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Skrzeszewski M, Maciejewska M, Kobza D, Gawrylak A, Kieda C, Waś H. Risk factors of using late-autophagy inhibitors: Aspects to consider when combined with anticancer therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116277. [PMID: 38740222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer resistance to therapy is still an unsolved scientific and clinical problem. In 2022, the hallmarks of cancer have been expanded to include four new features, including cellular senescence. Therapy-induced senescence (TIS) is a stressor-based response to conventional treatment methods, e.g. chemo- and radiotherapy, but also to non-conventional targeted therapies. Since TIS reinforces resistance in cancers, new strategies for sensitizing cancer cells to therapy are being adopted. These include macroautophagy as a potential target for inhibition due to its potential cytoprotective role in many cancers. The mechanism of late-stage autophagy inhibitors is based on blockage of autophagolysosome formation or an increase in lysosomal pH, resulting in disrupted cargo degradation. Such inhibitors are relevant candidates for increasing anticancer therapy effectiveness. In particular, 4-aminoquoline derivatives: chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) have been tested in multiple clinical trials in combination with senescence-inducing anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we summarize the properties of selected late-autophagy inhibitors and their role in the regulation of autophagy and senescent cell phenotype in vitro and in vivo models of cancer as well as treatment response in clinical trials on oncological patients. Additionally, we point out that, although these compounds increase the effectiveness of treatment in some cases, their practical usage might be hindered due to systemic toxicity, hypoxic environment, dose- ant time-dependent inhibitory effects, as well as a possible contribution to escaping from TIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Skrzeszewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Poland
| | - Monika Maciejewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland
| | - Dagmara Kobza
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Aleksandra Gawrylak
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; Centre for Molecular Biophysics, UPR CNRS 4301, Orléans, France; Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Waś
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland.
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Zhang Z, Chakawa MB, Galeas-Pena M, Frydman JA, Allen MJ, Jones M, Pociask D. IL-22 Binding Protein Controls IL-22-Driven Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:338-352. [PMID: 38101567 PMCID: PMC10913761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The high mortality rates of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome challenge the field to identify biomarkers and factors that can be exploited for therapeutic approaches. IL-22 is a cytokine that has antibacterial and reparative properties in the lung. However, it also can exacerbate inflammation and requires tight control by the extracellular inhibitory protein known as IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) (Il22ra2). This study showed the necessity of IL-22BP in controlling and preventing acute lung injury using IL-22BP knockout mice (Il22ra2-/-) in the bleomycin model of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Il22ra2-/- mice had greater sensitivity (weight loss and death) and pulmonary inflammation in the acute phase (first 7 days) of the injury compared with wild-type C57Bl/6 controls. The inflammation was driven by excess IL-22 production, inducing the influx of pathogenic IL-17A+ γδ T cells to the lung. Interestingly, this inflammation was initiated in part by the noncanonical IL-22 signaling to macrophages, which express the IL-22 receptor (Il22ra1) in vivo after bleomycin challenge. This study further showed that IL-22 receptor alpha-1+ macrophages can be stimulated by IL-22 to produce a number of IL-17-inducing cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-β1. Together, the results suggest that IL-22BP prevents IL-22 signaling to macrophages and reduces bleomycin-mediated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mazvita B Chakawa
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Michelle Galeas-Pena
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Joshua A Frydman
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Michaela J Allen
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - MaryJane Jones
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Derek Pociask
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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D’Agnano V, Mariniello DF, Ruotolo M, Quarcio G, Moriello A, Conte S, Sorrentino A, Sanduzzi Zamparelli S, Bianco A, Perrotta F. Targeting Progression in Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Overview of Underlying Mechanisms, Molecular Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Intervention. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:229. [PMID: 38398739 PMCID: PMC10890660 DOI: 10.3390/life14020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases comprise a heterogenous range of diffuse lung disorders, potentially resulting in pulmonary fibrosis. While idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has been recognized as the paradigm of a progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease, other conditions with a progressive fibrosing phenotype characterized by a significant deterioration of the lung function may lead to a burden of significant symptoms, a reduced quality of life, and increased mortality, despite treatment. There is now evidence indicating that some common underlying biological mechanisms can be shared among different chronic fibrosing disorders; therefore, different biomarkers for disease-activity monitoring and prognostic assessment are under evaluation. Thus, understanding the common pathways that induce the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, comprehending the diversity of these diseases, and identifying new molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets remain highly crucial assignments. The purpose of this review is to examine the main pathological mechanisms regulating the progression of fibrosis in interstitial lung diseases and to provide an overview of potential biomarker and therapeutic options for patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito D’Agnano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Domenica Francesca Mariniello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Michela Ruotolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gianluca Quarcio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Moriello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefano Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Sorrentino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Fabio Perrotta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
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Wang X, Wan W, Zhang J, Lu J, Liu P. Efficient pulmonary fibrosis therapy via regulating macrophage polarization using respirable cryptotanshinone-loaded liposomal microparticles. J Control Release 2024; 366:1-17. [PMID: 38154539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation and fibrogenesis are the two main characteristics during the development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which are particularly associated with pulmonary macrophages. In this context, whether cryptotanshinone (CTS) could alleviate PF through regulating macrophage polarization were preliminarily demonstrated in vitro. Then the time course of PF and its relationship with macrophage polarization was determined in BLM-induced mice based on cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung histopathology, flow cytometric analysis, mRNA and protein expression. CTS was loaded into macrophage-targeted and responsively released mannose-modified liposomes (Man-lipo), and the liposomes were then embedded into mannitol microparticles (M-MPs) using spray drying to achieve efficient pulmonary delivery. Afterwards, how CTS regulates macrophage polarization in vivo during different time courses of PF was probed. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of CTS against PF by regulating macrophage polarization were elucidated in vivo and in vitro. The full-course therapy group could achieve comparable therapeutic effects compared with the positive control drug PFD group. CTS can alleviate PF through regulating macrophage polarization, mainly by inhibiting NLRP3/TGF-β1 pathway during the inflammation course and modulating MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance during the fibrosis development course, providing new insights into chronic PF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Wan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiguo Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Jing Lu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Peiqing Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China.
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5
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Peng D, Li J, Li Y, Bai L, Xiong A, He X, Li X, Ran Q, Zhang L, Jiang M, Wang J, Leung ELH, Yang P, Li G. MMP14 high macrophages orchestrate progressive pulmonary fibrosis in SR-Ag-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107070. [PMID: 38218353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP) is a fatal interstitial pulmonary disease with limited treatment options. Lung macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population that exhibit distinct subsets with divergent functions, playing pivotal roles in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. However, the specific macrophage subpopulations and underlying mechanisms involved in the disease remain largely unexplored. In this study, a decision tree model showed that matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP14) had higher scores for important features in the up-regulated genes in macrophages from mice exposed to the Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula antigen (SR-Ag). Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) mice profiles, we identified MMP14high macrophage subcluster with a predominant M2 phenotype that exhibited higher activity in promoting fibroblast-to myofibroblast transition (FMT). We demonstrated that suppressing toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) could attenuate MMP14 expression and exosome secretion in macrophages stimulation with SR-Ag. The exosomes derived from MMP14-overexpressing macrophages were found to be more effective in regulating the transition of fibroblasts through exosomal MMP14. Importantly, it was observed that the transfer of MMP14-overexpressing macrophages into mice promoted lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by SR-Ag. NSC-405020 binding to the hemopexin domain (PEX) of MMP-14 ameliorated lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by SR-Ag in mice. Thus, MMP14-overexpressing macrophages may be an important mechanism contributing to the exacerbation of allergic reactions. Our results indicated that MMP14 in macrophages has the potential to be a therapeutic target for HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingling Bai
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Anying Xiong
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiang He
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qin Ran
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Manling Jiang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau; MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau.
| | - Pingchang Yang
- Institute of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Allergy Division at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Guoping Li
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China.
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Kunitatsu K, Yamamoto Y, Nasu S, Taniji A, Kawashima S, Yamagishi N, Ito T, Inoue S, Kanai Y. Novel Peritoneal Sclerosis Rat Model Developed by Administration of Bleomycin and Lansoprazole. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16108. [PMID: 38003303 PMCID: PMC10671295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In our preliminary experiment, peritoneal sclerosis likely induced by peritoneal dialysis was unexpectedly observed in the livers of rats given bleomycin and lansoprazole. We examined whether this peritoneal thickening around the liver was time-dependently induced by administration of both drugs. Male Wistar rats were injected with bleomycin and/or lansoprazole for 2 or 4 weeks. The 3YB-1 cell line derived from rat fibroblasts was treated by bleomycin and/or lansoprazole for 24 h. The administration of both drugs together, but not individually, thickened the peritoneal tissue around the liver. There was accumulation of collagen fibers, macrophages, and eosinophils under mesothelial cells. Expressions of Col1a1, Mcp1 and Mcp3 genes were increased in the peritoneal tissue around the liver and in 3YB-1 cells by the administration of both drugs together, and Opn genes had increased expressions in this tissue and 3YB-1 cells. Mesothelial cells indicated immunoreactivity against both cytokeratin, a mesothelial cell marker, and αSMA, a fibroblast marker, around the livers of rats given both drugs. Administration of both drugs induced the migration of macrophages and eosinophils and induced fibrosis associated with the possible activation of fibroblasts and the possible promotion of the mesothelial-mesenchymal transition. This might become a novel model of peritoneal sclerosis for peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Kunitatsu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Shota Nasu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Akira Taniji
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Shuji Kawashima
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Naoko Yamagishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Takao Ito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Inoue
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kanai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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O'Reilly S. Toll-like receptor triggering in systemic sclerosis: time to target. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:SI12-SI19. [PMID: 35863054 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SSc is an autoimmune disease that has features of vascular abnormalities, inflammation and skin and lung fibrosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sentinel receptors that serve to recognize pathogens or internal danger signals leading to downstream signalling pathways that ultimately lead to inflammation and modification of adaptive immunity. Inflammation and fibrosis appear intricately connected in this disease and TLR ligation on fibroblasts can directly activate these cells to produce copious amounts of collagen, a hallmark of disease. The presence of damage-associated molecular patterns in association with fibrosis has been highlighted. Given their prominent role in disease, this review discusses the evidence of their expression and role in disease pathogenesis and possible therapeutic intervention to mitigate fibrosis.
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The Role of Pulmonary Surfactant Phospholipids in Fibrotic Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010326. [PMID: 36613771 PMCID: PMC9820286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD) or Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of lung conditions with common characteristics that can progress to fibrosis. Within this group of pneumonias, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is considered the most common. This disease has no known cause, is devastating and has no cure. Chronic lesion of alveolar type II (ATII) cells represents a key mechanism for the development of IPF. ATII cells are specialized in the biosynthesis and secretion of pulmonary surfactant (PS), a lipid-protein complex that reduces surface tension and minimizes breathing effort. Some differences in PS composition have been reported between patients with idiopathic pulmonary disease and healthy individuals, especially regarding some specific proteins in the PS; however, few reports have been conducted on the lipid components. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which phospholipids (PLs) could be involved in the development of the fibroproliferative response.
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Ju N, Hayashi H, Shimamura M, Baba S, Yoshida S, Morishita R, Rakugi H, Nakagami H. Prevention of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by a RANKL peptide in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12474. [PMID: 35864207 PMCID: PMC9304352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent therapeutic developments for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, its prognosis is still not well controlled, and a novel therapeutic agent is needed. Recently, the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis has been reported; however, the effects of multiple TLR signaling inhibition are still unknown. Here, we examined how the inhibition of multiple TLRs affects pulmonary fibrosis using a novel synthetic receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) partial peptide, MHP1-AcN, which could suppress TLR2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 signaling through CD14 and RANK. When MHP1-AcN was administered in the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model, reduced collagen deposition was observed, with suppressed fibrosis-related gene expression including Col1a1, Col1a2, Acta2, Tgfb1 and Tgfbr2. MHP1-AcN also decreased proinflammatory M1 and profibrotic M2 macrophage marker expression. Furthermore, MHP1-AcN treatment inhibited transforming growth factor (TGF-β)-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and myofibroblast differentiation in human fetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. This effect was associated with decreased TGF-β receptor levels and the upregulated Bmp7 and Smad7 expression. These findings suggest that MHP1-AcN protects mice against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. MHP1-AcN might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ju
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan. .,Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan. .,Department of Health Development and Medicine and Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Centre of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (6Th Floor, Room 0612B), Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Baba
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shota Yoshida
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Chen M, Deng H, Zhao Y, Miao X, Gu H, Bi Y, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Shi S, Xu J, Zhao D, Liu F. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Modulates Pulmonary Inflammation and TNF-α Release Mediated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824027. [PMID: 35372108 PMCID: PMC8968444 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the roles that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in lung inflammation mediated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). Methods The changes in TLRs and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in peripheral blood of children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) were monitored, and the interactions of signaling molecules regulating TNF-α release in A549 cells and neutrophils after M. pneumoniae stimulation were investigated. In TLR2 knockout (TLR2-/-) mice, the levels of TNF-α in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood after mycoplasma infection and the pathological changes in the lung tissue of mice were detected. Results TNF-α levels in peripheral blood of children with MPP were higher than those in non-infected children, and children with refractory MPP had the highest levels of TNF-α and TLR2. TNF-α secretion and TLR2, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and phospho-p65(p-p65) levels were increased in stimulated cells. TNF-α secretion was suppressed upon siRNA-mediated TLR2 silencing. Pharmacological inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and MyD88 effectively reduced TNF-α expression. Compared with wild-type mice, the TNF-α in serum and BALF decreased, and lung pro-inflammatory response was partially suppressed in TLR2-/- mice. Conclusion We concluded that TLR2 regulates M. pneumoniae-mediated lung inflammation and TNF-α release through the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqing Miao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuang Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejing Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Deyu Zhao, ; Feng Liu,
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Deyu Zhao, ; Feng Liu,
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11
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Gan C, Zhang Q, Liu H, Wang G, Wang L, Li Y, Tan Z, Yin W, Yao Y, Xie Y, Ouyang L, Yu L, Ye T. Nifuroxazide ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by blocking myofibroblast genesis: a drug repurposing study. Respir Res 2022; 23:32. [PMID: 35172837 PMCID: PMC8848910 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-01946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a serious interstitial lung disease with a complex pathogenesis and high mortality. The development of new drugs is time-consuming and laborious; therefore, research on the new use of old drugs can save time and clinical costs and even avoid serious side effects. Nifuroxazide (NIF) was originally used to treat diarrhoea, but more recently, it has been found to have additional pharmacological effects, such as anti-tumour effects and inhibition of inflammatory diseases related to diabetic nephropathy. However, there are no reports regarding its role in pulmonary fibrosis. Methods The therapeutic effect of NIF on pulmonary fibrosis in vivo was measured by ELISA, hydroxyproline content, H&E and Masson staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot. Immune cell content in lung tissue was also analysed by flow cytometry. NIF cytotoxicity was evaluated in NIH/3T3 cells, human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPFs), A549 cells and rat primary lung fibroblasts (RPLFs) using the MTT assay. Finally, an in vitro cell model created by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulation was assessed using different experiments (immunofluorescence, western blot and wound migration assay) to evaluate the effects of NIF on the activation of NIH/3T3 and HPF cells and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration of A549 cells. Results In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of NIF relieved and reversed pulmonary fibrosis caused by bleomycin (BLM) bronchial instillation. In addition, NIF inhibited the expression of a variety of cellular inflammatory factors and immune cells. Furthermore, NIF suppressed the activation of fibroblasts and EMT of epithelial cells induced by TGF-β1. Most importantly, we used an analytical docking experiment and thermal shift assay to further verify that NIF functions in conjunction with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3). Moreover, NIF inhibited the TGF-β/Smad pathway in vitro and decreased the expression of phosphorylated Stat3 in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Taken together, we conclude that NIF inhibits and reverses pulmonary fibrosis, and these results support NIF as a viable therapeutic option for IPF treatment. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-01946-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailing Gan
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qianyu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongyao Liu
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zui Tan
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenya Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Luoting Yu
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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12
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Wenzel D, Haddadi N, Afshari K, Richmond JM, Rashighi M. Upcoming treatments for morphea. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:1101-1145. [PMID: 34272836 PMCID: PMC8589364 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphea (localized scleroderma) is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disease with variable clinical presentations, with an annual incidence of 0.4-2.7 cases per 100,000. Morphea occurs most frequently in children aged 2-14 years, and the disease exhibits a female predominance. Insights into morphea pathogenesis are often extrapolated from studies of systemic sclerosis due to their similar skin histopathologic features; however, clinically they are two distinct diseases as evidenced by different demographics, clinical features, disease course and prognosis. An interplay between genetic factors, epigenetic modifications, immune and vascular dysfunction, along with environmental hits are considered as the main contributors to morphea pathogenesis. In this review, we describe potential new therapies for morphea based on both preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials. We focus on different classes of therapeutics, including antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, cellular and gene therapy, and antisenolytic approaches, and how these target different aspects of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wenzel
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nazgol‐Sadat Haddadi
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Khashayar Afshari
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jillian M. Richmond
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mehdi Rashighi
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
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13
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O'Brien EM, Spiller KL. Pro-inflammatory polarization primes Macrophages to transition into a distinct M2-like phenotype in response to IL-4. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:989-1000. [PMID: 34643290 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0520-338r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair is largely regulated by diverse Mϕ populations whose functions are timing- and context-dependent. The early phase of healing is dominated by pro-inflammatory Mϕs, also known as M1, followed by the emergence of a distinct and diverse population that is collectively referred to as M2. The extent of the diversity of the M2 population is unknown. M2 Mϕs may originate directly from circulating monocytes or from phenotypic switching of pre-existing M1 Mϕs within the site of injury. The differences between these groups are poorly understood, but have major implications for understanding and treating pathologies characterized by deficient M2 activation, such as chronic wounds, which also exhibit diminished M1 Mϕ behavior. This study investigated the influence of prior M1 activation on human Mϕ polarization to an M2 phenotype in response to IL-4 treatment in vitro. Compared to unactivated (M0) Mϕs, M1 Mϕs up-regulated several receptors that promote the M2 phenotype, including the primary receptor for IL-4. M1 Mϕs also up-regulated M2 markers in response to lower doses of IL-4, including doses as low as 10 pg/mL, and accelerated STAT6 phosphorylation. However, M1 activation appeared to also change the Mϕ response to treatment with IL-4, generating an M2-like phenotype with a distinct gene and protein expression signature compared to M2 Mϕs prepared directly from M0 Mϕs. Functionally, compared to M0-derived M2 Mϕs, M1-derived M2 Mϕs demonstrated increased migratory response to SDF-1α, and conditioned media from these Mϕs promoted increased migration of endothelial cells in transwell assays, although other common Mϕ-associated functions such as phagocytosis were not affected by prior polarization state. In summary, M1 polarization appears to prime Mϕs to transition into a distinct M2 phenotype in response to IL4, which leads to increased expression of some genes and proteins and decreased expression of others, as well as functional differences. Together, these findings indicate the importance of prior M1 activation in regulating subsequent M2 behavior, and suggest that correcting M1 behavior may be a therapeutic target in dysfunctional M2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M O'Brien
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Isshiki T, Koyama K, Homma S, Sakamoto S, Yamasaki A, Shimizu H, Miyoshi S, Nakamura Y, Kishi K. Association of rs3750920 polymorphism in TOLLIP with clinical characteristics of fibrosing interstitial lung diseases in Japanese. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16250. [PMID: 34376770 PMCID: PMC8355271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TOLLIP polymorphism has been implicated in the development and prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), mainly in whites. However, ethnic differences in the characteristics of other interstitial pneumonia (non-IPF) subtypes are unclear. We evaluated the association between the rs3750920 genotype and the clinical characteristics of Japanese patients with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD). We genotyped 102 patients with fibrosing ILD (75 IPF and 27 non-IPF patients) and analyzed the interaction between the rs3750920 genotype distribution and their clinical characteristics. The overall frequencies of the C/C, C/T, and T/T genotypes were 69%, 25%, and 6%, respectively. The proportion of minor T allele carriers was larger in IPF patients than in non-IPF patients (37% vs. 15%, P = 0.031). In addition, survival at 3 years was significantly better for carriers than for non-carriers of the T allele. There was no significant association between genotype distribution and change in pulmonary function after introduction of antifibrotic agents. The frequency of the minor T allele of rs3750920 was low in Japanese patients with fibrosing ILD, particularly in non-IPF patients. Carriers of the minor T allele had better survival than non-carriers. Presence of the T allele might thus be an indicator of better outcomes for fibrosing ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Isshiki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku Omori nisi 6-11-1, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Koyama
- Department of Advanced and Integrated Interstitial Lung Diseases Research, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sakae Homma
- Department of Advanced and Integrated Interstitial Lung Diseases Research, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku Omori nisi 6-11-1, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Akira Yamasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku Omori nisi 6-11-1, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Shimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku Omori nisi 6-11-1, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Shion Miyoshi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku Omori nisi 6-11-1, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku Omori nisi 6-11-1, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku Omori nisi 6-11-1, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
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15
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The interplay of DAMPs, TLR4, and proinflammatory cytokines in pulmonary fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1373-1384. [PMID: 34258628 PMCID: PMC8277227 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic debilitating condition characterized by progressive deposition of connective tissue, leading to a steady restriction of lung elasticity, a decline in lung function, and a median survival of 4.5 years. The leading causes of pulmonary fibrosis are inhalation of foreign particles (such as silicosis and pneumoconiosis), infections (such as post COVID-19), autoimmune diseases (such as systemic autoimmune diseases of the connective tissue), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The therapeutics currently available for pulmonary fibrosis only modestly slow the progression of the disease. This review is centered on the interplay of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17) as they contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, and the possible avenues to develop effective therapeutics that disrupt this interplay.
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16
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Shao T, Shi X, Yang S, Zhang W, Li X, Shu J, Alqalyoobi S, Zeki AA, Leung PS, Shuai Z. Interstitial Lung Disease in Connective Tissue Disease: A Common Lesion With Heterogeneous Mechanisms and Treatment Considerations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684699. [PMID: 34163483 PMCID: PMC8215654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue disease (CTD) related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality of CTD. Clinically, CTD-ILD is highly heterogenous and involves rheumatic immunity and multiple manifestations of respiratory complications affecting the airways, vessels, lung parenchyma, pleura, and respiratory muscles. The major pathological features of CTD are chronic inflammation of blood vessels and connective tissues, which can affect any organ leading to multi-system damage. The human lung is particularly vulnerable to such damage because anatomically it is abundant with collagen and blood vessels. The complex etiology of CTD-ILD includes genetic risks, epigenetic changes, and dysregulated immunity, which interact leading to disease under various ill-defined environmental triggers. CTD-ILD exhibits a broad spectra of clinical manifestations: from asymptomatic to severe dyspnea; from single-organ respiratory system involvement to multi-organ involvement. The disease course is also featured by remissions and relapses. It can range from stability or slow progression over several years to rapid deterioration. It can also present clinically as highly progressive from the initial onset of disease. Currently, the diagnosis of CTD-ILD is primarily based on distinct pathology subtype(s), imaging, as well as related CTD and autoantibodies profiles. Meticulous comprehensive clinical and laboratory assessment to improve the diagnostic process and management strategies are much needed. In this review, we focus on examining the pathogenesis of CTD-ILD with respect to genetics, environmental factors, and immunological factors. We also discuss the current state of knowledge and elaborate on the clinical characteristics of CTD-ILD, distinct pathohistological subtypes, imaging features, and related autoantibodies. Furthermore, we comment on the identification of high-risk patients and address how to stratify patients for precision medicine management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihong Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanpeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital (Yijishan Hospital) of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingwei Shu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi
- Internal Medicine - Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Amir A. Zeki
- University of California (U.C.), Davis, Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, U.C. Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Patrick S. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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17
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Pandey A, Kulshrestha R, Bansal SK. Dynamic role of LMW-hyaluronan fragments and Toll-like receptors 2,4 in progression of bleomycin induced lung parenchymal injury to fibrosis. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8138115 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-021-00073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and lethal lung disease of elderly whose incidence has been increasing following the Covid-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). PF immunopathogenesis involves progressive alveolar epithelial cell damage, release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and extracellular matrix (ECM) injury. We assessed the dynamic role of LMW-hyaluronan (LMW-HA) as DAMP in initiation of host immune TLR-2,4 responses and as determinant in progression of ECM injury to fibrosis. Male Wistar rats were divided into Group I (saline control, n = 24) and Group II (intratracheal bleomycin, 7 U/kg/animal, n = 24). Animals were euthanized on 0, 7, 14, and 28 days. The time course of release of LMW-HA, TLR-2,4 mRNA and protein levels, and NF-κB-p65 levels after bleomycin injury were correlated with the development of parenchymal inflammation, remodelling, and fibrosis. Results Acute lung injury caused by bleomycin significantly increases the pro-inflammatory LMW-HA levels and elevates TLR-2,4 levels on day 7. Subsequently, TLR-2 upregulation, TLR-4 downregulation, and NF-κB signalling follow on days 14 and 28. This results in progressive tissue inflammation, alveolar and interstitial macrophage accumulation, and fibrosis. Conclusions LMW-HA significantly increases in PF caused by non-infectious and infectious (Covid-19) etiologies. The accumulating HA fragments function as endogenous DAMPs and trigger inflammatory responses, through differential TLR2 and TLR4 signalling, thus promoting inflammation and macrophage influx. LMW-HA are reflective of the state of ongoing tissue inflammation and may be considered as a natural biosensor for fibrotic lung diseases and as potential therapeutic targets.
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18
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Planté-Bordeneuve T, Pilette C, Froidure A. The Epithelial-Immune Crosstalk in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631235. [PMID: 34093523 PMCID: PMC8170303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the lung epithelium and the immune system involve a tight regulation to prevent inappropriate reactions and have been connected to several pulmonary diseases. Although the distal lung epithelium and local immunity have been implicated in the pathogenesis and disease course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), consequences of their abnormal interplay remain less well known. Recent data suggests a two-way process, as illustrated by the influence of epithelial-derived periplakin on the immune landscape or the effect of macrophage-derived IL-17B on epithelial cells. Additionally, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released by damaged or dying (epithelial) cells, are augmented in IPF. Next to “sterile inflammation”, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are increased in IPF and have been linked with lung fibrosis, while outer membrane vesicles from bacteria are able to influence epithelial-macrophage crosstalk. Finally, the advent of high-throughput technologies such as microbiome-sequencing has allowed for the identification of a disease-specific microbial environment. In this review, we propose to discuss how the interplays between the altered distal airway and alveolar epithelium, the lung microbiome and immune cells may shape a pro-fibrotic environment. More specifically, it will highlight DAMPs-PAMPs pathways and the specificities of the IPF lung microbiome while discussing recent elements suggesting abnormal mucosal immunity in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Planté-Bordeneuve
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Antoine Froidure
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
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19
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Wang J, Zhao X, Feng W, Li Y, Peng C. Inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text] 1-Mediated Cellular Processes as an Effective Strategy for the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis with Chinese Herbal Medicines. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1965-1999. [PMID: 34961416 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and irreversible interstitial lung disease that even threatens the lives of some patients infected with COVID-19. PF is a multicellular pathological process, including the initial injuries of epithelial cells, recruitment of inflammatory cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, activation and differentiation of fibroblasts, etc. TGF-[Formula: see text]1 acts as a key effect factor that participates in these cellular processes of PF. Recently, much attention was paid to inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text]1 mediated cell processes in the treatment of PF with Chinese herbal medicines (CHM), an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. Here, this review first summarized the effects of TGF-[Formula: see text]1 in different cellular processes of PF. Then, this review summarized the recent research on CHM (compounds, multi-components, single medicines and prescriptions) to directly and/or indirectly inhibit TGF-[Formula: see text]1 signaling (TLRs, PPARs, micrRNA, etc.) in PF. Most of the research focused on CHM natural compounds, including but not limited to alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and terpenes. After review, the research perspectives of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1 inhibition in PF were further discussed. This review hopes that revealing the inhibiting effects of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1-mediated cellular processes of PF can promote CHM to be better understood and utilized, thus transforming the therapeutic activities of CHM into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Xingtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Wuwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
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Qu Y, Hao C, Zhai R, Yao W. Folate and macrophage folate receptor-β in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis disease: the potential therapeutic target? Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Schisandra Inhibit Bleomycin-Induced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats via Suppressing M2 Macrophage Polarization. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5137349. [PMID: 32884941 PMCID: PMC7455820 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5137349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is defined as a specific form of chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause and limited to the lungs. Schisandrae chinensis fructus (Wuweizi, Schisandra) is commonly used traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, bronchitis, and other lung diseases in China. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of Schisandra on IPF which is induced by bleomycin (BLM) in rats and the inhibition of alternatively activated macrophage (M2) polarization. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was used as a model for IPF, and rats were given drug interventions for 7 and 28 days to evaluate the role of Schisandra in the early oxidative phase and late fibrotic phases of BLM-induced pulmonary injury. The data showed that Schisandra exerted protective effects on BLM-induced pulmonary injury in two phases, which were improving inflammatory cell infiltration and severe damages of lung architectures and decreasing markers of M2 subtype. In order to prove the inhibitory effect of Schisandra on M2 polarization, in vitro experiments, we found that Schisandra downregulated the M2 ratio, which confirmed that the polarization of M2 was suppressed. Moreover, Schisandra blocked TGF-β1 signaling in AMs by reducing the levels of Smad3 and Smad4; meanwhile, the upregulation of Smad7 by Schisandra also promoted the effect of inhibition on the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. These results demonstrate that suppression of M2 polarization by Schisandra is associated with the development of IPF in rats.
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Manfredi A, Luppi F, Cassone G, Vacchi C, Salvarani C, Sebastiani M. Pathogenesis and treatment of idiopathic and rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial pneumonia. The possible lesson from COVID-19 pneumonia. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:751-770. [PMID: 32722946 PMCID: PMC7594185 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1803064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Main clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are characterized by fever, dyspnea, and interstitial pneumonia, frequently evolving in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). AREAS COVERED Features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents some common points with interstitial lung disease (ILD) both idiopathic and related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), typically characterized by a chronic progression over time and possibly complicated by acute exacerbation (AE). The study of common pathogenetic mechanisms, such as the involvement of toll-like receptor 4, could contribute to the knowledge and treatment of idiopathic and RA-ILD. Moreover, hyperinflammation, mainly characterized by increase of effector T-cells and inflammatory cytokines, and activation of coagulation cascade, observed in COVID-19 related ARDS have been already shown in patients with AE of idiopathic and RA-ILD. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, together with a manual search in COVID-resource centers of the main journals. EXPERT OPINION Despite the uncertainty about pathogenetic aspects about COVID-19- pneumonia, it could be a possible model for other forms of ILD and AE. The great amount of data from studies on COVID-19 could be helpful in proposing safe therapeutic approaches for RA-ILD, in understanding pathogenesis of usual interstitial pneumonia and to develop new therapeutic strategies for AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manfredi
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - F Luppi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Respiratory Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - G Cassone
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Santa Maria Hospital, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - C Vacchi
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Di Modena, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Salvarani
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Di Modena, Modena, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Santa Maria Hospital, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - M Sebastiani
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Di Modena, Modena, Italy
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Ren X, Zhong G, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Sun Y, Zhang Z. Reconstruction of cell spatial organization from single-cell RNA sequencing data based on ligand-receptor mediated self-assembly. Cell Res 2020; 30:763-778. [PMID: 32541867 PMCID: PMC7608415 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized transcriptomic studies by providing unprecedented cellular and molecular throughputs, but spatial information of individual cells is lost during tissue dissociation. While imaging-based technologies such as in situ sequencing show great promise, technical difficulties currently limit their wide usage. Here we hypothesize that cellular spatial organization is inherently encoded by cell identity and can be reconstructed, at least in part, by ligand-receptor interactions, and we present CSOmap, a computational tool to infer cellular interaction de novo from scRNA-seq. We show that CSOmap can successfully recapitulate the spatial organization of multiple organs of human and mouse including tumor microenvironments for multiple cancers in pseudo-space, and reveal molecular determinants of cellular interactions. Further, CSOmap readily simulates perturbation of genes or cell types to gain novel biological insights, especially into how immune cells interact in the tumor microenvironment. CSOmap can be a widely applicable tool to interrogate cellular organizations based on scRNA-seq data for various tissues in diverse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Guojie Zhong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Qiming Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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N-acetylcysteine tiherapeutically protects against pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model of silicosis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190681. [PMID: 31273057 PMCID: PMC6639458 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is a lethal pneumoconiosis disease characterized by chronic lung inflammation and fibrosis. The present study was to explore the effect of against crystalline silica (CS)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. A total of 138 wild-type C57BL/6J mice were divided into control and experimental groups, and killed on month 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Different doses of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were gavaged to the mice after CS instillation to observe the effect of NAC on CS induced pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. The pulmonary injury was evaluated with Hematoxylin and eosin/Masson staining. Reactive oxygen species level was analyzed by DCFH-DA labeling. Commercial ELISA kits were used to determine antioxidant activity (T-AOC, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-6). The expression of oxidising enzymes (NOX2, iNOS, SOD2, and XO) were detected by real time PCR. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed to examine epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers. The mice treated with NAC presented markedly reduced CS-induced pulmonary injury and ameliorated CS-induced pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. The level of malondialdehyde was reduced, while the activities of GSH-PX, SOD, and T-AOC were markedly enhanced by NAC. We also found the down-regulation of oxidising enzymes (NOX2, iNOS, SOD2, and XO) after NAC treatment. Moreover, E-cadherin expression was increased while vimentin and Cytochrome C expressions were decreased by NAC. These encouraging findings suggest that NAC exerts pulmonary protective effects in CS-induced pulmonary fibrosis and might be considered as a promising agent for the treatment of silicosis.
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Wang H, Kwon YH, Dewan V, Vahedi F, Syed S, Fontes ME, Ashkar AA, Surette MG, Khan WI. TLR2 Plays a Pivotal Role in Mediating Mucosal Serotonin Production in the Gut. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3041-3052. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Gao Z, Dosman JA, Rennie DC, Schwartz DA, Yang IV, Beach J, Senthilselvan A. Gender-specific associations between polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes and lung function among workers in swine operations. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:1186-1198. [PMID: 30418797 PMCID: PMC7093081 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1544523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Workers in swine operations are exposed to dust, bacteria, and virus, and are at increased risk of respiratory problems. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play an important role in human immune responses to respiratory hazards. Worker gender and age may significantly modify the involvement of TLR in the etiology of these respiratory outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether modification effects of worker gender and age altered associations between polymorphisms in the TLR genes and lung function. This study included 374 full-time workers from large swine operations from Saskatchewan. Information on demography, lifestyle, pulmonary function, and blood samples were obtained. Multiple linear regression and decision tree model were used in the analysis. Among females aged <45.8 years, workers with polymorphisms of rs4696480 in the TLR2 gene exhibited markedly better lung function than workers with wild-type. These associations were not observed among female workers aged ≥45.8 years and males. Among males, workers with polymorphisms of rs187084 in the TLR9 gene displayed significantly lower lung function than those with wild-type. This male-specific association was not dependent on worker age. This is the first study to report gender-specific correlations between lung function and polymorphisms of TLR genes, and modification effects of worker age on these associations, suggesting the importance of considering gender and age in genetic association studies of airway diseases due to exposure of high concentration of respiratory hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Gao
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - James A. Dosman
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture (CCHSA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Donna C. Rennie
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture (CCHSA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Ivana V. Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jeremy Beach
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Mei M, Song H, Chen L, Hu B, Bai R, Xu D, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Chen C. Early-life exposure to three size-fractionated ultrafine and fine atmospheric particulates in Beijing exacerbates asthma development in mature mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018. [PMID: 29540228 PMCID: PMC5851307 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have suggested that elevated levels of air pollution contribute to an increased incidence or severity of asthma. Although late-onset adult asthma seems to be more attributable to environmental risk factors, limited data is available on the impact of early-life exposure to size-fractionated ambient particulate matter (PM) on asthma in adults. We aimed to determine the effect on the development and exacerbation of asthma in the adult after the mice were exposed as juveniles to three size-fractionated ambient particulates collected from Beijing. METHODS The three size-fractionated ambient particulates were collected from urban Beijing in winter, heavily affected by traffic and coal-fired emissions. The typical morphological and major chemical components of the PM were characterized first. Oxidative stress and expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) were then examined in vitro and in the lungs of mouse pups 48 h after exposure to PM by oropharyngeal aspiration. When the exposed and control juvenile mice matured to adulthood, an antigen-induced asthma model was established and relevant bio-indices were assessed. RESULTS PM with different granularities can induce oxidative stress; in particular, F1, with the smallest size (< 0.49 μm), decreased the mRNA expression of DNMTs in vitro and in vivo the most significantly. In an asthma model of adult mice, previous exposure as juveniles to size-fractionated PM caused increased peribronchiolar inflammation, increased airway mucus secretion, and increased production of Th2 cytokines and chemokines. In general, F1 and F2 (aerodynamic diameter < 0.95 μm) particulates affected murine adult asthma development more seriously than F3 (0.95-1.5 μm). Moreover, F1 led to airway inflammation in the form of both increased neutrophils and eosinophils in BALF. The activation of the TGF-β1/Smad2 and Smad3/Stat3 signaling pathways leading to airway fibrosis was more profoundly induced by F1. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that exposure to ambient PM in juvenile mice enhanced adult asthma development, as shown by increased Th2 responses, which might be associated with the persistent effects resulting from the oxidative stress and decreased gene expression of DNMTs induced by PM exposure. The observed differences between the effects of three size-fractionated particulates were attributed to particle sizes and chemical constituents, including heavy metals and also PAHs, since the amounts of PAH associated with more severe toxicity were enriched equivalently in the F1 and F2 fractions. Relative to the often mentioned PM2.5, PM with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 0.95 μm had a more aggravating effect on asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Haojun Song
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lina Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Diandou Xu
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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28
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Haw TJ, Starkey MR, Pavlidis S, Fricker M, Arthurs AL, Nair PM, Liu G, Hanish I, Kim RY, Foster PS, Horvat JC, Adcock IM, Hansbro PM. Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 have opposing roles in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L298-L317. [PMID: 29025711 PMCID: PMC5866502 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00154.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of morbidity and death and imposes major socioeconomic burdens globally. It is a progressive and disabling condition that severely impairs breathing and lung function. There is a lack of effective treatments for COPD, which is a direct consequence of the poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in driving the pathogenesis of the disease. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 are implicated in chronic respiratory diseases, including COPD, asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. However, their roles in the pathogenesis of COPD are controversial and conflicting evidence exists. In the current study, we investigated the role of TLR2 and TLR4 using a model of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced experimental COPD that recapitulates the hallmark features of human disease. TLR2, TLR4, and associated coreceptor mRNA expression was increased in the airways in both experimental and human COPD. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, CS-induced pulmonary inflammation was unaltered in TLR2-deficient ( Tlr2-/-) and TLR4-deficient ( Tlr4-/-) mice. CS-induced airway fibrosis, characterized by increased collagen deposition around small airways, was not altered in Tlr2-/- mice but was attenuated in Tlr4-/- mice compared with CS-exposed WT controls. However, Tlr2-/- mice had increased CS-induced emphysema-like alveolar enlargement, apoptosis, and impaired lung function, while these features were reduced in Tlr4-/- mice compared with CS-exposed WT controls. Taken together, these data highlight the complex roles of TLRs in the pathogenesis of COPD and suggest that activation of TLR2 and/or inhibition of TLR4 may be novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatt Jhong Haw
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Grow Up Well, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Stelios Pavlidis
- The Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Fricker
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Anya L Arthurs
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Prema M Nair
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Gang Liu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Irwan Hanish
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- The Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
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Jin M, Wang L, Wu Y, Zang BX, Tan L. Protective effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A on bleomycin- induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in rats. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 24:32-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li F, Han F, Li H, Zhang J, Qiao X, Shi J, Yang L, Dong J, Luo M, Wei J, Liu X. Human placental mesenchymal stem cells of fetal origins-alleviated inflammation and fibrosis by attenuating MyD88 signaling in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:11-21. [PMID: 28662409 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease that its pathogenic mechanism currently is incompletely understood. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling has recently been identified as a regulator of inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of different origins offer a great promise in treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However mechanisms of pathogenic roles of TLR signaling and therapeutic effects of MSCs in the IPF remain elusive. In present study, the involvement of TLR signaling and the therapeutic role of MSCs were interrogated in MyD88-deficient mice using human placental MSCs of fetal origins (hfPMSCs). The results showed an alleviated pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-deficient mice treated with bleomycin (BLM), accompanied with a reduced TGF-β signaling and production of pro-fibrotic cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β. An exposure of HLF1 lung fibroblasts, A549 epithelial cells and RAW264.7 macrophages to BLM led an increased expression of key components of MyD88 and TGF-β signaling cascades. Of interest, enforced expression and inhibition of MyD88 protein resulted in an enhanced and a reduced TGF-β signaling in above cells in the presence of BLM, respectively. However, the addition of TGF-β1 showed a marginally inhibitory effect on MyD88 signaling in these cells in the absence of BLM. Importantly, the administration of hfPMSCs could significantly attenuate BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, along with a reduced hydroxyproline (HYP) deposition, MyD88 and TGF-β signaling activation, and production of pro-fibrotic cytokines. These results may suggest an importance of MyD88/TGF-β signaling axis in the tissue homeostasis and functional integrity of lung in response to injury, which may offer a novel target for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xia Qiao
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Center of Experimental Animals, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Jianda Dong
- Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Meihui Luo
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China; Institute of Human Stem Cell Research, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
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31
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O'Reilly S. Toll Like Receptors in systemic sclerosis: An emerging target. Immunol Lett 2017; 195:2-8. [PMID: 28888416 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pattern Recognition Receptors are critical receptors that elicit an immune response upon their activation that culminates in activation of NF-KB and cytokine secretion. Key among these receptors are the Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). These evolutionary conserved receptors form a key part in the defence against various pathogens and comprise a key part of the innate immune system. Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which a breach of tolerance has occurred and leads to fulminant autoimmunity, dysregulated cytokines, pro-fibrotic mediators and activation of fibroblasts leading to fibrosis via collagen deposition. It has become apparent in recent years that the innate immune system and specifically TLRs are important in disease pathogenesis; responding to internal ligands to initiate an innate immune response ultimately leading to release of a variety of factors that initiate and perpetuate fibrosis. This review will examine the recent evidence of TLR signalling in systemic sclerosis and the internal danger associated molecules that may mediate the fibrotic cascade. Evaluation of their contribution to disease in systemic sclerosis and possible therapeutic targeting will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O'Reilly
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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32
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Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. Modeling DNA damage-induced pneumopathy in mice: insight from danger signaling cascades. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:142. [PMID: 28836991 PMCID: PMC5571607 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis represent severe and dose-limiting side effects in the radiotherapy of thorax-associated neoplasms leading to decreased quality of life or - as a consequence of treatment with suboptimal radiation doses - to fatal outcomes by local recurrence or metastatic disease. It is assumed that the initial radiation-induced damage to the resident cells triggers a multifaceted damage-signalling cascade in irradiated normal tissues including a multifactorial secretory program. The resulting pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic microenvironment triggers a cascade of events that can lead within weeks to a pronounced lung inflammation (pneumonitis) or after months to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix molecules and tissue scarring (pulmonary fibrosis).The use of preclinical in vivo models of DNA damage-induced pneumopathy in genetically modified mice has helped to substantially advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms and signalling molecules that participate in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced adverse late effects in the lung. Herein, murine models of whole thorax irradiation or hemithorax irradiation nicely reproduce the pathogenesis of the human disease with respect to the time course and the clinical symptoms. Alternatively, treatment with the radiomimetic DNA damaging chemotherapeutic drug Bleomycin (BLM) has frequently been used as a surrogate model of radiation-induced lung disease. The advantage of the BLM model is that the symptoms of pneumonitis and fibrosis develop within 1 month.Here we summarize and discuss published data about the role of danger signalling in the response of the lung tissue to DNA damage and its cross-talk with the innate and adaptive immune systems obtained in preclinical studies using immune-deficient inbred mouse strains and genetically modified mice. Interestingly we observed differences in the role of molecules involved in damage sensing (TOLL-like receptors), damage signalling (MyD88) and immune regulation (cytokines, CD73, lymphocytes) for the pathogenesis and progression of DNA damage-induced pneumopathy between the models of pneumopathy induced by whole thorax irradiation or treatment with the radiomimetic drug BLM. These findings underline the importance to pursue studies in the radiation model(s) if we are to unravel the mechanisms driving radiation-induced adverse late effects.A better understanding of the cross-talk of danger perception and signalling with immune activation and repair mechanisms may allow a modulation of these processes to prevent or treat radiation-induced adverse effects. Vice-versa an improved knowledge of the normal tissue response to injury is also particularly important in view of the increasing interest in combining radiotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade or immunotherapies to avoid exacerbation of radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen, Germany.
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Li C, Yu Y, Li W, Liu B, Jiao X, Song X, Lv C, Qin S. Phycocyanin attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5843. [PMID: 28725012 PMCID: PMC5517415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the effects of phycocyanin (PC) on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). In this study, C57 BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 deficient mice were treated with PC for 28 days following BLM exposure. Serum and lung tissues were collected on days 3, 7 and 28. Data shows PC significantly decreased the levels of hydroxyproline (HYP), vimentin, surfactant-associated protein C (SP-C), fibroblast specific protein-1 (S100A4) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) but dramatically increased E-cadherin and podoplanin (PDPN) expression on day 28. Moreover, PC greatly decreased the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) at the earlier time. Reduced expression of key genes in the TLR2 pathway was also detected. Compared with WT mice, TLR2-deficient mice exhibited less injury, and the protective effect of PC was partly diminished in this background. These data indicate the anti-fibrotic effects of PC may be mediated by reducing W/D ratio, MPO, IL-6, TNF-α, protecting type I alveolar epithelial cells, inhibiting fibroblast proliferation, attenuating epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) and reducing oxidative stress. The TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB pathway plays an important role in PC-mediated reduction in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xudong Jiao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xinyu Song
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Changjun Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China.
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.
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Margaritopoulos GA, Lasithiotaki I, Antoniou KM. Toll-like receptors and autophagy in interstitial lung diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:28-34. [PMID: 27687957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) include a number of diseases whose pathogenesis still is not fully understood. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most frequent and severe form of ILDs is an epithelial-driven disease and the treatment consists of the use of antifibrotic agents. In the rest of ILDs an inflammation-driven pathway is believed to be the main pathogenetic mechanism and treatment consists of the use of immunomodulatory agents. In both groups it is believed that infection can play an important role in the development and progression of the diseases. The immune system can recognize exogenous threats or endogenous stress through specialized receptors namely pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which in turn, initiate downstream signaling pathways to control immune responses. Recently, a link between PRRs and autophagy, a specialized biological process involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis but also involved in various immunologic processes, has been described. In this review, we focus on the reciprocal influences of PRRs with particular emphasis on Toll-like receptors and autophagy in modulating innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismini Lasithiotaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pneumonology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Katerina M Antoniou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pneumonology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
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Manohar S, Dahar K, Adler HJ, Dalian D, Salvi R. Noise-induced hearing loss: Neuropathic pain via Ntrk1 signaling. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 75:101-12. [PMID: 27473923 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe noise-induced damage to the inner ear leads to auditory nerve fiber degeneration thereby reducing the neural input to the cochlear nucleus (CN). Paradoxically, this leads to a significant increase in spontaneous activity in the CN which has been linked to tinnitus, hyperacusis and ear pain. The biological mechanisms that lead to an increased spontaneous activity are largely unknown, but could arise from changes in glutamatergic or GABAergic neurotransmission or neuroinflammation. To test this hypothesis, we unilaterally exposed rats for 2h to a 126dB SPL narrow band noise centered at 12kHz. Hearing loss measured by auditory brainstem responses exceeded 55dB from 6 to 32kHz. The mRNA from the exposed CN was harvested at 14 or 28days post-exposure and qRT-PCR analysis was performed on 168 genes involved in neural inflammation, neuropathic pain and glutamatergic or GABAergic neurotransmission. Expression levels of mRNA of Slc17a6 and Gabrg3, involved in excitation and inhibition respectively, were significantly increased at 28days post-exposure, suggesting a possible role in the CN spontaneous hyperactivity associated with tinnitus and hyperacusis. In the pain and inflammatory array, noise exposure upregulated mRNA expression levels of four pain/inflammatory genes, Tlr2, Oprd1, Kcnq3 and Ntrk1 and decreased mRNA expression levels of two more genes, Ccl12 and Il1β. Pain/inflammatory gene expression changes via Ntrk1 signaling may induce sterile inflammation, neuropathic pain, microglial activation and migration of nerve fibers from the trigeminal, cuneate and vestibular nuclei into the CN. These changes could contribute to somatic tinnitus, hyperacusis and otalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilvelan Manohar
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
| | - Kimberly Dahar
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Henry J Adler
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Ding Dalian
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
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Karampitsakos T, Woolard T, Bouros D, Tzouvelekis A. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:35-43. [PMID: 27364757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) constitutes the end stage of a broad range of heterogeneous interstitial lung diseases, characterized by the destruction of the pulmonary parenchyma, deposition of extracellular matrix and dramatic changes in the phenotype of both fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells. More than 200 causes of pulmonary fibrosis have been identified so far, yet the most common form is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is a lethal lung disorder of unknown etiology with a gradually increasing worldwide incidence and a median survival of 3-5 years from the time of diagnosis. Despite intense research efforts, the pathogenesis remains elusive and no effective treatment is available. Accumulating body of evidence suggests an abnormal wound healing response followed by extracellular matrix deposition, destruction of lung architecture, ultimately leading to respiratory failure. The contribution of immune system in lung fibrogenesis had been largely underscored due to the absence of response to immunosuppressive agents; however, the premise that lung fibrosis has an immunologic background has been recently revived. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which link innate and adaptive immune response and regulate wound healing. TLRs promote tissue repair or fibrosis in many disease settings including lung fibrosis, albeit with profound differences depending on the cellular microenvironment. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanistic implications between TLRs and lung fibrosis and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting TLR signaling at the ligand or receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, "Sotiria", Medical School, University of Athens, Messogion Avenue 152, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Tony Woolard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208057 New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Demosthenes Bouros
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, "Sotiria", Medical School, University of Athens, Messogion Avenue 152, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Argyris Tzouvelekis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208057 New Haven, CT, USA.
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Huang Q, Chu S, Yin X, Yu X, Kang C, Li X, Qiu Y. Interleukin-17A-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Intrahepatic Biliary Epithelial Cells: Implications for Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2016; 240:269-275. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.240.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingshui Huang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Shuai Chu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Xiaobin Yu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Chunmin Kang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Xin Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Yurong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
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T Helper 17/Regulatory T Cell Balance and Experimental Models of Peritoneal Dialysis-Induced Damage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:416480. [PMID: 26064907 PMCID: PMC4433660 DOI: 10.1155/2015/416480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a general complication in many diseases. It is the main complication during peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment, a therapy for renal failure disease. Local inflammation and mesothelial to mesenchymal transition (MMT) are well known key phenomena in peritoneal damage during PD. New data suggest that, in the peritoneal cavity, inflammatory changes may be regulated at least in part by a delicate balance between T helper 17 and regulatory T cells. This paper briefly reviews the implication of the Th17/Treg-axis in fibrotic diseases. Moreover, it compares current evidences described in PD animal experimental models, indicating a loss of Th17/Treg balance (Th17 predominance) leading to peritoneal damage during PD. In addition, considering the new clinical and animal experimental data, new therapeutic strategies to reduce the Th17 response and increase the regulatory T response are proposed. Thus, future goals should be to develop new clinical biomarkers to reverse this immune misbalance and reduce peritoneal fibrosis in PD.
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Yan H, Cui B, Zhang X, Fu X, Yan J, Wang X, Lv X, Chen Z, Hu Z. Antagonism of toll-like receptor 2 attenuates the formation and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:176-87. [PMID: 26579444 PMCID: PMC4629243 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an inflammatory vascular disorder with high mortality. Accumulating evidence shows that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a critical role in the regulation of wound-repairing process after tissue injury. We wondered if TLR2 signaling contributed to the pathogenesis of AAA and that targeting TLR2 would attenuate AAA development and progression. In this study, enhanced expression of TLR2 and its ligands were observed in human AAA tissue. Neutralization of TLR2 protected against AAA development and caused established AAA to regress in mouse models of AAA. In addition, TLR2-deficient mice also failed to develop AAA. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of blocking TLR2 were accompanied by a significant resolution of inflammation and vascular remodeling, as indicated by the decreased expression or activity of MMP-2/9, α-SMA, inflammatory cytokines, and transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1 and STAT1/3 in AAA tissue. Mechanistically, blocking TLR2 decreased the expression and interaction of TLR2 and several endogenous ligands, which diminished chronic inflammation and vascular remodeling in the vascular tissue of AAA. Our studies indicate that the interactions between TLR2 and its endogenous ligands contribute to the pathogenesis of AAA and that targeting TLR2 offers great potential toward the development of therapeutic agents against AAA.
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Key Words
- AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- DAMPs
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- HMGB1, high mobility group B-1
- HSP, heat shock protein
- IOD, integrated optical density
- Immune microenvironment
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PRRs, pattern recognition receptors
- RAMPs, resolution-associated molecular patterns
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT1/3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TLR2
- Th2, type 2 T help
- VVG, Verhoeff van Gieson
- Vascular remodeling
- WT, wide-type
- bip, binding immunoglobulin protein
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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O'Dwyer DN, Armstrong ME, Kooblall M, Donnelly SC. Targeting defective Toll-like receptor-3 function and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:507-14. [PMID: 25530171 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.988706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease of the lung parenchyma that is invariably fatal with a median survival of 2 - 3 years. Despite considerable progress in defining the natural history of the disease, many features of IPF pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Several recent studies have highlighted links between pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity termed 'Toll-like receptors' (TLRs) and the aberrant fibrogenesis that characterizes IPF. AREAS COVERED In this paper, we discuss the natural history of IPF and the identification of several distinct clinical phenotypes in recent years. TLRs are receptors that recognize pathogen- and/or danger-associated molecular patterns and promote an appropriate immune response. We describe in detail some of the recent works linking defective TLR3 function and an aggressive phenotype in IPF and explore the mechanisms and potential clinical implications of this initial observation. EXPERT OPINION We explore the potential role of TLRs in this setting. We discuss recent genetic studies and the implications for future research. We propose a model of dysregulated innate immune recognition and aberrant lung healing. The potential role of research in aiding the design of clinical trials and the evidence for targeting defective TLR3 function in IPF is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Dwyer
- University College Dublin, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine and Medical Science , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
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O'Reilly S, Cant R, Ciechomska M, Finnigan J, Oakley F, Hambleton S, van Laar JM. Serum amyloid A induces interleukin-6 in dermal fibroblasts via Toll-like receptor 2, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 and nuclear factor-κB. Immunology 2014; 143:331-40. [PMID: 24476318 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune idiopathic connective tissue disease, characterized by vasculopathy, inflammation and fibrosis. There appears to be a link between inflammation and fibrosis, although the exact nature of the relationship is unknown. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein that is elevated up to 1000-fold in times of infection or inflammation. This acute-phase reactant, as well as being a marker of inflammation, may initiate signals in a cytokine-like manner, possibly through toll-like receptors (TLRs) promoting inflammation. This study addressed the role of SAA in initiating interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in dermal fibroblasts and the role of TLR2 in this system. We show that SAA induces IL-6 secretion in healthy dermal fibroblasts and that blockade of TLR2 with a neutralizing antibody to TLR2 or specific small interfering RNA attenuated the SAA-induced IL-6 secretion and that this was also mediated through the TLR adaptor protein IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4. The effect is nuclear factor-κB-mediated because blockade of nuclear factor-κB reduced the induction. We also demonstrate that dermal fibroblasts express TLR2; this is functional and over-expressed in the fibroblasts of patients with systemic sclerosis. Taken together these data suggest that SAA is a danger signal that initiates IL-6 signalling in systemic sclerosis via enhanced TLR2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O'Reilly
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Middlesbrough, UK
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Liu H, Xie Q, Xin BM, Liu JL, Liu Y, Li YZ, Wang JP. Inhibition of autophagy recovers cardiac dysfunction and atrophy in response to tail-suspension. Life Sci 2014; 121:1-9. [PMID: 25476825 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Physical inactivity during space flight or prolonged bed rest may cause cardiac dysfunction and atrophy, but the exact mechanism that governs the regulation of myocardial dysfunction and cardiac atrophy remains poorly understood. Autophagy, a protein degradation pathway, has recently been shown to be involved in the regulation of cardiac dysfunction and atrophy. In this study, we investigated the relationships between dysfunction and inactivity-induced atrophy and autophagy in rat cardiac tissue. MAIN METHODS Physical inactivity was simulated by a tail suspension model, and cardiac function was examined by echocardiography. Cardiac atrophy was measured by wheat germ agglutinin staining and autophagic activity was detected by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. KEY FINDINGS We demonstrated that cardiac function, especially contractility, declined and the area of cardiac atrophy increased in the tail-suspended cardiac tissue. Additionally, the cross-sectional area of myocardial cells decreased; however, apoptosis did not increase with tail suspension. Similarly, the expression of autophagy-related proteins and the number of autophagosomes were elevated in the tail-suspended cardiac tissue. Moreover, the administration of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, reversed cardiac dysfunction and atrophy via the suppression of autophagic activity during suspension. Our results indicate that autophagy facilitates the development and progression of cardiac dysfunction and atrophy induced by tail suspension. SIGNIFICANCE Our studies hint that the components of the autophagy-related signaling pathway are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiac diseases induced by physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Qiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, 26# Beiqing Road, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Bing-Mu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, 26# Beiqing Road, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Jun-Lian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, 26# Beiqing Road, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, 26# Beiqing Road, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Yong-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, 26# Beiqing Road, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Jia-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, 26# Beiqing Road, Beijing 100094, PR China.
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Ellson CD, Dunmore R, Hogaboam CM, Sleeman MA, Murray LA. Danger-associated molecular patterns and danger signals in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:163-8. [PMID: 24749648 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0366tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic debilitating lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function, with a median mortality rate of 2-3 years after diagnosis. IPF is a disease of unknown cause and progression, and multiple pathways have been demonstrated to be activated in the lungs of these patients. A recent genome-wide association study of more than 1,000 patients with IPF identified genes linked to host defense, cell-cell adhesion, and DNA repair being altered due to fibrosis (Fingerlin, et al. Nat Genet 2013;45:613-620). Further emerging data suggest that the respiratory system may not be a truly sterile environment, and it exhibits an altered microbiome during fibrotic disease (Molyneaux and Maher. Eur Respir Rev 2013;22:376-381). These altered host defense mechanisms might explain the increased susceptibility of patients with IPF to microbial- and viral-induced exacerbations. Moreover, chronic epithelial injury and apoptosis are key features in IPF, which might be mediated, in part, by both pathogen-associated (PA) and danger-associated molecular patterns (MPs). Emerging data indicate that both PAMPs and danger-associated MPs contribute to apoptosis, but not necessarily in a manner that allows for the removal of dying cells, without further exacerbating inflammation. In contrast, both types of MPs drive cellular necrosis, leading to an exacerbation of lung injury and/or infection as the debris promotes a proinflammatory response. Thus, this Review focuses on the impact of MPs resulting from infection-driven apoptosis and necrosis during chronic fibrotic lung disease.
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Luzina IG, Kopach P, Lockatell V, Kang PH, Nagarsekar A, Burke AP, Hasday JD, Todd NW, Atamas SP. Interleukin-33 potentiates bleomycin-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:999-1008. [PMID: 23837438 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0093oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) remain incompletely understood, although recent observations have suggested an important contribution by IL-33. Substantial elevations in IL-33 expression were found in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and scleroderma lung disease, as well as in the bleomycin injury mouse model. Most of the observed IL-33 expression was intracellular and intranuclear, suggesting involvement of the full-length (fl) protein, but not of the proteolytically processed mature IL-33 cytokine. The effects of flIL-33 on mouse lungs were assessed independently and in combination with bleomycin injury, using recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. Bleomycin-induced changes were not affected by gene deficiency of the IL-33 receptor T1/ST2. Combined flIL-33 expression and bleomycin injury exerted a synergistic effect on pulmonary lymphocyte and collagen accumulation, which could be explained by synergistic regulation of the cytokines transforming growth factor-β, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein\x{2013}1α, and tumor necrosis factor-α. By contrast, no increase in the levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, or IL-13 was evident. Moreover, flIL-33 was found to increase the expression of several heat shock proteins (HSPs) significantly, and in particular HSP70, which is known to be associated with ILD. Thus, flIL-33 is a synergistic proinflammatory and profibrotic regulator that acts by stimulating the expression of several non-Th2 cytokines, and activates the expression of HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- 1 Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and
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Go H, Koh J, Kim HS, Jeon YK, Chung DH. Expression of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 is increased in the respiratory epithelial cells of chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia patients. Respir Med 2014; 108:783-92. [PMID: 24613046 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) is characterized by chronic interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Although mounting evidence has suggested that toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are involved in the pathogenesis of non-infectious lung injury in vitro and in mouse models, their roles in human IIP remain unknown. METHODS To address this issue, we investigated the expression patterns of TLR2 and TLR4 by immunohistochemistry in resected lung tissues from patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). RESULTS Type II pneumocytes, bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), and alveolar macrophages accounted for the majority of TLR2- and TLR4-expressing cells in both UIP and NSIP. The numbers of TLR2 and TLR4-positive respiratory epithelial (RE) cells, including type II pneumocytes and BECs, were significantly greater in UIP and NSIP than in the control. In particular, the numbers of TLR2-positive RE cells were much greater in UIP than in NSIP. The intensities of TLR2 and TLR4 expression in type II pneumocytes were also significantly stronger in UIP and NSIP than in the control. A comparison of the TLR expression patterns between the fibroblastic and fibrotic areas in UIP indicated that the numbers TLR2 and TLR4-positive RE cells were similar in fibroblastic areas, whereas the TLR2-positive RE cells outnumbered the TLR4-positive RE cells in the fibrotic areas. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that RE cells over-express TLR2 and TLR4 in the lungs of IIP patients. These findings suggest that high expression of TLRs may contribute to the pathogenesis of human IIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine,88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxia Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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Wang BZ, Wang LP, Han H, Cao FL, Li GY, Xu JL, Wang XW, Wang LX. Interleukin-17A antagonist attenuates radiation-induced lung injuries in mice. Exp Lung Res 2014; 40:77-85. [PMID: 24446677 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.872210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) antibodies on radiation-induced lung injuries in mice. METHODS The thorax of 135 mice were divided into Sham (n = 30), radiation control (RC, n = 35), treatment (n = 35, IL-17A-neutralizing antibody, 4 μg/mouse, IV, 4 days per month for 4 months) and placebo group (n = 35) before a single dose irradiation (15 Gy) to the thorax. Inflammation and collagen contents in the lung tissues were examined, and the concentration of IL-17A, TGF-β1, and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. In another 50 animals, 180-day survival rate following the irradiation and treatment was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Sixteen weeks after the irradiation and treatment, there was significant inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial collagen depositions in the radiation control and placebo groups, whereas these changes were relatively mild in the treatment group. The percentage of grade II and III alveolitis in the treatment group (16%, P < .05) was lower than in the RC (72%) or placebo group (64%). The mean Aschcroft fibrosis scores were 2.8 (treatment group), 5.2 (RC), and 4.8 (placebo group), respectively. The scores of treatment group was lower than that of RC (P < .001) or placebo group (P < .001). The IL-17A, TGF-β, and IL-6 concentrations in the treatment group were lower than in the RC and placebo group (P < .01) following the irradiation. The 180-day mortality rate in the treatment group was lower than in the RC group 16.7% versus 75.0%, P < .05). CONCLUSION IL-17A antibody treatment alleviates radiation-induced pneumonitis and subsequent fibrosis, and improvise postirradiation survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhong Wang
- 1Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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Camelo A, Dunmore R, Sleeman MA, Clarke DL. The epithelium in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: breaking the barrier. Front Pharmacol 2014; 4:173. [PMID: 24454287 PMCID: PMC3887273 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease of unknown etiology characterized by a dysregulated wound healing response that leads to fatal accumulation of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM) in the lung, which compromises tissue architecture and lung function capacity. Injury to type II alveolar epithelial cells is thought to be the key event for the initiation of the disease, and so far both genetic factors, such as mutations in telomerase and MUC5B genes as well as environmental components, like cigarette smoking, exposure to asbestos and viral infections have been implicated as potential initiating triggers. The injured epithelium then enters a state of senescence-associated secretory phenotype whereby it produces both pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors that contribute to the wound healing process in the lung. Immune cells, like macrophages and neutrophils as well as activated myofibroblasts then perpetuate this cascade of epithelial cell apoptosis and proliferation by release of pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor beta and continuous deposition of ECM stiffens the basement membrane, altogether having a deleterious impact on epithelial cell function. In this review, we describe the role of the epithelium as both a physical and immunological barrier between environment and self in the homeostatic versus diseased lung and explore the potential mechanisms of epithelial cell injury and the impact of loss of epithelial cell permeability and function on cytokine production, inflammation, and myofibroblast activation in the fibrotic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Camelo
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Dunmore
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew A Sleeman
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah L Clarke
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd Cambridge, UK
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Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 2 reduces cardiac fibrosis by attenuating macrophage-mediated inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:383-92. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Wang XX, Lv XX, Wang JP, Yan HM, Wang ZY, Liu HZ, Fu XM, Hu ZW. Blocking TLR2 activity diminishes and stabilizes advanced atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1025-35. [PMID: 23852085 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling plays a critical role in the initiation of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether blocking TLR2 activity could produce therapeutic effects on advanced atherosclerosis. METHODS Forty-week old apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice fed on a normal diet were intravenously injected with a TLR2-neutralizing antibody or with an isotype-matched IgG for 18 weeks. Double-knockout ApoE(-/-)Tlr2(-/-) mice were taken as a positive control. At the end of the treatments, the plasma lipid levels were measured, and the plaque morphology, pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and apoptosis in arteries were analyzed. In the second part of this study, 6-week old ApoE(-/-) and ApoE(-/-)Tlr2(-/-) mice fed on a high-cholesterol diet for 12 to 24 weeks, the expression levels of TLR2 and apoptotic markers in arteries were examined. RESULTS Blockade of TLR2 activity with TLR2-neutralizing antibody or knockout of Tlr2 gene did not alter the plasma lipid levels in ApoE(-/-) mice. However, the pharmacologic and genetic manipulations significantly reduced the plaque size and vessel stenosis, and increased plaque stability in the brachiocephalic arteries. The protective effects of TLR2 antagonism were associated with the suppressed expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and the inactivation of transcription factors NF-κB and Stat3. In addition, blocking TLR2 activity attenuated ER stress-induced macrophage apoptosis in the brachiocephalic arteries, which could promote the resolution of necrotic cores in advanced atherosclerosis. Moreover, high-cholesterol diet more prominently accelerated atherosclerotic formation and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein CHOP and apoptosis in ApoE(-/-) mice than in ApoE(-/-)Tlr2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION The pharmacologic or genetic blockade of TLR2 activity diminishes and stabilizes advanced atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE(-/-) mice. Thus, targeting TLR2 signaling may be a promising therapeutic strategy against advanced atherosclerosis.
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Guo H, Chen Y, Hu X, Qian G, Ge S, Zhang J. The regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 by miR-143 suppresses the invasion and migration of a subset of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:77. [PMID: 23866094 PMCID: PMC3750391 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-driven tissue response may promote neoangiogenesis and tumour growth by mechanisms that are poorly understood. Methods We investigated the expression levels of TLR2 and associated-miRNAs in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) tissues and cell lines using real-time PCR, northern blotting and western blotting. Survival curver was generated by Log-Rank test and the role of TLR2 signalling in tumour invasion and migration was determined by transwell analysis kits. Results We observed that the tissues from CRC patients express relatively high levels of TLR2. Targeting TLR2 markedly reduces the invasion and migration of CRC cells. We also found that miR-143, a putative tumour suppressor that is down-regulated in CRC tissues, reduces the invasion and migration of CRC cells primarily via TLR2. Utilising a xenograft mouse model, we demonstrated that re-expression of miR-143 inhibits CRC cell colonisation in vivo. Conclusion miR-143 blocks the TLR2 signalling pathway in human CRC cells. This knowledge may pave the way for new clinical applications utilising miR-143 mimics in the treatment of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Third People's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200019, PR China.
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