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Naveed A, Eertink LG, Wang D, Li F. Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches. Viruses 2024; 16:781. [PMID: 38793662 PMCID: PMC11125849 DOI: 10.3390/v16050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans and equines are two dead-end hosts of the mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) with similar susceptibility and pathogenesis. Since the introduction of WNV vaccines into equine populations of the United States of America (USA) in late 2002, there have been only sporadic cases of WNV infection in equines. These cases are generally attributed to unvaccinated and under-vaccinated equines. In contrast, due to the lack of a human WNV vaccine, WNV cases in humans have remained steadily high. An average of 115 deaths have been reported per year in the USA since the first reported case in 1999. Therefore, the characterization of protective immune responses to WNV and the identification of immune correlates of protection in vaccinated equines will provide new fundamental information about the successful development and evaluation of WNV vaccines in humans. This review discusses the comparative epidemiology, transmission, susceptibility to infection and disease, clinical manifestation and pathogenesis, and immune responses of WNV in humans and equines. Furthermore, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies that are currently available and under development are described. In addition, the successful vaccination of equines against WNV and the potential lessons for human vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.N.); (L.G.E.); (D.W.)
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Karkashan A. Immunoinformatics assisted profiling of West Nile virus proteome to determine immunodominant epitopes for the development of next-generation multi-peptide vaccine. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395870. [PMID: 38799422 PMCID: PMC11116617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases represent a significant threat to global health, with West Nile virus (WNV) being a prominent example due to its potential to cause severe neurological disorders alongside mild feverish conditions. Particularly prevalent in the continental United States, WNV has emerged as a global concern, with outbreaks indicating the urgent need for effective prophylactic measures. The current problem is that the absence of a commercial vaccine against WNV highlights a critical gap in preventive strategies against WNV. This study aims to address this gap by proposing a novel, multivalent vaccine designed using immunoinformatics approaches to elicit comprehensive humoral and cellular immune responses against WNV. The objective of the study is to provide a theoretical framework for experimental scientists to formulate of vaccine against WNV and tackle the current problem by generating an immune response inside the host. The research employs reverse vaccinology and subtractive proteomics methodologies to identify NP_041724.2 polyprotein and YP_009164950.1 truncated flavivirus polyprotein NS1 as the prime antigens. The selection process for epitopes focused on B and T-cell reactivity, antigenicity, water solubility, and non-allergenic properties, prioritizing candidates with the potential for broad immunogenicity and safety. The designed vaccine construct integrates these epitopes, connected via GPGPG linkers, and supplemented with an adjuvant with the help of another linker EAAAK, to enhance immunogenicity. Preliminary computational analyses suggest that the proposed vaccine could achieve near-universal coverage, effectively targeting approximately 99.74% of the global population, with perfect coverage in specific regions such as Sweden and Finland. Molecular docking and immune simulation studies further validate the potential efficacy of the vaccine, indicating strong binding affinity with toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) and promising immune response profiles, including significant antibody-mediated and cellular responses. These findings present the vaccine construct as a viable candidate for further development and testing. While the theoretical and computational results are promising, advancing from in-silico predictions to a tangible vaccine requires comprehensive laboratory validation. This next step is essential to confirm the vaccine's efficacy and safety in eliciting an immune response against WNV. Through this study, we propose a novel approach to vaccine development against WNV and contribute to the broader field of immunoinformatics, showcasing the potential to accelerate the design of effective vaccines against emerging viral threats. The journey from hypothesis to practical solution embodies the interdisciplinary collaboration essential for modern infectious disease management and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Karkashan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Ibarra-Ojeda D, Moreno-García M. West Nile virus in Mexico: Why vectors matter for explaining the current absence of epidemics. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107065. [PMID: 37926384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2002, West Nile Virus (WNV) has been reported in 18 states in Mexico, either by PCR or serological testing. However, it is believed that the virus is present in more states. Only four states (out of 32) have reported confirmed human cases, and one state has serological evidence. In the country, WNV is present in mainly horses and birds, but its presence extends to crocodiles, felines, canines, swines, donkeys, caprines, antilopes, cattle, bats, and camelids. Positive mosquito species include Aedes and Culex spp. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the absence of WNV epidemics in Latin America. Since some regions of Mexico and the United States share ecological and climatic conditions, these hypotheses may not be sufficient to account for the absence of WNV outbreaks or epidemics. This paper discusses the proposed ideas and attempts to contextualize them for Mexico, particularly for the U.S.-Mexico border, where WNV infections have been reported in humans, horses, and mosquitoes. We propose that integration of urban ecology and entomology knowledge is needed to better understand the absence of WN cases in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades. Benjamín Franklin 132, Escandón, Ciudad de México C.P. 11800, Mexico
| | - Cassandra González-Acosta
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades. Benjamín Franklin 132, Escandón, Ciudad de México C.P. 11800, Mexico
| | - David Ibarra-Ojeda
- Instituto de Servicios de Salud Pública del Estado de Baja California. Palacio Federal, 3er piso. Av. De los Pioneros #1005. Centro Cívico, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico
| | - Miguel Moreno-García
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades. Benjamín Franklin 132, Escandón, Ciudad de México C.P. 11800, Mexico.
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Salas-Rojas M, de Oliveira-Filho EF, Almazán-Marín C, Rodas-Martínez AZ, Aguilar-Setién Á, Drexler JF. Serological evidence for potential yellow fever virus infection in non-human primates, southeastern Mexico. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2023; 5:14. [PMID: 37876014 PMCID: PMC10594671 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-023-00090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropod-borne flaviviruses like dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) are major human pathogens. In Latin America, YFV is maintained in sylvatic cycles involving non-human primates (NHP) and forest-dwelling mosquitos. YFV supposedly does not circulate north of Panama. METHODS We conducted a serologic study for flaviviruses and other emerging viruses in NHP from southeastern Mexico. A total of thirty sera of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi, n = 25), black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra, n = 3), and mantled howler monkeys (Al. palliata, n = 2) sampled in 2012 and 2018 were screened by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to detected IgG antibodies against DENV, YFV, Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and Zaire Ebola virus, and confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT90) representing all mosquito-borne flavivirus serocomplexes circulating in the Americas. RESULTS A total of 16 sera (53.3%; 95% CI, 34.3-71.7) showed IFA reactivity to at least one tested flavivirus with end-point titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:1000. No serum reacted with other viruses. Monotypic and high mean PRNT90 endpoint YFV titers of 1:246 were found in 3 black-handed spider monkey sera (10.0%; 95% CI, 2.1-26.5) sampled in 2018 in Tabasco, compared to all other flaviviruses tested. Monotypic endpoint PRNT90 titers of 1:28 for Ilheus virus and 1:22 for WNV in serum of black howler monkeys sampled in 2018 in Tabasco suggested additional flavivirus exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may suggest unnoticed YFV circulation. Intensification of YFV surveillance in NHP and vectors is warranted in Mexico and potentially other areas considered free of yellow fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Salas-Rojas
- UIM en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Edmilson Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cenia Almazán-Marín
- UIM en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Alba Zulema Rodas-Martínez
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Álvaro Aguilar-Setién
- UIM en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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Davila E, Fernández-Santos NA, Estrada-Franco JG, Wei L, Aguilar-Durán JA, López-López MDJ, Solís-Hernández R, García-Miranda R, Velázquez-Ramírez DD, Torres-Romero J, Chávez SA, Cruz-Cadena R, Navarro-López R, de León AAP, Guichard-Romero C, Martin E, Tang W, Frank M, Borucki M, Turell MJ, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Ochoa-Díaz-López H, Hamer SA, Hamer GL. Domestic Dogs as Sentinels for West Nile Virus but not Aedes-borne Flaviviruses, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1071-1074. [PMID: 35447062 PMCID: PMC9045458 DOI: 10.3201/eid2805.211879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested 294 domestic pet dogs in Mexico for neutralizing antibodies for mosquito-borne flaviviruses. We found high (42.6%) exposure to West Nile virus in Reynosa (northern Mexico) and low (1.2%) exposure in Tuxtla Gutierrez (southern Mexico) but very limited exposure to Aedes-borne flaviviruses. Domestic dogs may be useful sentinels for West Nile virus.
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Francis S, Frank C, Buchanan L, Green S, Stennett-Brown R, Gordon-Strachan G, Rubio-Palis Y, Grant C, Alexander-Lindo RL, Nwokocha C, Robinson D, Delgoda R. Challenges in the control of neglected insect vector diseases of human importance in the Anglo-Caribbean. One Health 2021; 13:100316. [PMID: 34485673 PMCID: PMC8405964 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in developing countries like the Caribbean, negatively affect multiple income-generating sectors, including the tourism industry upon which island states are highly dependent. Insect-transmitted NTDs include, but are not limited to, malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis. Control measures for these disease, are often ignored because of the associated cost. Many of the developing country members are thus retained in a financially crippling cycle, balancing the cost of prophylactic measures with that of controlling an outbreak.The purpose of the paper is to bring awareness to NTDs transmitted by insects of importance to humans, and to assess factors affecting such control, in the English-speaking Caribbean. METHOD Comprehensive literature review on reports pertaining to NTDs transmitted by insects in the Caribbean and Latin America was conducted. Data search was carried out on PubMed, and WHO and PAHO websites. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Potential risk factors for NTDs transmitted by arthropods in the English-speaking Caribbean are summarised. The mosquito appears to be the main insect-vector of human importance within the region of concern. Arthropod-vectors of diseases of veterinary importance are also relevant because they affect the livelihood of farmers, in highly agriculture based economies. Other NTDs may also be in circulation gauged by the presence of antibodies in Caribbean individuals. However, routine diagnostic tests for specific diseases are expensive and tests may not be conducted when diseases are not prevalent in the population. It appears that only a few English-speaking Caribbean countries have examined secondary reservoirs of pathogens or assessed the effectivity of their insect control methods. As such, disease risk assessment appears incomplete. Although continuous control is financially demanding, an integrated and multisectoral approach might help to deflect the cost. Such interventions are now being promoted by health agencies within the region and various countries are creating and exploring the use of novel tools to be incorporated in their insect-vector control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Francis
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Chelsea Frank
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Luke Buchanan
- Mona Geoinformatics Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Sean Green
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Roxann Stennett-Brown
- Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Georgiana Gordon-Strachan
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Yasmin Rubio-Palis
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, sede Aragua, Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Charles Grant
- International Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Ruby Lisa Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Dwight Robinson
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Rupika Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
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Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Garza-Hernandez JA, Rodríguez-Alarcón CA, Adame-Gallegos JR, Beristain-Ruiz DM, Barajas-López IN, González-Peña R, Baylon-Jaquez D, Camacho-Perea A, Vega-Durán A, Rubio-Tabares E, Rivera-Barreno R, Montelongo-Ponce C, Tangudu CS, Blitvich BJ. Detection of Antibodies to Lokern, Main Drain, St. Louis Encephalitis, and West Nile Viruses in Vertebrate Animals in Chihuahua, Guerrero, and Michoacán, Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:884-891. [PMID: 34652234 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted serologic surveillance for flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in vertebrate animals in Mexico in 2018-2019. Sera were collected from 856 vertebrate animals, including 323 dogs, 223 horses, and 121 cows, from 16 species. The animals were from 3 states: Chihuahua in northwest Mexico (704 animals) and Guerrero and Michoacán on the Pacific Coast (27 and 125 animals, respectively). Sera were assayed by plaque reduction neutralization test using four flaviviruses (dengue type 2, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile, and Zika viruses) and six orthobunyaviruses from the Bunyamwera (BUN) serogroup (Cache Valley, Lokern, Main Drain, Northway, Potosi, and Tensaw viruses). Antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV) were detected in 154 animals of 9 species, including 89 (39.9%) horses, 3 (21.4%) Indian peafowl, and 41 (12.7%) dogs. Antibodies to St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) were detected in seven animals, including three (0.9%) dogs. Antibodies to Lokern virus (LOKV) were detected in 22 animals: 19 (8.5%) horses, 2 (1.7%) cows, and a dog (0.3%). Antibodies to Main Drain virus (MDV) were detected in three (1.3%) horses. WNV and LOKV activity was detected in all three states, SLEV activity was detected in Chihuahua and Michoacán, and MDV activity was detected in Chihuahua. None of the animals was seropositive for Cache Valley virus, the most common and widely distributed BUN serogroup virus in North America. In conclusion, we provide serologic evidence that select flaviviruses and BUN serogroup viruses infect vertebrate animals in Chihuahua, Guerrero, and Michoacán. We also provide the first evidence of LOKV and MDV activity in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier A Garza-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Carlos A Rodríguez-Alarcón
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | | | - Diana M Beristain-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | | | | | - David Baylon-Jaquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Adriana Camacho-Perea
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México
| | - Alfonso Vega-Durán
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Ezequiel Rubio-Tabares
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Ramón Rivera-Barreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Carolina Montelongo-Ponce
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Chandra S Tangudu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Poderoso T, Jiménez de Oya N. Pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation. Virulence 2021; 12:1145-1173. [PMID: 33843445 PMCID: PMC8043182 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1908740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus which transmission cycle is maintained between mosquitoes and birds, although it occasionally causes sporadic outbreaks in horses and humans that can result in serious diseases and even death. Since its first isolation in Africa in 1937, WNV had been considered a neglected pathogen until its recent spread throughout Europe and the colonization of America, regions where it continues to cause outbreaks with severe neurological consequences in humans and horses. Although our knowledge about the characteristics and consequences of the virus has increased enormously lately, many questions remain to be resolved. Here, we thoroughly update our knowledge of different aspects of the WNV life cycle: virology and molecular classification, host cell interactions, transmission dynamics, host range, epidemiology and surveillance, immune response, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prophylaxis (antivirals and vaccines), and prevention, and we highlight those aspects that are still unknown and that undoubtedly require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Poderoso
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and "One Health" Implications. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070589. [PMID: 32707644 PMCID: PMC7400489 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and “One Health” implications of WNV infection and disease.
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Bosco-Lauth AM, Bowen RA. West Nile Virus: Veterinary Health and Vaccine Development. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1463-1466. [PMID: 31549715 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) was discovered in Africa more than 80 yr ago and became recognized as an avian pathogen and a cause of neurologic disease in horses largely during periodic incursions into Europe. Introduction of WNV into North America stimulated great anxiety, particularly in the equine industry, but also for pet owners and livestock producers concerned about the effect of WNV on other domestic animals. Numerous subsequent studies of naturally occurring and experimentally induced disease greatly expanded our understanding of the host range and clinical consequences of WNV infection in diverse species and led to rapid development and deployment of efficacious vaccines for horses. In addition to humans, horses are clearly the animals most frequently affected by serious, sometimes lethal disease following infection with WNV, but are dead-end hosts due to the low-magnitude viremia they develop. Dogs, cats, and livestock species including chickens are readily infected with WNV, but only occasionally develop clinical disease and are considered dead-end hosts for the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Bosco-Lauth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, ARBL, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, ARBL, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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11
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Reisen WK, Wheeler SS. Overwintering of West Nile Virus in the United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1498-1507. [PMID: 31549726 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of a tropical virus such as West Nile (WNV; Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) within the temperate latitudes of the continental United States was unexpected and perhaps contingent, in part, upon the ability of this invasive virus to persist during winter when temperatures become too cold for replication and vector mosquito gonotrophic activity. Our Forum article reviews research examining possible overwintering mechanisms that include consistent reintroduction and local persistence in vector mosquitoes and avian hosts, mostly using examples from research conducted in California. We conclude that the transmission of WNV involves so many vectors and hosts within different landscapes that multiple overwintering pathways are possible and collectively may be necessary to allow this virus to overwinter consistently within the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Reisen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Sarah S Wheeler
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA
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12
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Hadfield J, Brito AF, Swetnam DM, Vogels CBF, Tokarz RE, Andersen KG, Smith RC, Bedford T, Grubaugh ND. Twenty years of West Nile virus spread and evolution in the Americas visualized by Nextstrain. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008042. [PMID: 31671157 PMCID: PMC6822705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 20 years since West Nile virus first emerged in the Americas, and since then, little progress has been made to control outbreaks caused by this virus. After its first detection in New York in 1999, West Nile virus quickly spread across the continent, causing an epidemic of human disease and massive bird die-offs. Now the virus has become endemic to the United States, where an estimated 7 million human infections have occurred, making it the leading mosquito-borne virus infection and the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the country. To bring new attention to one of the most important mosquito-borne viruses in the Americas, we provide an interactive review using Nextstrain: a visualization tool for real-time tracking of pathogen evolution (nextstrain.org/WNV/NA). Nextstrain utilizes a growing database of more than 2,000 West Nile virus genomes and harnesses the power of phylogenetics for students, educators, public health workers, and researchers to visualize key aspects of virus spread and evolution. Using Nextstrain, we use virus genomics to investigate the emergence of West Nile virus in the U S, followed by its rapid spread, evolution in a new environment, establishment of endemic transmission, and subsequent international spread. For each figure, we include a link to Nextstrain to allow the readers to directly interact with and explore the underlying data in new ways. We also provide a brief online narrative that parallels this review to further explain the data and highlight key epidemiological and evolutionary features (nextstrain.org/narratives/twenty-years-of-WNV). Mirroring the dynamic nature of outbreaks, the Nextstrain links provided within this paper are constantly updated as new West Nile virus genomes are shared publicly, helping to stay current with the research. Overall, our review showcases how genomics can track West Nile virus spread and evolution, as well as potentially uncover novel targeted control measures to help alleviate its public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hadfield
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anderson F. Brito
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniele M. Swetnam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chantal B. F. Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Tokarz
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Smith
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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13
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Marklewitz M, Junglen S. Evolutionary and ecological insights into the emergence of arthropod-borne viruses. Acta Trop 2019; 190:52-58. [PMID: 30339799 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) is of global concern as they can rapidly spread across countries and to new continents as the recent examples of chikungunya virus and Zika virus have demonstrated. Whereas the global movement patterns of emerging arboviruses are comparatively well studied, there is little knowledge on initial emergence processes that enable sylvatic (enzootic) viruses to leave their natural amplification cycle and infect humans or livestock, often also involving infection of anthropophilic vector species. Emerging arboviruses almost exclusively originate in highly biodiverse ecosystems of tropical countries. Changes in host population diversity and density can affect pathogen transmission patterns and are likely to influence arbovirus emergence processes. This review focuses on concepts from disease ecology, explaining the interplay between biodiversity and pathogen emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marklewitz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany.
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14
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Silva ASG, Matos ACD, da Cunha MACR, Rehfeld IS, Galinari GCF, Marcelino SAC, Saraiva LHG, Martins NRDS, Maranhão RDPA, Lobato ZIP, Pierezan F, Guedes MIMC, Costa EA. West Nile virus associated with equid encephalitis in Brazil, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:445-453. [PMID: 30318735 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arboviruses are a major public health concern worldwide and are responsible for emerging and re-emerging diseases. Taken together, the arboviruses have a strong impact on public health and are the most common causes of equine encephalitis. In-depth diagnostic investigation of equine viral encephalitis is of utmost importance for the epidemiological surveillance and control of this disease. Regarding neurological disorders in equids, in April-May 2018, at least 12 cases of equid mortality with acute neurological signs were reported in six farms from Espirito Santo state, Brazil. To investigate the aetiological agent of this neurological disease outbreak, central nervous system (CNS) fragments from two horses and two donkeys were submitted for virologic diagnosis. Rabies, equine herpesvirus-1, and arbovirus-associated encephalomyelitis were investigated using differential diagnosis techniques. West Nile virus (WNV) was detected by nested RT-PCR in CNS fragments from each of the four animals in the study and confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. This is the first case of neurological disease in equids confirmed to be associated with WNV infection in Brazil. This finding unveils a new and urgent field of research and the need to understand the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the disease and the risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carolina Diniz Matos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Izabelle Silva Rehfeld
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Felipe Pierezan
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Erica Azevedo Costa
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Levi JE. Emerging Infectious Agents and Blood Safety in Latin America. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:71. [PMID: 29594126 PMCID: PMC5861148 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, emerging infectious agents have been an important driving force toward the enhancement of blood safety, illustrated by the sharp reduction in the transmission of infectious agents by blood transfusion after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics. In general, Latin American (LATAM) countries have introduced screening for microorganisms with proven blood transmission with some delay in comparison to developed countries, but, nowadays, all LATAM countries comply with a minimum standard of screening which includes Hepatitis B, C, HIV, Treponema pallidum, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Noticeably, all those agents, in addition to HTLV, cause chronic infections. By contrast, in the last decade, the region has witnessed explosive outbreaks of arboviral diseases, representing a new challenge to the blood system, threatening not only blood safety but also availability. So far, the clinical impact of transfusion-transmitted Dengue, Chikungunya, or Zika has not been evident, precluding immediate reaction from the authorities. A number of other arboviruses are endemic in the region and may, unpredictably, originate new epidemics. Several measures must be taken in preparedness for the potential emergence of another arbodisease.
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16
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Brand C, Bisaillon M, Geiss BJ. Organization of the Flavivirus RNA replicase complex. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2017; 8. [PMID: 28815931 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses, such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, are serious human pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality globally each year. Flaviviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, and encode two multidomain proteins, NS3 and NS5, that possess all enzymatic activities required for genome replication and capping. NS3 and NS5 interact within virus-induced replication compartments to form the RNA genome replicase complex. Although the individual enzymatic activities of both proteins have been extensively studied and are well characterized, there are still gaps in our understanding of how they interact to efficiently coordinate their respective activities during positive-strand RNA synthesis and capping. Here, we discuss what is known about the structures and functions of the NS3 and NS5 proteins and propose a preliminary NS3:NS5:RNA interaction model based on a large body of literature about how the viral enzymes function, physical restraints between NS3 and NS5, as well as critical steps in the replication process. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1437. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1437 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Brand
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Bisaillon
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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17
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Al-Jabi SW. Global research trends in West Nile virus from 1943 to 2016: a bibliometric analysis. Global Health 2017; 13:55. [PMID: 28774315 PMCID: PMC5543434 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-017-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging infectious disease which is most commonly transmitted to humans through mosquito, and is considered a major public-health problem worldwide. The aim of the current study is to bibliometrically analyze the quantity and quality of publications indexed in Scopus from different countries to reveal the characteristics of global research output regarding WNV. METHODS This study is a bibliometric analysis based on the Scopus database. This study focused on identifying WNV publication trends with regard to publication year, publication type, prolific countries, language of publication, as well as, prolific journals, citations, and collaboration patterns. RESULTS A total of 4729 publications were considered in this study, which were published between 1943 and 2016. The annual quantity of literature published before 2000 followed a low rate of research growth; while the quantity of publications after 2000 were published in a stage of rapid development. The country with the greatest number of publications in WNV research field was the USA with 2304 (48.7%) publications, followed by France with 224 (4.7%) publications, and Canada with 222 (4.7%) publications. Contributions from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) were considerably small, that is, (n = 519 publications; 11%). All publications related to WNV achieved h-index of 140 and were cited 124,222 times. The median [interquartile range] number of citations per article thus amounts to 9 [2-28]. The USA had the highest h-index of 131. Emerging Infectious Diseases is the most productive journal with 227 articles, followed by Journal of Virology with 162 publications. The result designated that Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was ranked the first in terms of publication output, followed by National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. CONCLUSIONS There is an obvious trend of WNV research after 2000, and countries with high income have more contributions in WNV research field. The research output is low among LMIC. The USA produced the largest number of publications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention obtained the leading position of the institutions in terms of publication output. In general, this study not only presents a full view of global WNV research, but also can contribute for future further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah W Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
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18
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Dietrich EA, Langevin SA, Huang CYH, Maharaj PD, Delorey MJ, Bowen RA, Kinney RM, Brault AC. West Nile Virus Temperature Sensitivity and Avian Virulence Are Modulated by NS1-2B Polymorphisms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004938. [PMID: 27548738 PMCID: PMC4993437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) replicates in a wide variety of avian species, which serve as reservoir and amplification hosts. WNV strains isolated in North America, such as the prototype strain NY99, elicit a highly pathogenic response in certain avian species, notably American crows (AMCRs; Corvus brachyrhynchos). In contrast, a closely related strain, KN3829, isolated in Kenya, exhibits a low viremic response with limited mortality in AMCRs. Previous work has associated the difference in pathogenicity primarily with a single amino acid mutation at position 249 in the helicase domain of the NS3 protein. The NY99 strain encodes a proline residue at this position, while KN3829 encodes a threonine. Introduction of an NS3-T249P mutation in the KN3829 genetic background significantly increased virulence and mortality; however, peak viremia and mortality were lower than those of NY99. In order to elucidate the viral genetic basis for phenotype variations exclusive of the NS3-249 polymorphism, chimeric NY99/KN3829 viruses were created. We show herein that differences in the NS1-2B region contribute to avian pathogenicity in a manner that is independent of and additive with the NS3-249 mutation. Additionally, NS1-2B residues were found to alter temperature sensitivity when grown in avian cells. West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that has caused outbreaks in humans in many regions of the world. Birds are the natural hosts for WNV. However, different strains of WNV cause different disease outcomes in birds. Here, we compared two WNV strains, one of which causes higher mortality and generates more virus in American crows than the other. Previous research has shown that this difference is due in large part to a difference between the two strains at a single amino acid in the NS3 gene; however, this difference does not completely explain the observed effect. Here we show that another region of the viral genome also affects disease outcomes in American crows, and changes the sensitivity of the virus to temperature when grown in bird cells. These findings help us to understand the genetic features that affect WNV infection and disease outcomes in its natural host. Detection of such features in new strains of WNV and related viruses could help to understand and predict future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Dietrich
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stanley A. Langevin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Claire Y.-H. Huang
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Payal D. Maharaj
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Delorey
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Kinney
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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LOZA-RUBIO E, ROJAS-ANAYA E, LÓPEZ-RAMÍREZ RDELC, SAIZ JC, ESCRIBANO-ROMERO E. Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV) in monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi and Alouatta pigra) and crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus and C. acutus-C. moreletti hybrids) in Mexico. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2371-3. [PMID: 27097655 PMCID: PMC9150527 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic viral pathogen maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes (vectors) and birds (natural hosts) with equids, humans, and other vertebrates acting as dead-end hosts. WNV activity in Mexico has been reported in several domestic and wild fauna and in humans, and the virus has been isolated from birds, mosquitoes, and humans. However, no serological studies have been conducted in monkeys, and only two in a limited number of crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii). Here we present data on the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against WNV in 53 healthy wild monkeys (49 Ateles geoffroyi and four Alouatta pigra), and 80 semi-captive healthy crocodiles (60 C. acutus and 20 C. acutus-C. moreletti hybrids) sampled during 2012. None of the monkey sera neutralized WNV, whereas 55% of the crocodile sera presented neutralizing antibodies against WNV. These results can contribute to the design of surveillance programmes in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. LOZA-RUBIO
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Forestales y Pecuarias (CENID-Microbiología), Carretera México-Toluca Km 15·5, Colonia Palo Alto, CP 05110, México DF, Mexico
| | - E. ROJAS-ANAYA
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Forestales y Pecuarias (CENID-Microbiología), Carretera México-Toluca Km 15·5, Colonia Palo Alto, CP 05110, México DF, Mexico
| | - R. DEL C. LÓPEZ-RAMÍREZ
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Forestales y Pecuarias (CENID-Microbiología), Carretera México-Toluca Km 15·5, Colonia Palo Alto, CP 05110, México DF, Mexico
| | - J. C. SAIZ
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - E. ESCRIBANO-ROMERO
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response pathways in Arbovirus replication and pathogenesis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2016; 18:e1. [PMID: 26781343 PMCID: PMC4836210 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses are pathogens that widely affect the health of people in different communities around the world. Recently, a few successful approaches toward production of effective vaccines against some of these pathogens have been developed, but treatment and prevention of the resulting diseases remain a major health and research concern. The arbovirus infection and replication processes are complex, and many factors are involved in their regulation. Apoptosis, autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are three mechanisms that are involved in pathogenesis of many viruses. In this review, we focus on the importance of these pathways in the arbovirus replication and infection processes. We provide a brief introduction on how apoptosis, autophagy and the UPR are initiated and regulated, and then discuss the involvement of these pathways in regulation of arbovirus pathogenesis.
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21
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Dalla Gasperina D, Balsamo ML, Garavaglia SD, Rovida F, Baldanti F, Grossi PA. Chikungunya infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected kidney transplant recipient returning to Italy from the Dominican Republic. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:876-9. [PMID: 26771689 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2013, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) spread in many countries of the Western Hemisphere, and during the last year some cases of infected European travelers, coming back from the Caribbean, have been reported. The risk of acquiring severe travel-related illness is higher in immunocompromised subjects, such as patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or solid organ transplant recipients. We reported the first case, to our knowledge, of CHIKV infection in an HIV-infected kidney transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dalla Gasperina
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences of Clinical Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - M L Balsamo
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences of Clinical Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - S D Garavaglia
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences of Clinical Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - F Rovida
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Molecular Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Baldanti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Molecular Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - P A Grossi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences of Clinical Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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22
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Janssen N, Fernandez-Salas I, Díaz González EE, Gaytan-Burns A, Medina-de la Garza CE, Sanchez-Casas RM, Börstler J, Cadar D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Jöst H. Mammalophilic feeding behaviour of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in the cities of Chetumal and Cancun, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 20:1488-1491. [PMID: 26269379 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The studie describes the blood-feeding behaviour of mosquitoes in Mexico, to understand host-vector relationships and dynamics of disease transmission. METHODS From September 2012 to November 2012 and in November 2013, 911 blood-fed Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected with aspirators inside houses in Chetumal and Cancun. Blood meals were analysed by PCR and subsequent Sanger sequencing of the cytochrome b gene. RESULTS 93.3% of mosquitoes fed on mammals, 6.5% on birds and 0.2% on reptiles. The most frequent vertebrate hosts were humans (65.4%), dogs (23.2%), chicken (5.4%), cattle (2.2%) and cats (1.8%). CONCLUSIONS Cx. quinquefasciatus most frequently fed on humans and dogs in both studied cities, which is in contrast to a previous study that demonstrated lower prevalence of mammalian blood in engorged Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Janssen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ildefonso Fernandez-Salas
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico.,Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Esteban Eduardo Díaz González
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Lab, Entomología Médica, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Gaytan-Burns
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Lab, Entomología Médica, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Rosa María Sanchez-Casas
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico.,Facultad deMedicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escobedo, Mexico
| | - Jessica Börstler
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Jöst
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Amaya-Larios IY, Martínez-Vega RA, Mayer SV, Galeana-Hernández M, Comas-García A, Sepúlveda-Salinas KJ, Falcón-Lezama JA, Vasilakis N, Ramos-Castañeda J. Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies against dengue virus in two localities in the state of Morelos, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:1057-65. [PMID: 25294613 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immune response against dengue virus (DENV) is an important component in dengue-endemic transmission. We conducted a cross-sectional nested cohort study to determine the seroprevalence and frequency of neutralizing antibodies against DENV serotypes in two endemic localities in the state of Morelos, Mexico. The cohort participants (N = 1,196) were screened to determine previous exposure to DENV. Overall seroprevalence was 76.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 73.6-79.2), and prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in the 5- to 9-year-old group was 82.5% (95% CI = 67.2-92.7), 45% (95% CI = 29.3-61.5), and 65% (95% CI = 48.3-79.4) for DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3, respectively. For participants older than 10 years, the observed seroprevalence was above 60% for each serotype, except DENV-4 in the 10- to 25-year-old group (42.9%); 81% of humoral responses were multitypic. The outcomes of our study contribute to understanding the immune component of dengue transmission and provide focal information for the evaluation of vaccine candidates under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Y Amaya-Larios
- Centro de Investigaci?n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Organizacion Latinoamericana para el Fomento de la Investigacion en Salud, Bucaramanga, Stder, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ruth Aralí Martínez-Vega
- Centro de Investigaci?n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Organizacion Latinoamericana para el Fomento de la Investigacion en Salud, Bucaramanga, Stder, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sandra V Mayer
- Centro de Investigaci?n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Organizacion Latinoamericana para el Fomento de la Investigacion en Salud, Bucaramanga, Stder, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Marisol Galeana-Hernández
- Centro de Investigaci?n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Organizacion Latinoamericana para el Fomento de la Investigacion en Salud, Bucaramanga, Stder, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andreu Comas-García
- Centro de Investigaci?n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Organizacion Latinoamericana para el Fomento de la Investigacion en Salud, Bucaramanga, Stder, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Karla J Sepúlveda-Salinas
- Centro de Investigaci?n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Organizacion Latinoamericana para el Fomento de la Investigacion en Salud, Bucaramanga, Stder, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jorge A Falcón-Lezama
- Centro de Investigaci?n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Organizacion Latinoamericana para el Fomento de la Investigacion en Salud, Bucaramanga, Stder, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Centro de Investigaci?n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Organizacion Latinoamericana para el Fomento de la Investigacion en Salud, Bucaramanga, Stder, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - José Ramos-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaci?n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Organizacion Latinoamericana para el Fomento de la Investigacion en Salud, Bucaramanga, Stder, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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