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Shin MS, Park HJ, Young J, Kang I. Implication of IL-7 receptor alpha chain expression by CD8 + T cells and its signature in defining biomarkers in aging. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:66. [PMID: 36544153 PMCID: PMC9768896 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play an important role in host defense against infections and malignancies as well as contribute to the development of inflammatory disorders. Alterations in the frequency of naïve and memory CD8+ T cells are one of the most significant changes in the immune system with age. As the world population rapidly ages, a better understanding of aging immune function or immunosenescence could become a basis for discovering treatments of illnesses that commonly occur in older adults. In particular, biomarkers for immune aging could be utilized to identify individuals at high risk of developing age-associated conditions and help monitor the efficacy of therapeutic interventions targeting such conditions. This review details the possible role of CD8+ T cell subsets expressing different levels of the cytokine receptor IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Rα) and the gene signature associated with IL-7Rα as potential biomarkers for immune aging given the association of CD8+ T cells in host defense, inflammation, and immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Shin
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, S525C TAC, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hong-Jai Park
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, S525C TAC, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Juan Young
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, S525C TAC, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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2
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Shin MS, Park H, Salahuddin S, Montgomery RR, Emu B, Shaw AC, Kang I. Alterations in high-dimensional T-cell profile and gene signature of immune aging in HIV-infected older adults without viremia. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13702. [PMID: 36036630 PMCID: PMC9577958 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the components of the immune system occur with aging. The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved life expectancy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals by suppressing viral replication and increasing CD4+ T-cell counts. Immunosenescence-like changes, including the expansion of memory CD8+ T cells with senescent features, are reported in young HIV-infected individuals who do not have clinically detectable viremia on ART. However, it is less known whether HIV infection affects the immunosenescent status in older HIV-infected individuals. Here, we addressed this question in older HIV-infected, HIV-uninfected, and frail individuals (all groups age ≥65 years) by examining a set of aging-associated genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as by analyzing subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in depth using high-dimensional CyTOF analysis. Older HIV-infected individuals had increased expression of aging-associated genes such as CX3CR1 in PBMCs which are related to IL-7 receptor low effector memory (IL-7Rαlow EM) CD8+ T cells, a cell population known to expand with age. The subsets of IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells expressing senescent, cytotoxic, and inflammatory molecules, including CD57, perforin, and CX3CR1, as well as memory CD4+ T cells expressing CD161 and CXCR3, molecules associated with replication-competent HIV-1 harboring cells, were increased in older HIV-infected individuals. Overall, older HIV-infected individuals without detectable viremia on ART had augmented levels of age-associated immune alterations in PBMCs, suggesting that HIV infection has a persistent impact on senescence in older HIV-infected individuals despite the clinically controlled viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Shin
- Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Hong‐Jai Park
- Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Syim Salahuddin
- Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Brinda Emu
- Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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3
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Khanolkar A, Wilks JD, Liu G, Simpson BM, Caparelli EA, Kirschmann DA, Bergerson J, Fuleihan RL. A case of aberrant CD8 T cell-restricted IL-7 signaling with a Janus kinase 3 defect-associated atypical severe combined immunodeficiency. Immunol Res 2020; 68:13-27. [PMID: 32215810 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disorders compromise lymphocyte numbers and/or function. One subset of SCID typically affects T cell and Natural Killer (NK) cell development in tandem (T-B+NK-) due to mutations arising in the genes encoding the common γ chain or Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3). In rare circumstances, mutations in the JAK3 gene have been reported to cause atypical SCID that selectively affects T cells (T-B+NK+). Here we describe a case involving a female infant who was referred to our institution on day nine of life following an abnormal newborn screen result for T-SCID. Immunological assessments revealed a T-B+NK+ phenotype and molecular analyses, including whole exome sequencing, identified compound heterozygous JAK3 variants (R117C and E658K). Pre-transplant phosflow analyses revealed a persistent IL-7 signaling defect, based on phospho-STAT5 measurements, only in CD8 but not CD4 T cells. Intriguingly, phospho-STAT5 signals in response to IL-2 stimulation were not affected in either CD4 or CD8 T cells. The pre-transplant clinical course was unremarkable, and the patient received a cord-blood stem cell transplant on day 716 of life. Post-transplant monitoring revealed that despite normalization of lymphocyte counts, the CD8 T cell-restricted IL-7 signaling defect was still evident at day 627 post-transplant (phospho-STAT5 signal in CD8 T cells was > 60% reduced compared with CD4 T cells). The post-transplant clinical course has also been complicated by identification of autoimmune responses and likely GVHD-induced ichthyosis. To the best of our knowledge, this report represents the third case of JAK3-associated atypical SCID reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaruni Khanolkar
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Wilks
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Guorong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bridget M Simpson
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Edward A Caparelli
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Dawn A Kirschmann
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jenna Bergerson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, NIH/NIAID, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 10, Room 11N244A MSC 1960, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ramsay L Fuleihan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Division of Allergy & Immunology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Shin MS, Kim D, Yim K, Park HJ, You S, Dong X, Koumpouras F, Shaw AC, Fan R, Krishnaswamy S, Kang I. IL-7 receptor alpha defines heterogeneity and signature of human effector memory CD8 + T cells in high dimensional analysis. Cell Immunol 2020; 355:104155. [PMID: 32619811 PMCID: PMC7415611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Rα or CD127) can be differentially expressed in memory CD8+ T cells. Here we investigated whether IL-7Rα could serve as a key molecule in defining a comprehensive landscape of heterogeneity in human effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells using high-dimensional Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight (CyTOF) and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). IL-7Rα had diverse, but organized, expressional relationship in EM CD8+ T cells with molecules related to cell function and gene regulation, which rendered an immune landscape defining heterogeneous cell subsets. The differential expression of these molecules likely has biological implications as we found in vivo signatures of transcription factors and homeostasis cytokine receptors, including T-bet and IL-7Rα. Our findings indicate the existence of heterogeneity in human EM CD8+ T cells as defined by distinct but organized expression patterns of multiple molecules in relationship to IL-7Rα and its possible biological significance in modulating downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Shin
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kristina Yim
- Departments of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hong-Jai Park
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xuemei Dong
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fotios Koumpouras
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Albert C Shaw
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Departments of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Kang CK, Han GC, Kim M, Kim G, Shin HM, Song KH, Choe PG, Park WB, Kim ES, Kim HB, Kim NJ, Kim HR, Oh MD. Aberrant hyperactivation of cytotoxic T-cell as a potential determinant of COVID-19 severity. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 97:313-321. [PMID: 32492530 PMCID: PMC7261468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that immune response may contribute to progression of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) at the second week of illness. Therefore, we compared cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses between severe and mild COVID-19 cases. METHODS We examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients from their first and third weeks of illness. Severe pneumonia was defined as an oxygen saturation ≤93% at room air. Expressions of molecules related to T-cell activation and functions were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The population dynamics of T cells at the first week were not different between the two groups. However, total numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells tended to be lower in the severe group at the third week of illness. Expressions of Ki-67, PD-1, perforin, and granzyme B in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the severe group than in the mild group at the third week. In contrast to the mild group, the levels of their expression did not decrease in the severe group. CONCLUSIONS Severe COVID-19 had a higher degree of proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity of T-cells at the late phase of illness without cytotoxic T-cell contraction, which might contribute to the development of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Kyung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Chan Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanghun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon 25159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon 25159, Republic of Korea; Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Ge W, Wang HY, Zhao HM, Liu XK, Zhong YB, Long J, Zuo ZY, Liu DY. Effect of Sishen Pill on Memory T Cells From Experimental Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:908. [PMID: 32714185 PMCID: PMC7343851 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune memory has a protective effect on the human body, but abnormal immune memory is closely related to the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sishen Pill (SSP) is a classic prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, which is often used to treat chronic colitis, but it is not clear whether SSP can alleviate experimental colitis by remodeling immune memory. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of SSP on chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was evaluated by colonic length, colonic weight index, macroscopic and microscopic scores, and pathological observation. The cytokine levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); the percentages of central memory T (Tcm) and effector memory T (Tem) cells were analyze\d by flow cytometry; and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling proteins was measured by western blotting. After 7-days' treatment, SSP alleviated DSS-induced colitis, which was demonstrated by decreased colonic weight index, colonic weight, histopathological injury scores, restored colonic length, gradual recovery of colonic mucosa, and lower levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15, while SSP increased IL-10 expression. SSP obviously regulated the quantity and subpopulation of Tcm and Tem cells. Furthermore, SSP markedly inhibited activation of PI3K, Akt, phospho-Akt, Id2, T-bet, forkhead box O3a, Noxa, and C-myc proteins in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and activated Rictor, Raptor, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)1, TSC2, phospho-AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-α, AMPK-α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2, kinesin family member 2a, and 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase. These results indicate that SSP effectively controls Tem cells in the peripheral blood to relieve experimental colitis induced by DSS, which were potentially related with inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- Proctology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Party and School Office, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Mei Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xue-Ke Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - You-Bao Zhong
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Long
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zheng-Yun Zuo
- Party and School Office, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Duan-Yong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Pharmacology Office, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
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Sim JH, Kim KS, Park H, Kim KJ, Lin H, Kim TJ, Shin HM, Kim G, Lee DS, Park CW, Lee DH, Kang I, Kim SJ, Cho CH, Doh J, Kim HR. Differentially Expressed Potassium Channels Are Associated with Function of Human Effector Memory CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:859. [PMID: 28791017 PMCID: PMC5522836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3, and the Ca2+-activated potassium channel, KCa3.1, regulate membrane potentials in T cells, thereby controlling T cell activation and cytokine production. However, little is known about the expression and function of potassium channels in human effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells that can be further divided into functionally distinct subsets based on the expression of the interleukin (IL)-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) chain. Herein, we investigated the functional expression and roles of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 in EM CD8+ T cells that express high or low levels of the IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Rαhigh and IL-7Rαlow, respectively). In contrast to the significant activity of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 in IL-7Rαhigh EM CD8+ T cells, IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells showed lower expression of Kv1.3 and insignificant expression of KCa3.1. Kv1.3 was involved in the modulation of cell proliferation and IL-2 production, whereas KCa3.1 affected the motility of EM CD8+ T cells. The lower motility of IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells was demonstrated using transendothelial migration and motility assays with intercellular adhesion molecule 1- and/or chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1α-coated surfaces. Consistent with the lower migration property, IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells were found less frequently in human skin. Stimulating IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells with IL-2 or IL-15 increased their motility and recovery of KCa3.1 activity. Our findings demonstrate that Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 are differentially involved in the functions of EM CD8+ T cells. The weak expression of potassium channels in IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells can be revived by stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15, which restores the associated functions. This study suggests that IL-7Rαhigh EM CD8+ T cells with functional potassium channels may serve as a reservoir for effector CD8+ T cells during peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Sim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoungjun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haiyue Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joo Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gwanghun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Wook Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Hasan AN, Selvakumar A, Shabrova E, Liu XR, Afridi F, Heller G, Riviere I, Sadelain M, Dupont B, O'Reilly RJ. Soluble and membrane-bound interleukin (IL)-15 Rα/IL-15 complexes mediate proliferation of high-avidity central memory CD8 + T cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer and infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:249-265. [PMID: 27227483 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of persistence of infused T cells is a principal limitation of adoptive immunotherapy in man. Interleukin (IL)-15 can sustain memory T cell expansion when presented in complex with IL-15Rα (15Rα/15). We developed a novel in-vitro system for generation of stable 15Rα/15 complexes. Immunologically quantifiable amounts of IL-15 were obtained when both IL-15Rα and IL-15 genes were co-transduced in NIH 3T3 fibroblast-based artificial antigen-presenting cells expressing human leucocyte antigen (HLA) A:0201, β2 microglobulin, CD80, CD58 and CD54 [A2-artificial antigen presenting cell (AAPC)] and a murine pro-B cell line (Baf-3) (A2-AAPC15Rα/15 and Baf-315Rα/15 ). Transduction of cells with IL-15 alone resulted in only transient expression of IL-15, with minimal amounts of immunologically detectable IL-15. In comparison, cells transduced with IL-15Rα alone (A2-AAPCRα ) demonstrated stable expression of IL-15Rα; however, when loaded with soluble IL-15 (sIL-15), these cells sequestered 15Rα/15 intracellularly and also demonstrated minimal amounts of IL-15. Human T cells stimulated in vitro against a viral antigen (CMVpp65) in the presence of 15Rα/15 generated superior yields of high-avidity CMVpp65 epitope-specific T cells [cytomegalovirus-cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CMV-CTLs)] responding to ≤ 10- 13 M peptide concentrations, and lysing targets cells at lower effector : target ratios (1 : 10 and 1 : 100), where sIL-15, sIL-2 or sIL-7 CMV-CTLs demonstrated minimal or no activity. Both soluble and surface presented 15Rα/15, but not sIL-15, sustained in-vitro expansion of CD62L+ and CCR7+ central memory phenotype CMV-CTLs (TCM ). 15Rα/15 complexes represent a potent adjuvant for augmenting the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy. Such cell-bound or soluble 15Rα/15 complexes could be developed for use in combination immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation.,Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute
| | - A Selvakumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute
| | - E Shabrova
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation
| | - X-R Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute
| | - F Afridi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation
| | - G Heller
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | | | | | - B Dupont
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute.,Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - R J O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation. .,Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute. .,The Center for Cell Engineering.
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9
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Thiant S, Moutuou MM, Leboeuf D, Guimond M. Homeostatic cytokines in immune reconstitution and graft-versus-host disease. Cytokine 2016; 82:24-32. [PMID: 26795458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For numerous patients, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is the only therapeutic option that could potentially cure their disease. Despite significant progress made in clinical management of allogeneic SCT, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains the second cause of death after disease recurrence. aGVHD is highly immunosuppressive and the adverse effect of allogeneic SCT on T cell regeneration is typically more important than the levels of immunosuppression normally seen after autologous SCT. In these patients, immune reconstitution often takes several years to occur and restoring immunocompetence after allogeneic SCT represents an important challenge, principally because clinical options are limited and current methods used to accelerate immune reconstitution are associated with increased GVHD. Interleukin-7 and IL-15 are both under clinical investigation and demonstrate the greatest potential on peripheral T cells regeneration in mice and humans. However, awareness has been raised about the use of IL-7 and IL-15 after allogeneic SCT with regards to potential adverse effects on aGVHD. In this review, we will discuss about recent progress made in lymphocyte regeneration, the critical role played by IL-7 and IL-15 in T cell homeostasis and how these cytokines could be used to improve immune reconstitution after allogeneic SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Thiant
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moutuaata M Moutuou
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominique Leboeuf
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Guimond
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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10
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Lee N, You S, Shin MS, Lee WW, Kang KS, Kim SH, Kim WU, Homer RJ, Kang MJ, Montgomery RR, Dela Cruz CS, Shaw AC, Lee PJ, Chupp GL, Hwang D, Kang I. IL-6 receptor α defines effector memory CD8+ T cells producing Th2 cytokines and expanding in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1383-94. [PMID: 25390970 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0601oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cytokine receptors can be markers defining different T-cell subsets and considered as therapeutic targets. The association of IL-6 and IL-6 receptor α (IL-6Rα) with asthma was reported, suggesting their involvement in asthma. OBJECTIVES To determine whether and how IL-6Rα defines a distinct effector memory (EM) CD8+ T-cell population in health and disease. METHODS EM CD8+ T cells expressing IL-6Rα (IL-6Rα(high)) were identified in human peripheral blood and analyzed for function, gene, and transcription factor expression. The relationship of these cells with asthma was determined using blood and sputum. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A unique population of IL-6Rα(high) EM CD8+ T cells was found in peripheral blood. These cells that potently proliferated, survived, and produced high levels of the Th2-type cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 had increased levels of GATA3 and decreased levels of T-bet and Blimp-1 in comparison with other EM CD8+ T cells. In fact, GATA3 was required for IL-6Rα expression. Patients with asthma had an increased frequency of IL-6Rα(high) EM CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood compared with healthy control subjects. Also, IL-6Rα(high) EM CD8+ T cells exclusively produced IL-5 and IL-13 in response to asthma-associated respiratory syncytial virus and bacterial superantigens. CONCLUSIONS Human IL-6Rα(high) EM CD8+ T cells is a unique cell subset that may serve as a reservoir for effector CD8+ T cells, particularly the ones producing Th2-type cytokines, and expand in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeun Lee
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and
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11
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Saleiro D, Platanias LC. Intersection of mTOR and STAT signaling in immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 36:21-9. [PMID: 25592035 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimal regulation of immune networks is essential for the generation of effective immune responses, and defects in such networks can lead to immunodeficiency while uncontrolled responses can result in autoimmune disorders. mTOR and STAT signaling cascades are key regulators of the differentiation and function of cells of the immune system. Both pathways act as sensors and transducers of environmental stimuli, and recent evidence has revealed points of crosstalk between these pathways, highlighting synergistic regulation of immune cell differentiation and function. We review here the current understanding of mTOR and STAT interactions in T cells and innate immune cells, and discuss potential mechanisms underlying these events. We further outline models for the intersection of these pathways in the regulation of immunity and highlight important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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12
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Lee N, Shin MS, Kang KS, Yoo SA, Mohanty S, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Kang I. Human monocytes have increased IFN-γ-mediated IL-15 production with age alongside altered IFN-γ receptor signaling. Clin Immunol 2014; 152:101-10. [PMID: 24657713 PMCID: PMC4018768 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is involved in regulating host defense and inflammation. Monocytes produce the biologically active cell surface IL-15 in response to IFN-γ. Although aging can alter the immune system, little is known about whether and how aging affects IFN-γ-mediated IL-15 production in human monocytes. We showed that monocytes of healthy older adults (age ≥ 65) had increased cell surface IL-15 expression in response to IFN-γ compared to those of healthy young adults (age ≤ 40). This finding stems in part from increased IFN-γ receptor (R)1/2 expression on monocytes in older adults, leading to enhanced STAT1 activation and interferon regulatory factor 1 synthesis with increased IL15 gene expression. Our study suggests that with aging the IFN-γ-mediated IL-15 production pathway in human monocytes is uncompromised, but rather augmented, and could be considered as a therapeutic target point to modulate host defense and inflammation in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Min Sun Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ki Soo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Subhasis Mohanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruth R Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Albert C Shaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Celiac disease (CD)-associated inflammation is characterized by high interleukin- 21 (IL-21), but the mechanisms that control IL-21 production are not fully understood. Here we analyzed IL-21 cell sources and examined how IL-21 production is regulated in CD. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs), isolated from CD patients and non-CD controls, were analyzed for cell markers, cytokines, and transcription factors by flow cytometry. IL-21 was highly produced by CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ IELs and LPLs in active CD. IL-21-producing cells coexpressed interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and to a lesser extent T helper type 17 (Th17) cytokines. Treatment of control LPLs with IL-15, a cytokine overproduced in CD, activated Akt and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), thus enhancing IL-21 synthesis. Active CD biopsies contained elevated levels of Akt, and blockade of IL-15 in those samples reduced IL-21. Similarly, neutralization of IL-15 in biopsies of inactive CD patients inhibited peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin-induced IL-21 expression. These findings indicate that in CD, IL-15 positively regulates IL-21 production.
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14
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Kim JS, Cho BA, Sim JH, Shah K, Woo CM, Lee EB, Lee DS, Kang JS, Lee WJ, Park CG, Craft J, Kang I, Kim HR. IL-7Rαlow memory CD8+ T cells are significantly elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:1587-94. [PMID: 22661557 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human effector memory (EM) CD8(+) T cells include IL-7Rα(high) and IL-7Rα(low) cells with distinct cellular characteristics, including the expression of cytotoxic molecules. Both NK cells and the NK cell-associated molecule 2B4 that is expressed on CD8(+) T cells promote cytotoxicity. Here we analysed the expression of 2B4 on IL-7Rα(high) and IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells and its contribution to cytotoxicity. We also analysed the frequency of IL-7Rα(high) and IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells in patients with SLE or lupus and in healthy individuals given the potential role of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells in the pathogenesis of lupus. METHODS We used flow cytometry to measure the expression of 2B4 on IL-7Rα(high) and IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells as well as the frequency of these cell populations in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals and patients with SLE. Also, 2B4-mediated cytotoxicity was quantitated in IL-7Rα(high) and IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells using target cells with CD48 antigen. RESULTS We found that IL-7Rα(high) EM CD8(+) T cells had higher levels of 2B4 expression compared with IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells. Triggering 2B4 enhanced the cytotoxic function of IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells against target cells. We also noticed that patients with SLE had an increased frequency of IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells that correlated with disease manifestation. CONCLUSION Our findings show that SLE patients have increased IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells, possibly contributing to tissue damage through 2B4-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sik Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Lee N, Shin MS, Kang I. T-cell biology in aging, with a focus on lung disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:254-63. [PMID: 22396471 PMCID: PMC3297764 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are essential for defending hosts against microorganisms and malignancy as well as for regulating the development of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases like autoimmunity. Alterations in T-cell immunity occur with aging, affecting the function and proportions of T-cell subsets. Probably, the most noticeable age-associated change in T-cell immunity is an alteration in the frequency of naive and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In fact, the frequency of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells decreases with aging, whereas the frequency of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increases. Also, changes in T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, memory response, and cytotoxicity as well as in regulatory T-cell number and function have been reported with aging. Such alterations could contribute to the development of infections, malignancies, and inflammatory diseases that rise with aging. Of interest, T cells are closely involved in the development of inflammatory airway and lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are prevalent in the elderly people. In addition, T cells play a major role in defending host against influenza virus infection, a serious medical problem with high morbidity and mortality in the elderly people. Thus, it is conceivable that altered T-cell immunity may account in part for the development of such respiratory problems with aging. Here, we will review the recent advances in T-cell immunity and its alteration with aging and discuss the potential effects of such changes on the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeun Lee
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, S525C TAC, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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16
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Characterization of Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells in the Synovial Fluid of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:709-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Herndler-Brandstetter D, Brunner S, Weiskopf D, van Rijn R, Landgraf K, Dejaco C, Duftner C, Schirmer M, Kloss F, Gassner R, Lepperdinger G, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Post-thymic regulation of CD5 levels in human memory T cells is inversely associated with the strength of responsiveness to interleukin-15. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:627-31. [PMID: 21539877 PMCID: PMC3144390 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immunologic memory is a critical feature of the adaptive immune system to fight recurrent infections. However, the mechanisms that shape the composition and function of the human memory T-cell pool remain incompletely understood. We here demonstrate that post-thymic human T-cell differentiation was associated with the downregulation, but not loss, of the inhibitory molecule CD5. The sensitivity of human CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells to interleukin (IL)–15 was inversely associated with the level of CD5 expression. CD5 expression was downregulated by IL-15–mediated signaling in vitro and CD5lo memory T cells accumulated in the bone marrow. Persistent antigenic stimulation, as in the case of cytomegalovirus infection and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was also associated with an increased number of CD5lo memory T cells. In conclusion, CD5 may be a useful marker to identify memory T-cell subsets with distinct responsiveness to the homeostatic cytokine IL-15.
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18
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Differential effects of STAT5 and PI3K/AKT signaling on effector and memory CD8 T-cell survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:16601-6. [PMID: 20823247 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003457107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, effector CD8 T cells contract to form a population of protective memory cells that is maintained by IL-7 and IL-15. The mechanisms that control effector cell death during infection are poorly understood. We investigated how short- and long-lived antiviral CD8 T cells differentially used the survival and cell growth pathways PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT5. In response to IL-15, long-lived memory precursor cells activated AKT significantly better than short-lived effector cells. However, constitutive AKT activation did not enhance memory CD8 T-cell survival but rather repressed IL-7 and IL-15 receptor expression, STAT5 phosphorylation, and BCL2 expression. Conversely, constitutive STAT5 activation profoundly enhanced effector and memory CD8 T-cell survival and augmented homeostatic proliferation, AKT activation, and BCL2 expression. Taken together, these data illustrate that effector and memory cell viability depends on properly balanced PI3K/AKT signaling and the maintenance of STAT5 signaling.
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19
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Hand TW, Kaech SM. Intrinsic and extrinsic control of effector T cell survival and memory T cell development. Immunol Res 2010; 45:46-61. [PMID: 18629449 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Following infection or vaccination T cells expand exponentially and differentiate into effector T cells in order to control infection and coordinate the multiple effector arms of the immune system. Soon after this expansion, the majority of antigen-specific T cells die to reattain homeostasis and a small pool of memory T cells forms to provide long-term immunity to subsequent re-infection. Our understanding of how this process is controlled has improved considerably over the recent years, but many questions remain outstanding. This review focuses on the recent advancements in this area with an emphasis on how the contraction of activated T cells is coordinately regulated by a combination of factors extrinsic and intrinsic to the activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Hand
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St., TACS641B, P.O. Box 208011, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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20
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Liu D, Uzonna JE. The p110 delta isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase controls the quality of secondary anti-Leishmania immunity by regulating expansion and effector function of memory T cell subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3098-105. [PMID: 20154209 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that mice with an inactivating knockin mutation in the p110delta isoform of PI3K (referred to as p110delta(D910A) mice) displayed enhanced primary resistance to Leishmania major despite mounting paradoxically impaired T cell responses. In this study, we show that p110delta(D910A) mice are impaired in their secondary (memory) anti-Leishmania responses in vitro and in vivo. Following secondary L. major challenge, p110delta(D910A) mice exhibited reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity response and weaker parasite control compared to wild-type mice. Using adoptive transfer experiments, we show that immune T cells from healed p110delta(D910A) mice were impaired in their proliferation and effector cytokine (IFN-gamma) responses upon L. major challenge. Interestingly, Leishmania-reactive T cells from healed p110delta(D910A) mice contain severalfold lower numbers of CD62L(lo) and CD62(hi) T cells than those from healed wild-type mice. The reduction in numbers of CD62L(lo) T cells in p110delta(D910A) mice is due to failure of their CD62L(hi) T cells to downregulate CD62L expression in response to L. major. Furthermore, although CD62L(lo) cells from p110delta(D910A) mice could home efficiently to lymphoid organs, their ability to exit these tissues and emigrate to cutaneous sites of infection was greatly impaired. Collectively, our data identify PI3K signaling as important events that control memory T cell subset differentiation, generation, effector function, and recruitment to cutaneous tissues and suggest that manipulating this pathway could provide means of enhancing desired memory T cell subset, response during vaccination, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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21
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Kemp RA, Pearson CF, Cornish GH, Seddon BP. Evidence of STAT5-dependent and -independent routes to CD8 memory formation and a preferential role for IL-7 over IL-15 in STAT5 activation. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 88:213-9. [PMID: 19949423 PMCID: PMC2842934 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-7 and IL-15 have non-redundant roles in promoting development of memory CD8+ T cells. STAT5 is activated by receptors of both cytokines and has also been implicated as a requirement for generation of memory. To determine whether STAT5 activity was required for IL-7 and IL-15-mediated generation of memory, we expressed either wild type (WT) or constitutively active (CA) forms of STAT5a in normal effector cells and then observed their ability to form memory in cytokine replete or deficient hosts. Receptor independent CA-STAT5a significantly enhanced memory formation in the absence of either cytokine but did not mediate complete rescue. Interestingly, WT-STAT5a expression enhanced memory formation in a strictly IL-7 dependent manner, suggesting that IL-7 is a more potent activator of STAT5 than IL-15 in vivo. These data suggest that the non-redundant requirement for IL-7 and IL-15 is mediated through differential activation of both STAT5-dependent and STAT5-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn A Kemp
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
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22
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Osborne LC, Abraham N. Regulation of memory T cells by γc cytokines. Cytokine 2009; 50:105-13. [PMID: 19879771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells rely on a duality of TCR and gammac cytokine signals for development, activation and peripheral T cell homeostasis. Previous data had suggested that the requirements for CD4 and CD8 memory T cell regulation were qualitatively distinct, but emerging data has shown that the requirements for true antigen specific memory T cells are very similar between these two cell types. This review will focus on contributions made by members of the gammac cytokine family (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21) to homeostasis of naïve, memory phenotype and antigen experienced memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Colleen Osborne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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23
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Hogg AE, Bowick GC, Herzog NK, Cloyd MW, Endsley JJ. Induction of granulysin in CD8+ T cells by IL-21 and IL-15 is suppressed by human immunodeficiency virus-1. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1191-203. [PMID: 19687290 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0409222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression following infection with HIV-1 predisposes patients to a myriad of opportunistic pathogens, one of the most important of which is Mtb. Granulysin, expressed by NK cells and CTL, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against Mtb and several other opportunistic pathogens associated with HIV-1 infection. The immune signals that promote granulysin expression in human CTL are not fully understood. Using primary human CD8+ T cells, in this study, we identify IL-21 as a strong inducer of granulysin, demonstrate that IL-21 and IL-15 activate granulysin expression within CD8+ CD45RO+ T cells, and establish a role for Jak/STAT signaling in the regulation of granulysin within CD8+ T cells. We show that infection of PBMC from healthy donors in vitro with HIV-1 suppresses granulysin expression by CD8+ T cells, concomitant with reduced p-STAT3 and p-STAT5, following activation with IL-15 and IL-21. Of note, simultaneous signaling through IL-15 and IL-21 could partially overcome the immunosuppressive effects of HIV-1 on granulysin expression by CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that HIV-1 infection of PBMC may reduce the antimicrobial profile of activated CD8+ T cells by disrupting signaling events that are critical for the induction of granulysin. Understanding the effects of HIV-1 on CD8+ T cell activation is essential to understanding the physiological basis for inadequate cytotoxic lymphocyte activity in HIV+ patients and for informed guidance of cytokine-based therapy to restore T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Hogg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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24
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Hwang KA, Kim HR, Kang I. Aging and human CD4(+) regulatory T cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:509-17. [PMID: 19540259 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in immunity that occur with aging likely contribute to the development of infection, malignancy and inflammatory diseases. Naturally occurring CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) expressing high levels of CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) are essential for regulating immune responses. Here we investigated the effect of aging on the number, phenotypes and function of CD4(+) Treg in humans. The frequency and phenotypic characteristics of CD4(+), FOXP3(+) T cells as well as their capacity to suppress inflammatory cytokine production and proliferation of CD4(+), CD25(-) T cells (target cells) were comparable in young (age <or=40) and elderly (age >or=65) individuals. However, when CD4(+), FOXP3(+) Treg and CD4(+), CD25(-) T cells were co-cultured at a ratio of 1:1, the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 from CD4(+), CD25(-) T cells was more potently suppressed in the elderly than in the young. This finding was not due to changes in CTLA-4 expression or apoptosis of CD4(+), FOXP3(+) Treg and CD4(+), CD25(-) T cells. Taken together, our observations suggest that aging may affect the capacity of CD4(+), FOXP3(+) T cells in regulating IL-10 production from target CD4(+) T cells in humans although their other cellular characteristics remain unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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25
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Awasthi A, Samarakoon A, Dai X, Wen R, Wang D, Malarkannan S. Deletion of PI3K-p85alpha gene impairs lineage commitment, terminal maturation, cytokine generation and cytotoxicity of NK cells. Genes Immun 2008; 9:522-35. [PMID: 18548087 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Class IA phosphotidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of p85/p110 heterodimeric lipid kinases that are important in regulating signaling events in B and T cells. However, their role in natural killer (NK) cells is not understood. Here, using mice that lack the regulatory p85alpha subunit and its alternatively spliced variants p55alpha/p50alpha (collectively termed as p85alpha(-/-)), we defined the role of PI3K in NK cell development and function. p85alpha(-/-) mice had impaired lineage commitment leading to reduced NK cellularity in the bone marrow and liver. p85alpha(-/-) NK cells showed a defective Ly49 subset specification and a decreased expression of CD43. Lack of p85alpha severely reduced the NK-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells representing 'induced-self' and 'missing-self'. More importantly, NKG2D and NK1.1 receptor-mediated cytokine and chemokine generation was significantly compromised in p85alpha(-/-) NK cells. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of p85alpha in the development, terminal maturation, cytokine/chemokine generation and tumor clearance of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Awasthi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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26
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Carroll HP, Paunovic V, Gadina M. Signalling, inflammation and arthritis: Crossed signals: the role of interleukin-15 and -18 in autoimmunity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:1269-77. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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