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Mohammadi S, Najafzadeh N, Ghafari SM, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Taslimian R, Parvizi P. Geographical and Molecular Analysis of Haplotype Variations in Leishmania major Among Infected Iranian Phlebotomus papatasi. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:549-558. [PMID: 38231310 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmania major is main causative agent and Phlebotomus papatasi is only proven vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. Human leishmaniasis is mostly susceptible to climatic conditions and molecular variations of Leishmania parasites within sandflies. METHODS L. major was analyzed based on geographical, environmental, climatic changes and haplotype variations within P. papatasi. Molecular tools and different geographical aspects were employed using Arc-GIS software for mapping the geographic distribution of samples and other statistics tests. Fragments of ITS-rDNA, k-DNA, and microsatellite genes of Leishmania were used for PCR, RFLP, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS Totally 81 out of 1083 female P. papatasi were detected with Leishmania parasites: 70 and five were L. major and L. turanica, respectively. Golestan and Fars provinces had the highest (13.64%) and lowest (4.55%) infection rates, respectively. The infection rate among female P. papatasi collected from gerbil burrows was significantly higher (15.15%) than animal shelters, yards, and inside houses (4.48%) (P < 0.0%). Microsatellite was more sensitive (22.72%) than k-DNA (18.8%) and ITS-rDNA (7.48%). More molecular variations of L. major were found in Isfahan province. CONCLUSIONS Arc-GIS software and other statistics tests were employed to find Leishmania positive and haplotype variations among sand flies. Geographical situations, altitude, climate, precipitation, humidity, temperature, urbanization, migrations, regional divergences, deforestation, global warming, genome instability, ecology, and biology of the sand flies intrinsically, and the reservoir hosts and neighboring infected locations could be reasons for increasing or decreasing the rate of Leishmania infection and haplotype variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Mohammadi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narmin Najafzadeh
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Ghafari
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roozbeh Taslimian
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran.
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Ceccato P, Ramirez B, Manyangadze T, Gwakisa P, Thomson MC. Data and tools to integrate climate and environmental information into public health. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:126. [PMID: 30541601 PMCID: PMC6292116 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last 30 years, the development of geographical information systems and satellites for Earth observation has made important progress in the monitoring of the weather, climate, environmental and anthropogenic factors that influence the reduction or the reemergence of vector-borne diseases. Analyses resulting from the combination of geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing have improved knowledge of climatic, environmental, and biodiversity factors influencing vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, visceral leishmaniasis, dengue, Rift Valley fever, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease and leptospirosis. These knowledge and products developed using remotely sensed data helped and continue to help decision makers to better allocate limited resources in the fight against VBDs. MAIN BODY Because VBDs are linked to climate and environment, we present here our experience during the last four years working with the projects under the, World Health Organization (WHO)/ The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)-International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Research Initiative on VBDs and Climate Change to integrate climate and environmental information into research and decision-making processes. The following sections present the methodology we have developed, which uses remote sensing to monitor climate variability, environmental conditions, and their impacts on the dynamics of infectious diseases. We then show how remotely sensed data can be accessed and evaluated and how they can be integrated into research and decision-making processes for mapping risks, and creating Early Warning Systems, using two examples from the WHO TDR projects based on schistosomiasis analysis in South Africa and Trypanosomiasis in Tanzania. CONCLUSIONS The tools presented in this article have been successfully used by the projects under the WHO/TDR-IDRC Research Initiative on VBDs and Climate Change. Combined with capacity building, they are an important piece of work which can significantly contribute to the goals of WHO Global Vector Control Response and to the Sustainable Development Goals especially those on health and climate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ceccato
- The International Research Institute for Climate and Society, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Lamont-Doherty, Palisades, NY 10964 USA
| | - Bernadette Ramirez
- The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tawanda Manyangadze
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Department of Public Health, College of health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag, 1020 Bindura, Zimbabwe
- South Africa and Geography Department, Faculty of Sciences, Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag, 1020 Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Paul Gwakisa
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Present address: Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Madeleine C. Thomson
- The International Research Institute for Climate and Society, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Lamont-Doherty, Palisades, NY 10964 USA
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Mandal R, Das P, Kumar V, Kesari S. Spatial Distribution of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Eastern India, a Case Study Evaluating Multispatial Resolution Remotely Sensed Environmental Evidence and Microclimatic Data. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:844-853. [PMID: 28399209 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing, a powerful tool for analyzing landscape factors, is being used to explore the spatial ecology of vectors of several diseases. This study aims to explore the role of buffer size in identification and quantification of geo-environmental factors from multispatial resolution satellite data and its application along with microclimatic data to kala-azar vector abundance modeling.Sand fly abundance and microclimatic data were collected from 210 sample sites during the premonsoon and postmonsoon season of 2014 from Muzaffarpur district of Bihar (India). Linear imaging self-scanning sensor (LISS-III; 23.5 m) and advanced wide field sensor (AWiFS; 56 m) imageries were used for generating environmental variables at 300- and 500-m buffer zones. Four analytical models of sand fly density were developed and evaluated for predictive accuracy.A total of 33 geo-environmental and four microclimatic variables were tested for the prediction of sand fly density, of which the best four were maximum temperature, relative humidity, Euclidean nearest-neighbor distance of settlement area to mixed bush-grass land, and surface water body. Predictive accuracy of the LISS-III models was found to be higher than AWiFS models at all buffer sizes.The results show that geo-environmental parameters and microclimatic data are the best predictors for sand fly density modeling. Buffer sizes play an important role in identifying the explanatory variables. Model parameters may be useful in identifying predisposing factors of sand fly habitat suitability at the micro level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Mandal
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna 800 007, Bihar, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna 800 007, Bihar, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna 800 007, Bihar, India
| | - Shreekant Kesari
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna 800 007, Bihar, India
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Abdullah AYM, Dewan A, Shogib MRI, Rahman MM, Hossain MF. Environmental factors associated with the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas of Bangladesh: modeling the ecological niche. Trop Med Health 2017; 45:13. [PMID: 28515660 PMCID: PMC5427622 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-017-0054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic infection (also called kala-azar in South Asia) caused by Leishmania donovani that is a considerable threat to public health in the Indian subcontinent, including densely populated Bangladesh. The disease seriously affects the poorest subset of the population in the subcontinent. Despite the fact that the incidence of VL results in significant morbidity and mortality, its environmental determinants are relatively poorly understood, especially in Bangladesh. In this study, we have extracted a number of environmental variables obtained from a range of sources, along with human VL cases collected through several field visits, to model the distribution of disease which may then be used as a surrogate for determining the distribution of Phlebotomus argentipes vector, in hyperendemic and endemic areas of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts in Bangladesh. The analysis was carried out within an ecological niche model (ENM) framework using a maxent to explore the ecological requirements of the disease. Results The results suggest that VL in the study area can be predicted by precipitation during the warmest quarter of the year, land surface temperature (LST), and normalized difference water index (NDWI). As P. argentipes is the single proven vector of L. donovani in the study area, its distribution could reasonably be determined by the same environmental variables. The analysis further showed that the majority of VL cases were located in mauzas where the estimated probability of the disease occurrence was high. This may reflect the potential distribution of the disease and consequently P. argentipes in the study area. Conclusions The results of this study are expected to have important implications, particularly in vector control strategies and management of risk associated with this disease. Public health officials can use the results to prioritize their visits in specific areas. Further, the findings can be used as a baseline to model how the distribution of the disease caused by P. argentipes might change in the event of climatic and environmental changes that resulted from increased anthropogenic activities in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, University Road, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Ashraf Dewan
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Md Rakibul Islam Shogib
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, University Road, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Md Masudur Rahman
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, University Road, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Md Faruk Hossain
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, University Road, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
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Transmission Dynamics of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian Subcontinent - A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004896. [PMID: 27490264 PMCID: PMC4973965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As Bangladesh, India and Nepal progress towards visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination, it is important to understand the role of asymptomatic Leishmania infection (ALI), VL treatment relapse and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in transmission. Methodology/ Principal Finding We reviewed evidence systematically on ALI, relapse and PKDL. We searched multiple databases to include studies on burden, risk factors, biomarkers, natural history, and infectiveness of ALI, PKDL and relapse. After screening 292 papers, 98 were included covering the years 1942 through 2016. ALI, PKDL and relapse studies lacked a reference standard and appropriate biomarker. The prevalence of ALI was 4–17-fold that of VL. The risk of ALI was higher in VL case contacts. Most infections remained asymptomatic or resolved spontaneously. The proportion of ALI that progressed to VL disease within a year was 1.5–23%, and was higher amongst those with high antibody titres. The natural history of PKDL showed variability; 3.8–28.6% had no past history of VL treatment. The infectiveness of PKDL was 32–53%. The risk of VL relapse was higher with HIV co-infection. Modelling studies predicted a range of scenarios. One model predicted VL elimination was unlikely in the long term with early diagnosis. Another model estimated that ALI contributed to 82% of the overall transmission, VL to 10% and PKDL to 8%. Another model predicted that VL cases were the main driver for transmission. Different models predicted VL elimination if the sandfly density was reduced by 67% by killing the sandfly or by 79% by reducing their breeding sites, or with 4–6y of optimal IRS or 10y of sub-optimal IRS and only in low endemic setting. Conclusion/ Significance There is a need for xenodiagnostic and longitudinal studies to understand the potential of ALI and PKDL as reservoirs of infection. The role of asymptomatic Leishmania infection (ALI), PKDL and VL relapse in transmission is unclear as VL elimination is achieved in the Indian subcontinent. ALI, PKDL and relapse studies lacked a reference standard and appropriate biomarker. ALI was 4–17-fold more prevalent than VL. The risk of ALI was higher in VL case contacts. Most infections remained asymptomatic or resolved spontaneously. The natural history of PKDL showed variability. Twenty nine percent had no past history of VL treatment. The risk of VL relapse was higher with HIV co-infection. Modelling studies predicted different effects. Early diagnosis was unlikely to eliminate VL in the long term. ALI was predicted to contribute to 82% of the overall transmission, VL to 10% and PKDL to 8%. Another model predicted that VL cases were the main driver for transmission. VL elimination was predicted if the sandfly density was reduced by 67% by killing the sandfly or by 79% by reducing their breeding sites, or with 4–6y of optimal IRS or 10y of sub-optimal IRS and only in low endemic setting. There is a need for more studies to fully understand the potential of ALI and PKDL as reservoirs of infection.
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Pigott DM, Bhatt S, Golding N, Duda KA, Battle KE, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Balard Y, Bastien P, Pratlong F, Brownstein JS, Freifeld CC, Mekaru SR, Gething PW, George DB, Myers MF, Reithinger R, Hay SI. Global distribution maps of the leishmaniases. eLife 2014; 3:e02851. [PMID: 24972829 PMCID: PMC4103681 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases that have a broad global distribution throughout much of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Despite representing a significant public health burden, our understanding of the global distribution of the leishmaniases remains vague, reliant upon expert opinion and limited to poor spatial resolution. A global assessment of the consensus of evidence for leishmaniasis was performed at a sub-national level by aggregating information from a variety of sources. A database of records of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis occurrence was compiled from published literature, online reports, strain archives, and GenBank accessions. These, with a suite of biologically relevant environmental covariates, were used in a boosted regression tree modelling framework to generate global environmental risk maps for the leishmaniases. These high-resolution evidence-based maps can help direct future surveillance activities, identify areas to target for disease control and inform future burden estimation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Pigott
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Nick Golding
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Kirsten A Duda
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Katherine E Battle
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Brady
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Jane P Messina
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Yves Balard
- Laboratoire de
Parasitologie–Mycologie, UFR
Médecine, Université Montpellier 1 and UMR
‘MiVEGEC’, CNRS 5290/IRD 224,
Montpellier,
France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Laboratoire de
Parasitologie–Mycologie, UFR
Médecine, Université Montpellier 1 and UMR
‘MiVEGEC’, CNRS 5290/IRD 224,
Montpellier,
France
- Departement de
Parasitologie–Mycologie,
CHRU de Montpellier, Centre National de Référence des
Leishmanioses, Montpellier,
France
| | - Francine Pratlong
- Laboratoire de
Parasitologie–Mycologie, UFR
Médecine, Université Montpellier 1 and UMR
‘MiVEGEC’, CNRS 5290/IRD 224,
Montpellier,
France
- Departement de
Parasitologie–Mycologie,
CHRU de Montpellier, Centre National de Référence des
Leishmanioses, Montpellier,
France
| | - John S Brownstein
- Department of Pediatrics,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, United
States
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program,
Boston Children's Hospital,
Boston, United States
| | - Clark C Freifeld
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program,
Boston Children's Hospital,
Boston, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Boston University, Boston, United
States
| | - Sumiko R Mekaru
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program,
Boston Children's Hospital,
Boston, United States
| | - Peter W Gething
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Dylan B George
- Fogarty International Center,
National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, United
States
| | - Monica F Myers
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Simon I Hay
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of
Zoology, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
- Fogarty International Center,
National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, United
States
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