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Hoang TX, Kim JY. Regulatory macrophages in solid organ xenotransplantation. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 37:229-240. [PMID: 38115165 PMCID: PMC10772277 DOI: 10.4285/kjt.23.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a critical organ shortage, pig organs are being explored for use in transplantation. Differences between species, particularly in cell surface glycans, can trigger elevated immune responses in xenotransplantation. To mitigate the risk of hyperacute rejection, genetically modified pigs have been developed that lack certain glycans and express human complement inhibitors. Nevertheless, organs from these pigs may still provoke stronger inflammatory and innate immune reactions than allotransplants. Dysregulation of coagulation and persistent inflammation remain obstacles in the transplantation of pig organs into primates. Regulatory macrophages (Mregs), known for their anti-inflammatory properties, could offer a potential solution. Mregs secrete interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta, thereby suppressing immune responses and promoting the development of regulatory T cells. These Mregs are typically induced via the stimulation of monocytes or macrophages with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon gamma, and they conspicuously express the stable marker dehydrogenase/reductase 9. Consequently, understanding the precise mechanisms governing Mreg generation, stability, and immunomodulation could pave the way for the therapeutic use of Mregs generated in vitro. This approach has the potential to reduce the required dosages and durations of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medications in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Xoan Hoang
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
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Pham HL, Yang DH, Chae WR, Jung JH, Hoang TX, Lee NY, Kim JY. PDMS Micropatterns Coated with PDA and RGD Induce a Regulatory Macrophage-like Phenotype. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:673. [PMID: 36985080 PMCID: PMC10052727 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory macrophages (Mreg) are a special cell type that present a potential therapeutic strategy for various inflammatory diseases. In vitro, Mreg generation mainly takes 7-10 days of treatment with chemicals, including cytokines. In the present study, we established a new approach for Mreg generation using a three-dimensional (3D) micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface coated with a natural biopolymer adhesive polydopamine (PDA) and the common cell adhesion peptide motif arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD). The 3D PDMS surfaces were fabricated by photolithography and soft lithography techniques and were subsequently coated with an RGD+PDA mixture to form a surface that facilitates cell adhesion. Human monocytes (THP-1 cells) were cultured on different types of 2D or 3D micropatterns for four days, and the cell morphology, elongation, and Mreg marker expression were assessed using microscopic and flow cytometric analyses. The cells grown on the PDA+RGD-coated 3D micropatterns (20-µm width/20-µm space) exhibited the most elongated morphology and strongest expression levels of Mreg markers, such as CD163, CD206, CD209, CD274, MER-TK, TREM2, and DHRS9. The present study demonstrated that PDA+RGD-coated 3D PDMS micropatterns successfully induced Mreg-like cells from THP-1 cells within four days without the use of cytokines, suggesting a time- and cost-effective method to generate Mreg-like cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Lan Pham
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyun Yang
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ri Chae
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Jung
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Xoan Hoang
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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Chen C, Zhong S, Wu Z, Tang H, Wang Z, Jiang D. Investigation of the relationship between red blood cell distribution width and mortality in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a retrospective study. SAO PAULO MED J 2023; 141:e2022190. [PMID: 36629554 PMCID: PMC10065090 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2022.0190.r1.17102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is related to sepsis-related mortality. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome caused by severe infection, tumors, or autoimmunity without a specific diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation between RDW and mortality in patients with HLH. DESIGN AND SETTING A retrospective study conducted in a hospital in China. METHODS A total of 101 inpatients with HLH from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021 were divided into non-survivor (n = 52) and survivor (n = 49) groups. A non-parametric test was used to analyze demographic, clinical, and laboratory data between groups. Independent variables with P < 0.05 were analyzed using binary logistic regression to screen out mortality-related variables. Selected variables were subjected to multivariate logistic regression analysis, and those with strong correlations were screened. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of strongly correlated variables and area under curve (AUC) values were obtained. RESULTS The APACHE II score, RDW, and platelet (PLT) and fibrinogen (FIB) levels (P < 0.05) different significantly. RDW, PLT, FIB were correlated with mortality. The AUC values of RDW, PLT, and FIB were 0.857, 0.797, and 0.726, respectively. RDW was associated with mortality in patients with HLH (P < 0.01, cut-off value: 16.9). The sensitivity and specificity of predicting mortality were 97.96% and 96.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION Logistic regression analysis showed a correlation between RDW and patients' mortality. Therefore, RDW can be used to predict mortality in patients with HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Chen
- MD, MSc. Physician, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Daping
Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shili Zhong
- MD, MSc. Physician, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Daping
Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengbin Wu
- MD, MSc. Physician, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Daping
Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Tang
- MD, PhD. Assistant Professor, Department of Intensive Care Unit,
Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- MD, PhD. Assistant Professor, Department of Intensive Care Unit,
Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongpo Jiang
- MD, MSc. Physician, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Daping
Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Li S, Yu B, Gao X, Zheng Y, Ma T, Hao Y, Wu H, Wei B, Wei Y, Luo Z, Xia B, Huang J. Discovery of novel immunotherapeutic drug candidates for sciatic nerve injury using bioinformatic analysis and experimental verification. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1035143. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation following nerve injury and surgery often causes peripheral nerve adhesion (PNA) to the surrounding tissue. Numerous investigations independently examined the prevention or inhibition of PNA, however, an intervention targeting macrophages has not been fully elucidated. Basement membrane (BM) genes are known to modulate central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, however, their activities in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) remains undiscovered. In this report, we carried out weighted correlation network analysis (WCNA) to screen for principal sciatic nerve injury (SNI) module genes. Once an association between the module and BM genes was established, the protein–protein interaction (PPI) and immune infiltration analyses were employed to screen for relevant BM-related immune genes (Itgam, SDC1, Egflam, and CD44) in SNI. Subsequently, using the Drug SIGnatures (DSigDB) database and molecular docking, we demonstrated that Trichostatin A (TSA) interacted with key immune genes. TSA is known to enhance M2 macrophage expression and attenuate fibrosis. Nevertheless, the significance of the epigenetic modulation of macrophage phenotypes in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is undetermined after SNI. In this article, we examined the TSA role in fibrogenesis and macrophage plasticity associated with DRG. We revealed that TSA enhanced M2 macrophage aggregation, inhibited fibroblast activation, and improved sciatic nerve regeneration (SNR) and sensory functional recovery (FR) after SNI. In addition, TSA suppressed M1 macrophages and enhanced M2 macrophage invasion within the DRG tissue. Furthermore, TSA dramatically reduced IL-1β and TNFα levels, while upregulating IL-10 level. In summary, this research revealed for the first time that TSA alleviates fibrosis in DRG by promoting an M1 to M2 macrophage transition, which, in turn, accelerates SNR.
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Brezovec N, Kojc N, Erman A, Hladnik M, Stergar J, Milanič M, Tomšič M, Čučnik S, Sodin-Šemrl S, Perše M, Lakota K. Molecular and Cellular Markers in Chlorhexidine-Induced Peritoneal Fibrosis in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2726. [PMID: 36359246 PMCID: PMC9687430 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the tissue changes and molecular mechanisms of preclinical models is essential for creating an optimal experimental design for credible translation into clinics. In our study, a chlorhexidine (CHX)-induced mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis was used to analyze histological and molecular/cellular alterations induced by 1 and 3 weeks of intraperitoneal CHX application. CHX treatment for 1 week already caused injury, degradation, and loss of mesothelial cells, resulting in local inflammation, with the most severe structural changes occurring in the peritoneum around the ventral parts of the abdominal wall. The local inflammatory response in the abdominal wall showed no prominent differences between 1 and 3 weeks. We observed an increase in polymorphonuclear cells in the blood but no evidence of systemic inflammation as measured by serum levels of serum amyloid A and interleukin-6. CHX-induced fibrosis in the abdominal wall was more pronounced after 3 weeks, but the gene expression of fibrotic markers did not change over time. Complement system molecules were strongly expressed in the abdominal wall of CHX-treated mice. To conclude, both histological and molecular changes were already present in week 1, allowing examination at the onset of fibrosis. This is crucial information for refining further experiments and limiting the amount of unnecessary animal suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neža Brezovec
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nika Kojc
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Erman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Hladnik
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jošt Stergar
- Reactor Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Milanič
- Reactor Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Complex Matter, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Tomšič
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Čučnik
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Snežna Sodin-Šemrl
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Martina Perše
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Lakota
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
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Ghilas S, O’Keefe R, Mielke LA, Raghu D, Buchert M, Ernst M. Crosstalk between epithelium, myeloid and innate lymphoid cells during gut homeostasis and disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:944982. [PMID: 36189323 PMCID: PMC9524271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.944982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelium not only provides a physical barrier to separate a noxious outside from a sterile inside but also allows for highly regulated interactions between bacteria and their products, and components of the immune system. Homeostatic maintenance of an intact epithelial barrier is paramount to health, requiring an intricately regulated and highly adaptive response of various cells of the immune system. Prolonged homeostatic imbalance can result in chronic inflammation, tumorigenesis and inefficient antitumor immune control. Here we provide an update on the role of innate lymphoid cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, which collectively play a critical role in epithelial barrier maintenance and provide an important linkage between the classical innate and adaptive arm of the immune system. These interactions modify the capacity of the gut epithelium to undergo continuous renewal, safeguard against tumor formation and provide feedback to the gut microbiome, which acts as a seminal contributor to cellular homeostasis of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ghilas
- Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan O’Keefe
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Anna Mielke
- Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Dinesh Raghu
- Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael Buchert, ; Matthias Ernst,
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University - School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael Buchert, ; Matthias Ernst,
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Wang Y, Sang X, Shao R, Qin H, Chen X, Xue Z, Li L, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Chang Y, Gao X, Zhang B, Zhang H, Yang J. Xuanfei Baidu Decoction protects against macrophages induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114701. [PMID: 34606948 PMCID: PMC9715986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD), one of the "three medicines and three prescriptions" for the clinically effective treatment of COVID-19 in China, plays an important role in the treatment of mild and/or common patients with dampness-toxin obstructing lung syndrome. AIM OF THE STUDY The present work aims to elucidate the protective effects and the possible mechanism of XFBD against the acute inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS We use TGF-β1 induced fibroblast activation model and LPS/IL-4 induced macrophage inflammation model as in vitro cell models. The mice model of lung fibrosis was induced by BLM via endotracheal drip, and then XFBD (4.6 g/kg, 9.2 g/kg) were administered orally respectively. The efficacy and molecular mechanisms in the presence or absence of XFBD were investigated. RESULTS The results proved that XFBD can effectively inhibit fibroblast collagen deposition, down-regulate the level of α-SMA and inhibit the migration of fibroblasts. IL-4 induced macrophage polarization was also inhibited and the secretions of the inflammatory factors including IL6, iNOS were down-regulated. In vivo experiments, the results proved that XFBD improved the weight loss and survival rate of the mice. The XFBD high-dose administration group had a significant effect in inhibiting collagen deposition and the expression of α-SMA in the lungs of mice. XFBD can reduce bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 activation and related macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Xuanfei Baidu Decoction protects against macrophages induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaoqing Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Rui Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Honglin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xuanhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Zhifeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Boli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Conte E. Targeting monocytes/macrophages in fibrosis and cancer diseases: Therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108031. [PMID: 34774879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over almost 140 years since their identification, the knowledge about macrophages has unbelievably evolved. The 'big eaters' from being thought of as simple phagocytic cells have been recognized as master regulators in immunity, homeostasis, healing/repair and organ development. Long considered to originate exclusively from bone marrow-derived circulating monocytes, macrophages have been also demonstrated to be the first immune cells colonizing tissues in the developing embryo and persisting in adult life by self-renewal, as long-lived tissue resident macrophages. Therefore, heterogeneous populations of macrophages with different ontogeny and functions co-exist in tissues. Macrophages act as sentinels of homeostasis and are intrinsically programmed to lead the wound healing and repair processes that occur after injury. However, in certain pathological circumstances macrophages get dysfunctional, and impaired or aberrant macrophage activities become key features of diseases. For instance, in both fibrosis and cancer, that have been defined 'wounds that do not heal', dysfunctional monocyte-derived macrophages overall play a key detrimental role. On the other hand, due to their plasticity these cells can be 're-educated' and exert anti-fibrotic and anti-cancer functions. Therefore macrophages represent an important therapeutic target in both fibrosis and cancer diseases. The current review will illustrate new insights into the role of monocytes/macrophages in these devastating diseases and summarize new therapeutic strategies and applications of macrophage-targeted drug development in their clinical setting.
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Bray ER, Oropallo AR, Grande DA, Kirsner RS, Badiavas EV. Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1543. [PMID: 34683836 PMCID: PMC8541217 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds develop when the orderly process of cutaneous wound healing is delayed or disrupted. Development of a chronic wound is associated with significant morbidity and financial burden to the individual and health-care system. Therefore, new therapeutic modalities are needed to address this serious condition. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote skin repair, but their clinical use has been limited due to technical challenges. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released by cells that carry bioactive molecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) and regulate intercellular communication. EVs (exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) mediate key therapeutic effects of MSCs. In this review we examine the experimental data establishing a role for EVs in wound healing. Then, we explore techniques for designing EVs to function as a targeted drug delivery system and how EVs can be incorporated into biomaterials to produce a personalized wound dressing. Finally, we discuss the status of clinically deploying EVs as a therapeutic agent in wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Bray
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.R.B.); (R.S.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alisha R. Oropallo
- Comprehensive Wound Healing Center and Hyperbarics, Department of Vascular Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; (A.R.O.); (D.A.G.)
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Daniel A. Grande
- Comprehensive Wound Healing Center and Hyperbarics, Department of Vascular Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; (A.R.O.); (D.A.G.)
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA
| | - Robert S. Kirsner
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.R.B.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Evangelos V. Badiavas
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.R.B.); (R.S.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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10
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Sutherland TE, Shaw TN, Lennon R, Herrick SE, Rückerl D. Ongoing Exposure to Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid Alters Resident Peritoneal Macrophage Phenotype and Activation Propensity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715209. [PMID: 34386014 PMCID: PMC8353194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a more continuous alternative to haemodialysis, for patients with chronic kidney disease, with considerable initial benefits for survival, patient independence and healthcare costs. However, long-term PD is associated with significant pathology, negating the positive effects over haemodialysis. Importantly, peritonitis and activation of macrophages is closely associated with disease progression and treatment failure. However, recent advances in macrophage biology suggest opposite functions for macrophages of different cellular origins. While monocyte-derived macrophages promote disease progression in some models of fibrosis, tissue resident macrophages have rather been associated with protective roles. Thus, we aimed to identify the relative contribution of tissue resident macrophages to PD induced inflammation in mice. Unexpectedly, we found an incremental loss of homeostatic characteristics, anti-inflammatory and efferocytic functionality in peritoneal resident macrophages, accompanied by enhanced inflammatory responses to external stimuli. Moreover, presence of glucose degradation products within the dialysis fluid led to markedly enhanced inflammation and almost complete disappearance of tissue resident cells. Thus, alterations in tissue resident macrophages may render long-term PD patients sensitive to developing peritonitis and consequently fibrosis/sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E. Sutherland
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tovah N. Shaw
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Herrick
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Heo JY, Do JY, Lho Y, Kim AY, Kim SW, Kang SH. TGF-β1 Receptor Inhibitor SB525334 Attenuates the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells via the TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070839. [PMID: 34356903 PMCID: PMC8301792 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of SB525334 (TGF-β receptor type 1 (TβRI) inhibitor) on the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling pathway in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) and a peritoneal fibrosis mouse model. In vitro experiments were performed using HPMCs. HPMCs were treated with TGF-β1 and/or SB525334. In vivo experiments were conducted with male C57/BL6 mice. The 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) was intraperitoneally injected with or without SB52534 administration by oral gavage. Mice were euthanized after 28 days. EMT using TGF-β1-treated HPMCs included morphological changes, cell migration and invasion, EMT markers and collagen synthesis. These pathological changes were reversed by co-treatment with SB525334. CG injection was associated with an increase in peritoneal fibrosis and thickness, which functionally resulted in an increase in the glucose absorption via peritoneum. Co-treatment with SB525334 attenuated these changes. The levels of EMT protein markers and immunohistochemical staining for fibrosis showed similar trends. Immunofluorescence staining for EMT markers showed induction of transformed cells with both epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers, which decreased upon co-treatment with SB525334. SB525334 effectively attenuated the TGF-β1-induced EMT in HPMCs. Cotreatment with SB525334 improved peritoneal thickness and fibrosis and recovered peritoneal membrane function in a peritoneal fibrosis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yoon Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea; (J.-Y.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jun-Young Do
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea; (J.-Y.D.); (A.-Y.K.)
| | - Yunmee Lho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea; (J.-Y.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - A-Young Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea; (J.-Y.D.); (A.-Y.K.)
| | - Sang-Woon Kim
- Division of Gastro-Enterology, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea;
| | - Seok-Hui Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea; (J.-Y.D.); (A.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-620-3836
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12
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Yu J, Li S, Wang L, Dong Z, Si L, Bao L, Wu L. Pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis-game of Brucella death. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:96-120. [PMID: 34214000 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1944055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. Human infection often results from direct contact with tissues from infected animals or by consumption of undercooked meat and unpasteurised dairy products, causing serious economic losses and public health problems. The male genitourinary system is a common involved system in patients with brucellosis. Among them, unilateral orchitis and epididymitis are the most common. Although the clinical and imaging aspect of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis have been widely described, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the damage and the immune response in testis and epididymis have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we first summarised the clinical characteristics of Brucella epididymo-orchitis and the composition of testicular and epididymal immune system. Secondly, with regard to the mechanism of Brucella epididymoorchitis, we mainly discussed the process of Brucella invading testis and epididymis in temporal and spatial order, including i) Brucella evades innate immune recognition of testicular PRRs;ii) Brucella overcomes the immune storm triggered by the invasion of testis through bacterial lipoproteins and virulence factors, and changes the secretion mode of cytokines; iii) Brucella breaks through the blood-testis barrier with the help of macrophages, and inflammatory cytokines promote the oxidative stress of Sertoli cells, damaging the integrity of BTB; iv) Brucella inhibits apoptosis of testicular phagocytes. Finally, we revealed the structure and sequence of testis invaded by Brucella at the tissue level. This review will enable us to better understand the pathogenesis of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for the treatment of brucellosis and the prevention of transition to chronic form. Facing the testicle with immunity privilege, Brucella is like Bruce Lee in the movie Game of Death, winning is survival while losing is death.HIGHLIGHTSWe summarized the clinical features and pathological changes of Brucellaepididymoorchitis.Our research reveals the pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis, which mainly includes the subversion of testicular immune privilege by Brucella and a series of destructive reactions derived from it.As a basic framework and valuable resource, this study can promote the exploration of the pathogenesis of Brucella and provide reference for determining new therapeutic targets for brucellosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuwang Yu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiheng Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lengge Si
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lidao Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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13
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Lopes TCM, Almeida GG, Souza IA, Borges DC, de Lima WG, Prazeres PHDM, Birbrair A, Arantes RME, Mosser DM, Goncalves R. High-Density-Immune-Complex Regulatory Macrophages Promote Recovery of Experimental Colitis in Mice. Inflammation 2021; 44:1069-1082. [PMID: 33394188 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages not only play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but they also play a major role in preserving intestinal homeostasis. In this work, we evaluated the role of macrophages in IBD and investigated whether the functional reprogramming of macrophages to a very specific phenotype could decrease disease pathogenesis. Thus, macrophages were stimulated in the presence of high-density immune complexes which strongly upregulate their production of IL-10 and downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. The transfer of these high-density-immune-complex regulatory macrophages into mice with colitis was examined as a potential therapy proposal to control the disease. Animals subjected to colitis induction received these high-density-immune-complex regulatory macrophages, and then the Disease Activity Index (DAI), and macroscopic and microscopic lesions were measured. The treated group showed a dramatic improvement in all parameters analyzed, with no difference with the control group. The colon was macroscopically normal in appearance and size, and microscopically colon architecture was preserved. The immunofluorescence migration assay showed that these cells migrated to the inflamed intestine, being able to locally produce the cytokine IL-10, which could explain the dramatic improvement in the clinical and pathological condition of the animals. Thus, our results demonstrate that the polarization of macrophages to a high IL-10 producer profile after stimulation with high-density immune complexes was decisive in controlling experimental colitis, and that macrophages are a potential therapeutic target to be explored in the control of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Cristina Moreira Lopes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Izabela Aparecida Souza
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego Costa Borges
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Geraldo de Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Dias Moura Prazeres
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Esteves Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - David M Mosser
- Laboratory of Macrophage and Host Defense - Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo Goncalves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Effects of TGF-β1 Receptor Inhibitor GW788388 on the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094739. [PMID: 33947038 PMCID: PMC8124410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effectiveness of the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β) receptor inhibitor GW788388 on the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) using human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) and examined the effectiveness of GW788388 on the peritoneal membrane using a peritoneal fibrosis mouse model. HPMCs were treated with TGF-β with or without GW788388. Animal experiments were conducted on male C57/BL6 mice. Peritoneal fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of chlorhexidine gluconate. GW788388 was administered by once-daily oral gavage. The morphological change, cell migration, and invasion resulted from TGF-β treatment, but these changes were attenuated by cotreatment with GW788388. TGF-β-treated HPMCs decreased the level of the epithelial cell marker and increased the levels of the mesenchymal cell markers. Cotreatment with GW788388 reversed these changes. Phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 protein levels were stimulated with TGF-β and the change was attenuated by cotreatment with GW788388. For the peritoneal fibrosis mice, thickness and collagen deposition of parietal peritoneum was increased, but this change was attenuated by cotreatment with GW788388. GW788388, an orally available potent TGF-β receptor type 1 inhibitor, effectively attenuated TGF-β-induced EMT in HPMCs. Cotreatment with GW788388 improved peritoneal thickness and fibrosis, and recovered peritoneal membrane function in a peritoneal fibrosis mouse model.
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15
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Xu K, Du S, Gu X, Cao R, Cui S. Minocycline alleviates peripheral nerve adhesion by promoting regulatory macrophage polarization via the TAK1 and its downstream pathway. Life Sci 2021; 276:119422. [PMID: 33781833 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Inflammation plays a key role in peripheral nerve adhesion and often leads to severe pain and nerve dysfunction. Minocycline was reported to have potent anti-inflammatory effects and might be a promising drug to prevent or attenuate peripheral nerve adhesion. The present study aimed to clarify whether minocycline contributes to nerve adhesion protection and its underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats with sciatic nerve adhesion induced by glutaraldehyde glue (GG) were intraperitoneally injected with minocycline or saline every 12 h for 7 consecutive days. After that, the adhesion score, Ashcroft score, demyelination, macrophage polarization and inflammatory factors in peripheral nerve adhesion tissues or tissues in sham group were determined with histological staining, western blot and real time-PCR. Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells were stimulated by LPS alone or together with minocycline at different concentrations and time duration to study the mechanism of minocycline in alleviating nerve adhesion. KEY FINDINGS We found that minocycline treatment reduced the adhesion score, Ashcroft score, the growth of scar tissue, demyelination, and macrophage recruitment. Moreover, minocycline significantly and dose-dependently promoted regulatory macrophage polarization but decreased pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization. Furthermore, mechanism studies showed that TAK1 and its downstream pathway p38/JNK/ERK1/2/p65 were inhibited by minocycline, which led to lower IL-1β and TNFα expression, but increased IL-10 expression. SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, these results suggest that minocycline is highly effective against peripheral nerve adhesion through anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation, and myelination protection, making it a highly promising candidate for treating adhesion-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Shuang Du
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China.
| | - Rangjuan Cao
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, PR China.
| | - Shusen Cui
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, PR China.
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16
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Zhang F, Zhang J, Cao P, Sun Z, Wang W. The characteristics of regulatory macrophages and their roles in transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107322. [PMID: 33418238 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) are a subtype of macrophages that are involved in regulating immune responses and inhibiting activated T lymphocyte proliferation. With advances in our basic understanding of Mregs and the revelation of their biological characteristics, Mregs have become a focus of research. In addition to promoting malignant tumor progression, Mregs also play an immunosuppressive role in inflammatory diseases and transplantation. Recent studies have shown that Mregs are closely associated with the induction of transplantation immune tolerance. Immune regulatory cell treatment as an adjunct immunosuppressive therapy offers new insights into the mechanism by which transplantation immune tolerance is established. The application of Mreg-based cellular immunotherapy has shown promise in clinical solid organ transplantation. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of Mreg morphology, phenotype, induction and negative immunoregulatory function and discuss the role of Mregs in different transplantation models as well as their potential application value in clinical organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zejia Sun
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
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17
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Wu Y, Luo J, Garden OA. Immunoregulatory Cells in Myasthenia Gravis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:593431. [PMID: 33384654 PMCID: PMC7769807 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.593431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell-dependent, B-cell mediated autoimmune disease caused by antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor or other components of the post-synaptic muscle endplate at the neuromuscular junction. These specific antibodies serve as excellent biomarkers for diagnosis, but do not adequately substitute for clinical evaluations to predict disease severity or treatment response. Several immunoregulatory cell populations are implicated in the pathogenesis of MG. The immunophenotype of these populations has been well-characterized in human peripheral blood. CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are functionally defective in MG, but there is a lack of consensus on whether they show numerical perturbations. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have also been explored in the context of MG. Adoptive transfer of CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs or MDSCs suppresses ongoing experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), a rodent model of MG, suggesting a protective role of both populations in this disease. An imbalance between follicular Tregs and follicular T helper cells is found in untreated MG patients, correlating with disease manifestations. There is an inverse correlation between the frequency of circulating IL-10–producing B cells and clinical status in MG patients. Taken together, both functional and numerical defects in various populations of immunoregulatory cells in EAMG and human MG have been demonstrated, but how they relate to pathogenesis and whether these cells can serve as biomarkers of disease activity in humans deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Oliver A Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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18
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Regulation of macrophage subsets and cytokine production in leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155309. [PMID: 33334669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are host cells for parasites of the genus Leishmania where they multiply inside parasitophorous vacuoles. Paradoxically, macrophages are also the cells responsible for killing or controlling parasite growth, if appropriately activated. In this review, we will cover the patterns of macrophage activation and the mechanisms used by the parasite to circumvent being killed. We will highlight the impacts of the vector bite on macrophage activation. Finally, we will discuss the ontogeny of macrophages that are infected by Leishmania spp.
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19
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Bogdan C. Macrophages as host, effector and immunoregulatory cells in leishmaniasis: Impact of tissue micro-environment and metabolism. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100041. [PMID: 33604563 PMCID: PMC7885870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that predominantly reside in myeloid cells within their mammalian hosts. Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of all forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The present review will highlight the diverse roles of macrophages in leishmaniasis as initial replicative niche, antimicrobial effectors, immunoregulators and as safe hideaway for parasites persisting after clinical cure. These multiplex activities are either ascribed to defined subpopulations of macrophages (e.g., Ly6ChighCCR2+ inflammatory monocytes/monocyte-derived dendritic cells) or result from different activation statuses of tissue macrophages (e.g., macrophages carrying markers of of classical [M1] or alternative activation [M2]). The latter are shaped by immune- and stromal cell-derived cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β), micro milieu factors (e.g., hypoxia, tonicity, amino acid availability), host cell-derived enzymes, secretory products and metabolites (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, arginase 1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, NOS2/NO, NOX2/ROS, lipids) as well as by parasite products (e.g., leishmanolysin/gp63, lipophosphoglycan). Exciting avenues of current research address the transcriptional, epigenetic and translational reprogramming of macrophages in a Leishmania species- and tissue context-dependent manner.
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Key Words
- (L)CL, (localized) cutaneous leishmaniasis
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- Arg, arginase
- Arginase
- CAMP, cathelicidin-type antimicrobial peptide
- CR, complement receptor
- DC, dendritic cells
- DCL, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Hypoxia
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR, type I IFN (IFN-α/β) receptor
- IL, interleukin
- Interferon-α/β
- Interferon-γ
- JAK, Janus kinase
- LPG, lipophosphoglycan
- LRV1, Leishmania RNA virus 1
- Leishmaniasis
- Macrophages
- Metabolism
- NCX1, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1
- NFAT5, nuclear factor of activated T cells 5
- NK cell, natural killer cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS2 (iNOS), type 2 (or inducible) nitric oxide synthase
- NOX2, NADPH oxidase 2 (gp91 or cytochrome b558 β-subunit of Phox)
- Nitric oxide
- OXPHOS, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
- PKDL, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis
- Phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- Phox, phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- Th1 (Th2), type 1 (type2) T helper cell
- Tonicity
- VL, visceral leishmaniasis
- mTOR, mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Moreira Lopes TC, Mosser DM, Gonçalves R. Macrophage polarization in intestinal inflammation and gut homeostasis. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:1163-1172. [PMID: 32886145 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut homeostasis is a process that requires a prudent balance of host responses to the beneficial enteric microbial community and the pathogenic stimuli that can arise. The lack of this balance in the intestine can result in inflammatory bowel diseases, where the immune system dysfunctions leading to exacerbated inflammatory responses. In this process, macrophages are considered to play a pivotal role. In this review, we describe the important role of macrophages in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and we discuss how altered macrophage function may lead to inflammatory bowel diseases. The plasticity of macrophages during the gut inflammatory response shows the broad role of these cells in orchestrating not only the onset of inflammation but also its termination as well as healing and repair. Indeed, the state of macrophage polarization can be the key factor in defining the resolution or the progression of inflammation and disease. Here, we discuss the different populations of macrophages and their implication in development, propagation, control and resolution of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Cristina Moreira Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia de Macrófagos e Monócitos, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia de Macrófagos e Monócitos, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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21
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Gurvich OL, Puttonen KA, Bailey A, Kailaanmäki A, Skirdenko V, Sivonen M, Pietikäinen S, Parker NR, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kekarainen T. Transcriptomics uncovers substantial variability associated with alterations in manufacturing processes of macrophage cell therapy products. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14049. [PMID: 32820219 PMCID: PMC7441152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression plasticity is central for macrophages' timely responses to cues from the microenvironment permitting phenotypic adaptation from pro-inflammatory (M1) to wound healing and tissue-regenerative (M2, with several subclasses). Regulatory macrophages are a distinct macrophage type, possessing immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic properties. Due to these features, regulatory macrophages are considered as a potential cell therapy product to treat clinical conditions, e.g., non-healing diabetic foot ulcers. In this study we characterized two differently manufactured clinically relevant regulatory macrophages, programmable cells of monocytic origin and comparator macrophages (M1, M2a and M0) using flow-cytometry, RT-qPCR, phagocytosis and secretome measurements, and RNA-Seq. We demonstrate that conventional phenotyping had a limited potential to discriminate different types of macrophages which was ameliorated when global transcriptome characterization by RNA-Seq was employed. Using this approach we confirmed that macrophage manufacturing processes can result in a highly reproducible cell phenotype. At the same time, minor changes introduced in manufacturing resulted in phenotypically and functionally distinct regulatory macrophage types. Additionally, we have identified a novel constellation of process specific biomarkers, which will support further clinical product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L Gurvich
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1S, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja A Puttonen
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1S, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aubrey Bailey
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1S, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Kailaanmäki
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1S, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vita Skirdenko
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1S, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Sivonen
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1S, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Pietikäinen
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1S, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nigel R Parker
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuija Kekarainen
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1S, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
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22
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Methods in isolation and characterization of bovine monocytes and macrophages. Methods 2020; 186:22-41. [PMID: 32622986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system and play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes. The cells belonging to the monocyte/macrophage system are structurally and functionally heterogeneous. Several subsets of monocytes have been previously identified in mammalian blood, generating different subpopulations of macrophages in tissues. Although their distribution and phenotype are similar to their human counterpart, bovine monocytes and macrophages feature differences in both functions and purification procedures. The specific roles that monocytes and macrophages fulfil in several important diseases of bovine species, including among the others tuberculosis and paratuberculosis, brucellosis or the disease related to peripartum, remain still partially elusive. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current knowledge of bovine monocytes and macrophages. We will describe methods for their purification and characterization of their major functions, including chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing, oxidative burst, apoptosis and necrosis. An overview of the flow cytometry and morphological procedures, including cytology, histology and immunohistochemistry, that are currently utilized to describe monocyte and macrophage main populations and functions is presented as well.
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23
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Hong YQ, Wan B, Li XF. Macrophage regulation of graft- vs-host disease. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:1793-1805. [PMID: 32518770 PMCID: PMC7262718 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i10.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become a curative choice of many hematopoietic malignancy, but graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) has limited the survival quality and overall survival of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Understanding of the immune cells’ reaction in pathophysiology of GVHD has improved, but a review on the role of macrophages in GVHD is still absent. Studies have observed that macrophage infiltration is associated with GVHD occurrence and development. In this review, we summarize and analyze the role of macrophages in GVHD based on pathophysiology of acute and chronic GVHD, focusing on the macrophage recruitment and infiltration, macrophage polarization, macrophage secretion, and especially interaction of macrophages with other immune cells. We could conclude that macrophage recruitment and infiltration contribute to both acute and chronic GVHD. Based on distinguishing pathology of acute and chronic GVHD, macrophages tend to show a higher M1/M2 ratio in acute GVHD and a lower M1/M2 ratio in chronic GVHD. However, the influence of dominant cytokines in GVHD is controversial and inconsistent with macrophage polarization. In addition, interaction of macrophages with alloreactive T cells plays an important role in acute GVHD. Meanwhile, the interaction among macrophages, B cells, fibroblasts, and CD4+ T cells participates in chronic GVHD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qun Hong
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bo Wan
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Fan Li
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
- INSERM U1160, Hospital Saint Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 94430, France
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