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Fortner A, Chera A, Tanca A, Bucur O. Apoptosis regulation by the tyrosine-protein kinase CSK. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1078180. [PMID: 36578781 PMCID: PMC9792154 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1078180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) is a cytosolic tyrosine-protein kinase with an important role in regulating critical cellular decisions, such as cellular apoptosis, survival, proliferation, cytoskeletal organization and many others. Current knowledge on the CSK mechanisms of action, regulation and functions is still at an early stage, most of CSK's known actions and functions being mediated by the negative regulation of the SRC family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs) through phosphorylation. As SFKs play a vital role in apoptosis, cell proliferation and survival regulation, SFK inhibition by CSK has a pro-apoptotic effect, which is mediated by the inhibition of cellular signaling cascades controlled by SFKs, such as the MAPK/ERK, STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Abnormal functioning of CSK and SFK activation can lead to diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurological manifestations. This review describes apoptosis regulation by CSK, CSK inhibition of the SFKs and further explores the clinical relevance of CSK in important pathologies, such as cancer, autoimmune, autoinflammatory, neurologic diseases, hypertension and HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Fortner
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania,Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chera
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania,Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antoanela Tanca
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania,Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,*Correspondence: Octavian Bucur, ; Antoanela Tanca,
| | - Octavian Bucur
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania,Viron Molecular Medicine Institute, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Octavian Bucur, ; Antoanela Tanca,
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Kumari S, Dash PK, Kumari T, Guo ML, Ghosh JK, Buch SJ, Tripathi RK. HIV-1 Nef hijacks both exocytic and endocytic pathways of host intracellular trafficking through differential regulation of Rab GTPases. Biol Cell 2022; 114:276-292. [PMID: 35713972 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef regulates several cellular functions in an infected cell which results in viral persistence and AIDS pathogenesis. The currently understood molecular mechanism(s) underlying Nef-dependent cellular function(s) are unable to explain how events are coordinately regulated in the host cell. Intracellular membranous trafficking maintains cellular homeostasis and is regulated by Rab GTPases - a member of the Ras superfamily. In the current study, we tried to decipher the role of Nef on the Rab GTPases-dependent complex and vesicular trafficking. Expression profiling of Rabs in Nef-expressing cells showed that Nef differentially regulates the expression of individual Rabs in a cell-specific manner. Further analysis of Rabs in HIV-1NL4-3 or ΔNef infected cells demonstrated that the Nef protein is responsible for variation in Rabs expression. Using a panel of competitive peptide inhibitors against Nef, we identified the critical domain of HIV-1 Nef involved in modulation of Rabs expression. The molecular function of Nef-mediated upregulation of Rab5 and Rab7 and downregulation of Rab11 increased the transport of SERINC5 from the cell surface to the lysosomal compartment. Moreover, the Nef-dependent increase in Rab27 expression assists exosome release. Reversal of Rabs expression using competitive inhibitors against Nef and manipulation of Rabs expression reduced viral release and infectivity of progeny virions. Overall, this study demonstrates that Nef differentially regulates the expression of Rab proteins in HIV-1 infected cells to hijack the host intracellular trafficking, which augments viral replication and HIV-1 pathogenesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Kumari
- Virus Research and Therapeutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, U.P., 226031, India
| | - Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tripti Kumari
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, U.P., 226031, India
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jimut Kanti Ghosh
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, U.P., 226031, India
| | - Shilpa J Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Raj Kamal Tripathi
- Virus Research and Therapeutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, U.P., 226031, India
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3
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Geng J, Wang Z, Wu Y, Yu L, Wang L, Dong Q, Liu C, Chi Z. Intrinsic specificity of plain ammonium citrate carbon dots for Helicobacter pylori: Interfacial mechanism, diagnostic translation and general revelation. Mater Today Bio 2022; 15:100282. [PMID: 35601896 PMCID: PMC9119834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of carbon dots (CDs) is now flourishing; however, more effort is needed to overcome their lack of intrinsic specificity. Herein, instead of synthesizing novel CDs, we reinvestigated three reported CDs and discovered that plain ammonium citrate CDs (AC-CDs) exhibited surprising specificity for Helicobacter pylori. Notably, we showed that the interfacial mechanism behind this specificity was due to the affinity between the high abundant urea/ammonium transporters on H. pylori outer membrane and the surface-coordinated ammonium ions on AC-CDs. Further, we justified that ammonium sulfate-citric acid CDs also possessed H. pylori-specificity owing to their NH4+ doping. Thereby, we suggested that the incorporation of a molecule that could be actively transported by abundant membrane receptors into the precursors of CDs might serve as a basis for developing a plain CD with intrinsic specificity for H. pylori. Moreover, AC-CDs exhibited specificity towards live, dead, and multidrug-resistant H. pylori strains. Based on the specificity, we developed a microfluidics-assisted in vitro sensing approach for H. pylori, achieving a simplified, rapid and ultrasensitive detection with two procedures, shortened time within 45.0 min and a low actual limit of detection of 10.0 CFU mL−1. This work sheds light on the design of more H. pylori-specific or even bacteria-specific CDs and their realistic translation into clinical practice. Plain ammonium citrate CDs have intrinsic specificity for Helicobacter pylori. Affinity of outer-membrane urea receptors to NH4+ on CDs decides the specificity. The specific CDs coupling microfluidics confers a simplified detection of H. pylori. The mechanism and translation inspire the engineering of bacteria-specific CDs.
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4
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Oom AL, Stoneham CA, Lewinski MK, Richards A, Wozniak JM, Shams-Ud-Doha K, Gonzalez DJ, Krogan NJ, Guatelli J. Comparative Analysis of T-Cell Spatial Proteomics and the Influence of HIV Expression. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100194. [PMID: 35017099 PMCID: PMC8956815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As systems biology approaches to virology have become more tractable, highly studied viruses such as HIV can now be analyzed in new unbiased ways, including spatial proteomics. We employed here a differential centrifugation protocol to fractionate Jurkat T cells for proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry; these cells contain inducible HIV-1 genomes, enabling us to look for changes in the spatial proteome induced by viral gene expression. Using these proteomics data, we evaluated the merits of several reported machine learning pipelines for classification of the spatial proteome and identification of protein translocations. From these analyses, we found that classifier performance in this system was organelle dependent, with Bayesian t-augmented Gaussian mixture modeling outperforming support vector machine learning for mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum proteins but underperforming on cytosolic, nuclear, and plasma membrane proteins by QSep analysis. We also observed a generally higher performance for protein translocation identification using a Bayesian model, Bayesian analysis of differential localization experiments, on row-normalized data. Comparative Bayesian analysis of differential localization experiment analysis of cells induced to express the WT viral genome versus cells induced to express a genome unable to express the accessory protein Nef identified known Nef-dependent interactors such as T-cell receptor signaling components and coatomer complex. Finally, we found that support vector machine classification showed higher consistency and was less sensitive to HIV-dependent noise. These findings illustrate important considerations for studies of the spatial proteome following viral infection or viral gene expression and provide a reference for future studies of HIV-gene-dropout viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Oom
- Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, La Jolla, California, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Charlotte A Stoneham
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, La Jolla, California, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mary K Lewinski
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alicia Richards
- Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Institute for Virology and Immunology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob M Wozniak
- Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Km Shams-Ud-Doha
- Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Institute for Virology and Immunology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Guatelli
- Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, La Jolla, California, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
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5
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Navarrete-Muñoz MA, Llorens C, Benito JM, Rallón N. Extracellular Vesicles as a New Promising Therapy in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:811471. [PMID: 35058938 PMCID: PMC8765339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.811471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively blocks HIV replication but cannot completely eliminate HIV from the body mainly due to establishment of a viral reservoir. To date, clinical strategies designed to replace cART for life and alternatively to eliminate the HIV reservoir have failed. The reduced expression of viral antigens in the latently infected cells is one of the main reasons behind the failure of the strategies to purge the HIV reservoir. This situation has forced the scientific community to search alternative therapeutic strategies to control HIV infection. In this regard, recent findings have pointed out extracellular vesicles as therapeutic agents with enormous potential to control HIV infection. This review focuses on their role as pro-viral and anti-viral factors, as well as their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Navarrete-Muñoz
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain.,Biotechvana, Madrid Scientific Park Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Madrid Scientific Park Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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6
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Campbell LA, Mocchetti I. Extracellular Vesicles and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Implications in Neuropathogenesis and Disease Diagnosis. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2098-2107. [PMID: 34618322 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous structures of nanometer size that carry diverse cargoes including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Their secretion into the extracellular space and delivery of their cargo to recipient cells can alter cellular function and intracellular communication. In this review, we summarize the role of extracellular vesicles in the disease pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) by focusing on their role in viral entry, neuroinflammation, and neuronal degeneration. We also discuss the potential role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers of HAND. Together, this review aims to convey the importance of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of HAND and foster interest in their role in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Campbell
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, EP09 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, EP09 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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7
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Post-translational modifications and stabilization of microtubules regulate transport of viral factors during infections. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1735-1748. [PMID: 34436545 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitute a source of diversity for microtubule (MT) functions, in addition to the different isotypes of α and β-tubulin acting as building blocks of MTs. Also, MT-associated proteins (MAPs) confer different characteristics to MTs. The combination of all these factors regulates the stability of these structures that act as rails to transport organelles within the cell, facilitating the association of motor complexes. All these functions are involved in crucial cellular processes in most cell types, ranging from spindle formation in mitosis to the defense against incoming cellular threats during phagocytosis mediated by immune cells. The regulation of MT dynamics through tubulin PTMs has evolved to depend on many different factors that act in a complex orchestrated manner. These tightly regulated processes are particularly relevant during the induction of effective immune responses against pathogens. Viruses have proved not only to hijack MTs and MAPs in order to favor an efficient infection, but also to induce certain PTMs that improve their cellular spread and lead to secondary consequences of viral processes. In this review, we offer a perspective on relevant MT-related elements exploited by viruses.
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Minutolo A, Potestà M, Roglia V, Cirilli M, Iacovelli F, Cerva C, Fokam J, Desideri A, Andreoni M, Grelli S, Colizzi V, Muleo R, Montesano C. Plant microRNAs from Moringa oleifera Regulate Immune Response and HIV Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:620038. [PMID: 33643043 PMCID: PMC7905167 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.620038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine is often chosen due to its affordability, its familiarity with patient’s cultural practices, and its wider access to the local community. Plants play an important role in providing indispensable nutrients, while specific small RNAs can regulate human gene expression in a cross-kingdom manner. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of plant-enriched purified extract microRNAs from Moringa oleifera seeds (MO) on the immune response and on HIV infection. Bioinformatic analysis shows that plant microRNAs (p-miRs) from MO belonging to 18 conserved families, including p-miR160h, p-miR166, p-miR482b, p-miR159c, p-miR395d, p-miR2118a, p-miR393a, p-miR167f-3p, and p-miR858b are predicted to target with high affinity BCL2, IL2RA, TNF, and VAV1, all these being involved in the cell cycle, apoptosis, immune response and also in the regulation of HIV pathogenesis. The effects of MO p-miRs transfected into HIV+ PBMCs were analyzed and revealed a decrease in viability associated with an increase of apoptosis; an increase of T helper cells expressing Fas and a decrease of intracellular Bcl2 protein expression. Meanwhile no effects were detected in PBMCs from healthy donors. In CD4+ T cells, transfection significantly reduced cell activation and modified the T cell differentiation, thereby decreasing both central and effector memory cells while increasing terminal effector memory cells. Interestingly, the p-miRs transfection induces a reduction of intracellular HIV p24 protein and a reduction of viral DNA integration. Finally, we evaluated the effect of synthetic (mimic) p-miR858b whose sequence is present in the MO p-miR pool and predicted to target VAV1, a protein involved in HIV-Nef binding. This protein plays a pivotal role in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling, so triggering the activation of various pathways. The transfection of HIV+ PBMCs with the synthetic p-miR858b showed a reduced expression of VAV1 and HIV p24 proteins. Overall, our evidence defines putative mechanisms underlying a supplementary benefit of traditional medicine, alongside current antiretroviral therapy, in managing HIV infection in resource-limited settings where MO remains widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Potestà
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Roglia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cirilli
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlotta Cerva
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph Fokam
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Massimo Andreoni
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Colizzi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Evangelic University of Cameroon, Bandjoun, Cameroon
| | - Rosario Muleo
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Carla Montesano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Ibrahim IH, Ellakwa DES. SUMO pathway, blood coagulation and oxidative stress in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100938. [PMID: 33558851 PMCID: PMC7857074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS CoV-2) is currently an international pandemic causing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Viral entry requires ACE2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for membrane fusion or through endosomal pathway. This Study aims to assess transcriptomic changes and differentially expressed genes (DFGs) in COVID-19. Methods Transcriptomic data of the publicly available dataset (GSE147507) was quantile normalized and analysed for DFGs, network analysis and pathway analysis. Results DFG sets showed that 8 genes (SAE1, AEBP2, ATP1A1, DKK3, MAFF, NUDC, TRAP1, and VAV1) were significantly dysregulated in all studied groups. Functional analysis revealed that negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthesis, protein SUMOylation (SAE1), blood coagulation (VAV1) and cellular response to stress were affected by SARS CoV-2 infection. Cell line transduction with ACE2 vector didn't show significant changes in the dysregulated pathways. Also, no significant change was observed in expression levels of ACE2 or TMPRSS2 in response to SARS CoV-2 infection. Further analysis showed dysregulation of several genes in the SUMOylation pathway and blood coagulation process in human and cell lines transcriptome. Also, several Cathepsins proteases were significantly dysregulated in case of SARS CoV-2 infection. Genes related to cellular response to stress such as TRAP-1 and NOX were dysregulated in cases of SARS CoV-2 infection. Conclusion Dysregulation in genes of protein SUMOylation, blood coagulation and response to oxidative stress pathways in SARS CoV-2 infection could be critical for disease progression. Drugs acting on SUMO pathway, VAV1, NOX genes could be studied for potential benefit to COVID-19 patients. Negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthesis was affected by SARS CoV-2. Protein SUMOylation was affected by SARS CoV-2 infection. Blood coagulation was affected by SARS CoV-2 infection. Cellular response to oxidative stress was affected by SARS CoV-2 infection. Cathepsins proteases were significantly dysregulated in SARS CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Hassan Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls)-Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doha El-Sayed Ellakwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls)-Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Mastrogiovanni M, Juzans M, Alcover A, Di Bartolo V. Coordinating Cytoskeleton and Molecular Traffic in T Cell Migration, Activation, and Effector Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591348. [PMID: 33195256 PMCID: PMC7609836 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.591348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic localization of receptors and signaling molecules at the plasma membrane and within intracellular vesicular compartments is crucial for T lymphocyte sensing environmental cues, triggering membrane receptors, recruiting signaling molecules, and fine-tuning of intracellular signals. The orchestrated action of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and intracellular vesicle traffic plays a key role in all these events that together ensure important steps in T cell physiology. These include extravasation and migration through lymphoid and peripheral tissues, T cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells, T cell receptor (TCR) triggering by cognate antigen–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes, immunological synapse formation, cell activation, and effector functions. Cytoskeletal and vesicle traffic dynamics and their interplay are coordinated by a variety of regulatory molecules. Among them, polarity regulators and membrane–cytoskeleton linkers are master controllers of this interplay. Here, we review the various ways the T cell plasma membrane, receptors, and their signaling machinery interplay with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and with intracellular vesicular compartments. We highlight the importance of this fine-tuned crosstalk in three key stages of T cell biology involving cell polarization: T cell migration in response to chemokines, immunological synapse formation in response to antigen cues, and effector functions. Finally, we discuss two examples of perturbation of this interplay in pathological settings, such as HIV-1 infection and mutation of the polarity regulator and tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) that leads to familial polyposis and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mastrogiovanni
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer - Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marie Juzans
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer - Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer - Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer - Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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11
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McNamara RP, Dittmer DP. Extracellular vesicles in virus infection and pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:129-138. [PMID: 32846272 PMCID: PMC7755726 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that usurp cellular signaling networks to promote pathogen spread and disease progression. Signaling through extracellular vesicles (EVs) is an emerging field of study in the virus-host interaction network. EVs relay information both locally and distally through incorporated contents, typically without tripping innate immune sensors. Therefore, this extracellular signaling axis presents itself as a tantalizing target for promoting a favorable niche for the pathogen(s) takeover of the host, particularly for chronic infections. From the incorporation of virus-encoded molecules such as micro RNAs and proteins/enzymes to the envelopment of entire infectious particles, evolutionary distinct viruses have shown a remarkable ability to converge on this means of communication. In this review, we will cover the recent advances in this field and explore how EV can be used as potential biomarkers for chronic, persistent, or latent virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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12
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Chompre G, Martinez-Orengo N, Cruz M, Porter JT, Noel RJ. TGFβRI antagonist inhibits HIV-1 Nef-induced CC chemokine family ligand 2 (CCL2) in the brain and prevents spatial learning impairment. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:262. [PMID: 31829243 PMCID: PMC6905066 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) progression is related to continued inflammation despite undetectable viral loads and may be caused by early viral proteins expressed by latently infected cells. Astrocytes represent an HIV reservoir in the brain where the early viral neurotoxin negative factor (Nef) is produced. We previously demonstrated that astrocytic expression of Nef in the hippocampus of rats causes inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and memory impairment. Since these processes are affected by TGFβ signaling pathways, and TGFβ-1 is found at higher levels in the central nervous system of HIV-1+ individuals and is released by astrocytes, we hypothesized a role for TGFβ-1 in our model of Nef neurotoxicity. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we compared cytokine gene expression by cultured astrocytes expressing Nef or green fluorescent protein. To determine the role of Nef and a TGFβRI inhibitor on memory and learning, we infused astrocytes expressing Nef into the hippocampus of rats and then treated them daily with an oral dose of SD208 (10 mg/kg) or placebo for 7 days. During this time, locomotor activity was recorded in an open field and spatial learning tested in the novel location recognition paradigm. Postmortem tissue analyses of inflammatory and signaling molecules were conducted using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS TGFβ-1 was induced in cultures expressing Nef at 24 h followed by CCL2 induction which was prevented by blocking TGFβRI with SD208 (competitive inhibitor). Interestingly, Nef seems to change the TGFβRI localization as suggested by the distribution of the immunoreactivity. Nef caused a deficit in spatial learning that was recovered upon co-administration of SD208. Brain tissue from Nef-treated rats given SD208 showed reduced CCL2, phospho-SMAD2, cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163), and GFAP immunoreactivity compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with our previous findings, rats treated with Nef showed deficits in spatial learning and memory in the novel location recognition task. In contrast, rats treated with Nef + SD208 showed better spatial learning suggesting that Nef disrupts memory formation in a TGFβ-1-dependent manner. The TGFβRI inhibitor further reduced the induction of inflammation by Nef which was concomitant with decreased TGFβ signaling. Our findings suggest that TGFβ-1 signaling is an intriguing target to reduce neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Chompre
- Biology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Neysha Martinez-Orengo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Medical School, Ponce Research Institute, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR, 00731, USA
| | - Myrella Cruz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Medical School, Ponce Research Institute, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR, 00731, USA
| | - James T Porter
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Medical School, Ponce Research Institute, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR, 00731, USA
| | - Richard J Noel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Medical School, Ponce Research Institute, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR, 00731, USA.
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Saveanu L, Zucchetti AE, Evnouchidou I, Ardouin L, Hivroz C. Is there a place and role for endocyticTCRsignaling? Immunol Rev 2019; 291:57-74. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Saveanu
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Andres E. Zucchetti
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Irini Evnouchidou
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Inovarion Paris France
| | - Laurence Ardouin
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
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14
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Onnis A, Baldari CT. Orchestration of Immunological Synapse Assembly by Vesicular Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:110. [PMID: 31334230 PMCID: PMC6616304 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) by cognate peptide bound to the Major Histocompatibility Complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) leads to the spatial reorganization of the TCR and accessory receptors to form a specialized area of intimate contact between T cell and APC, known as the immunological synapse (IS), where signals are deciphered, coordinated, and integrated to promote T cell activation. With the discovery that an endosomal TCR pool contributes to IS assembly and function by undergoing polarized recycling to the IS, recent years have witnessed a shift from a plasma membrane-centric view of the IS to the vesicular trafficking events that occur at this location following the TCR-dependent translocation of the centrosome toward the synaptic membrane. Here we will summarize our current understanding of the trafficking pathways that are responsible for the steady delivery of endosomal TCRs, kinases, and adapters to the IS to sustain signaling, as well as of the endocytic pathways responsible for signal termination. We will also discuss recent evidence highlighting a role for endosomes in sustaining TCR signaling after its internalization at the IS and identifying the IS as a site of formation and release of extracellular vesicles that allow for transcellular communication with the APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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15
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Burnie J, Guzzo C. The Incorporation of Host Proteins into the External HIV-1 Envelope. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010085. [PMID: 30669528 PMCID: PMC6356245 DOI: 10.3390/v11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of biologically active host proteins into HIV-1 is a well-established phenomenon, particularly due to the budding mechanism of viral egress in which viruses acquire their external lipid membrane directly from the host cell. While this mechanism might seemingly imply that host protein incorporation is a passive uptake of all cellular antigens associated with the plasma membrane at the site of budding, this is not the case. Herein, we review the evidence indicating that host protein incorporation can be a selective and conserved process. We discuss how HIV-1 virions displaying host proteins on their surface can exhibit a myriad of altered phenotypes, with notable impacts on infectivity, homing, neutralization, and pathogenesis. This review describes the canonical and emerging methods to detect host protein incorporation, highlights the well-established host proteins that have been identified on HIV-1 virions, and reflects on the role of these incorporated proteins in viral pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting. Despite many advances in HIV treatment and prevention, there remains a global effort to develop increasingly effective anti-HIV therapies. Given the broad range of biologically active host proteins acquired on the surface of HIV-1, additional studies on the mechanisms and impacts of these incorporated host proteins may inform the development of novel treatments and vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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