1
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Zhang L, Kitzmiller CE, Richard AS, Popli S, Choe H. The ability of human TIM1 to bind phosphatidylethanolamine enhances viral uptake and efferocytosis compared to rhesus and mouse orthologs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.29.605603. [PMID: 39131348 PMCID: PMC11312472 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.29.605603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin (TIM)-family proteins facilitate the clearance of apoptotic cells, are involved in immune regulation, and promote infection of enveloped viruses. These processes are frequently studied in experimental animals such as mice or rhesus macaques, but functional differences among the TIM orthologs from these species have not been described. Previously, we reported that while all three human TIM proteins bind phosphatidylserine (PS), only human TIM1 (hTIM1) binds phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and that this PE-binding ability contributes to both phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells and virus infection. Here we show that rhesus macaque TIM1 (rhTIM1) and mouse TIM1 (mTIM1) bind PS but not PE and that their inability to bind PE makes them less efficient than hTIM1. We also show that alteration of only two residues of mTIM1 or rhTIM1 enables them to bind both PE and PS, and that these PE-binding variants are more efficient at phagocytosis and mediating viral entry. Further, we demonstrate that the mucin domain also contributes to the binding of the virions and apoptotic cells, although it does not directly bind phospholipid. Interestingly, contribution of the hTIM1 mucin domain is more pronounced in the presence of a PE-binding head domain. These results demonstrate that rhTIM1 and mTIM1 are inherently less functional than hTIM1, owing to their inability to bind PE and their less functional mucin domains. They also imply that mouse and macaque models underestimate the activity of hTIM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhou Zhang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Claire E. Kitzmiller
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Audrey S. Richard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sonam Popli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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2
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Tutunea-Fatan E, Arumugarajah S, Suri RS, Edgar CR, Hon I, Dikeakos JD, Gunaratnam L. Sensing Dying Cells in Health and Disease: The Importance of Kidney Injury Molecule-1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:795-808. [PMID: 38353655 PMCID: PMC11164124 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), also known as T-cell Ig and mucin domain-1 (TIM-1), is a widely recognized biomarker for AKI, but its biological function is less appreciated. KIM-1/TIM-1 belongs to the T-cell Ig and mucin domain family of conserved transmembrane proteins, which bear the characteristic six-cysteine Ig-like variable domain. The latter enables binding of KIM-1/TIM-1 to its natural ligand, phosphatidylserine, expressed on the surface of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. KIM-1/TIM-1 is expressed in a variety of tissues and plays fundamental roles in regulating sterile inflammation and adaptive immune responses. In the kidney, KIM-1 is upregulated on injured renal proximal tubule cells, which transforms them into phagocytes for clearance of dying cells and helps to dampen sterile inflammation. TIM-1, expressed in T cells, B cells, and natural killer T cells, is essential for cell activation and immune regulatory functions in the host. Functional polymorphisms in the gene for KIM-1/TIM-1, HAVCR1 , have been associated with susceptibility to immunoinflammatory conditions and hepatitis A virus-induced liver failure, which is thought to be due to a differential ability of KIM-1/TIM-1 variants to bind phosphatidylserine. This review will summarize the role of KIM-1/TIM-1 in health and disease and its potential clinical applications as a biomarker and therapeutic target in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tutunea-Fatan
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shabitha Arumugarajah
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita S. Suri
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cassandra R. Edgar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ingrid Hon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Cao J, Qing J, Zhu L, Chen Z. Role of TIM-1 in the development and treatment of tumours. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1307806. [PMID: 38831760 PMCID: PMC11144867 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1307806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin structural domain 1 (TIM-1, also known as hepatitis A virus cell receptor 1) is a co-stimulatory molecule that is expressed predominantly on the surface of T cells. TIM-1 promotes the activation and proliferation of T cells, cytokine secretion, and can also be overexpressed in various types of cancer. Upregulation of TIM-1 expression may be associated with the development and progression of cancer. After reviewing the literature, we propose that TIM-1 affects tumour development mainly through two pathways. In the Direct pathway: overexpression in tumours activates tumour-related signaling pathways, mediates the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, and directly affects tumour development directly. In the indirect pathway: In addition to changing the tumour microenvironment and influencing the growth of tumours, TIM-1 binds to ligands to encourage the activation, proliferation, and generation of cytokines by immune cells. This review examines how TIM-1 stimulates the development of tumours in direct and indirect ways, and how TIM-1 is exploited as a target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Cao
- Joint Inspection Center of Precision Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jilin Qing
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Graduate school, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhizhong Chen
- Joint Inspection Center of Precision Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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4
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Han CW, Jeong MS, Lee HN, Hwang EY, Jang SB. Structural basis for T cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 and Toxascaris leonina galectin complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 697:149544. [PMID: 38245927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 (Tim-3), also known as Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2, has been discovered to have a negative regulatory effect on murine T-cell responses. Galectin-9 exhibits various biological effects, including cell aggregation, eosinophil chemoattraction, activation, and apoptosis, observed in murine thymocytes, T-cells, and human melanoma cells. Such approach demonstrated that Galectin-9 acts as a binding partner on Tim-3 and mediates the T-cell inhibitory effects. Tl-gal is a homologous protein to galectin-9, isolated from the adult stage of the canine gastrointestinal nematode parasite Toxascaris leonina. However, molecular mechanism between Tim-3 and galectin-9 is still remain unknown. Here, we describe the cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray structures and interactions of the Tim-3 and Tl-gal complex as well as their biochemical and biophysical characterization. In the structure, Ser46 residue of Tl-gal NCRD was bound to Asp25 residue of hTim-3. Compared to our previous study, the binding site of the complex is the same as the sugar binding site (the Ser46 residue) of Tl-gal. In addition, analysis of the complex structure revealed that the four Tl-gal molecules were in an open form packing and one mTim-3 peptide was bound to one Tl-gal molecule. These observations suggest that how Tl-gal binds hTim3 is essential to understanding the molecular mechanism for the Tim-3-galectin 9 interaction that regulates immune responses. This could potentially serve as a therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Han
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Suk Jeong
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Hwang
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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George J, Zhang Y, Sloan J, Sims JM, Imig JD, Zhao X. Tim-1 Deficiency Aggravates High-Fat Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747794. [PMID: 34675931 PMCID: PMC8523998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is commonly associated with obesity and characterized by excessive lipid accumulation and liver inflammation. The T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (Tim-1), also known as hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (Havcr-1) and kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1), has been shown to affect innate immunity-driven proinflammatory cascade in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, its contribution to obesity-related NAFLD/NASH remains unknown. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the role of Tim-1 in obesity-related liver inflammation and injury in wild-type (WT) and Tim-1-deficient (Tim-1-/-) C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 5-6 months. HFD feeding induced steatosis and upregulated Tim-1 gene expression in the liver of WT mice. Surprisingly, Tim-1-/- mice on HFD diet exhibited an exacerbation of hepatic steatosis, accompanied with an elevation of protein levels of fatty acid translocase CD36 and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Tim-1 deficiency also enhanced HFD-induced liver inflammation and injury, as evidenced by augmented increase in hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory factor lipocalin 2 and elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT). In addition, gene expression of type I, III and IV collagens and liver fibrosis were greatly enhanced in HFD Tim-1-/- mice compared with HFD WT mice. HFD-induced hepatic expression of YM-1, a specific mouse M2 macrophage marker, was further upregulated by deletion of Tim-1. Together, these results show that Tim-1 deficiency aggravates the effects of HFD diet on lipid accumulation and liver fibrosis, most likely through enhanced infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine George
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jacob Sloan
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joya M Sims
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John D Imig
- Drug Discovery Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Xueying Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Liu Y, Chen H, Chen Z, Qiu J, Pang H, Zhou Z. Novel Roles of the Tim Family in Immune Regulation and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748787. [PMID: 34603337 PMCID: PMC8484753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell Ig and mucin domain (Tim) protein family members were identified to be important regulators of the immune response. As their name indicates, Tim proteins were originally considered a T cell-specific markers, and they mainly regulate the responses of T helper cells. However, accumulating evidence indicates that Tims are also expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells, and even plays various roles in natural killer cells (NKs) and mast cells. In recent years, the expression and function of Tims on different cells and the identification of new ligands for the Tim family have suggested that the Tim family plays a crucial role in immune regulation. In addition, the relationship between Tim family gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases has expanded our knowledge of the role of Tim proteins in immune regulation. In this review, we discuss how the Tim family affects immunomodulatory function and the potential role of the Tim family in typical autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). A deeper understanding of the immunoregulatory mechanism of the Tim family might provide new insights into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongzhi Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junlin Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haipeng Pang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Catalán D, Mansilla MA, Ferrier A, Soto L, Oleinika K, Aguillón JC, Aravena O. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611795. [PMID: 33995344 PMCID: PMC8118522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashley Ferrier
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile (HCUCH), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Mapping and functional characterization of murine kidney injury molecule-1 proteolytic cleavage site. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:1093-1108. [PMID: 33211259 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), also known as T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1), is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on proximal tubule epithelia during acute kidney injury (AKI). Extracellular domain of KIM-1 undergoes spontaneous and activated ectodomain shedding into urine and blood via metalloproteases. Soluble KIM-1 (blood and urinary) is a reliable clinical biomarker of proximal tubular injury, but the biological significance of shedding remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the specific shedding enzyme and the proteolytic cleavage site of murine KIM-1, followed by the characterization of its functional relevance. In this regard, isoleucine (I) I202 was identified as the potential cleavage site. Mutation of isoleucine I202 to glutamine (I202Q) or alanine (I202A) significantly reduced both constitutive and induced KIM-1 shedding and ultimately efferocytosis. It was also uncovered that ADAM10 is the major sheddase that mediates the proteolytic cleavage of murine KIM-1. In addition, ADAM10-induced KIM-1 shedding was required for efficient phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. Importantly, the findings that the addition of exogenous shed KIM-1 rescued the phagocytic impairment suggest that shed KIM-1 is capable of modulating efferocytosis of apoptotic bodies and could represent a potential functional role of the soluble ectodomain KIM-1 during AKI.
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9
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Yeung MY, Grimmig T, Sayegh MH. Costimulation Blockade in Transplantation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:267-312. [PMID: 31758538 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in orchestrating immune responses directed against a foreign (allogeneic) graft. For T cells to become fully activated, the T-cell receptor (TCR) must interact with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus peptide complex on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), followed by a second "positive" costimulatory signal. In the absence of this second signal, T cells become anergic or undergo deletion. By blocking positive costimulatory signaling, T-cell allo-responses can be aborted, thus preventing graft rejection and promoting long-term allograft survival and possibly tolerance (Alegre ML, Najafian N, Curr Mol Med 6:843-857, 2006; Li XC, Rothstein DM, Sayegh MH, Immunol Rev 229:271-293, 2009). In addition, costimulatory molecules can provide negative "coinhibitory" signals that inhibit T-cell activation and terminate immune responses; strategies to promote these pathways can also lead to graft tolerance (Boenisch O, Sayegh MH, Najafian N, Curr Opin Organ Transplant 13:373-378, 2008). However, T-cell costimulation involves an incredibly complex array of interactions that may act simultaneously or at different times in the immune response and whose relative importance varies depending on the different T-cell subsets and activation status. In transplantation, the presence of foreign alloantigen incites not only destructive T effector cells but also protective regulatory T cells, the balance of which ultimately determines the fate of the allograft (Lechler RI, Garden OA, Turka LA, Nat Rev Immunol 3:147-158, 2003). Since the processes of alloantigen-specific rejection and regulation both require activation of T cells, costimulatory interactions may have opposing or synergistic roles depending on the cell being targeted. Such complexities present both challenges and opportunities in targeting T-cell costimulatory pathways for therapeutic purposes. In this chapter, we summarize our current knowledge of the various costimulatory pathways in transplantation and review the current state and challenges of harnessing these pathways to promote graft tolerance (summarized in Table 10.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tanja Grimmig
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed H Sayegh
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine and Immunology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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10
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Diagnostic role of kidney injury molecule-1 in renal cell carcinoma. Int Urol Nephrol 2019; 51:1893-1902. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule (TIM)4 is a costimulatory molecule and phosphatidylserine receptor. Its dominant function varies according to the expressing cell and site of activation. In recent years, studies have identified its role in diverse disease processes and increasingly in alloimmunity. Herein, we will comprehensively review the literature on TIM4 and outline its function in shaping the alloimmune response. RECENT FINDINGS TIM4 expression on dendritic cells increases following transplantation. Blockade of TIM4 in vivo leads to increased differentiation of regulatory T cells and improved allograft survival. TIM4 binds phosphatidylserine-expressing apoptotic cells. Previously thought of as a tethering molecule, recent studies have demonstrated that TIM4 interacts with integrins to mediate uptake of apoptotic cells. TIM4 B cells have recently been identified, which produce high levels of IFNγ and promote allograft rejection. Targeting these B cells improved allograft survival and promoted the development of TIM1 regulatory B cells. SUMMARY TIM4 is expressed in niche compartments and has many immunological effects. However, inhibition of TIM4 has been demonstrated to prolong allograft survival, through varied mechanisms. A unifying explanation for the role of TIM4 in alloimmunity remains to be found, but this pathway appears to hold considerable promise in transplantation.
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12
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Truong W, Shapiro AMJ. The TIM Family of Cosignaling Receptors: Emerging Targets for the Regulation of Autoimmune Disease and Transplantation Tolerance. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:977-986. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783472390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, lifelong immune suppression regimens are required for solid organ and cellular transplantation and carry significant increased risk of infection, malignancy, and toxicity. For non-life-saving procedures such as islet transplantation, the risk/benefit ratio of lifelong immunosuppression versus benefit from transplantation requires even more careful balance. The search for specific agents to modulate the immune system without chronic immunosuppression is important for the broad application of islet transplantation. The T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) family is a distinct group of coreceptors that are differentially expressed on TH1 and TH2 cells, and have the potential to regulate both cytotoxic and humoral immune responses. Completed murine studies demonstrate Tim pathways may be important in the regulation of tolerance to self (auto), harmless (allergic), and transplant (allo) antigen; however, the potential impact of targeting Tim coreceptors has yet to be fully explored in transplantation tolerance induction or autoimmune disease. The current review examines the impact of Tim coreceptor targeting as an emerging therapeutic option for regulating autoimmune diseases and prevention of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Truong
- The Surgical Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A. M. James Shapiro
- The Surgical Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Hu T, Wu Z, Vervelde L, Rothwell L, Hume DA, Kaiser P. Functional annotation of the T-cell immunoglobulin mucin family in birds. Immunology 2017; 148:287-303. [PMID: 26997606 PMCID: PMC4913284 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM) family molecules are cell membrane proteins, preferentially expressed on various immune cells and implicated in recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells. Little is known of their function outside human and mouse, and nothing outside mammals. We identified only two TIM genes (chTIM) in the chicken genome, putative orthologues of mammalian TIM1 and TIM4, and cloned the respective cDNAs. Like mammalian TIM1, chTIM1 expression was restricted to lymphoid tissues and immune cells. The gene chTIM4 encodes at least five splice variants with distinct expression profiles that also varied between strains of chicken. Expression of chTIM4 was detected in myeloid antigen‐presenting cells, and in γδ T cells, whereas mammalian TIM4 is not expressed in T cells. Like the mammalian proteins, chTIM1 and chTIM4 fusion proteins bind to phosphatidylserine, and are thereby implicated in recognition of apoptotic cells. The chTIM4–immunoglobulin fusion protein also had co‐stimulatory activity on chicken T cells, suggesting a function in antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuanjun Hu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Lisa Rothwell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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14
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Immune Regulation and Antitumor Effect of TIM-1. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:8605134. [PMID: 27413764 PMCID: PMC4931049 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8605134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in antitumor immunity, and the T cell immunoglobulin domain and the mucin domain protein-1 (TIM-1) on its surface, as a costimulatory molecule, has a strong regulatory effect on T cells. TIM-1 can regulate and enhance type 1 immune response of tumor association. Therefore, TIM-1 costimulatory pathways may be a promising therapeutic target in future tumor immunotherapy. This review describes the immune regulation and antitumor effect of TIM-1.
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15
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Abstract
Polymorphisms in the T cell (or transmembrane) immunoglobulin and mucin
domain 1 ( TIM-1) gene, particularly in the mucin
domain, have been associated with atopy and allergic diseases in mice and human.
Genetic- and antibody-mediated studies revealed that Tim-1 functions as a
positive regulator of Th2 responses, while certain antibodies to Tim-1 can
exacerbate or reduce allergic lung inflammation. Tim-1 can also positively
regulate the function of B cells, NKT cells, dendritic cells and mast cells.
However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which Tim-1 modulates immune cell
function are currently unknown. In this study, we have focused on defining
Tim-1-mediated signaling pathways that enhance mast cell activation through the
high affinity IgE receptor (FceRI). Using a Tim-1 mouse model lacking the mucin
domain (Tim-1 Dmucin), we show for the first time that the
polymorphic Tim-1 mucin region is dispensable for normal mast cell activation.
We further show that Tim-4 cross-linking of Tim-1 enhances select signaling
pathways downstream of FceRI in mast cells, including mTOR-dependent signaling,
leading to increased cytokine production but without affecting
degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Phong
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
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16
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Xu XG, Hu JF, Ma JX, Nie L, Shao T, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Essential Roles of TIM-1 and TIM-4 Homologs in Adaptive Humoral Immunity in a Zebrafish Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1686-99. [PMID: 26792807 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
TIM-1 and TIM-4 proteins have become increasingly attractive for their critical functions in immune modulation, particularly in CD4(+) Th2 cell activation. Thus, these proteins were hypothesized to regulate adaptive humoral immunity. However, further evidence is needed to validate this hypothesis. This study describes the molecular and functional characteristics of TIM-1 and TIM-4 homologs from a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model (D. rerio TIM [DrTIM]-1 and DrTIM-4). DrTIM-1 and DrTIM-4 were predominantly expressed in CD4(+) T cells and MHC class II(+) APCs under the induction of Ag stimulation. Blockade or knockdown of both DrTIM-1 and DrTIM-4 significantly decreased Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell activation, B cell proliferation, Ab production, and vaccinated immunoprotection against bacterial infection. This result suggests that DrTIM-1 and DrTIM-4 serve as costimulatory molecules required for the full activation of adaptive humoral immunity. DrTIM-1 was detected to be a trafficking protein located in the cytoplasm of CD4(+) T cells. It can translocate onto the cell surface under stimulation by TIM-4-expressing APCs, which might be a precise regulatory strategy for CD4(+) T cells to avoid self-activation before APCs stimulation. Furthermore, a unique alternatively spliced soluble DrTIM-4 variant was identified to exert a negative regulatory effect on the proliferation of CD4(+) T cells. The above findings highlight a novel costimulatory mechanism underlying adaptive immunity. This study enriches the current knowledge on TIM-mediated immunity and provides a cross-species understanding of the evolutionary history of costimulatory systems throughout vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Gang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jing-Fang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jun-Xia Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Li Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Tong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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17
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Echbarthi M, Zonca M, Mellwig R, Schwab Y, Kaplan G, DeKruyff RH, Roda-Navarro P, Casasnovas JM. Distinct Trafficking of Cell Surface and Endosomal TIM-1 to the Immune Synapse. Traffic 2015; 16:1193-207. [PMID: 26332704 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The T cell costimulatory molecule TIM-1 (T cell/transmembrane, mucin and immunoglobulin domain protein 1) sorts mainly to endosomes in lymphoid cells. At difference from the cell surface protein, endosomal TIM-1 translocates to the immune synapse (IS), where it can contribute to antigen-dependent T cell costimulation. TIM-1 ligands increase the amount of cell surface protein, preventing its traffic to the IS. The bipolar sorting of TIM-1 observed during IS formation is determined by differences in its subcellular location, and probably modulates antigen-driven immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Echbarthi
- Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Manuela Zonca
- Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | | | - Gerardo Kaplan
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Casasnovas
- Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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18
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Regulation of T cell trafficking by the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 glycoprotein. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:675-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Baghdadi M, Takeuchi S, Wada H, Seino KI. Blocking monoclonal antibodies of TIM proteins as orchestrators of anti-tumor immune response. MAbs 2014; 6:1124-32. [PMID: 25517298 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.32107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based treatment of cancer has a significant effect on current practice in medical oncology, and is considered now as one of the most successful therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. MAbs are designed to initiate or enhance anti-tumor immune responses, which can be achieved by either blocking inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules or triggering activating receptors. TIM gene family members are type-I surface molecules expressed in immune cells, and play important roles in the regulation of both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Therapeutic strategies based on anti-TIMs mAbs have shown promising results in experimental tumor models, and synergistic combinations of anti-TIMs mAbs with cancer vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy will have great impact on cancer treatment in future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Baghdadi
- a Division of Immunobiology; Institute for Genetic Medicine ; Hokkaido University ; Sapporo , Japan
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20
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Sinha S, Singh J, Jindal SK. Protective association of TIM1-1454G>a polymorphism with asthma in a North Indian population. Lung 2014; 193:31-8. [PMID: 25331534 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-014-9653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE TIM1 is a key regulator of Th2-dominated immune responses, including allergy, asthma, autoimmunity, and response to the pathogens. They are mainly expressed by hepatocytes and lymphoid cells. Analysis of the sequence of TIM1 was found to have range of SNPs which increases the transcriptional activity of the TIM1 gene. METHODS A case-control study was conducted with a total of 964 subjects, including 483 healthy controls and 481 asthma patients in the present study. DNA samples were extracted from blood, and genotyping was done using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed that both heterozygous (GA) as well as the mutant (AA) genotype of -1454G>A (rs41297579) polymorphism shows resistance toward asthma with OR = 0.74, 95 % CI (0.55-0.98), p = 0.029 and OR = 0.43, 95 % CI (0.28-0.65), p = 0.000, respectively. The mutant (A) allele was also found to be highly protective toward asthma with OR = 0.68, 95 % CI (0.56-0.82) p = 0.000. However, no statistical difference was found between the TIM1-416G>C (rs9313422) polymorphism and asthma patients (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study conducted in India conferring -1454G>A polymorphism provides resistance toward asthma while lack of association was found between -416G>C polymorphism and asthma in the studied North Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Moller-Tank S, Maury W. Phosphatidylserine receptors: enhancers of enveloped virus entry and infection. Virology 2014; 468-470:565-580. [PMID: 25277499 PMCID: PMC4252826 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A variety of both RNA and DNA viruses envelop their capsids in a lipid bilayer. One of the more recently appreciated benefits this envelope is incorporation of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Surface exposure of PtdSer disguises viruses as apoptotic bodies; tricking cells into engulfing virions. This mechanism is termed apoptotic mimicry. Several PtdSer receptors have been identified to enhance virus entry and we have termed this group of proteins PtdSer-mediated virus entry enhancing receptors or PVEERs. These receptors enhance entry of a range of enveloped viruses. Internalization of virions by PVEERs provides a broad mechanism of entry with little investment by the virus itself. PVEERs may allow some viruses to attach to cells, thereby making viral glycoprotein/cellular receptor interactions more probable. Alternatively, other viruses may rely entirely on PVEERs for internalization into endosomes. This review provides an overview of PtdSer receptors that serve as PVEERs and the biology behind virion/PVEER interaction. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) receptors can mediate entry of enveloped viruses. PtdSer is present on the outer leaflet of the virion envelope. PtdSer receptors are expressed on a variety of primary cells and cell lines. Characteristics of PtdSer receptors that mediate virus entry are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Moller-Tank
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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22
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Zheng K, Xu G, Lu X, Zhang J, Zhang P. Expression and polymorphisms of T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein-1 in thymoma with or without myasthenia gravis. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:317-322. [PMID: 24959269 PMCID: PMC4063586 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression and association of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -1637A/G in the promoter region of the T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein-1 (Tim-1) gene in patients diagnosed with thymoma with or without myasthenia gravis (MG). The expression of Tim-1 was detected using the streptavidin peroxidase immunohistochemical staining method on tissues obtained from thymoma patients with (n=58) and without (n=62) MG. The Tim-1 gene -1637A/G polymorphism was detected using the single allele-specific primer polymerase chain reaction. The positive rate of Tim-1 expression in thymoma patients with MG was 62.1% (32/58), which was significantly higher compared with that in thymoma patients without MG (33.9%, 21/62) (P=0.002). The genotype frequencies of GG, GA and AA in the -1637A/G polymorphism were 0.7931, 0.2069 and 0, respectively, in thymoma patients with MG, and 0.6129, 0.3871 and 0, respectively, in thymoma patients without MG. A significant difference in the genotypes between the thymoma patients with MG and those without MG was found (P=0.031). In addition, a significant difference in allele frequencies between thymoma patients with MG and those without MG (P=0.024) was observed. The high expression of Tim-1 in thymoma tissues may play an important role in the development of thymoma with MG. The -1637A/G polymorphism site of the promoter region in Tim-1 may be associated with thymoma with MG. These findings provide a basis for further genetic research of thymoma with MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guowu Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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23
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Angiari S, Donnarumma T, Rossi B, Dusi S, Pietronigro E, Zenaro E, Della Bianca V, Toffali L, Piacentino G, Budui S, Rennert P, Xiao S, Laudanna C, Casasnovas JM, Kuchroo VK, Constantin G. TIM-1 glycoprotein binds the adhesion receptor P-selectin and mediates T cell trafficking during inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunity 2014; 40:542-53. [PMID: 24703780 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Selectins play a central role in leukocyte trafficking by mediating tethering and rolling on vascular surfaces. Here we have reported that T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is a P-selectin ligand. We have shown that human and murine TIM-1 binds to P-selectin, and that TIM-1 mediates tethering and rolling of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17, but not Th2 and regulatory T cells on P-selectin. Th1 and Th17 cells lacking the TIM-1 mucin domain showed reduced rolling in thrombin-activated mesenteric venules and inflamed brain microcirculation. Inhibition of TIM-1 had no effect on naive T cell homing, but it reduced T cell recruitment in a skin hypersensitivity model and blocked experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Uniquely, the TIM-1 immunoglobulin variable domain was also required for P-selectin binding. Our data demonstrate that TIM-1 is a major P-selectin ligand with a specialized role in T cell trafficking during inflammatory responses and the induction of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Angiari
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Tiziano Donnarumma
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Dusi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Enrica Pietronigro
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Vittorina Della Bianca
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Lara Toffali
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gennj Piacentino
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Simona Budui
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Paul Rennert
- Department of Molecular Discovery and Immunobiology, Biogen Idec Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02146, USA
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM 785, Boston, MA 02115-5817, USA
| | - Carlo Laudanna
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Jose M Casasnovas
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Campus UAM, C/ Darwin, 3, Campus of Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM 785, Boston, MA 02115-5817, USA
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Molecular mechanism for differential recognition of membrane phosphatidylserine by the immune regulatory receptor Tim4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1463-72. [PMID: 24706780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320174111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids exposed on the extracellular leaflet of plasma membranes is implicated in both apoptotic cell removal and immune regulation. The PS receptor T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing molecule 4 (Tim4) regulates T-cell immunity via phagocytosis of both apoptotic (high PS exposure) and nonapoptotic (intermediate PS exposure) activated T cells. The latter population must be removed at lower efficiency to sensitively control immune tolerance and memory cell population size, but the molecular basis for how Tim4 achieves this sensitivity is unknown. Using a combination of interfacial X-ray scattering, molecular dynamics simulations, and membrane binding assays, we demonstrate how Tim4 recognizes PS in the context of a lipid bilayer. Our data reveal that in addition to the known Ca(2+)-coordinated, single-PS binding pocket, Tim4 has four weaker sites of potential ionic interactions with PS lipids. This organization makes Tim4 sensitive to PS surface concentration in a manner capable of supporting differential recognition on the basis of PS exposure level. The structurally homologous, but functionally distinct, Tim1 and Tim3 are significantly less sensitive to PS surface density, likely reflecting the differences in immunological function between the Tim proteins. These results establish the potential for lipid membrane parameters, such as PS surface density, to play a critical role in facilitating selective recognition of PS-exposing cells. Furthermore, our multidisciplinary approach overcomes the difficulties associated with characterizing dynamic protein/membrane systems to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying Tim4's recognition properties, and thereby provides an approach capable of providing atomic-level detail to uncover the nuances of protein/membrane interactions.
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25
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Schweigert O, Dewitz C, Möller-Hackbarth K, Trad A, Garbers C, Rose-John S, Scheller J. Soluble T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM)-1 and -4 generated by A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease (ADAM)-10 and -17 bind to phosphatidylserine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:275-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Ajay AK, Kim TM, Ramirez-Gonzalez V, Park PJ, Frank DA, Vaidya VS. A bioinformatics approach identifies signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and checkpoint kinase 1 as upstream regulators of kidney injury molecule-1 after kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:105-18. [PMID: 24158981 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)/T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing protein-1 (TIM-1) is upregulated more than other proteins after AKI, and it is highly expressed in renal damage of various etiologies. In this capacity, KIM-1/TIM-1 acts as a phosphatidylserine receptor on the surface of injured proximal tubular epithelial cells, mediating phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and it may also act as a costimulatory molecule for immune cells. Despite recognition of KIM-1 as an important therapeutic target for kidney disease, the regulators of KIM-1 transcription in the kidney remain unknown. Using a bioinformatics approach, we identified upstream regulators of KIM-1 after AKI. In response to tubular injury in rat and human kidneys or oxidant stress in human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HPTECs), KIM-1 expression increased significantly in a manner that corresponded temporally and regionally with increased phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and STAT3. Both ischemic and oxidant stress resulted in a dramatic increase in reactive oxygen species that phosphorylated and activated Chk1, which subsequently bound to STAT3, phosphorylating it at S727. Furthermore, STAT3 bound to the KIM-1 promoter after ischemic and oxidant stress, and pharmacological or genetic induction of STAT3 in HPTECs increased KIM-1 mRNA and protein levels. Conversely, inhibition of STAT3 using siRNAs or dominant negative mutants reduced KIM-1 expression in a kidney cancer cell line (769-P) that expresses high basal levels of KIM-1. These observations highlight Chk1 and STAT3 as critical upstream regulators of KIM-1 expression after AKI and may suggest novel approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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27
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Abe Y, Kamachi F, Kawamoto T, Makino F, Ito J, Kojima Y, Moustapha AEDH, Usui Y, Yagita H, Takasaki Y, Okumura K, Akiba H. TIM-4 has dual function in the induction and effector phases of murine arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4562-72. [PMID: 24068667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell Ig and mucin domain (TIM)-4 is involved in immune regulation. However, the pathological function of TIM-4 has not been understood and remains to be clarified in various disease models. In this study, DBA/1 mice were treated with anti-TIM-4 mAb during the induction or effector phase of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Anti-TIM-4 treatment in the induction phase exacerbated the development of CIA. In vitro experiments suggest that CD4 T cells bind to TIM-4 on APCs, which induces inhibitory effect to CD4 T cells. In contrast, therapeutic treatment with anti-TIM-4 mAb just before or after the onset or even at later stage of CIA significantly suppressed the development and progression by reducing proinflammatory cytokines in the ankle joints without affecting T or B cell responses. Consistently, clinical arthritis scores of collagen Ab-induced arthritis, which is not mediated by T or B cells, were significantly reduced in anti-TIM-4-treated mice with a concomitant decrease of proinflammatory cytokines in the joints. In vitro, macrophages secreted proinflammatory cytokines in response to TIM-4-Ig protein and LPS, which were reduced by the anti-TIM-4 mAb. The anti-TIM-4 mAb also inhibited the differentiation and bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts. These results indicate that TIM-4 has two distinct functions depending on the stage of arthritis. The therapeutic effect of anti-TIM-4 mAb on arthritis is mediated by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production by inflammatory cells, osteoclast differentiation, and bone resorption, suggesting that TIM-4 might be an appropriate target for the therapeutic treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Abe
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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28
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Humphreys BD, Xu F, Sabbisetti V, Grgic I, Movahedi Naini S, Wang N, Chen G, Xiao S, Patel D, Henderson JM, Ichimura T, Mou S, Soeung S, McMahon AP, Kuchroo VK, Bonventre JV. Chronic epithelial kidney injury molecule-1 expression causes murine kidney fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4023-35. [PMID: 23979159 DOI: 10.1172/jci45361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury predisposes patients to the development of both chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure, but the molecular details underlying this important clinical association remain obscure. We report that kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), an epithelial phosphatidylserine receptor expressed transiently after acute injury and chronically in fibrotic renal disease, promotes kidney fibrosis. Conditional expression of KIM-1 in renal epithelial cells (Kim1(RECtg)) in the absence of an injury stimulus resulted in focal epithelial vacuolization at birth, but otherwise normal tubule histology and kidney function. By 4 weeks of age, Kim1(RECtg) mice developed spontaneous and progressive interstitial kidney inflammation with fibrosis, leading to renal failure with anemia, proteinuria, hyperphosphatemia, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and death, analogous to progressive kidney disease in humans. Kim1(RECtg) kidneys had elevated expression of proinflammatory monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) at early time points. Heterologous expression of KIM-1 in an immortalized proximal tubule cell line triggered MCP-1 secretion and increased MCP-1-dependent macrophage chemotaxis. In mice expressing a mutant, truncated KIM-1 polypeptide, experimental kidney fibrosis was ameliorated with reduced levels of MCP-1, consistent with a profibrotic role for native KIM-1. Thus, sustained KIM-1 expression promotes kidney fibrosis and provides a link between acute and recurrent injury with progressive chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Humphreys
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Zhang Y, Ji H, Shen X, Cai J, Gao F, Koenig KM, Batikian CM, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Targeting TIM-1 on CD4 T cells depresses macrophage activation and overcomes ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:56-66. [PMID: 23137033 PMCID: PMC3535503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic injury due to cold storage followed by reperfusion remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). CD4 T cell TIM-1 signaling costimulates a variety of immune responses in allograft recipients. This study analyzes mechanisms by which TIM-1 affects liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in a murine model of prolonged cold storage followed by OLT. Livers from C57BL/6 mice, preserved at 4°C in the UW solution for 20 h, were transplanted to syngeneic recipients. There was an early (1 h) increased accumulation of TIM-1+ activated CD4 T cells in the ischemic OLTs. Disruption of TIM-1 signaling with a blocking mAb (RMT1-10) ameliorated liver damage, evidenced by reduced sALT levels and well-preserved architecture. Unlike in controls, TIM-1 blockade diminished OLT expression of Tbet/IFN-γ, but amplified IL-4/IL-10/IL-22; abolished neutrophil and macrophage infiltration/activation and inhibited NF-κB while enhancing Bcl-2/Bcl-xl. Although adoptive transfer of CD4 T cells triggered liver damage in otherwise IR-resistant RAG(-/-) mice, adjunctive TIM-1 blockade reduced Tbet transcription and abolished macrophage activation, restoring homeostasis in IR-stressed livers. Further, transfer of TIM-1(Hi) CD4+, but not TIM-1(Lo) CD4+ T cells, recreated liver IRI in RAG(-/-) mice. Thus, TIM-1 expressing CD4 T cells are required in the mechanism of innate immune-mediated hepatic IRI in OLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haofeng Ji
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiuda Shen
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinzhen Cai
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Transplantation, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M. Koenig
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine M. Batikian
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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30
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Vega-Carrascal I, Reeves EP, McElvaney NG. The role of TIM-containing molecules in airway disease and their potential as therapeutic targets. J Inflamm Res 2012; 5:77-87. [PMID: 22952413 PMCID: PMC3430008 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s34225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain (TIM)-containing molecules have emerged as promising therapeutic targets to correct abnormal immune function in several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions. Despite the initial discovery linking TIM-containing molecules and the airway hyperreactivity regulatory locus in mice, there is a paucity of studies on the function of TIM-containing molecules in lung inflammatory disease. Initially, studies were limited to mice models of asthma. More recently however, TIM-containing molecules have been implicated in an ever-expanding list of airway conditions that includes pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, sarcoidosis, lung cancer, and cystic fibrosis. This present review discusses the role of TIM-containing molecules and their ligands in the lung, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vega-Carrascal
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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31
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Abstract
The interaction between T cells and APCs bearing cognate antigen results in the formation of an immunological synapse (IS). During this process, many receptors and signaling proteins segregate to regions proximal to the synapse. This protein movement is thought to influence T cell function. However, some proteins are transported away from the IS, which is controlled in part by ERM family proteins. Tim-1 is a transmembrane protein with co-stimulatory functions that is found on many immune cells, including T cells. However, the expression pattern of Tim-1 on T cells upon activation by APCs has not been explored. Interestingly, in this study we demonstrate that the majority of Tim-1 on activated T cells is excluded from the IS. Tim-1 predominantly resides outside of the IS, and structure/function studies indicate that the cytoplasmic tail influences Tim-1 polarization. Specifically, a putative ERM binding motif (KRK 244-246) in the Tim-1 cytoplasmic tail appears necessary for proper Tim-1 localization. Furthermore, mutation of the KRK motif results in enhanced early tyrosine phosphorylation downstream of TCR/CD28 stimulation upon ectopic expression of Tim-1. Paradoxically however, the KRK motif is necessary for Tim-1 co-stimulation of NFAT/AP-1 activation and co-stimulation of cytokine production. This work reveals unexpected complexity underlying Tim-1 localization and suggests potentially novel mechanisms by which Tim-1 modulates T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Scientist Training Program and Graduate Program in Immunology, Pittsburgh, 15261, USA
| | - Leo Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, 15261, USA
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, 15261, USA
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32
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Curtiss ML, Gorman JV, Businga TR, Traver G, Singh M, Meyerholz DK, Kline JN, Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Colgan JD, Rothman PB, Cassel SL. Tim-1 regulates Th2 responses in an airway hypersensitivity model. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:651-61. [PMID: 22144095 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 (Tim-1) is a transmembrane protein postulated to be a key regulator of Th2-type immune responses. This hypothesis is based in part upon genetic studies associating Tim-1 polymorphisms in mice with a bias toward airway hyperrespon-siveness (AHR) and the development of Th2-type CD4(+) T cells. Tim-1 expressed by Th2 CD4(+) T cells has been proposed to function as a co-stimulatory molecule. Tim-1 is also expressed by B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, but its role in responses by these cell types has not been firmly established. Here, we generated Tim-1-deficient mice to determine the role of Tim-1 in a murine model of allergic airway disease that depends on the development and function of Th2 effector cells and results in the generation of AHR. We found antigen-driven recruitment of inflammatory cells into airways is increased in Tim-1-deficient mice relative to WT mice. In addition, we observed increased antigen-specific cytokine production by splenocytes from antigen-sensitized Tim-1-deficient mice relative to those from controls. These data support the conclusion that Tim-1 functions in pathways that suppress recruitment of inflammatory cells into the airways and the generation or activity of CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Curtiss
- University of Iowa Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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33
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Abstract
Since their discovery in 2001, the T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) family members have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of immune responses. The TIM family comprises of eight genes in the mouse, three of which are conserved in humans (TIM-1, TIM-3 and TIM-4). Initially, TIM-1 and TIM-3 were thought to be expressed solely on T cells. However, emerging data suggest a much broader expression pattern where their presence on APCs confers differing functions, including the ability to mediate phagocytosis. In contrast, TIM-4 is exclusively expressed on APCs. Together, the TIM molecules provide a functional repertoire for determining the fate of T-cell activation and differentiation. To date, much of the knowledge about the TIM family members has been garnered from the models of asthma, allergy and autoimmunity. More recently, data from experimental models of transplantation demonstrate that TIM family members also have a key role in alloimmunity. This review will serve to highlight the emerging data regarding this unique family of molecules and to identify their potential in transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y. Yeung
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Martina McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nader Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Nader Najafian, M.D., Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Phone: (617) 732-5259, FAX: (617) 732-5254,
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34
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Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease in which exposure to allergens causes intermittent attacks of breathlessness, airway hyper-reactivity, wheezing, and coughing. Allergic asthma has been called a "syndrome" resulting from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Worldwide, >300 million individuals are affected by this disease, and in the United States alone, it is estimated that >35 million people, mostly children, suffer from asthma. Although animal models, linkage analyses, and genome-wide association studies have identified numerous candidate genes, a solid definition of allergic asthma has not yet emerged; however, such studies have contributed to our understanding of the multiple pathways to this syndrome. In contrast with animal models, in which T-helper 2 (T(H)2) cell response is the dominant feature, in human asthma, an initial exposure to allergen results in T(H)2 cell-dependent stimulation of the immune response that mediates the production of IgE and cytokines. Re-exposure to allergen then activates mast cells, which release mediators such as histamines and leukotrienes that recruit other cells, including T(H)2 cells, which mediate the inflammatory response in the lungs. In this minireview, we discuss the current understanding of how associated genetic and environmental factors increase the complexity of allergic asthma and the challenges allergic asthma poses for the development of novel approaches to effective treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Mukherjee
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830, USA.
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35
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Rennert PD. Novel roles for TIM-1 in immunity and infection. Immunol Lett 2011; 141:28-35. [PMID: 21911007 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
T cell, immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-1 (TIM-1) is the nominant member of a small family of related proteins that regulate immune cell activities. TIM-1 was initially characterized in a mouse congenic analysis of Th2 T cell responses and related pathology. Data accumulated to date suggest that TIM-1 regulates effector T cell function, and may play distinct roles in the activities of B cells, invariant NKT cells and epithelial cells. In addition, a variety of ligands for TIM-1 have been proposed. In this review I discuss recent data that have accumulated on the function of TIM-1, propose a model to explain how TIM-1 regulates effector T cell activity through recognition of distinct ligands, and review others functions of this increasingly fascinating protein. Of considerable interest are the novel findings that TIM-1 mediates virus entry and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Rennert
- Department of Molecular Discovery and Immunobiology, Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
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36
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Nozaki Y, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Yagita H, Akiba H, Holdsworth SR, Kitching AR. Tim-1 promotes cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F1098-104. [PMID: 21835770 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00193.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a frequent complication of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, in which T cells are known to promote acute kidney injury. In this study, we examined the role of T cell immunoglobulin mucin 1 (Tim-1) in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury using an inhibitory anti-Tim-1 antibody. Tim-1 acts to modulate T cell responses, but it is also expressed by damaged proximal tubules in the kidney, where it is known as kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1). Anti-Tim-1 antibodies attenuated cisplatin nephrotocity, with less histologic damage, improved renal function, and fewer leukocytes infiltrating the kidney compared with control antibody-treated mice. Renal NF-κB activation and apoptosis were reduced, and proinflammatory renal cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression was decreased. Renal Kim-1 expression was reduced, consistent with the diminished kidney injury after anti-Tim-1 antibody treatment. Furthermore, anti-Tim-1 antibodies reduced early systemic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, apoptosis, and cytokine production. To determine whether the protective actions of anti-Tim-1 antibodies were due to effects on renal tubular cells, cisplatin nephrotoxicity was studied in Rag1(-/-) mice. Anti-Tim-1 antibodies did not affect renal dysfunction or histologic damage in Rag1(-/-) mice, showing that the benefits of inhibiting Tim-1 come from T cell effects. As Tim-1 plays an important role in promoting cisplatin nephrotoxicity, inhibiting Tim-1 may be a therapeutic strategy to prevent cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nozaki
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Abstract
Secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T cell activation. Since landmark studies defined that T cells receiving a T cell receptor signal without a costimulatory signal, are tolerized in vitro, the investigation of T cell costimulation has attracted intense interest. Early studies demonstrated that interrupting T cell costimulation allows attenuation of the alloresponse, which is particularly difficult to modulate due to the clone size of alloreactive T cells. The understanding of costimulation has since evolved substantially and now encompasses not only positive signals involved in T cell activation but also negative signals inhibiting T cell activation and promoting T cell tolerance. Costimulation blockade has been used effectively for the induction of tolerance in rodent models of transplantation, but turned out to be less potent in large animals and humans. In this overview we will discuss the evolution of the concept of T cell costimulation, the potential of 'classical' and newly identified costimulation pathways as therapeutic targets for organ transplantation as well as progress towards clinical application of the first costimulation blocking compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pilat
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed H. Sayegh
- Brigham and Women's Hospital & Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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39
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Curtiss ML, Hostager BS, Stepniak E, Singh M, Manhica N, Knisz J, Traver G, Rennert PD, Colgan JD, Rothman PB. Fyn binds to and phosphorylates T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-1 (Tim-1). Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1424-31. [PMID: 21513984 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-1 (Tim-1) is linked to atopy and asthma susceptibility in mice and humans. Tim-1 is a transmembrane protein expressed on activated lymphocytes and appears to have a role as a co-stimulatory receptor in T cells. The protein has not been shown to have enzymatic activity but contains a site within its cytoplasmic tail predicted to be a target for tyrosine kinases. Here, we show that Tim-1 can associate with the kinase Fyn, a member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. This association does not require Fyn's kinase activity and is independent of the phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine present within the cytoplasmic tail of Tim-1. Fyn is necessary for phosphorylation of this tyrosine in Tim-1 and the phosphorylation of Tim-1 varies with the levels of Fyn present in cells. These data suggest a role for Fyn in the signaling downstream of Tim-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Curtiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine. 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Barlow JL, Wong SH, Ballantyne SJ, Jolin HE, McKenzie ANJ. Tim1 and Tim3 are not essential for experimental allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1012-21. [PMID: 21470319 PMCID: PMC3132443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Initial studies suggested that polymorphisms in Tim1 and Tim3 contribute to the development of airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in an acute mouse model of asthma. This was also mirrored in human genetic studies where polymorphisms in Tim1 and Tim3 have been associated with atopic populations. Objective Further studies using anti-Tim1 or -Tim3 antibodies, or Tim fusion proteins, have also suggested that these molecules may function as regulators of type-1 and type-2 immunity. However, their role in the development of AHR and airway inflammation remains unclear. Given the proposed roles for Tim1 and Tim3 in type-1 and type-2 responses, we sought to determine whether these molecules were important in regulating antigen-driven lung allergy and inflammation. Method We used Tim1- and Tim3-deficient mice and determined how the development of allergic lung inflammation was affected. Results AHR was induced normally in the absence of both Tim1 and Tim3, although Tim1-deficient mice did show a small but significant decrease in cell infiltration in the lung and blood eosinophilia. Although Tim3 was expressed on CD4+ T cells in the allergic lung, Tim1 expression was restricted to CD86+ B cells. Conclusions and clinical relevance Thus, Tim1 and Tim3 are not essential for the induction of the type-2 response in lung allergy. This is contrary to what was proposed in a number of other studies using neutralizing and activating antibodies and questions the clinical relevance of Tim1 and Tim3 for novel allergy therapies. Cite this as: J. L. Barlow, S. H. Wong, S. J. Ballantyne, H. E. Jolin and A. N. J. McKenzie, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1012–1021.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Barlow
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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41
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Albacker LA, Karisola P, Chang YJ, Umetsu SE, Zhou M, Akbari O, Kobayashi N, Baumgarth N, Freeman GJ, Umetsu DT, DeKruyff RH. TIM-4, a receptor for phosphatidylserine, controls adaptive immunity by regulating the removal of antigen-specific T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6839-49. [PMID: 21037090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is characterized by the expansion of an Ag-specific T cell population following Ag exposure. The precise mechanisms, however, that control the expansion and subsequent contraction in the number of Ag-specific T cells are not fully understood. We show that T cell/transmembrane, Ig, and mucin (TIM)-4, a receptor for phosphatidylserine, a marker of apoptotic cells, regulates adaptive immunity in part by mediating the removal of Ag-specific T cells during the contraction phase of the response. During Ag immunization or during infection with influenza A virus, blockade of TIM-4 on APCs increased the expansion of Ag-specific T cells, resulting in an increase in secondary immune responses. Conversely, overexpression of TIM-4 on APCs in transgenic mice reduced the number of Ag-specific T cells that remained after immunization, resulting in reduced secondary T cell responses. There was no change in the total number of cell divisions that T cells completed, no change in the per cell proliferative capacity of the remaining Ag-specific T cells, and no increase in the development of Ag-specific regulatory T cells in TIM-4 transgenic mice. Thus, TIM-4-expressing cells regulate adaptive immunity by mediating the removal of phosphatidylserine-expressing apoptotic, Ag-specific T cells, thereby controlling the number of Ag-specific T cells that remain after the clearance of Ag or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Albacker
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Lee HH, Meyer EH, Goya S, Pichavant M, Kim HY, Bu X, Umetsu SE, Jones JC, Savage PB, Iwakura Y, Casasnovas JM, Kaplan G, Freeman GJ, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Apoptotic cells activate NKT cells through T cell Ig-like mucin-like-1 resulting in airway hyperreactivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5225-35. [PMID: 20889552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell Ig-like mucin-like-1 (TIM-1) is an important asthma susceptibility gene, but the immunological mechanisms by which TIM-1 functions remain uncertain. TIM-1 is also a receptor for phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), an important marker of cells undergoing programmed cell death, or apoptosis. We now demonstrate that NKT cells constitutively express TIM-1 and become activated by apoptotic cells expressing PtdSer. TIM-1 recognition of PtdSer induced NKT cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Moreover, the induction of apoptosis in airway epithelial cells activated pulmonary NKT cells and unexpectedly resulted in airway hyperreactivity, a cardinal feature of asthma, in an NKT cell-dependent and TIM-1-dependent fashion. These results suggest that TIM-1 serves as a pattern recognition receptor on NKT cells that senses PtdSer on apoptotic cells as a damage-associated molecular pattern. Furthermore, these results provide evidence for a novel innate pathway that results in airway hyperreactivity and may help to explain how TIM-1 and NKT cells regulate asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Lee
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Advances have been made in defining the mechanisms for the control of allergic airway inflammation in response to inhaled antigens. Several genes, including ADAM33, DPP10, PHF11, GPRA, TIM-1, PDE4D, OPN3, and ORMDL3, have been implicated in the pathogenesis and susceptibility to atopy and asthma. Growing evidence associates asthma with a systemic propensity for allergic T-helper type 2 cytokines. Disordered coagulation and fibrinolysis also exacerbate asthma symptoms. Balance among functionally distinct dendritic cell subsets contributes to the outcome of T-cell-mediated immunity. Allergen-specific T-regulatory cells play a pivotal role in the development of tolerance to allergens and immune suppression. The major emphasis on immunotherapy for asthma during the past decade has been to direct the immune response to a type 1 response, or immune tolerance. In this review, we discuss the current information on the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation and potential immunotherapy, which could be beneficial in the treatment of airway inflammation, allergy, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra K Agrawal
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II, Room 510, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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44
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Zhao CQ, Li TL, He SH, Chen X, An YF, Wu WK, Zhou XH, Li P, Yang PC. Specific immunotherapy suppresses Th2 responses via modulating TIM1/TIM4 interaction on dendritic cells. Allergy 2010; 65:986-95. [PMID: 20028372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only curable remedy for allergic disorders currently; however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood yet. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of SIT on suppressing TIM4 (T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain molecule 4) expression in dendritic cells (DCs) and modulating the skewed T helper 2 (Th2) responses in patients with airway allergy. METHODS Twenty patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) were treated with SIT for 3 months. Before and after SIT, the expression of TIM4 in peripheral DC and TIM1 in Th2 cells was examined. The role of Fc gamma receptor (FcgammaR) I and II in modulating the expression of TIM4 in DCs was investigated. RESULTS The interaction of TIM1/TIM4 played a critical role in sustaining the polarization status of Th2 cells in AR patients. Cross-linking FcgammaRI by antigen/IgG complexes increased the production of TIM4 by dendritic cells via upregulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha in DCs. Exposure to microbial products promoted the expression of FcgammaRI in DCs that further increased the expression of TIM4. Exposure to specific antigens alone upregulated the expression of FcgammaRII in DCs, that suppressed the expression of TIM4. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SIT suppresses the skewed Th2 responses via disrupting the interaction of TIM1/TIM4 in antigen-specific Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Q Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Freeman GJ, Casasnovas JM, Umetsu DT, DeKruyff RH. TIM genes: a family of cell surface phosphatidylserine receptors that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 2010. [PMID: 20536563 DOI: 10.1111/j.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The TIM (T cell/transmembrane, immunoglobulin, and mucin) gene family plays a critical role in regulating immune responses, including allergy, asthma, transplant tolerance, autoimmunity, and the response to viral infections. The unique structure of TIM immunoglobulin variable region domains allows highly specific recognition of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells. TIM-1, TIM-3, and TIM-4 all recognize PtdSer but differ in expression, suggesting that they have distinct functions in regulating immune responses. TIM-1, an important susceptibility gene for asthma and allergy, is preferentially expressed on T-helper 2 (Th2) cells and functions as a potent costimulatory molecule for T-cell activation. TIM-3 is preferentially expressed on Th1 and Tc1 cells, and generates an inhibitory signal resulting in apoptosis of Th1 and Tc1 cells. TIM-3 is also expressed on some dendritic cells and can mediate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cross-presentation of antigen. In contrast, TIM-4 is exclusively expressed on antigen-presenting cells, where it mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and plays an important role in maintaining tolerance. TIM molecules thus provide a functional repertoire for recognition of apoptotic cells, which determines whether apoptotic cell recognition leads to immune activation or tolerance, depending on the TIM molecule engaged and the cell type on which it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Freeman GJ, Casasnovas JM, Umetsu DT, DeKruyff RH. TIM genes: a family of cell surface phosphatidylserine receptors that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 2010; 235:172-89. [PMID: 20536563 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The TIM (T cell/transmembrane, immunoglobulin, and mucin) gene family plays a critical role in regulating immune responses, including allergy, asthma, transplant tolerance, autoimmunity, and the response to viral infections. The unique structure of TIM immunoglobulin variable region domains allows highly specific recognition of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells. TIM-1, TIM-3, and TIM-4 all recognize PtdSer but differ in expression, suggesting that they have distinct functions in regulating immune responses. TIM-1, an important susceptibility gene for asthma and allergy, is preferentially expressed on T-helper 2 (Th2) cells and functions as a potent costimulatory molecule for T-cell activation. TIM-3 is preferentially expressed on Th1 and Tc1 cells, and generates an inhibitory signal resulting in apoptosis of Th1 and Tc1 cells. TIM-3 is also expressed on some dendritic cells and can mediate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cross-presentation of antigen. In contrast, TIM-4 is exclusively expressed on antigen-presenting cells, where it mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and plays an important role in maintaining tolerance. TIM molecules thus provide a functional repertoire for recognition of apoptotic cells, which determines whether apoptotic cell recognition leads to immune activation or tolerance, depending on the TIM molecule engaged and the cell type on which it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Sonar SS, Hsu YM, Conrad ML, Majeau GR, Kilic A, Garber E, Gao Y, Nwankwo C, Willer G, Dudda JC, Kim H, Bailly V, Pagenstecher A, Rennert PD, Renz H. Antagonism of TIM-1 blocks the development of disease in a humanized mouse model of allergic asthma. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2767-81. [PMID: 20628202 DOI: 10.1172/jci39543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in mice and humans have revealed that the T cell, immunoglobulin, mucin (TIM) genes are associated with several atopic diseases. TIM-1 is a type I membrane protein that is expressed on T cells upon stimulation and has been shown to modulate their activation. In addition to a recently described interaction with dendritic cells, TIM-1 has also been identified as a phosphatidylserine recognition molecule, and several protein ligands have been proposed. Our understanding of its activity is complicated by the possibility that TIM-1 possesses multiple and diverse binding partners. In order to delineate the function of TIM-1, we generated monoclonal antibodies directed to a cleft formed within the IgV domain of TIM-1. We have shown here that antibodies that bind to this defined cleft antagonize TIM-1 binding to specific ligands and cells. Notably, these antibodies exhibited therapeutic activity in a humanized SCID model of experimental asthma, ameliorating inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Further experiments demonstrated that the effects of the TIM-1-specific antibodies were mediated via suppression of Th2 cell proliferation and cytokine production. These results demonstrate that modulation of the TIM-1 pathway can critically influence activated T cells in a humanized disease model, suggesting that TIM-1 antagonists may provide potent therapeutic benefit in asthma and other immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchaita Sriwal Sonar
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Wong SH, Barlow JL, Nabarro S, Fallon PG, McKenzie ANJ. Tim-1 is induced on germinal centre B cells through B-cell receptor signalling but is not essential for the germinal centre response. Immunology 2010; 131:77-88. [PMID: 20518819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 (Tim-1) has been proposed to be an important T-cell immunoregulatory molecule since its expression on activated T cells was discovered. To study the role of Tim-1 on T cells in vitro and in vivo we generated both Tim-1-deficient mice and several lines of Tim-1 transgenic mice with Tim-1 expression on either T cells, or B and T cells. We demonstrate that neither deficiency nor over-expression of Tim-1 on B and T cells results in modulation of their proliferation in vitro. More surprisingly, T helper type 2 cells generated either from Tim-1-deficient mice or Tim-1 transgenic mice did not show enhancement of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-10 production. Furthermore, using a Schistosoma mansoni egg challenge as a potent T helper type 2 response inducer we also show that Tim-1 is not essential for T- and B-cell responses in vivo. However, we observe induction of Tim-1 on B cells following B-cell receptor (BCR), but not Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation in vitro. We show that the induction of Tim-1 on B cells following BCR stimulation is phosphoinositide-3 kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB pathway dependent. More importantly, we conclude that Tim-1 is predominantly expressed on germinal centre B cells in vivo although the percentage of germinal centre B cells in wild-type and Tim-1-deficient mice is comparable. Identification of Tim-1 as a marker for germinal centre B cells will contribute to the interpretation and future analysis of the effects of the anti-Tim-1 antibodies in vivo.
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Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH. 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: microbes, apoptosis and TIM-1 in the development of asthma. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:125-9. [PMID: 20415862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disorder which has increased dramatically in prevalence over the past three decades. Current therapies, based on the T helper type 2 (Th2) paradigm, have not been able to control this disease. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and protection against the development of asthma, and genetic studies have shown that the HAV receptor, TIM-1 (T cell, immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain), is an important atopy susceptibility gene. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that TIM-1 is a receptor for phosphatidylserine, an important marker of apoptotic cells. These studies together suggest that HAV and TIM-1 may potently regulate asthma through novel non-Th2-mediated mechanisms. Further study of the immunobiology of TIM-1 and its involvement in the clearance of apoptotic cells is likely to provide important insight into the mechanisms that lead to, and those that protect against, asthma, and how infection affects immunity and the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Umetsu
- Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kane LP. T cell Ig and mucin domain proteins and immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2743-9. [PMID: 20200285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the transmembrane (or T cell) Ig and mucin domain (TIM) family are expressed by multiple cell types within the immune systems of rodents and humans. Studies over the last several years have suggested that these proteins may be promising targets for therapeutic manipulation of immune responses. This review discusses the progress that has been made in understanding TIM protein function in the immune system, as well as some of the unresolved issues that remain on the road to eventually targeting TIM proteins for enhancing or inhibiting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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