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Chocarro L, Blanco E, Fernandez-Rubio L, Garnica M, Zuazo M, Garcia MJ, Bocanegra A, Echaide M, Johnston C, Edwards CJ, Legg J, Pierce AJ, Arasanz H, Fernandez-Hinojal G, Vera R, Ausin K, Santamaria E, Fernandez-Irigoyen J, Kochan G, Escors D. PD-1/LAG-3 co-signaling profiling uncovers CBL ubiquitin ligases as key immunotherapy targets. EMBO Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s44321-024-00098-y. [PMID: 39030301 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many cancer patients do not benefit from PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapies. PD-1 and LAG-3 co-upregulation in T-cells is one of the major mechanisms of resistance by establishing a highly dysfunctional state in T-cells. To identify shared features associated to PD-1/LAG-3 dysfunctionality in human cancers and T-cells, multiomic expression profiles were obtained for all TCGA cancers immune infiltrates. A PD-1/LAG-3 dysfunctional signature was found which regulated immune, metabolic, genetic, and epigenetic pathways, but especially a reinforced negative regulation of the TCR signalosome. These results were validated in T-cell lines with constitutively active PD-1, LAG-3 pathways and their combination. A differential analysis of the proteome of PD-1/LAG-3 T-cells showed a specific enrichment in ubiquitin ligases participating in E3 ubiquitination pathways. PD-1/LAG-3 co-blockade inhibited CBL-B expression, while the use of a bispecific drug in clinical development also repressed C-CBL expression, which reverted T-cell dysfunctionality in lung cancer patients resistant to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade. The combination of CBL-B-specific small molecule inhibitors with anti-PD-1/anti-LAG-3 immunotherapies demonstrated notable therapeutic efficacy in models of lung cancer refractory to immunotherapies, overcoming PD-1/LAG-3 mediated resistance.
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Grants
- FIS PI20/00010 MEC | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)
- FIS PI23/00196 MEC | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)
- COV20/00237 MEC | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)
- FI21/00080 MEC | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)
- TRANSPOCART ICI19/00069 MEC | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)
- PFIS,FI21/00080 MEC | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)
- BMED 050-2019 Departamento de Salud, Gobierno de Navarra (Department of Health, Government of Navarra)
- BMED 51-2021 Departamento de Salud, Gobierno de Navarra (Department of Health, Government of Navarra)
- BMED 036-2023 Departamento de Salud, Gobierno de Navarra (Department of Health, Government of Navarra)
- PROYE16001ESC Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC)
- AGATA,0011-1411-2020-000013 Dirección General de Industria, Energia y Proyectos Estrategicos S3, Gobierno de Navarra (Department of Industry of the Government of Navarra)
- LINTERNA,0011-1411-2020-000033 Dirección General de Industria, Energia y Proyectos Estrategicos S3, Gobierno de Navarra (Department of Industry of the Government of Navarra)
- DESCARTHES,0011-1411-2019-000058 Dirección General de Industria, Energia y Proyectos Estrategicos S3, Gobierno de Navarra (Department of Industry of the Government of Navarra)
- ARNMUNE,0011-1411-2023-000101 Dirección General de Industria, Energia y Proyectos Estrategicos S3, Gobierno de Navarra (Department of Industry of the Government of Navarra)
- ISOLDA,grant agreement 848166 EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (H2020)
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Chocarro
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Ester Blanco
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leticia Fernandez-Rubio
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maider Garnica
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Zuazo
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Garcia
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Echaide
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Colette Johnston
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd., Meditrina Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Carolyn J Edwards
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd., Meditrina Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - James Legg
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd., Meditrina Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Andrew J Pierce
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd., Meditrina Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Oncobiona Unit, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez-Hinojal
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruth Vera
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karina Ausin
- Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaria
- Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Fernandez-Irigoyen
- Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- OncoImmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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2
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Hu X, Li E, Zhou Y, You Q, Jiang Z. Casitas b cell lymphoma‑B (Cbl-b): A new therapeutic avenue for small-molecule immunotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 102:117677. [PMID: 38457911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the area of cancer treatment. Although most immunotherapies now are antibodies targeting membrane checkpoint molecules, there is an increasing demand for small-molecule drugs that address intracellular pathways. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B cell lymphoma‑b (Cbl-b) has been regarded as a promising intracellular immunotherapy target. Cbl-b regulates the downstream proteins of multiple membrane receptors and co-receptors, restricting the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Recently, Cbl-b inhibitors have been reported with promising effects on immune surveillance activation and anti-tumor efficacy. Several molecules have entered phase Ⅰ clinical trials. In this review, the biological rationale of Cbl-b as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and the latest research progress of Cbl-b are summarized, with special emphasis on the allosteric small-molecule inhibitors of Cbl-b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Erdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yangguo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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3
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Mfuh AM, Boerth JA, Bommakanti G, Chan C, Chinn AJ, Code E, Fricke PJ, Giblin KA, Gohlke A, Hansel C, Hariparsad N, Hughes SJ, Jin M, Kantae V, Kavanagh SL, Lamb ML, Lane J, Moore R, Puri T, Quinn TR, Reddy I, Robb GR, Robbins KJ, Gancedo Rodrigo M, Schimpl M, Singh B, Singh M, Tang H, Thomson C, Walsh JJ, Ware J, Watson IDG, Ye MW, Wrigley GL, Zhang AX, Zhang Y, Grimster NP. Discovery, Optimization, and Biological Evaluation of Arylpyridones as Cbl-b Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1500-1512. [PMID: 38227216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Casitas B-lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b), a member of the Cbl family of RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligases, has been demonstrated to play a central role in regulating effector T-cell function. Multiple studies using gene-targeting approaches have provided direct evidence that Cbl-b negatively regulates T, B, and NK cell activation via a ubiquitin-mediated protein modulation. Thus, inhibition of Cbl-b ligase activity can lead to immune activation and has therapeutic potential in immuno-oncology. Herein, we describe the discovery and optimization of an arylpyridone series as Cbl-b inhibitors by structure-based drug discovery to afford compound 31. This compound binds to Cbl-b with an IC50 value of 30 nM and induces IL-2 production in T-cells with an EC50 value of 230 nM. Compound 31 also shows robust intracellular target engagement demonstrated through inhibition of Cbl-b autoubiquitination, inhibition of ubiquitin transfer to ZAP70, and the cellular modulation of phosphorylation of a downstream signal within the TCR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelphe M Mfuh
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Boerth
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Gayathri Bommakanti
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Alex J Chinn
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Erin Code
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Patrick J Fricke
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Andrea Gohlke
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Meizhong Jin
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Michelle L Lamb
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jordan Lane
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Rachel Moore
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Taranee Puri
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Taylor R Quinn
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Iswarya Reddy
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Kevin J Robbins
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Miguel Gancedo Rodrigo
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
- Isomorphic Laboratories, 280 Bishopsgate, London EC2M 4RB, U.K
| | | | - Baljinder Singh
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Meha Singh
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Haoran Tang
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Jarrod J Walsh
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Jamie Ware
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Iain D G Watson
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Min-Wei Ye
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Andrew X Zhang
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yun Zhang
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Neil P Grimster
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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4
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Niu K, Shi Y, Lv Q, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang W, Feng K, Zhang Y. Spotlights on ubiquitin-specific protease 12 (USP12) in diseases: from multifaceted roles to pathophysiological mechanisms. J Transl Med 2023; 21:665. [PMID: 37752518 PMCID: PMC10521459 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the most significant post-translational modifications that regulate almost all physiological processes like cell proliferation, autophagy, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. Contrary to ubiquitination, deubiquitination removes ubiquitin from targeted protein to maintain its stability and thus regulate cellular homeostasis. Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 12 (USP12) belongs to the biggest family of deubiquitinases named ubiquitin-specific proteases and has been reported to be correlated with various pathophysiological processes. In this review, we initially introduce the structure and biological functions of USP12 briefly and summarize multiple substrates of USP12 as well as the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the influence of USP12 on tumorigenesis, tumor immune microenvironment (TME), disease, and related signaling pathways. This study also provides updated information on the roles and functions of USP12 in different types of cancers and other diseases, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, cardiac hypertrophy, multiple myeloma, and Huntington's disease. Generally, this review sums up the research advances of USP12 and discusses its potential clinical application value which deserves more exploration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Niu
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanlong Shi
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingpeng Lv
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yizhu Wang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenning Zhang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kung Feng
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yewei Zhang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint blockade has improved the outcomes of patients with various malignancies, yet a majority do not benefit or develop resistance. To address this unmet need, efforts across the field are targeting additional coinhibitory receptors, costimulatory proteins, and intracellular mediators that could prevent or bypass anti-PD1 resistance mechanisms. The CD28 costimulatory pathway is necessary for antigen-specific T cell activation, though prior CD28 agonists did not translate successfully to clinic due to toxicity. Casitas B lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a downstream, master regulator of both CD28 and CTLA-4 signaling. This E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates both innate and adaptive immune cells, ultimately promoting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Recent advances in pharmaceutical screening and computational biology have enabled the development of novel platforms to target this once 'undruggable' protein. These platforms include DNA encoded library screening, allosteric drug targeting, small-interfering RNA inhibition, CRISPR genome editing, and adoptive cell therapy. Both genetic knock-out models and Cbl-b inhibitors have been shown to reverse immunosuppression in the TME, stimulate cytotoxic T cell activity, and promote tumor regression, findings augmented with PD1 blockade in experimental models. In translating Cbl-b inhibitors to clinic, we propose specific gene expression profiles that may identify patient populations most likely to benefit. Overall, novel Cbl-b inhibitors provide antigen-specific immune stimulation and are a promising therapeutic tool in the field of immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Augustin
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riyue Bao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Inflammatory Cytokines That Enhance Antigen Responsiveness of Naïve CD8 + T Lymphocytes Modulate Chromatin Accessibility of Genes Impacted by Antigen Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214122. [PMID: 36430600 PMCID: PMC9698886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes exposed to certain inflammatory cytokines undergo proliferation and display increased sensitivity to antigens. Such 'cytokine priming' can promote the activation of potentially autoreactive and antitumor CD8+ T cells by weak tissue antigens and tumor antigens. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cytokine priming, naïve PMEL-1 TCR transgenic CD8+ T lymphocytes were stimulated with IL-15 and IL-21, and chromatin accessibility was assessed using the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC) sequencing. PMEL-1 cells stimulated by the cognate antigenic peptide mgp10025-33 served as controls. Cytokine-primed cells showed a limited number of opening and closing chromatin accessibility peaks compared to antigen-stimulated cells. However, the ATACseq peaks in cytokine-primed cells substantially overlapped with those of antigen-stimulated cells and mapped to several genes implicated in T cell signaling, activation, effector differentiation, negative regulation and exhaustion. Nonetheless, the expression of most of these genes was remarkably different between cytokine-primed and antigen-stimulated cells. In addition, cytokine priming impacted the expression of several genes following antigen stimulation in a synergistic or antagonistic manner. Our findings indicate that chromatin accessibility changes in cytokine-primed naïve CD8+ T cells not only underlie their increased antigen responsiveness but may also enhance their functional fitness by reducing exhaustion without compromising regulatory controls.
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Systemic CD4 Immunity and PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113241. [PMID: 36362027 PMCID: PMC9655397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy has changed the therapeutic approaches for the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying its efficacy or treatment failure are still unclear. Proficient systemic immunity seems to be a prerequisite for efficacy, as recently shown in patients and in mouse models. It is widely accepted that expansion of anti-tumor CD8 T cell populations is principally responsible for anti-tumor responses. In contrast, the role of CD4 T cells has been less studied. Here we review and discuss the evidence supporting the contribution of CD4 T cells to anti-tumor immunity, especially recent advances linking CD4 T cell subsets to efficacious PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy. We also discuss the role of CD4 T cell memory subsets present in peripheral blood before the start of immunotherapies, and their utility as predictors of response.
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The RING finger protein family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:300. [PMID: 36042206 PMCID: PMC9424811 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a highly conserved and fundamental posttranslational modification (PTM) in all eukaryotes regulating thousands of proteins. The RING (really interesting new gene) finger (RNF) protein, containing the RING domain, exerts E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to target proteins. Multiple reviews have summarized the critical roles of the tripartite-motif (TRIM) protein family, a subgroup of RNF proteins, in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory, infectious, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Except for TRIMs, since numerous studies over the past decades have delineated that other RNF proteins also exert widespread involvement in several diseases, their importance should not be underestimated. This review summarizes the potential contribution of dysregulated RNF proteins, except for TRIMs, to the pathogenesis of some diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorder. Since viral infection is broadly involved in the induction and development of those diseases, this manuscript also highlights the regulatory roles of RNF proteins, excluding TRIMs, in the antiviral immune responses. In addition, we further discuss the potential intervention strategies targeting other RNF proteins for the prevention and therapeutics of those human diseases.
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Lipid accumulation induced by APOE4 impairs microglial surveillance of neuronal-network activity. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1197-1212.e8. [PMID: 35931030 PMCID: PMC9623845 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the greatest known genetic risk factor for developing sporadic Alzheimer's disease. How the interaction of APOE4 microglia with neurons differs from microglia expressing the disease-neutral APOE3 allele remains unknown. Here, we employ CRISPR-edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to dissect the impact of APOE4 in neuron-microglia communication. Our results reveal that APOE4 induces a lipid-accumulated state that renders microglia weakly responsive to neuronal activity. By examining the transcriptional signatures of APOE3 versus APOE4 microglia in response to neuronal conditioned media, we established that neuronal cues differentially induce a lipogenic program in APOE4 microglia that exacerbates pro-inflammatory signals. Through decreased uptake of extracellular fatty acids and lipoproteins, we identified that APOE4 microglia disrupts the coordinated activity of neuronal ensembles. These findings suggest that abnormal neuronal network-level disturbances observed in Alzheimer's disease patients harboring APOE4 may in part be triggered by impairment in lipid homeostasis in non-neuronal cells.
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10
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Han S, Liu ZQ, Chung DC, Paul MS, Garcia-Batres CR, Sayad A, Elford AR, Gold MJ, Grimshaw N, Ohashi PS. Overproduction of IFNγ by Cbl-b-Deficient CD8+ T Cells Provides Resistance against Regulatory T Cells and Induces Potent Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:437-452. [PMID: 35181779 PMCID: PMC9662906 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are an integral component of the adaptive immune system that negatively affect antitumor immunity. Here, we investigated the role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) in establishing CD8+ T-cell resistance to Treg-mediated suppression to enhance antitumor immunity. Transcriptomic analyses suggested that Cbl-b regulates pathways associated with cytokine signaling and cellular proliferation. We showed that the hypersecretion of IFNγ by Cbl-b-deficient CD8+ T cells selectively attenuated CD8+ T-cell suppression by Tregs. Although IFNγ production by Cbl-b-deficient T cells contributed to phenotypic alterations in Tregs, the cytokine did not attenuate the suppressive function of Tregs. Instead, IFNγ had a profound effect on CD8+ T cells by directly upregulating interferon-stimulated genes and modulating T-cell activation. In murine models of adoptive T-cell therapy, Cbl-b-deficient T cells elicited superior antitumor immune response. Furthermore, Cbl-b-deficient CD8+ T cells were less susceptible to suppression by Tregs in the tumor through the effects of IFNγ. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the hypersecretion of IFNγ serves as a key mechanism by which Cbl-b-deficient CD8+ T cells are rendered resistant to Tregs. See related Spotlight by Wolf and Baier, p. 370.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeongJun Han
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhe Qi Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas C. Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael St. Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Azin Sayad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisha R. Elford
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Gold
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Grimshaw
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Corresponding Author: Pamela S. Ohashi, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, 9-406, Toronto ON M5G 2M9, Canada. Phone: 416-946-4501 ×3689; E-mail:
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11
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Schanz O, Cornez I, Yajnanarayana SP, David FS, Peer S, Gruber T, Krawitz P, Brossart P, Heine A, Landsberg J, Baier G, Wolf D. Tumor rejection in Cblb -/- mice depends on IL-9 and Th9 cells. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002889. [PMID: 34272310 PMCID: PMC8287598 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Casitas B lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a central negative regulator of cytotoxic T and natural killer (NK) cells and functions as an intracellular checkpoint in cancer. In particular, Th9 cells support mast cell activation, promote dendritic cell recruitment, enhance the cytolytic function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells, and directly kill tumor cells, thereby contributing to tumor immunity. However, the role of Cbl-b in the differentiation and antitumor function of Th9 cells is not sufficiently resolved. METHODS Using Cblb -/- mice, we investigated the effect of knocking out Cblb on the differentiation process and function of different T helper cell subsets, focusing on regulatory T cell (Treg) and Th9 cells. We applied single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing of in vitro differentiated Th9 cells to understand how Cbl-b shapes the transcriptome and regulates the differentiation and function of Th9 cells. We transferred tumor-model antigen-specific Cblb -/- Th9 cells into melanoma-bearing mice and assessed tumor control in vivo. In addition, we blocked interleukin (IL)-9 in melanoma cell-exposed Cblb -/- mice to investigate the role of IL-9 in tumor immunity. RESULTS Here, we provide experimental evidence that Cbl-b acts as a rheostat favoring Tregs at the expense of Th9 cell differentiation. Cblb -/- Th9 cells exert superior antitumor activity leading to improved melanoma control in vivo. Accordingly, blocking IL-9 in melanoma cell-exposed Cblb -/- mice reversed their tumor rejection phenotype. Furthermore, scRNA sequencing of in vitro differentiated Th9 cells from naïve T cells isolated from wildtype and Cblb -/- animals revealed a transcriptomic basis for increased Th9 cell differentiation. CONCLUSION We established IL-9 and Th9 cells as key antitumor executers in Cblb -/- animals. This knowledge may be helpful for the future improvement of adoptive T cell therapies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schanz
- Oncology, Hematology, Immunoncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabelle Cornez
- Oncology, Hematology, Immunoncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Sophie David
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Peer
- Institute of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Krawitz
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Oncology, Hematology, Immunoncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annkristin Heine
- Oncology, Hematology, Immunoncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gottfried Baier
- Institute of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Oncology, Hematology, Immunoncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany .,Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, and Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Lu T, Chen L, Mansour AG, Yu MJ, Brooks N, Teng KY, Li Z, Zhang J, Barr T, Yu J, Caligiuri MA. Cbl-b Is Upregulated and Plays a Negative Role in Activated Human NK Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:677-685. [PMID: 33419766 PMCID: PMC8184061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b has been characterized as an intracellular checkpoint in T cells; however, the function of Cbl-b in primary human NK cells, an innate immune anti-tumor effector cell, is not well defined. In this study, we show that the expression of Cbl-b is significantly upregulated in primary human NK cells activated by IL-15, IL-2, and the human NK cell-sensitive tumor cell line K562 that lacks MHC class I expression. Pretreatment with JAK or AKT inhibitors prior to IL-15 stimulation reversed Cbl-b upregulation. Downregulation of Cbl-b resulted in significant increases in granzyme B and perforin expression, IFN-γ production, and cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Collectively, we demonstrate upregulation of Cbl-b and its inhibitory effects in IL-15/IL-2/K562-activated human NK cells, suggesting that Cbl-b plays a negative feedback role in human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Anthony G Mansour
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Melissa J Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Noah Brooks
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Kun-Yu Teng
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Zhenlong Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Tasha Barr
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Duarte, CA 91010; and
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010;
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Duarte, CA 91010; and
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
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13
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Jafari D, Mousavi MJ, Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Jafarzadeh L, Tahmasebi S, Spoor J, Esmaeilzadeh A. E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B lineage lymphoma-b and its potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:14-31. [PMID: 33306199 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction of self from non-self is crucial to prevent autoreactivity and ensure protection from infectious agents and tumors. Maintaining the balance between immunity and tolerance of immune cells is strongly controlled by several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of the immune system. Among these, the E3 ligase ubiquitin Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a newly identified component in the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system, which is thought to be an important negative regulator of immune cells. An update on the current knowledge and new concepts of the relevant immune homeostasis program co-ordinated by Cbl-b in different cell populations could pave the way for future immunomodulatory therapies of various diseases, such as autoimmune and allergic diseases, infections, cancers and other immunopathological conditions. In the present review, the latest findings are comprehensively summarized on the molecular structural basis of Cbl-b and the suppressive signaling mechanisms of Cbl-b in physiological and pathological immune responses, as well as its emerging potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy in animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jafari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - M J Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - L Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Spoor
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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14
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Poels K, Vos WG, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases as Immunotherapeutic Target in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:106. [PMID: 32582770 PMCID: PMC7292335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation drives atherosclerosis and despite optimal pharmacological treatment of classical cardiovascular risk factors, one third of the patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has elevated inflammatory biomarkers. Additional anti-inflammatory strategies to target this residual inflammatory cardiovascular risk are therefore required. T-cells are a dominant cell type in human atherosclerotic lesions. Modulation of T-cell activation is therefore a potential strategy to target inflammation in atherosclerosis. Ubiquitination is an important regulatory mechanism of T-cell activation and several E3 ubiquitin ligases, including casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene B (Cbl-B), itchy homolog (Itch), and gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL), function as a natural brake on T-cell activation. In this review we discuss recent insights on the role of Cbl-B, Itch, and GRAIL in atherosclerosis and explore the therapeutic potential of these E3 ubiquitin ligases in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikkie Poels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Winnie G Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Kugyelka R, Prenek L, Olasz K, Kohl Z, Botz B, Glant TT, Berki T, Boldizsár F. ZAP-70 Regulates Autoimmune Arthritis via Alterations in T Cell Activation and Apoptosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050504. [PMID: 31137740 PMCID: PMC6562615 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an essential role in the pathogenesis of both human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its murine models. A key molecule in T cell activation is ZAP-70, therefore we aimed to investigate the effects of partial ZAP-70 deficiency on the pathogenesis of recombinant human G1(rhG1)-induced arthritis (GIA), a well-established mouse model of RA. Arthritis was induced in BALB/c and ZAP-70+/- heterozygous mice. Disease progression was monitored using a scoring system and in vivo imaging, antigen-specific proliferation, cytokine and autoantibody production was measured and T cell apoptotic pathways were analyzed. ZAP-70+/- mice developed a less severe arthritis, as shown by both clinical picture and in vitro parameters (decreased T cell proliferation, cytokine and autoantibody production). The amount of cleaved Caspase-3 increased in arthritic ZAP-70+/- T cells, with no significant changes in cleaved Caspase-8 and -9 levels; although expression of Bim, Bcl-2 and Cytochrome C showed alterations. Tyrosine phosphorylation was less pronounced in arthritic ZAP-70+/- T cells and the amount of Cbl-b-a negative regulator of T cell activation-decreased as well. We hypothesize that the less severe disease seen in the partial absence of ZAP-70 might be caused by the decreased T cell activation accompanied by increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Kugyelka
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Prenek
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Olasz
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kohl
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Timea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Boldizsár
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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16
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Kahan SM, Zajac AJ. Immune Exhaustion: Past Lessons and New Insights from Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E156. [PMID: 30781904 PMCID: PMC6410286 DOI: 10.3390/v11020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a paradigm-forming experimental system with a remarkable track record of contributing to the discovery of many of the fundamental concepts of modern immunology. The ability of LCMV to establish a chronic infection in immunocompetent adult mice was instrumental for identifying T cell exhaustion and this system has been invaluable for uncovering the complexity, regulators, and consequences of this state. These findings have been directly relevant for understanding why ineffective T cell responses commonly arise during many chronic infections including HIV and HCV, as well as during tumor outgrowth. The principal feature of exhausted T cells is the inability to elaborate the array of effector functions necessary to contain the underlying infection or tumor. Using LCMV to determine how to prevent and reverse T cell exhaustion has highlighted the potential of checkpoint blockade therapies, most notably PD-1 inhibition strategies, for improving cellular immunity under conditions of antigen persistence. Here, we discuss the discovery, properties, and regulators of exhausted T cells and highlight how LCMV has been at the forefront of advancing our understanding of these ineffective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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17
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Tang R, Langdon WY, Zhang J. Regulation of immune responses by E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. Cell Immunol 2018; 340:103878. [PMID: 30442330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Casitas B lymphoma-b (Cbl-b), a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been identified as a critical regulator of adaptive immune responses. Cbl-b is essential for establishing the threshold for T cell activation and regulating peripheral T cell tolerance through various mechanisms. Intriguingly, recent studies indicate that Cbl-b also modulates innate immune responses, and plays a key role in host defense to pathogens and anti-tumor immunity. These studies suggest that targeting Cbl-b may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of human immune-related disorders such as autoimmune diseases, infections, tumors, and allergic airway inflammation. In this review, we summarize the latest developments regarding the roles of Cbl-b in innate and adaptive immunity, and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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18
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Nanjappa SG, Mudalagiriyappa S, Fites JS, Suresh M, Klein BS. CBLB Constrains Inactivated Vaccine-Induced CD8 + T Cell Responses and Immunity against Lethal Fungal Pneumonia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1717-1726. [PMID: 30054317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections in CD4+ T cell immunocompromised patients have risen sharply in recent years. Although vaccines offer a rational avenue to prevent infections, there are no licensed fungal vaccines available. Inactivated vaccines are safer but less efficacious and require adjuvants that may undesirably bias toward poor protective immune responses. We hypothesized that reducing the TCR signaling threshold could potentiate antifungal CD8+ T cell responses and immunity to inactivated vaccine in the absence of CD4+ T cells. In this study, we show that CBLB, a negative regulator of TCR signaling, suppresses CD8+ T cells in response to inactivated fungal vaccination in a mouse model of CD4+ T cell lymphopenia. Conversely, Cblb deficiency enhanced both the type 1 (e.g., IFN-γ) and type 17 (IL-17A) CD8+ T cell responses to inactivated fungal vaccines and augmented vaccine immunity to lethal fungal pneumonia. Furthermore, we show that immunization with live or inactivated vaccine yeast did not cause detectable pathologic condition in Cblb-/- mice. Augmented CD8+ T cell responses in the absence of CBLB also did not lead to terminal differentiation or adversely affect the expression of transcription factors T-bet, Eomes, and RORγt. Additionally, our adoptive transfer experiments showed that CBLB impedes the effector CD8+ T cell responses in a cell-intrinsic manner. Finally, we showed that ablation of Cblb overcomes the requirement of HIF-1α for expansion of CD8+ T cells upon vaccination. Thus, adjuvants that target CBLB may augment inactivated vaccines and immunity against systemic fungal infections in vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som G Nanjappa
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802;
| | | | - J Scott Fites
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792; and.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
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19
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Wesley EM, Xin G, McAllister D, Malarkannan S, Newman DK, Dwinell MB, Cui W, Johnson BD, Riese MJ. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) and Casitas b-lineage proto-oncogene b-deficient mice have similar functional outcomes in T cells but DGKζ-deficient mice have increased T cell activation and tumor clearance. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:107-118. [PMID: 30027154 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting negative regulators downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) represents a novel strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy. Two proteins that serve as critical inhibitory regulators downstream of the TCR are diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ), a regulator of Ras and PKC-θ signaling, and Casitas b-lineage proto-oncogene b (Cbl-b), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that predominantly regulates PI(3)K signaling. We sought to compare the signaling and functional effects that result from deletion of DGKζ, Cbl-b, or both (double knockout, DKO) in T cells, and to evaluate tumor responses generated in a clinically relevant orthotopic pancreatic tumor model. We found that whereas deletion of Cbl-b primarily served to enhance NF-κB signaling, deletion of DGKζ enhanced TCR-mediated signal transduction downstream of Ras/Erk and NF-κB. Deletion of DGKζ or Cbl-b comparably enhanced CD8+ T cell functional responses, such as proliferation, production of IFNγ, and generation of granzyme B when compared with WT T cells. DKO T cells demonstrated enhanced function above that observed with single knockout T cells after weak, but not strong, stimulation. Deletion of DGKζ, but not Cbl-b, however, resulted in significant increases in numbers of activated (CD44hi) CD8+ T cells in both non-treated and tumor-bearing mice. DGKζ-deficient mice also had enhanced control of pancreatic tumor cell growth compared to Cbl-b-deficient mice. This represents the first direct comparison between mice of these genotypes and suggests that T cell immunotherapies may be better improved by targeting TCR signaling molecules that are regulated by DGKζ as opposed to molecules regulated by Cbl-b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Wesley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Donna McAllister
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Debra K Newman
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Bryon D Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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20
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Arasanz H, Gato-Cañas M, Zuazo M, Ibañez-Vea M, Breckpot K, Kochan G, Escors D. PD1 signal transduction pathways in T cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51936-51945. [PMID: 28881701 PMCID: PMC5584302 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer is revolutionizing oncology. Amongst these therapeutic agents, antibodies that block PD-L1/PD1 interactions between cancer cells and T cells are demonstrating high efficacies and low toxicities. Despite all the recent advances, very little is yet known on the molecular intracellular signaling pathways regulated by either PD-L1 or PD1. Here we review the current knowledge on PD1-dependent intracellular signaling pathways, and the consequences of disrupting PD1 signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Arasanz
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Gato-Cañas
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Ibañez-Vea
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Rayne Institute, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kindom
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21
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Fujiwara M, Anstadt EJ, Clark RB. Cbl-b Deficiency Mediates Resistance to Programmed Death-Ligand 1/Programmed Death-1 Regulation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:42. [PMID: 28184224 PMCID: PMC5266705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates T cell activation. Cbl-b−/− T cells are hyper-reactive and co-stimulation independent, and Cbl-b−/− mice demonstrate robust T cell and NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity. As a result of these murine studies, Cbl-b is considered a potential target for therapeutic manipulation in human cancer immunotherapy. The PD-L1/PD-1 pathway of immune regulation is presently an important therapeutic focus in tumor immunotherapy, and although Cbl-b−/− mice have been shown to be resistant to several immuno-regulatory mechanisms, the sensitivity of Cbl-b−/− mice to PD-L1-mediated suppression has not been reported. We now document that Cbl-b−/− T cells and NK cells are resistant to PD-L1/PD-1-mediated suppression. Using a PD-L1 fusion protein (PD-L1 Ig), this resistance is shown for both in vitro proliferative responses and IFN-γ production and is not associated with decreased PD-1 expression on Cbl-b−/− cells. In coculture studies, Cbl-b−/− CD8+, but not CD4+ T cells, diminish the PD-L1 Ig-mediated suppression of bystander naïve WT CD8+ T cells. Using an in vivo model of B16 melanoma in which numerous liver metastases develop in WT mice in a PD-1 dependent manner, Cbl-b−/− mice develop significantly fewer liver metastases without the administration of anti-PD-1 antibody. Overall, our findings identify a new mode of immuno-regulatory resistance associated with Cbl-b deficiency and suggest that resistance to PD-L1/PD-1-mediated suppression is a novel mechanism by which Cbl-b deficiency leads to enhanced antitumor immunity. Our results suggest that targeting Cbl-b in cancer immunotherapy offers the opportunity to simultaneously override numerous relevant “checkpoints,” including sensitivity to regulatory T cells, suppression by TGF-β, and immune regulation by both CTLA-4 and, as we now report, by the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Fujiwara
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT , USA
| | - Emily J Anstadt
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT , USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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22
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Zeng P, Ma J, Yang R, Liu YC. Immune Regulation by Ubiquitin Tagging as Checkpoint Code. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 410:215-248. [PMID: 28929193 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is equipped with effective machinery to mobilize its activation to defend invading microorganisms, and at the same time, to refrain from attacking its own tissues to maintain immune tolerance. The balance of activation and tolerance is tightly controlled by diverse mechanisms, since breakdown of tolerance could result in disastrous consequences such as the development of autoimmune diseases. One of the mechanisms is by the means of protein ubiquitination, which involves the process of tagging a small peptide ubiquitin to protein substrates. E3 ubiquitin ligases are responsible for catalyzing the final step of ubiquitin-substrate conjugation by specifically recognizing substrates to determine their fates of degradation or functional modification. The ubiquitination process is reversible, which is carried out by deubiquitinating enzymes to release the ubiquitin molecule from the conjugated substrates. Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination serve as checkpoint codes in many key steps of lymphocyte regulation including the development, activation, differentiation, and tolerance induction. In this chapter, we will discuss a few E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes that are important in controlling immune responses, with emphasis on their roles in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jieyu Ma
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Runqing Yang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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23
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Laroche-Lefebvre C, Yousefi M, Daudelin JF, Charpentier T, Tarrab E, Klinck R, Lamarre A, Labrecque N, Stäger S, Duplay P. Dok-1 and Dok-2 Regulate the Formation of Memory CD8+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3618-3627. [PMID: 27664281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diverse signals received by CD8+ T cells are integrated to achieve the required magnitude of cell expansion and the appropriate balance of effector/memory CD8+ T cell generation. Notably, the strength and nature of TCR signaling influence the differentiation and functional capacity of effector and memory CD8+ T cells. Dok-1 and Dok-2, the two members of the Dok family expressed in T cells, negatively regulate TCR signaling in vitro. However, the role of Dok proteins in modulating T cell function in vivo has not yet studied. We studied the function of Dok-1 and Dok-2 proteins in the regulation of the CD8+ T cell response to vaccinia virus infection. Comparison of responses to vaccinia virus expressing OVA peptide SIINFEKL by wild-type and Dok-1/2-/- CD8+ OT-I cells showed that the absence of Dok-1 and Dok-2 slightly reduced the magnitude of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cell expansion. This was not due to reduced proliferation or enhanced apoptosis of effector CD8+ T cells. Dok-1/2-deficient effector CD8+ T cells showed increased cell surface TCR expression following virus infection in vivo and increased expression of granzyme B and TNF upon stimulation with peptide Ag ex vivo. Finally, Dok-1/2-deficient effector CD8+ T had a severe defect in survival that resulted in impaired generation of memory CD8+ T cells. These results reveal the critical involvement of Dok-1 and Dok-2 in a negative-feedback loop that prevents overactivation of CD8+ T cells and promotes memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Laroche-Lefebvre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Daudelin
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; and
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Esther Tarrab
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Roscoe Klinck
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; and
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Pascale Duplay
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada;
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24
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Voisinne G, García-Blesa A, Chaoui K, Fiore F, Bergot E, Girard L, Malissen M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Malissen B, Roncagalli R. Co-recruitment analysis of the CBL and CBLB signalosomes in primary T cells identifies CD5 as a key regulator of TCR-induced ubiquitylation. Mol Syst Biol 2016; 12:876. [PMID: 27474268 PMCID: PMC4965873 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20166837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential for the function of T cells and negatively regulated by the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases CBL and CBLB Here, we combined mouse genetics and affinity purification coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry to monitor the dynamics of the CBL and CBLB signaling complexes that assemble in normal T cells over 600 seconds of TCR stimulation. We identify most previously known CBL and CBLB interacting partners, as well as a majority of proteins that have not yet been implicated in those signaling complexes. We exploit correlations in protein association with CBL and CBLB as a function of time of TCR stimulation for predicting the occurrence of direct physical association between them. By combining co-recruitment analysis with biochemical analysis, we demonstrated that the CD5 transmembrane receptor constitutes a key scaffold for CBL- and CBLB-mediated ubiquitylation following TCR engagement. Our results offer an integrated view of the CBL and CBLB signaling complexes induced by TCR stimulation and provide a molecular basis for their negative regulatory function in normal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Antonio García-Blesa
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Bergot
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
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25
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Zhu LL, Luo TM, Xu X, Guo YH, Zhao XQ, Wang TT, Tang B, Jiang YY, Xu JF, Lin X, Jia XM. E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b negatively regulates C-type lectin receptor-mediated antifungal innate immunity. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1555-70. [PMID: 27432944 PMCID: PMC4986534 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses mediated by C-type lectin receptors Dectin-2 and Dectin-3 against fungal infections are negatively regulated by Cbl-b ubiquitination. Activation of various C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) initiates potent proinflammatory responses against various microbial infections. However, how activated CLRs are negatively regulated remains unknown. In this study, we report that activation of CLRs Dectin-2 and Dectin-3 by fungi infections triggers them for ubiquitination and degradation in a Syk-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B–lineage lymphoma protein b (Cbl-b) mediates the ubiquitination of these activated CLRs through associating with each other via adapter protein FcR-γ and tyrosine kinase Syk, and then the ubiquitinated CLRs are sorted into lysosomes for degradation by an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system. Therefore, the deficiency of either Cbl-b or ESCRT subunits significantly decreases the degradation of activated CLRs, thereby resulting in the higher expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation. Consistently, Cbl-b–deficient mice are more resistant to fungi infections compared with wild-type controls. Together, our study indicates that Cbl-b negatively regulates CLR-mediated antifungal innate immunity, which provides molecular insight for designing antifungal therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhu
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tian-Ming Luo
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ya-Hui Guo
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zhao
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Bing Tang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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26
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Jahan AS, Lestra M, Swee LK, Fan Y, Lamers MM, Tafesse FG, Theile CS, Spooner E, Bruzzone R, Ploegh HL, Sanyal S. Usp12 stabilizes the T-cell receptor complex at the cell surface during signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E705-14. [PMID: 26811477 PMCID: PMC4760780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521763113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications are central to the spatial and temporal regulation of protein function. Among others, phosphorylation and ubiquitylation are known to regulate proximal T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here we used a systematic and unbiased approach to uncover deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) that participate during TCR signaling in primary mouse T lymphocytes. Using a C-terminally modified vinyl methyl ester variant of ubiquitin (HA-Ub-VME), we captured DUBs that are differentially recruited to the cytosol on TCR activation. We identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase (Usp) 12 and Usp46, which had not been previously described in this pathway. Stimulation with anti-CD3 resulted in phosphorylation and time-dependent translocation of Usp12 from the nucleus to the cytosol. Usp12(-/-) Jurkat cells displayed defective NFκB, NFAT, and MAPK activities owing to attenuated surface expression of TCR, which were rescued on reconstitution of wild type Usp12. Proximity-based labeling with BirA-Usp12 revealed several TCR adaptor proteins acting as interactors in stimulated cells, of which LAT and Trat1 displayed reduced expression in Usp12(-/-) cells. We demonstrate that Usp12 deubiquitylates and prevents lysosomal degradation of LAT and Trat1 to maintain the proximal TCR complex for the duration of signaling. Our approach benefits from the use of activity-based probes in primary cells without any previous genome modification, and underscores the importance of ubiquitin-mediated regulation to refine signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhee S Jahan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Maxime Lestra
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lee Kim Swee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ying Fan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mart M Lamers
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Eric Spooner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
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27
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Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Horn LA, Haile ST. The programmed death-1 immune-suppressive pathway: barrier to antitumor immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:3835-41. [PMID: 25281753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as B7 homolog 1 or CD274) is a major obstacle to antitumor immunity because it tolerizes/anergizes tumor-reactive T cells by binding to its receptor programmed death-1 (CD279), renders tumor cells resistant to CD8(+) T cell- and FasL-mediated lysis, and tolerizes T cells by reverse signaling through T cell-expressed CD80. PD-L1 is abundant in the tumor microenvironment, where it is expressed by many malignant cells, as well as by immune cells and vascular endothelial cells. The critical role of PD-L1 in obstructing antitumor immunity has been demonstrated in multiple animal models and in recent clinical trials. This article reviews the mechanisms by which PD-L1 impairs antitumor immunity and discusses established and experimental strategies for maintaining T cell activation in the presence of PD-L1-expressing cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas A Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Samuel T Haile
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
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28
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Liu Q, Zhou H, Langdon WY, Zhang J. E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b in innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1875-84. [PMID: 24875217 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b), a RING finger E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in establishing the threshold for T-cell activation and controlling peripheral T-cell tolerance via multiple mechanisms. Accumulating evidence suggests that Cbl-b also regulates innate immune responses and plays an important role in host defense to pathogens. Understanding the signaling pathways regulated by Cbl-b in innate and adaptive immune cells is therefore essential for efficient manipulation of Cbl-b in emerging immunotherapies for human disorders such as autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation, infections, and cancer. In this article, we review the latest developments in the molecular structural basis of Cbl-b function, the regulation of Cbl-b expression, the signaling mechanisms of Cbl-b in immune cells, as well as the biological function of Cbl-b in physiological and pathological immune responses in animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- Laboratory of Immunohematology; Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine; Beijing, PR China; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Hong Zhou
- Laboratory of Immunohematology; Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine; Beijing, PR China
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Western Australia; Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA
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29
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Liechtenstein T, Perez-Janices N, Bricogne C, Lanna A, Dufait I, Goyvaerts C, Laranga R, Padella A, Arce F, Baratchian M, Ramirez N, Lopez N, Kochan G, Blanco-Luquin I, Guerrero-Setas D, Breckpot K, Escors D. Immune modulation by genetic modification of dendritic cells with lentiviral vectors. Virus Res 2013; 176:1-15. [PMID: 23726846 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our work over the past eight years has focused on the use of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors (lentivectors) for the genetic modification of dendritic cells (DCs) to control their functions in immune modulation. DCs are key professional antigen presenting cells which regulate the activity of most effector immune cells, including T, B and NK cells. Their genetic modification provides the means for the development of targeted therapies towards cancer and autoimmune disease. We have been modulating with lentivectors the activity of intracellular signalling pathways and co-stimulation during antigen presentation to T cells, to fine-tune the type and strength of the immune response. In the course of our research, we have found unexpected results such as the surprising immunosuppressive role of anti-viral signalling pathways, and the close link between negative co-stimulation in the immunological synapse and T cell receptor trafficking. Here we review our major findings and put them into context with other published work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Liechtenstein
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
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30
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Liechtenstein T, Dufait I, Bricogne C, Lanna A, Pen J, Breckpot K, Escors D. PD-L1/PD-1 Co-Stimulation, a Brake for T cell Activation and a T cell Differentiation Signal. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2012; S12:006. [PMID: 23525238 PMCID: PMC3605779 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.s12-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For T cell activation, three signals have to be provided from the antigen presenting cell; Signal 1 (antigen recognition), signal 2 (co-stimulation) and signal 3 (cytokine priming). Blocking negative co-stimulation during antigen presentation to T cells is becoming a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Here we will focus on interference with PD-1/PD-L1 negative co-stimulation during antigen presentation to T cells as a therapeutic approach. We will discuss the potential mechanisms and the therapeutic consequences by which interference/inhibition with this interaction results in anti-tumour immunity. Particularly, we will comment on whether blocking negative co-stimulation provides differentiation signals to T cells undergoing antigen presentation. A major dogma in immunology states that T cell differentiation signals are given by cytokines and chemokines (signal 3) rather than co-stimulation (signal 2). We will discuss whether this is the case when blocking PD-L1/PD-1 negative co-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Liechtenstein
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
| | - Ines Dufait
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology-Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, B-1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Christopher Bricogne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
| | - Alessio Lanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
| | - Joeri Pen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology-Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, B-1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology-Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, B-1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - David Escors
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
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31
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Karwacz K, Bricogne C, MacDonald D, Arce F, Bennett CL, Collins M, Escors D. PD-L1 co-stimulation contributes to ligand-induced T cell receptor down-modulation on CD8+ T cells. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:581-92. [PMID: 21739608 PMCID: PMC3191120 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) down-modulation after antigen presentation is a fundamental process that regulates TCR signal transduction. Current understanding of this process is that intrinsic TCR/CD28 signal transduction leads to TCR down-modulation. Here, we show that the interaction between programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) on dendritic cells (DCs) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) on CD8 T cells contributes to ligand-induced TCR down-modulation. We provide evidence that this occurs via Casitas B-lymphoma (Cbl)-b E3 ubiquitin ligase up-regulation in CD8 T cells. Interference with PD-L1/PD-1 signalling markedly inhibits TCR down-modulation leading to hyper-activated, proliferative CD8 T cells as assessed in vitro and in vivo in an arthritis model. PD-L1 silencing accelerates anti-tumour immune responses and strongly potentiates DC anti-tumour capacities, when combined with mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) modulators that promote DC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Karwacz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, UK
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Abstract
Viral persistence during chronic viral infections is associated with a progressive loss of T-cell effector function called functional exhaustion. There is therefore a need to develop immunotherapies to remediate the functional deficits of T cells during these infections. We investigated the immunotherapeutic effects of IL-7 during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. Our results showed that the effects of IL-7 on T cells depend on the viral load, timing, and duration of treatment during the course of the infection. We document that the effectiveness of IL-7 was constrained by high viral load early in the infection, but treatment for at least 3 weeks during declining viral titers mitigated the programmed contraction of CD8 T cells, markedly enhanced the number of high-quality polyfunctional virus-specific CD8 T cells with a nonexhausted phenotype, and accelerated viral control. Mechanistically, the enhancement of CD8 T-cell responses by IL-7 was associated with increased proliferation and induction of Bcl-2, but not with altered levels of PD-1 or Cbl-b. In summary, our results strongly suggest that IL-7 therapy is a potential strategy to bolster the quality and quantity of T-cell responses in patients with chronic viral infections.
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Riese MJ, Grewal J, Das J, Zou T, Patil V, Chakraborty AK, Koretzky GA. Decreased diacylglycerol metabolism enhances ERK activation and augments CD8+ T cell functional responses. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5254-65. [PMID: 21138839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.171884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of T cell receptor signal transduction in CD8(+) T cells represents a novel strategy toward enhancing the immune response to tumor. Recently, levels of guanine exchange factors, RasGRP and SOS, within T cells have been shown to represent a key determinant in the regulation of the analog to the digital activation threshold of Ras. One important for regulating activation levels of RasGRP is diacylglycerol (DAG), and its levels are influenced by diacylglycerol kinase-ζ (DGKζ), which metabolizes DAG into phosphatidic acid, terminating DAG-mediated Ras signaling. We sought to determine whether DGKζ-deficient CD8(+) T cells demonstrated enhanced in vitro responses in a manner predicted by the current model of Ras activation and to evaluate whether targeting this threshold confers enhanced CD8(+) T cell responsiveness to tumor. We observed that DGKζ-deficient CD8(+) T cells conform to most predictions of the current model of how RasGRP levels influence Ras activation. But our results differ in that the EC(50) value of stimulation is not altered for any T cell receptor stimulus, a finding that suggests a further degree of complexity to how DGKζ deficiency affects signals important for Ras and ERK activation. Additionally, we found that DGKζ-deficient CD8(+) T cells demonstrate enhanced responsiveness in a subcutaneous lymphoma model, implicating the analog to a digital conversion threshold as a novel target for potential therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Riese
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Yi JS, Cox MA, Zajac AJ. T-cell exhaustion: characteristics, causes and conversion. Immunology 2010; 129:474-81. [PMID: 20201977 PMCID: PMC2842494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion is characterized by the stepwise and progressive loss of T-cell functions and can culminate in the physical deletion of the responding cells. Exhaustion is well-defined during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and commonly develops under conditions of antigen-persistence, which occur following many chronic infections that are of significant public health concern including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections, as well as during tumour outgrowth. Exhaustion is not a uniformly disabled setting as a gradation of phenotypic and functional defects can manifest, and these cells are distinct from prototypic effector, memory and also anergic T cells. We are gaining insights into the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that determine the severity of exhaustion. These include the duration and magnitude of antigenic activation, availability of CD4 T-cell help, the levels of stimulatory and suppressive cytokines, as well as the expression of activatory and inhibitory receptors. More information is now becoming available regarding the molecular mechanisms that attenuate the responsiveness of exhausted T cells. As the parameters that dictate exhaustion are more thoroughly defined, this is fostering the development of methods that prevent and rejuvenate functionally inferior responses. In this article we discuss our current understanding of the properties of exhausted T cells and the mechanisms that promote and maintain this state.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Yi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Doherty M, Osborne DG, Browning DL, Parker DC, Wetzel SA. Anergic CD4+ T cells form mature immunological synapses with enhanced accumulation of c-Cbl and Cbl-b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3598-608. [PMID: 20207996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell recognition of MHC:peptide complexes in the context of a costimulatory signal results in the large-scale redistribution of molecules at the T cell-APC interface to form the immunological synapse. The immunological synapse is the location of sustained TCR signaling and delivery of a subset of effector functions. T cells activated in the absence of costimulation are rendered anergic and are hyporesponsive when presented with Ag in the presence of optimal costimulation. Several previous studies have looked at aspects of immunological synapses formed by anergic T cells, but it remains unclear whether there are differences in the formation or composition of anergic immunological synapses. In this study, we energized primary murine CD4(+) T cells by incubation of costimulation-deficient, transfected fibroblast APCs. Using a combination of TCR, MHC:peptide, and ICAM-1 staining, we found that anergic T cells make mature immunological synapses with characteristic central and peripheral supramolecular activation cluster domains that were indistinguishable from control synapses. There were small increases in total phosphotyrosine at the anergic synapse along with significant decreases in phosphorylated ERK 1/2 accumulation. Most striking, there was specific accumulation of c-Cbl and Cbl-b to the anergic synapses. Cbl-b, previously shown to be essential in anergy induction, was found in both the central and the peripheral supramolecular activation clusters of the anergic synapse. This Cbl-b (and c-Cbl) accumulation at the anergic synapse may play an important role in anergy maintenance, induction, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Doherty
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Paolino M, Penninger JM. Cbl-b in T-cell activation. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:137-48. [PMID: 20458601 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral activation of antigen-specific T cells is stringently controlled to prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Only after a T cell is presented with two signals, an antigen and a co-stimulatory signal, can they be fully activated. In case antigen presentation occurs without co-stimulation, T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathways are regulated to prevent T-cell activation and induce T-cell tolerance. Thus, for a productive T-cell response to occur, co-stimulatory receptors need to serve the dual role of amplifying the TCR signaling while concomitantly releasing T cells from suppression. Biochemical and genetic studies during the last 10 years have documented the critical role of the E3 ubiquitin-ligase Cbl-b in this fundamental two-signal modulation of T-cell responses. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding on how Cbl-b controls T-cell activation and tolerance, its in vivo implications, as well as mechanisms for tuning T-cell-mediated immune responses by this essential E3 ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Paolino
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Yang T, Martin ML, Nielsen JS, Milne K, Wall EM, Lin W, Watson PH, Nelson BH. Mammary tumors with diverse immunological phenotypes show differing sensitivity to adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells lacking the Cbl-b gene. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1865-75. [PMID: 19350239 PMCID: PMC11030869 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We tested the efficacy of CD8+ T cells lacking the Cbl-b gene against a panel of mammary tumor lines with different intrinsic sensitivities to T cells. Mice bearing established tumors expressing an ovalbumin-tagged version of HER-2/neu underwent adoptive transfer with Cbl-b-replete or -null CD8+ T cells from OT-I T cell receptor transgenic donor mice. In general, Cbl-b-null OT-I cells showed enhanced expansion, persistence, and capacity for tumor infiltration. This resulted in markedly enhanced efficacy against two tumor lines that normally demonstrate complete (NOP21) or partial (NOP23) regression. Moreover, a third tumor line (NOP6) that normally demonstrates progressive disease underwent complete regression in response to Cbl-b-null OT-I cells. However, a fourth tumor line (NOP18) was resistant to Cbl-b-null OT-I cells owing to a profound barrier to lymphocyte infiltration. Thus, Cbl-b-null CD8+ T cells are generally more efficacious but are nonetheless unable to mediate curative responses against all tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimei Yang
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Michele L. Martin
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
| | - Julie S. Nielsen
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Katy Milne
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Erika M. Wall
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry/Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
| | - Wendy Lin
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Peter H. Watson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry/Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Brad H. Nelson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
- Department of Biochemistry/Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
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Abstract
CD28 is a receptor expressed on T cells that regulates their differentiation after antigen stimulation to long-term-survival memory T cells. CD28 enhances T-cell receptor signals and reduces expression of CBL ubiquitin ligases, which negatively control T-cell activation. In the absence of CD28 ligation during the primary stimulation, CBL levels remain high and T cells fail to mount an efficient secondary response. CD28 associates with p85alpha, one of the regulatory subunits of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), but the relevance of this interaction is debated. We examined here the contribution of the other ubiquitous PI3K regulatory subunit, p85beta, in CD28 function. We describe that p85beta bound to CD28 and to CBL with greater affinity than p85alpha. Moreover, deletion of p85beta impaired CD28-induced intracellular events, including c-CBL and CBL-b down-regulation as well as PI3K pathway activation. This resulted in defective differentiation of activated T cells, which failed to exhibit an efficient secondary immune response. Considering that p85beta-deficient T cells fail in recall responses and that p85beta binds to and regulates CD28 signals, the presented observations suggest the involvement of p85beta in CD28-mediated activation and differentiation of antigen-stimulated T cells.
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Zhang R, Zhang N, Mueller DL. Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b inhibits antigen recognition and slows cell cycle progression at late times during CD4+ T cell clonal expansion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5331-9. [PMID: 18832689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Optimal clonal expansion of CD4(+) T cells during the primary response to Ag requires prolonged TCR recognition of peptide Ag/MHC complexes. In this study, we investigated the capacity of Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b) to counter-regulate late TCR signals necessary for continued cell division in vivo. During the first 24 h of a primary response to Ag, Cblb(-/-) 5C.C7 CD4(+) T cells demonstrated no alteration in CD69, CD25, and CD71 up-regulation or cell growth as compared with wild-type cells. Nevertheless, beyond 24 h, both the expression of CD71 and the rate of cell division were increased in the genetic absence of Cbl-b, leading to an augmented clonal expansion. This deregulation of late T cell proliferation in the absence of Cbl-b resulted in part from an inability of Cblb(-/-) T cells to desensitize Akt, PLCgamma-1, and ERK phosphorylation events downstream of the TCR/CD3 complex, in addition to their failure to undergo a growth arrest in the absence of Ag. These observations now suggest a novel role for Cbl-b in triggering the exit from cell cycle at the end of a CD4(+) T cell clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Zhang
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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