM, Ferry H, Greenaway B, Lynch K, Geremia A, Hughes S, Leavens K, Krull D, Marks DJB, Nevin K, Page K, Srinivasan N, Tarzi R, Klenerman P, Travis S, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV, Keshav S. Lymphocyte Activation Gene (LAG)-3 Is Associated With Mucosal Inflammation and Disease Activity in Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1446-1461. [PMID: 32179884 PMCID: PMC7533903 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lymphocyte activation gene [LAG]-3 is an immune checkpoint and its expression identifies recently activated lymphocytes that may contribute to inflammation. We investigated the role of LAG-3 by analysing its expression and function in immune cells from blood and tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis [UC]. METHODS The phenotypic properties of LAG-3+ T cells were determined by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and single-cell RNA-sequencing. LAG-3+ cells were quantified and correlated with disease activity. The functional effects of LAG-3+ cells were tested using a depleting anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody [mAb] in a mixed lymphocyte reaction [MLR]. RESULTS LAG-3+ cells in the blood were negligible. LAG-3+ lymphocytes were markedly increased in inflamed mucosal tissue and both frequencies of LAG-3+ T cells and transcript levels of LAG3 correlated with endoscopic severity. LAG-3 expression was predominantly on effector memory T cells, and single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed LAG3 expression in activated and cytokine-producing T cell subsets. Foxp3+CD25hi Tregs also expressed LAG-3, although most mucosal Tregs were LAG-3-. Mucosal LAG-3+ cells produced mainly interferon γ [IFNγ] and interleukin-17A. LAG-3+ cell numbers decreased in patients who responded to biologics, and remained elevated in non-responders. Treatment with a depleting anti-LAG-3 mAb led to a reduction in proliferation and IFNγ production in an MLR. CONCLUSIONS LAG-3+ cells are increased in the inflamed mucosa, predominantly on effector memory T cells with an activated phenotype and their cell numbers positively correlate with disease activity. Depleting LAG-3 eliminates activated proliferating T cells, and hence LAG-3 could be a therapeutic target in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Slevin
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK,Corresponding authors: Carolina V. Arancibia-Cárcamo and Stephanie M. Slevin, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Level 5, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Tel: +44 1865 220663; ,
| | - Lucy C Garner
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Conor Lahiff
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Malcolm Tan
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Helen Ferry
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Borgel Greenaway
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Kate Lynch
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alessandra Geremia
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Hughes
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Karen Leavens
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - David Krull
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J B Marks
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Katherine Nevin
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Kevin Page
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Naren Srinivasan
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Ruth Tarzi
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK,The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Travis
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Carolina V Arancibia-Cárcamo
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK,Corresponding authors: Carolina V. Arancibia-Cárcamo and Stephanie M. Slevin, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Level 5, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Tel: +44 1865 220663; ,
| | - Satish Keshav
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
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19
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Johnson MD, Witherden DA, Havran WL. The Role of Tissue-resident T Cells in Stress Surveillance and Tissue Maintenance. Cells 2020; 9:E686. [PMID: 32168884 PMCID: PMC7140644 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While forming a minor population in the blood and lymphoid compartments, T cells are significantly enriched within barrier tissues. In addition to providing protection against infection, these tissue-resident T cells play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. T cells in the epidermis and intestinal epithelium produce growth factors and cytokines that are important for the normal turnover and maintenance of surrounding epithelial cells and are additionally required for the efficient recognition of, and response to, tissue damage. A role for tissue-resident T cells is emerging outside of the traditional barrier tissues as well, with recent research indicating that adipose tissue-resident T cells are required for the normal maintenance and function of the adipose tissue compartment. Here we review the functions of tissue-resident T cells in the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and adipose tissue, and compare the mechanisms of their activation between these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah A. Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.D.J.); (W.L.H.)
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20
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Host Factors Affecting Generation of Immunity Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Pregnant and Lactating Swine and Passive Protection of Neonates. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020130. [PMID: 32085410 PMCID: PMC7168134 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly virulent re-emerging enteric coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets. Despite this, a safe and effective PEDV vaccine against highly virulent strains is unavailable, making PEDV prevention and control challenging. Lactogenic immunity induced via the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA (sIgA) axis, remains the most promising and effective way to protect suckling piglets from PEDV. Therefore, a successful PEDV vaccine must induce protective maternal IgA antibodies that passively transfer into colostrum and milk. Identifying variables that influence lymphocyte migration and IgA secretion during gestation and lactation is imperative for designing maternal immunization strategies that generate the highest amount of lactogenic immune protection against PEDV in suckling piglets. Because pregnancy-associated immune alterations influence viral pathogenesis and adaptive immune responses in many different species, a better understanding of host immune responses to PEDV in pregnant swine may translate into improved maternal immunization strategies against enteric pathogens for multiple species. In this review, we discuss the role of host factors during pregnancy on antiviral immunity and their implications for generating protective lactogenic immunity in suckling neonates.
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21
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Riegel C, Boeld TJ, Doser K, Huber E, Hoffmann P, Edinger M. Efficient treatment of murine acute GvHD by in vitro expanded donor regulatory T cells. Leukemia 2019; 34:895-908. [PMID: 31719679 PMCID: PMC7214258 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is a frequent complication after allogeneic bone marrow/stem cell transplantation (BMT/SCT) induced by co-transplanted alloreactive conventional donor T cells. We previously demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of donor CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) at the time of BMT prevents aGvHD in murine models. Yet, the therapeutic potential of donor Treg for the treatment of established aGvHD has not yet been studied in detail. We now used in vitro expanded phenotypically and functionally stable murine Treg to explore their therapeutic efficacy in haploidentical aGvHD models. Upon transfer donor Treg ameliorate clinical and histologic signs of aGvHD and significantly improve survival. They migrate to lymphoid as well as aGvHD target organs, predominantly the gastrointestinal tract, where they inhibit the proliferation of conventional T cells, reduce the influx of myeloid cells, and the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines. Successfully treated animals restore aGvHD-induced tissue damage in target organs and lymphoid tissues, thereby supporting lymphocyte reconstitution. The therapeutically applied Treg population survives long term without conversion into pathogenic effector T cells. These results demonstrate that donor Treg not only prevent aGvHD, but are also efficacious for the treatment of this life-threatening BMT complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Riegel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tina J Boeld
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Doser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Huber
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Pathology Department, Red Cross Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. .,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Regensburg, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are one of the largest populations of lymphocytes and comprised of heterogeneous populations with varying phenotypes and physiological/pathological functions. IELs located between the basolateral surfaces of the epithelial cells and then potentially provide a first line of immune defense against enteric pathogens, although, the precise roles of each IEL populations are not well defined. A variety of molecules are involved in the IEL-homing to the intestinal epithelium. Conventional IELs originate from circulating T cells activated in lymphoid organs and imprinted for gut homing. On the other hand, unconventional IELs derive from thymocytes and migrate to the intestinal epithelium, although, some of them may arise extrathymically. Regarding the interaction between IELs and epithelial cells, IELs are known to be highly motile and actively migrate along the basement membrane, suggesting their roles in immune surveillance. In addition, there has been growing evidence to support that IELs are involved in the pathogenesis of gut disorders such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of IEL dynamics and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayakazu Sumida
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Fu H, Jangani M, Parmar A, Wang G, Coe D, Spear S, Sandrock I, Capasso M, Coles M, Cornish G, Helmby H, Marelli-Berg FM. A Subset of CCL25-Induced Gut-Homing T Cells Affects Intestinal Immunity to Infection and Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:271. [PMID: 30863398 PMCID: PMC6400137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon differentiation of T cells into the appropriate subtype required to clear infections and efficient effector T cell localization to antigen-rich tissue. Recent studies have highlighted the role played by subpopulations of tissue-resident memory (TRM) T lymphocytes in the protection from invading pathogens. The intestinal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissue are densely populated by a variety of resident lymphocyte populations, including αβ and γδ CD8+ intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IELs) and CD4+ T cells. While the development of intestinal γδ CD8+ IELs has been extensively investigated, the origin and function of intestinal CD4+ T cells have not been clarified. We report that CCR9 signals delivered during naïve T cell priming promote the differentiation of a population of α4β7+ IFN-γ-producing memory CD4+ T cells, which displays a TRM molecular signature, preferentially localizes to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated lymphoid tissue and cannot be mobilized by remote antigenic challenge. We further show that this population shapes the immune microenvironment of GI tissue, thus affecting effector immunity in infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Jangani
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleesha Parmar
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guosu Wang
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Coe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Spear
- Bart's Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melania Capasso
- Bart's Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Coles
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Cornish
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Helmby
- Department for Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Zhang X, Huo L, Song L, Hu Z, Wang X, Han Y, Wang Y, Xu P, Zhang J, Hua ZC. Dominant Negative FADD/MORT1 Inhibits the Development of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes With a Marked Defect on CD8αα+TCRγδ+ T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2038. [PMID: 30250469 PMCID: PMC6139313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) play a critical role in mucosal immune system, which differ from thymus-derived cells and develop locally in gut. Although the development of IELs has been studied in some detail, the molecular cues controlling their local development remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that FADD, a classic adaptor protein required for death-receptor-induced apoptosis, is a critical regulator of the intestinal IEL development. The mice with a dominant negative mutant of FADD (FADD-DN) display an abnormal development of intestinal IELs with a marked reduction in the numbers of CD8αα+TCRγδ+ T cells. As a precursor for CD8αα+ development, lamina propria lymphocytes in lin-negative expression (lin- LPLs) were analyzed and the massive accumulation of IL-7R-lin- LPLs was observed in FADD-DN mice. As IL-7R is one of Notch1-target genes, we further observed that the level of Notch1 expression was lower in Lin- LPLs from FADD-DN mice compared with normal mice. The downregulation of Notch1 expression induced by FADD-DN overexpression was also confirmed in Jurkat T cells. Considering that IL-7 and its receptor IL7-R play a differentiation inducing role in the development of intestinal IELs, the influence of FADD via its DD domain on Notch1 expression might be a possible molecular signal involved in the early IELs development. In addition, loss of γδ T-IELs in FADD-DN mice aggravates DSS-induced colitis, suggesting that FADD is a relevant contribution to the field of mucosal immunology and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, China
| | - Lina Huo
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lulu Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoqing Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuheng Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, China
| | - Peipei Xu
- Department of Hematology, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, China
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China
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25
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Trivedi PJ, Adams DH. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Pitfalls and Promise. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:S641-S652. [PMID: 30137309 PMCID: PMC6104621 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The principal targets for anti-chemokine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been the receptors CCR9 and CXCR3 and their respective ligands CCL25 and CXCL10. More recently CCR6 and its ligand CCL20 have also received attention, the expression of the latter in enterocytes being manipulated through Smad7 signalling. These pathways, selected based on their fundamental role in regulating mucosal immunity, have led to the development of several therapeutic candidates that have been tested in early phase clinical trials with variable clinical efficacy. In this article, we appraise the status of chemokine-directed therapy in IBD, review recent developments, and nominate future areas for therapeutic focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak J Trivedi
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David H Adams
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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26
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Takamura S. Niches for the Long-Term Maintenance of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1214. [PMID: 29904388 PMCID: PMC5990602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are a population of immune cells that reside in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs without recirculation through the blood. These important cells occupy and utilize unique anatomical and physiological niches that are distinct from those for other memory T cell populations, such as central memory T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs and effector memory T cells that circulate through the tissues. CD8+ TRM cells typically localize in the epithelial layers of barrier tissues where they are optimally positioned to act as sentinels to trigger antigen-specific protection against reinfection. CD4+ TRM cells typically localize below the epithelial layers, such as below the basement membrane, and cluster in lymphoid structures designed to optimize interactions with antigen-presenting cells upon reinfection. A key feature of TRM populations is their ability to be maintained in barrier tissues for prolonged periods of time. For example, skin CD8+ TRM cells displace epidermal niches originally occupied by γδ T cells, thereby enabling their stable persistence for years. It is also clear that the long-term maintenance of TRM cells in different microenvironments is dependent on multiple tissue-specific survival cues, although the specific details are poorly understood. However, not all TRM persist over the long term. Recently, we identified a new spatial niche for the maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells in the lung, which is created at the site of tissue regeneration after injury [termed repair-associated memory depots (RAMD)]. The short-lived nature of RAMD potentially explains the short lifespans of CD8+ TRM cells in this particular tissue. Clearly, a better understanding of the niche-dependent maintenance of TRM cells will be important for the development of vaccines designed to promote barrier immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the properties and nature of tissue-specific niches that maintain TRM cells in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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27
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γδ T cells in homeostasis and host defence of epithelial barrier tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:733-745. [PMID: 28920588 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces line the body and provide a crucial interface between the body and the external environment. Tissue-resident epithelial γδ T cells represent a major T cell population in the epithelial tissues and are ideally positioned to carry out barrier surveillance and aid in tissue homeostasis and repair. In this Review, we focus on the intraepithelial γδ T cell compartment of the two largest epithelial tissues in the body - namely, the epidermis and the intestine - and provide a comprehensive overview of the crucial contributions of intraepithelial γδ T cells to tissue integrity and repair, host homeostasis and protection in the context of the symbiotic relationship with the microbiome and during pathogen clearance. Finally, we describe epithelium-specific butyrophilin-like molecules and briefly review their emerging role in selectively shaping and regulating epidermal and intestinal γδ T cell repertoires.
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28
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Agace WW, McCoy KD. Regionalized Development and Maintenance of the Intestinal Adaptive Immune Landscape. Immunity 2017; 46:532-548. [PMID: 28423335 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has the daunting task of protecting us from pathogenic insults while limiting inflammatory responses against the resident commensal microbiota and providing tolerance to food antigens. This role is particularly impressive when one considers the vast mucosal surface and changing landscape that the intestinal immune system must monitor. In this review, we highlight regional differences in the development and composition of the adaptive immune landscape of the intestine and the impact of local intrinsic and environmental factors that shape this process. To conclude, we review the evidence for a critical window of opportunity for early-life exposures that affect immune development and alter disease susceptibility later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Agace
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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29
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Langel SN, Paim FC, Lager KM, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Lactogenic immunity and vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): Historical and current concepts. Virus Res 2016; 226:93-107. [PMID: 27212686 PMCID: PMC7111331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity, mortality, and loss of productivity from enteric diseases in neonatal piglets cost swine producers millions of dollars annually. In 2013-2014, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) outbreak led to $900 million to $1.8 billion in annual losses to US swine producers. Passive lactogenic immunity remains the most promising and effective way to protect neonatal suckling piglets from enteric diseases like PEDV. Protecting suckling piglets through lactogenic immunity is dependent on trafficking of pathogen-specific IgA plasmablasts to the mammary gland and accumulation of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies in milk, defined as the gut-mammary-sIgA axis. Due to an impermeable placenta, piglets are born agammaglobulinic, and are highly susceptible to a plethora of infectious agents. They rely solely on colostrum and milk antibodies for maternal lactogenic immunity. Previous advances in the development of live and attenuated vaccines for another devastating diarrheal virus of pigs, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), provide insights into the mechanisms of maternal immunity and piglet protection. In this chapter, we will review previous research on TGEV-induced lactogenic immunity to provide a historical perspective on current efforts for PEDV control and vaccines in the swine industry. Identifying factors that influence lactogenic immunity and the gut-mammary-sIgA axis may lead to improved vaccine regimens for PEDV and other enteric pathogens in gestating swine and improved overall herd immunity, swine health and industry productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Francine Chimelo Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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30
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Lin X, Yang J, Wang J, Huang H, Wang HX, Chen P, Wang S, Pan Y, Qiu YR, Taylor GA, Vallance BA, Gao J, Zhong XP. mTOR is critical for intestinal T-cell homeostasis and resistance to Citrobacter rodentium. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34939. [PMID: 27731345 PMCID: PMC5059740 DOI: 10.1038/srep34939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells play an important role in promoting mucosal immunity against pathogens, but the mechanistic basis for their homeostasis in the intestine is still poorly understood. We report here that T-cell-specific deletion of mTOR results in dramatically decreased CD4 and CD8 T-cell numbers in the lamina propria of both small and large intestines under both steady-state and inflammatory conditions. These defects result in defective host resistance against a murine enteropathogen, Citrobacter rodentium, leading to the death of the animals. We further demonstrated that mTOR deficiency reduces the generation of gut-homing effector T-cells in both mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches without obviously affecting expression of gut-homing molecules on those effector T-cells. Using mice with T-cell-specific ablation of Raptor/mTORC1 or Rictor/mTORC2, we revealed that both mTORC1 and, to a lesser extent, mTORC2 contribute to both CD4 and CD8 T-cell accumulation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Additionally, mTORC1 but not mTORC2 plays an important role regulating the proliferative renewal of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells in the intestines. Our data thus reveal that mTOR is crucial for T-cell accumulation in the GI tract and for establishing local adaptive immunity against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hongxiang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Jimin Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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31
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Jacquelot N, Enot DP, Flament C, Vimond N, Blattner C, Pitt JM, Yamazaki T, Roberti MP, Daillère R, Vétizou M, Poirier-Colame V, Semeraro M, Caignard A, Slingluff CL, Sallusto F, Rusakiewicz S, Weide B, Marabelle A, Kohrt H, Dalle S, Cavalcanti A, Kroemer G, Di Giacomo AM, Maio M, Wong P, Yuan J, Wolchok J, Umansky V, Eggermont A, Zitvogel L. Chemokine receptor patterns in lymphocytes mirror metastatic spreading in melanoma. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:921-37. [PMID: 26854930 DOI: 10.1172/jci80071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma prognosis is dictated by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, the migratory and functional behavior of which is guided by chemokine or cytokine gradients. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the expression patterns of 9 homing receptors (CCR/CXCR) in naive and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in 57 patients with metastatic melanoma (MMel) with various sites of metastases to evaluate whether T cell CCR/CXCR expression correlates with intratumoral accumulation, metastatic progression, and/or overall survival (OS). Homing receptor expression on lymphocytes strongly correlated with MMel dissemination. Loss of CCR6 or CXCR3, but not cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA), on circulating T cell subsets was associated with skin or lymph node metastases, loss of CXCR4, CXCR5, and CCR9 corresponded with lung involvement, and a rise in CCR10 or CD103 was associated with widespread dissemination. High frequencies of CD8+CCR9+ naive T cells correlated with prolonged OS, while neutralizing the CCR9/CCL25 axis in mice stimulated tumor progression. The expansion of CLA-expressing effector memory CD8+ T cells in response to a single administration of CTLA4 blockade predicted disease control at 3 months in 47 patients with MMel. Thus, specific CCR/CXCR expression patterns on circulating T lymphocytes may guide potential diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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32
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Chemokine-adjuvanted electroporated DNA vaccine induces substantial protection from simian immunodeficiency virus vaginal challenge. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:13-23. [PMID: 25943275 PMCID: PMC4636490 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There have been encouraging results for the development of an effective HIV vaccine. However, many questions remain regarding the quality of immune responses and the role of mucosal antibodies. We addressed some of these issues by using a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) DNA vaccine adjuvanted with plasmid-expressed mucosal chemokines combined with an intravaginal SIV challenge in rhesus macaque (RhM) model. We previously reported on the ability of CCR9 and CCR10 ligand (L) adjuvants to enhance mucosal and systemic IgA and IgG responses in small animals. In this study, RhMs were intramuscularly immunized five times with either DNA or DNA plus chemokine adjuvant delivered by electroporation followed by challenge with SIVsmE660. Sixty-eight percent of all vaccinated animals (P<0.01) remained either uninfected or had aborted infection compared with only 14% in the vaccine naïve group. The highest protection was observed in the CCR10L chemokines group, where six of nine animals had aborted infection and two remained uninfected, leading to 89% protection (P<0.001). The induction of mucosal SIV-specific antibodies and neutralization titers correlated with trends in protection. These results indicate the need to further investigate the contribution of chemokine adjuvants to modulate immune responses and the role of mucosal antibodies in SIV/HIV protection.
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33
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CCR9 Antagonists in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:628340. [PMID: 26457007 PMCID: PMC4592714 DOI: 10.1155/2015/628340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While it has long been established that the chemokine receptor CCR9 and its ligand CCL25 are essential for the movement of leukocytes into the small intestine and the development of small-intestinal inflammation, the role of this chemokine-receptor pair in colonic inflammation is not clear. Toward this end, we compared colonic CCL25 protein levels in healthy individuals to those in patients with ulcerative colitis. In addition, we determined the effect of CCR9 pharmacological inhibition in the mdr1a−/− mouse model of ulcerative colitis. Colon samples from patients with ulcerative colitis had significantly higher levels of CCL25 protein compared to healthy controls, a finding mirrored in the mdr1a−/− mice. In the mdr1a−/− mice, CCR9 antagonists significantly decreased the extent of wasting and colonic remodeling and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the colon. These findings indicate that the CCR9:CCL25 pair plays a causative role in ulcerative colitis and suggest that CCR9 antagonists will provide a therapeutic benefit in patients with colonic inflammation.
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34
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Becker AM, Callahan DJ, Richner JM, Choi J, DiPersio JF, Diamond MS, Bhattacharya D. GPR18 Controls Reconstitution of Mouse Small Intestine Intraepithelial Lymphocytes following Bone Marrow Transplantation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197390 PMCID: PMC4510063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific G protein coupled receptors (GPRs) regulate the proper positioning, function, and development of immune lineage subsets. Here, we demonstrate that GPR18 regulates the reconstitution of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of the small intestine following bone marrow transplantation. Through analysis of transcriptional microarray data, we find that GPR18 is highly expressed in IELs, lymphoid progenitors, and mature follicular B cells. To establish the physiological role of this largely uncharacterized GPR, we generated Gpr18-/- mice. Despite high levels of GPR18 expression in specific hematopoietic progenitors, Gpr18-/- mice have no defects in lymphopoiesis or myelopoiesis. Moreover, antibody responses following immunization with hapten-protein conjugates or infection with West Nile virus are normal in Gpr18-/- mice. Steady-state numbers of IELs are also normal in Gpr18-/- mice. However, competitive bone marrow reconstitution experiments demonstrate that GPR18 is cell-intrinsically required for the optimal restoration of small intestine TCRγδ+ and TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IELs. In contrast, GPR18 is dispensable for the reconstitution of large intestine IELs. Moreover, Gpr18-/- bone marrow reconstitutes small intestine IELs similarly to controls in athymic recipients. Gpr18-/- chimeras show no changes in susceptibility to intestinal insults such as Citrobacter rodentium infections or graft versus host disease. These data reveal highly specific requirements for GPR18 in the development and reconstitution of thymus-derived intestinal IEL subsets in the steady-state and after bone marrow transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Citrobacter
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelopoiesis
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
- West Nile virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Becker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Derrick J. Callahan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Richner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jaebok Choi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John F. DiPersio
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Park EJ, Yuki Y, Kiyono H, Shimaoka M. Structural basis of blocking integrin activation and deactivation for anti-inflammation. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:51. [PMID: 26152212 PMCID: PMC4495637 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins mediate leukocyte accumulation to the sites of inflammation, thereby enhancing their potential as an important therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders. Integrin activation triggered by inflammatory mediators or signaling pathway is a key step to initiate leukocyte migration to inflamed tissues; however, an appropriately regulated integrin deactivation is indispensable for maintaining productive leukocyte migration. While typical integrin antagonists that block integrin activation target the initiation of leukocyte migration, a novel class of experimental compounds has been designed to block integrin deactivation, thereby perturbing the progression of cell migration. Current review discusses the mechanisms by which integrin is activated and subsequently deactivated by focusing on its structure-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, 514-8507, Japan. .,Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan. .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), mainly comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic condition that primarily affects the intestine and is characterized by leukocytic infiltration. Blocking the migration of leukocytes from the circulation is therefore a reasonable therapeutic goal. Recent clinical trials using this approach have shown promise, with the monoclonal antibody to α4β7 integrin, vedolizumab, and previously with the monoclonal antibody to the α4 subunit, natalizumab. Directly targeting the subset of α4β7 expressing cells that co-express CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), using the orally administered antagonist, CCX282-B, also known as vercirnon, has also been evaluated in Phase II and III trials that have produced mixed results. Although CCX282-B showed efficacy in inducing response in active CD in early studies, this was not confirmed in a Phase III study. CCX282-B was also more effective than placebo in maintaining remission, and this result has yet to be confirmed in Phase III. The efficacy of blocking CCR9 in UC, where vedolizumab was effective, has not been tested. The prospect of targeting CCR9 in IBD remains attractive. Much of the local accumulation of inflammatory cells in the intestine arises from migration rather than local proliferation and genetic and pharmacological targeting of CCR9 or its ligand in preclinical models that mimic UC and CD ameliorate inflammation in some cases. Furthermore, binding of chemokine ligands to receptor is a critical step in activating integrin binding, so there is a potential for synergistic action between integrin and chemokine antagonists. CCR9 is expressed on a smaller proportion of circulating cells than α4β7 integrin, which may offer greater specificity of effect, particularly in long term use. Furthermore, while α4β7 is widely expressed on T and B cell subsets, CCR9 is mainly expressed on effector memory Th1 cells. Indications for the use of intestine-specific integrin and chemokine receptor targeting may also extend beyond IBD, to include, for example, postoperative ileus, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wendt
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Satish Keshav
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Meinhardt K, Kroeger I, Bauer R, Ganss F, Ovsiy I, Rothamer J, Büttner M, Atreya I, Waldner M, Bittrich M, Lehmann CH, Rieger MA, Beilhack A, Zeiser R, Edinger M, Dudziak D, Mackensen A, Rehli M, Ullrich E. Identification and characterization of the specific murine NK cell subset supporting graft- versus-leukemia- and reducing graft- versus-host-effects. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e981483. [PMID: 25949862 PMCID: PMC4368119 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.981483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies investigating the impact of natural killer (NK) cells in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation settings have yielded promising results. However, NK cells are a functionally and phenotypically heterogeneous population. Therefore, we addressed the functional relevance of specific NK cell subsets distinguished by expression of CD117, CD27 and CD11b surface markers in graft-versus-leukemia (GVL)-reaction and graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). Our results clearly demonstrate that the subset of c-Kit−CD27−CD11b+ NK cells expressed multiple cytotoxic pathway genes and provided optimal graft-versus-leukemia-effects, while significantly reducing T cell proliferation induced by allogeneic dendritic cells. Furthermore, these NK cells migrated to inflamed intestinal tissues where graft-versus-host-colitis was efficiently mitigated. For the first time, we identified the c-Kit−CD27−CD11b+ NK cell population as the specific effector NK cell subset capable of significantly diminishing GVHD in fully mismatched bone marrow transplantation settings. In conclusion, the subset of c-Kit−CD27−CD11b+ NK cells not only supports GVL, but also plays a unique role in the protection against GVHD by migrating to the peripheral GVHD target organs where they exert efficient immunoregulatory activities. These new insights demonstrate the importance of selecting the optimal NK cell subset for cellular immunotherapy following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Meinhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine 5; Hematology and Oncology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany ; Childrens Hospital; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany ; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irena Kroeger
- Department of Internal Medicine 5; Hematology and Oncology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5; Hematology and Oncology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany ; Childrens Hospital; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany ; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Ganss
- Department of Internal Medicine 5; Hematology and Oncology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany ; Childrens Hospital; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany ; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilja Ovsiy
- Childrens Hospital; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany ; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johanna Rothamer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5; Hematology and Oncology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany ; Childrens Hospital; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany ; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner
- Department of Nephropathology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Internal Medicine 1; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Waldner
- Department of Internal Medicine 1; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Bittrich
- Department of Internal Medicine 5; Hematology and Oncology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Hk Lehmann
- Department of Dermatology; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany ; Department of Hematology/Oncology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- IZKF Research Group for Experimental Stem Cell Transplantation; Department of Medicine II; University Hospital ; Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Medicine; Freiburg University Medical Center; Albert-Ludwigs-University ; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Department of Internal Medicine 3; University Hospital Regensburg ; Regensburg; Germany ; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); University Regensburg ; Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5; Hematology and Oncology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Department of Internal Medicine 3; University Hospital Regensburg ; Regensburg; Germany ; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); University Regensburg ; Regensburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Department of Internal Medicine 5; Hematology and Oncology; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; University Hospital Erlangen ; Erlangen, Germany ; Childrens Hospital; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany ; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany
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39
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Wang X, Sumida H, Cyster JG. GPR18 is required for a normal CD8αα intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2351-9. [PMID: 25348153 PMCID: PMC4235638 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) play an important role in maintaining the physiology of the small intestine. The majority of mouse IELs express CD8αα and are either γδ or αβ T cells. Although the development and homing of CD8αα IELs have been studied in some detail, the factors controlling their homeostasis and positioning are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptor 18 (GPR18) is abundantly expressed in CD8αα IELs and that mice lacking this orphan receptor have reduced numbers of γδT IELs. Mixed bone marrow chimera experiments reveal a markedly reduced contribution of GPR18-deficient cells to the CD8αα IEL compartment and a reduction in the CD8αβ T cell subset. These defects could be rescued by transduction with a GPR18-expressing retrovirus. The GPR18-deficient γδT IELs that remained in mixed chimeras had elevated Thy1, and there were less granzyme B(+) and Vγ7(+) cells, indicating a greater reduction in effector-type cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated GPR18 deficiency more strongly affected the CD8αα cells in the intraepithelial compared with the adjacent lamina propria compartment. These findings establish a requirement for GPR18 in CD8αα and CD8αβ IELs, and we suggest the receptor has a role in augmenting the accumulation of CD8 T cells in the intraepithelial versus lamina propria compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hayakazu Sumida
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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40
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Benechet AP, Menon M, Khanna KM. Visualizing T Cell Migration in situ. Front Immunol 2014; 5:363. [PMID: 25120547 PMCID: PMC4114210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting a protective immune response is critically dependent on the orchestrated movement of cells within lymphoid tissues. The structure of secondary lymphoid organs regulates immune responses by promoting optimal cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Naïve T cells are initially activated by antigen presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Following priming, effector T cells migrate to the site of infection to exert their functions. Majority of the effector cells die while a small population of antigen-specific T cells persists as memory cells in distinct anatomical locations. The persistence and location of memory cells in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues is critical to protect the host from re-infection. The localization of memory T cells is carefully regulated by several factors including the highly organized secondary lymphoid structure, the cellular expression of chemokine receptors and compartmentalized secretion of their cognate ligands. This balance between the anatomy and the ordered expression of cell surface and soluble proteins regulates the subtle choreography of T cell migration. In recent years, our understanding of cellular dynamics of T cells has been advanced by the development of new imaging techniques allowing in situ visualization of T cell responses. Here, we review the past and more recent studies that have utilized sophisticated imaging technologies to investigate the migration dynamics of naïve, effector, and memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P. Benechet
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Manisha Menon
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kamal M. Khanna
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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41
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Sowell RT, Rogozinska M, Nelson CE, Vezys V, Marzo AL. Cutting edge: generation of effector cells that localize to mucosal tissues and form resident memory CD8 T cells is controlled by mTOR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2067-71. [PMID: 25070853 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues are subject to frequent pathogen exposure and are major sites for transmission of infectious disease. CD8 T cells play a critical role in controlling mucosa-acquired infections even though their migration into mucosal tissues is tightly regulated. The mechanisms and signals that control the formation of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells are poorly understood; however, one key regulator of memory CD8 T cell differentiation, mammalian target of rapamycin kinase, can be inhibited by rapamycin. We report that, despite enhancing the formation of memory CD8 T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues, rapamycin inhibits the formation of resident memory CD8 T cells in the intestinal and vaginal mucosa. The ability of rapamycin to block the formation of functional resident CD8 T cells in mucosal tissues protected mice from a model of CD8 T cell-mediated lethal intestinal autoimmunity. These findings demonstrate an opposing role for mammalian target of rapamycin in the formation of resident versus nonresident CD8 T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Sowell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Magdalena Rogozinska
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Christine E Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Amanda L Marzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612;
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42
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Wurbel MA, Bras SL, Ibourk M, Pardo M, McIntire MG, Coco D, Geha RS, Fiebiger E, Snapper SB. CCL25/CCR9 interactions are not essential for colitis development but are required for innate immune cell protection from chronic experimental murine colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:1165-76. [PMID: 24874458 PMCID: PMC6249688 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine CCL25, and its receptor CCR9, constitute a unique chemokine/receptor pair, which regulates trafficking of T lymphocytes to the small intestine under physiological conditions and is an attractive target for small bowel Crohn's disease drug development. We have previously shown that CCL25/CCR9 interactions regulate the recovery from acute dextran sulfate sodium-induced colonic inflammation. In this study, we explored whether these interactions also regulate chronic colitis development in 2 independent murine models of experimental colitis. METHODS Histological flow cytometry and qPCR analyses were performed to evaluate the role of CL25 and CCR9 in chronic colonic inflammation induced by serial exposures to dextran sulfate sodium salts or by adoptive transfer of CD45RB(hi) CD4(+) T cell into lymphopenic mice devoid of CCL25/CCR9 interactions. RESULTS Chronic dextran sulfate sodium exposure results in exacerbated colitis in mice deficient for either CCR9 or CCL25 when compared with wild-type control mice. Although CCR9-deficient T cells traffic to the colon and induce severe colitis similar to wild-type T cells in the CD45RB transfer model, naive wild-type T cells induce more severe disease in recipient animals devoid of CCL25 expression. CONCLUSIONS CCL25/CCR9 interactions are required for modulating protection against large intestinal inflammation in 2 models of chronic colitis. These data may have implications for the potential effects of disrupting CCL25/CCR9 interactions in humans in the setting of intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Wurbel
- Divisions of Gastroenterology/Nutrition and Boston Children’s Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Severine Le Bras
- Divisions of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Mouna Ibourk
- Divisions of Gastroenterology/Nutrition and Boston Children’s Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael Pardo
- Divisions of Gastroenterology/Nutrition and Boston Children’s Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Maria G. McIntire
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dominique Coco
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raif S. Geha
- Divisions of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Edda Fiebiger
- Divisions of Gastroenterology/Nutrition and Boston Children’s Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Scott B. Snapper
- Divisions of Gastroenterology/Nutrition and Boston Children’s Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
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43
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Zhu S, Bing Y, Wang X, Yu Q, Wang Y, Xu S, Song L, Wang X, Xia B, Zhu Y, Zhou R. CCL25/CCR9 interactions regulate the function of iNKT cells in oxazolone-induced colitis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100167. [PMID: 24936795 PMCID: PMC4061108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer T (NKT) cells share phenotypic and functional properties with both conventional natural killer cells and T cells. These cells might have an important role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). The interaction of chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) with chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is involved in gut-specific migration of leukocytes and induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) to migrate to the intestine in chronic ileitis. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS In UC patients, NKT receptor CD161, CCL25, and CCR9 expression levels were evaluated by qRT-PCR. A murine model of oxazolone-induced colitis was induced in BALB/c mice. The mRNA levels of NK1.1, CCL25 and CCR9, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice were evaluated. The CCR9 expression on Type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, and the iNKT cells chemotaxis are observed according to flow cytometry. NKT receptor CD161, CCL25 and CCR9 expression levels were significantly increased in UC patients. And, the mRNA expression levels of NK1.1, CCL25 and CCR9 were increased in oxazolone-induced colitis in mice. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly increased, especially interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10 and IL-13. We observed significantly increased CCR9 expression on iNKT cells. Furthermore, we found an increased iNKT population and enhanced chemotaxis during oxazolone-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study suggests that CCL25/CCR9 interactions may promote the induction and function of iNKT cells during oxazolone-induced colitis. These findings may have important implications for UC treatment and suggest a role for CCR9 inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Colitis/chemically induced
- Colitis/immunology
- Colitis/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Middle Aged
- Natural Killer T-Cells/drug effects
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Oxazolone/toxicity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CCR/genetics
- Receptors, CCR/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yuntao Bing
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Yu
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shufang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xintao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Youqing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (YZ)
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (YZ)
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Yuan X, Cheng G, Malek TR. The importance of regulatory T-cell heterogeneity in maintaining self-tolerance. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:103-14. [PMID: 24712462 PMCID: PMC3983566 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the major cell type that mediates dominant tolerance in the periphery. Over the past decade, extensive study of Tregs has revealed that these cells express substantial heterogeneity to maintain tolerance and regulate immune responses. Tregs possess heterogeneity with respect to their origin and processes for development, functional activity, migratory pattern, and activation status. Some of the same environmental cues and molecular pathways utilized to generate specialized T-effector cells are also integrated by Tregs to colocalize and fine-tune suppressive mechanisms to optimally regulate and restrain distinctive self and antigen-specific T-cell responses. Here, we review our current understanding and significance of Treg heterogeneity in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. We also highlight recent work from our laboratory that has studied the extent phenotypically distinct Treg subsets are related to each other and expand in an ordered fashion to give rise to highly activated short-lived Klrg1(+) suppressor cells to optimize immune regulation and maintain homeostasis of the Treg compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Ballesteros NA, Rodríguez Saint-Jean S, Pérez-Prieto SI, Aquilino C, Tafalla C. Modulation of genes related to the recruitment of immune cells in the digestive tract of trout experimentally infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) or orally vaccinated. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:195-205. [PMID: 24370535 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There are still many details of how intestinal immunity is regulated that remain unsolved in teleost. Although leukocytes are present all along the digestive tract, most immunological studies have focused on the posterior segments and the importance of each gut segment in terms of immunity has barely been addressed. In the current work, we have studied the regulation of several immune genes along five segments of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) digestive tract, comparing the effects observed in response to an infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection to those elicited by oral vaccination with a plasmid coding for viral VP2. We have focused on the regulation of several mucosal chemokines, chemokine receptors, the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Furthermore, the recruitment of IgM(+) cells and CD3(+) cells was evaluated along the different segments in response to IPNV by immunohistochemical techniques. Our results provide evidences that there is a differential regulation of these immune genes in response to both stimuli along the gut segments. Along with this chemokine and chemokine receptor induction, IPNV provoked a mobilization of IgM(+) and IgT(+) cells to the foregut and pyloric caeca region, and CD3(+) cells to the pyloric caeca and midgut/hindgut regions. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of how mucosal immunity is orchestrated in the different gut segments of teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Ballesteros
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, (CSIC), Dpto. Microbiología Molecular y Biología de la Infección, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvia Rodríguez Saint-Jean
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, (CSIC), Dpto. Microbiología Molecular y Biología de la Infección, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara I Pérez-Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, (CSIC), Dpto. Microbiología Molecular y Biología de la Infección, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Aquilino
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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Anders HJ, Romagnani P, Mantovani A. Pathomechanisms: homeostatic chemokines in health, tissue regeneration, and progressive diseases. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:154-65. [PMID: 24440002 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic chemokines control stem and progenitor cell migration and activation during vasculogenesis and organ development. They orchestrate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homing to their bone marrow niches and direct immature lymphocytes to a series of maturation sites within lymphoid organs. Along these lines, homeostatic chemokines regulate the niches of peripheral committed progenitor cell populations for tissue renewal. These biological functions support neovascularization and wound healing, including the recruitment of endothelial and other progenitor cells from the bone marrow. Here, we summarize the roles of homeostatic chemokines, their signaling receptors, and atypical decoy receptors during homeostasis and tissue regeneration in order to better understand their pathogenic roles in disease, for example, in diabetes complications, cancer, autoimmunity, epithelial hyperplasia, or hypertrophic scarring and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, München, Germany.
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer, and High Education for the Development of De Novo Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), via Manzoni 113, 20089, Rozzano, Italy; University of Milan, Department of Translational Medicine, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
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Guy-Grand D, Vassalli P, Eberl G, Pereira P, Burlen-Defranoux O, Lemaitre F, Di Santo JP, Freitas AA, Cumano A, Bandeira A. Origin, trafficking, and intraepithelial fate of gut-tropic T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1839-54. [PMID: 23918956 PMCID: PMC3754871 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Tropism to the small intestinal epithelium is a general property of unconventional and conventional recent thymic emigrants, but for both cell types only GALT-related cycling thoracic duct lymphocytes are the precursors of cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes. The small intestine epithelium (SI-Ep) harbors millions of unconventional (γδ and CD4− CD8− NK1.1− TCRαβ) and conventional (CD8αβ and CD4) T cells, designated intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Here, we identified the circulating pool of SI-Ep–tropic T cells and studied their capacity to colonize the SI-Ep under steady-state conditions in SPF mice. Developmentally regulated levels of α4β7 endowed recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) of unconventional types with higher SI-Ep tropism than their conventional homologues. SI-Ep–tropic RTEs, which in all lineages emerged naive, homed to the SI-Ep, but this environment was inadequate to stimulate them to cycle. In contrast, conventional and, unexpectedly, unconventional T cells, particularly Vγ7+ (hallmark of γδ IELs), previously stimulated to cycle in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), proliferated in the SI-Ep. Cycling unconventional SI-Ep immigrants divided far more efficiently than their conventional homologues, thereby becoming predominant. This difference impacted on acquisition of high Granzyme B content, which required extensive proliferation. In conclusion, SI-Ep–tropic T cells follow a thymus–SI-Ep or a GALT–SI-Ep pathway, the latter generating highly competitive immigrants that are the sole precursors of cytotoxic IELs. These events occur continuously as part of the normal IEL dynamics.
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Eberhardson M, Marits P, Jones M, Jones P, Karlen P, Karlsson M, Cotton G, Woznica K, Maltman B, Glise H, Winqvist O. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by chemokine receptor-targeted leukapheresis. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:73-82. [PMID: 23892544 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukapheresis removes circulating leukocytes en route to the target organ. Hitherto unspecific matrixes have been used to remove leukocytes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This report describes a novel selective leukapheresis column based on chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction. We found an increased expression of the gut homing chemokine receptor CCR9 on CD14(+) monocytes and on CD3(+) T lymphocytes from IBD patients. Biologically active CCL25 was coupled to a Sepharose matrix and demonstrated to selectively remove CCR9-expressing cells leaving other cell populations largely unaffected. A patient with active ulcerative colitis, was subjected to CCL25-column leukapheresis. Four days after treatment, he experienced clinical improvement and stable disease improvement ensued. The study illustrates that specific cells can be targeted using high affinity interactions, i.e., CCL25-CCR9 interactions to remove pathogenic gut-homing cells. Leukapheresis using the bCCL25 column should be investigated in a clinical phase I trial of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eberhardson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Agnello D, Denimal D, Lavaux A, Blondeau-Germe L, Lu B, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Pothier P. Intrarectal immunization and IgA antibody-secreting cell homing to the small intestine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4836-47. [PMID: 23547118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
According to the current paradigm, lymphocyte homing to the small intestine requires the expression of two tissue-specific homing receptors, the integrin α4β7 and the CCL25 receptor CCR9. In this study, we investigated the organ distribution and the homing molecule expression of IgA Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) induced by intrarectal immunization with a particulate Ag, in comparison with other mucosal immunization routes. Intrarectal immunization induces gut-homing IgA ASCs that localize not only in the colon but also in the small intestine, although they are not responsive to CCL25, unlike IgA ASCs induced by oral immunization. The mucosal epithelial chemokine CCL28, known to attract all IgA ASCs, does not compensate for the lack of CCL25 responsiveness, because the number of Ag-specific cells is not decreased in the gut of CCR10-deficient mice immunized by the intrarectal route. However, Ag-specific IgA ASCs induced by intrarectal immunization express the integrin α4β7, and their number is considerably decreased in the gut of β7-deficient mice immunized by the intrarectal route, indicating that α4β7 enables these cells to migrate into the small intestine, even without CCL25 responsiveness. In contrast, IgA ASCs induced by intranasal immunization express low α4β7 levels and are usually excluded from the gut. Paradoxically, after intranasal immunization, Ag-specific IgA ASCs are significantly increased in the small intestine of β7-deficient mice, demonstrating that lymphocyte homing is a competitive process and that integrin α4β7 determines not only the intestinal tropism of IgA ASCs elicited in GALTs but also the intestinal exclusion of lymphocytes primed in other inductive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Agnello
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Centre National de Référence des Virus Entériques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, 21070 Dijon Cedex, France.
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CCR9 inhibition does not interfere with the development of immune tolerance to oral antigens. Immunol Lett 2013; 151:44-7. [PMID: 23333353 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature indicates that mice deficient in the chemokine receptor CCR9 (CCR9(-/-) mice) are unable to generate oral tolerance. The present report describes how such inability can be overcome by increasing the dose of oral antigen. Pharmacological inhibition of CCR9 did not affect the generation of oral tolerance, regardless of antigen dose. These results highlight the inadequacy of genetic deletion of CCR9 when predicting the effects of pharmacological CCR9 inhibition on intestinal biology.
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