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Jiang S, Shen QW. Antemortem Stress Regulates Postmortem Glycolysis in Muscle by Deacetylation of Pyruvate Kinase M1 at K141. Protein J 2024; 43:351-361. [PMID: 38605203 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that preslaughter (antemortem) stress such as rough handling, transportation, a negative environment, physical discomfort, lack of consistent routine, and bad feed quality has a big impact on meat quality. The antemortem-induced poor meat quality is characterized by low pH, a pale and exudative appearance, and a soft texture. Previous studies indicate that antemortem stress plays a key role in regulating protein acetylation and glycolysis in postmortem (PM) muscle. However, the underlying molecular and biochemical mechanism is not clearly understood yet. In this study, we investigated the relationship between antemortem and protein acetylation and glycolysis using murine longissimus dorsi muscle isolated from ICR mice and murine muscle cell line C2C12 treated with epinephrine hydrochloride. Because adrenaline secretion increases in stressed animals, epinephrine hydrochloride was intraperitoneally injected epinephrine into mice to simulate pre-slaughter stress in this study to facilitate experimental operations and save experimental costs. Our findings demonstrated that protein acetylation in pyruvate kinase M1 (PKM1) form is significantly reduced by antemortem, and the reduced acetylation subsequently leads to an increase in PKM1 enzymatic activity which causes increased glycolysis in PM muscle. By using molecular approaches, we identified lysine 141 in PKM1 as a critical residue for acetylation. Our results in this study provide useful insight for controlling or improving meat quality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, 615013, Sichuan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Qingwu W Shen
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, 615013, Sichuan, China.
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Das R, Pulugu P, Singh AA, Chatterjee DR, Baviskar S, Vyas H, Behera SK, Srivastava A, Kumar H, Shard A. Mechanistic Investigation of Thiazole-Based Pyruvate Kinase M2 Inhibitor Causing Tumor Regression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3339-3357. [PMID: 38408027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a deadly breast cancer with a poor prognosis. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, is abnormally highly expressed in TNBC. Overexpressed PKM2 amplifies glucose uptake, enhances lactate production, and suppresses autophagy, thereby expediting the progression of oncogenic processes. A high mortality rate demands novel chemotherapeutic regimens at once. Herein, we report the rational development of an imidazopyridine-based thiazole derivative 7d as an anticancer agent inhibiting PKM2. Nanomolar range PKM2 inhibitors with favorable drug-like properties emerged through enzyme assays. Experiments on two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, lactate release assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validated 7d preclinically. In vivo, 7d outperformed lapatinib in tumor regression. This investigation introduces a lead-based approach characterized by its clear-cut chemistry and robust efficacy in designing an exceptionally potent inhibitor targeting PKM2, with a focus on combating TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudradip Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Priyanka Pulugu
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, (NIPER-A) National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Deep Rohan Chatterjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Shraddha Baviskar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Het Vyas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Behera
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, (NIPER-A) National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Airforce station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Mann GE. Stress Activated MAP Kinases and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Mediate Nuclear Translocation of Nrf2 via Hsp90α-Pin1-Dynein Motor Transport Machinery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020274. [PMID: 36829834 PMCID: PMC9952688 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-lethal low levels of oxidative stress leads to rapid activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which upregulates the expression of genes important for detoxification, glutathione synthesis, and defense against oxidative damage. Stress-activated MAP kinases p38, ERK, and JNK cooperate in the efficient nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 in a cell-type-dependent manner. Activation of p38 induces membrane trafficking of a glutathione sensor neutral sphingomyelinase 2, which generates ceramide upon depletion of cellular glutathione. We previously proposed that caveolin-1 in lipid rafts provides a signaling hub for the phosphorylation of Nrf2 by ceramide-activated PKCζ and casein kinase 2 to stabilize Nrf2 and mask a nuclear export signal. We further propose a mechanism of facilitated Nrf2 nuclear translocation by ERK and JNK. ERK and JNK phosphorylation of Nrf2 induces the association of prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1, which specifically recognizes phosphorylated serine or threonine immediately preceding a proline residue. Pin1-induced structural changes allow importin-α5 to associate with Nrf2. Pin1 is a co-chaperone of Hsp90α and mediates the association of the Nrf2-Pin1-Hsp90α complex with the dynein motor complex, which is involved in transporting the signaling complex to the nucleus along microtubules. In addition to ERK and JNK, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 could phosphorylate Nrf2 and mediate the transport of Nrf2 to the nucleus via the Pin1-Hsp90α system. Some other ERK target proteins, such as pyruvate kinase M2 and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1, are also transported to the nucleus via the Pin1-Hsp90α system to modulate gene expression and energy metabolism. Notably, as malignant tumors often express enhanced Pin1-Hsp90α signaling pathways, this provides a potential therapeutic target for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Eiji Warabi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Giovanni E. Mann
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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ENO2 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Metastasis by Interacting with the LncRNA CYTOR and Activating YAP1-Induced EMT. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152363. [PMID: 35954207 PMCID: PMC9367517 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycolytic enzyme enolase 2 (ENO2) is dysregulated in many types of cancer. However, the roles and detailed molecular mechanism of ENO2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis remain unclear. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of ENO2 expression in 184 local CRC samples and samples from the TCGA and GEO databases and found that ENO2 upregulation in CRC samples was negatively associated with prognosis. By knocking down and overexpressing ENO2, we found that ENO2 promoted CRC cell migration and invasion, which is dependent on its interaction with the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) CYTOR, but did not depend on glycolysis regulation. Furthermore, CYTOR mediated ENO2 binding to large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1) and competitively inhibited the phosphorylation of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), which ultimately triggered epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Collectively, these findings highlight the molecular mechanism of the ENO2–CYTOR interaction, and ENO2 could be considered a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Guo D, Jin J, Liu J, Wang Y, Li D, He Y. Baicalein Inhibits the Progression and Promotes Radiosensitivity of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting HIF-1A. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2423-2436. [PMID: 35937565 PMCID: PMC9346416 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s370114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the mechanism of the effect of baicalein on radioresistance of esophageal cancer, and to provide ideas for the treatment of patients with poor radiotherapy effect of esophageal cancer. Methods The glycolytic rate assay kit was used to detect the changes in glycolytic metabolism in esophageal cancer cells after treatment with baicalein, and mass spectrometry was used to detect whether baicalein could affect the level of glycolysis-related metabolites in esophageal cancer cells. The binding of baicalein to the target protein was simulated by molecular docking technique, the protein expression level was detected by Western Blot, and the changes in the cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. Results Radiation combined with baicalein could significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of esophageal cancer cells compared with that of 6 Gy rays alone. The results of the glycolytic rate assay showed that baicalein could inhibit the glycolysis of esophageal cancer cells. Metabonomic studies showed that baicalein could affect the expression levels of glycolysis-related metabolites. The results of network pharmacology showed that baicalein could target several key glycolysis enzymes and glycolysis-related proteins, such as HIF-1A. The results of the WB experiment showed that glycolysis-related proteins and cycle-related proteins were down-regulated after baicalein treatment. Conclusion The main mechanism of baicalein inhibiting radiation resistance of esophageal cancer cells is that targeting HIF-1A protein regulates glucose metabolism and then regulates Cyclin D1/CDK4 axis to change the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Guo
- Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Jin
- Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianghui Liu
- Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daojuan Li
- Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutong He
- Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yutong He, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jiankang Road, Zhongshan East Road Street, Changan District, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613903398303, Email
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Liu F, Ma M, Gao A, Ma F, Ma G, Liu P, Jia C, Wang Y, Donahue K, Zhang S, Ong IM, Keles S, Li L, Xu W. PKM2-TMEM33 axis regulates lipid homeostasis in cancer cells by controlling SCAP stability. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108065. [PMID: 34487377 PMCID: PMC8591543 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) is preferentially expressed in cancer cells to regulate anabolic metabolism. Although PKM2 was recently reported to regulate lipid homeostasis, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we discovered an ER transmembrane protein 33 (TMEM33) as a downstream effector of PKM2 that regulates activation of SREBPs and lipid metabolism. Loss of PKM2 leads to up-regulation of TMEM33, which recruits RNF5, an E3 ligase, to promote SREBP-cleavage activating protein (SCAP) degradation. TMEM33 is transcriptionally regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 1 (NRF1), whose cleavage and activation are controlled by PKM2 levels. Total plasma cholesterol levels are elevated by either treatment with PKM2 tetramer-promoting agent TEPP-46 or by global PKM2 knockout in mice, highlighting the essential function of PKM2 in lipid metabolism. Although depletion of PKM2 decreases cancer cell growth, global PKM2 knockout accelerates allografted tumor growth. Together, our findings reveal the cell-autonomous and systemic effects of PKM2 in lipid homeostasis and carcinogenesis, as well as TMEM33 as a bona fide regulator of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabao Liu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Min Ma
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Ang Gao
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Fengfei Ma
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
Protein Sciences, Discovery BiologicsMerck & Co., Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Gui Ma
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- UW Carbone Cancer CenterSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Chenxi Jia
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsNational Center for Protein Sciences‐BeijingBeijing Proteome Research CenterBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yidan Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Kristine Donahue
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- UW Carbone Cancer CenterSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
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Zheng S, Liu Q, Liu T, Lu X. Posttranslational modification of pyruvate kinase type M2 (PKM2): novel regulation of its biological roles to be further discovered. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:355-363. [PMID: 33835423 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PKM2, pyruvate kinase type M2, has been shown to play a key role in aerobic glycolysis and to regulate the malignant behaviors of cancer cells. Recently, PKM2 has been revealed to hold dual metabolic and nonmetabolic roles. Working as both a pyruvate kinase with catalytic activity and a protein kinase that phosphorylates its substrates, PKM2 stands at the crossroads of glycolysis and tumor growth. Recently, it was revealed that the catalytic activity of PKM2 can be regulated by its posttranslational modification (PTM). Several PTM types, including phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, succinylation, and glycylation, have been gradually identified on different amino acid residues of the PKM2 coding sequence. In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in understanding PKM2 PTMs and the regulatory roles conferred by PTMs during anaerobic glycolysis in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Zheng
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Y, Maniakas A, Tan L, Cui M, Le X, Niedzielski JS, Michel KA, Harlan CJ, Lu W, Henderson YC, Mohamed ASR, Lorenzi PL, Putluri N, Bankson JA, Sandulache VC, Lai SY. Development of a rational strategy for integration of lactate dehydrogenase A suppression into therapeutic algorithms for head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1670-1679. [PMID: 33742144 PMCID: PMC8110762 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a critical metabolic enzyme. LDH A (LDHA) overexpression is a hallmark of aggressive malignancies and has been linked to tumour initiation, reprogramming and progression in multiple tumour types. However, successful LDHA inhibition strategies have not materialised in the translational and clinical space. We sought to develop a rational strategy for LDHA suppression in the context of solid tumour treatment. METHODS We utilised a doxycycline-inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA) system to generate LDHA suppression. Lactate and LDH activity levels were measured biochemically and kinetically using hyperpolarised 13C-pyruvate nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We evaluated effects of LDHA suppression on cellular proliferation and clonogenic survival, as well as on tumour growth, in orthotopic models of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), alone or in combination with radiation. RESULTS shRNA suppression of LDHA generated a time-dependent decrease in LDH activity with transient shifts in intracellular lactate levels, a decrease in carbon flux from pyruvate into lactate and compensatory shifts in metabolic flux in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. LDHA suppression decreased cellular proliferation and temporarily stunted tumour growth in ATC and HNSCC xenografts but did not by itself result in tumour cure, owing to the maintenance of residual viable cells. Only when chronic LDHA suppression was combined with radiation was a functional cure achieved. CONCLUSIONS Successful targeting of LDHA requires exquisite dose and temporal control without significant concomitant off-target toxicity. Combinatorial strategies with conventional radiation are feasible as long as the suppression is targeted, prolonged and non-toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anastasios Maniakas
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meng Cui
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Head Neck and Thyroid, Henan Cancer Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangdong Le
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joshua S Niedzielski
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith A Michel
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Collin J Harlan
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wuhao Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying C Henderson
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abdallah S R Mohamed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James A Bankson
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vlad C Sandulache
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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The constitutive activity of the viral-encoded G protein-coupled receptor US28 supports a complex signalling network contributing to cancer development. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1493-1504. [PMID: 32779712 PMCID: PMC7458396 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
US28 is a viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). This receptor, expressed both during lytic replication and viral latency, is required for latency. US28 is binding to a wide variety of chemokines but also exhibits a particularly high constitutive activity robustly modulating a wide network of cellular pathways altering the host cell environment to benefit HCMV infection. Several studies suggest that US28-mediated signalling may contribute to cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the unique structural characteristics that US28 acquired through evolution that confer a robust constitutive activity to this viral receptor. We also describe the wide downstream signalling network activated by this constitutive activation of US28 and discuss how these signalling pathways may promote and support important cellular aspects of cancer.
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Richardson DA, Sritangos P, James AD, Sultan A, Bruce JIE. Metabolic regulation of calcium pumps in pancreatic cancer: role of phosphofructokinase-fructose-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3). Cancer Metab 2020; 8:2. [PMID: 32266066 PMCID: PMC7114799 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-020-0210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High glycolytic rate is a hallmark of cancer (Warburg effect). Glycolytic ATP is required for fuelling plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs), responsible for extrusion of cytosolic calcium, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Phosphofructokinase-fructose-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) is a glycolytic driver that activates key rate-limiting enzyme Phosphofructokinase-1; we investigated whether PFKFB3 is required for PMCA function in PDAC cells. METHODS PDAC cell-lines, MIA PaCa-2, BxPC-3, PANC1 and non-cancerous human pancreatic stellate cells (HPSCs) were used. Cell growth, death and metabolism were assessed using sulforhodamine-B/tetrazolium-based assays, poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP1) cleavage and seahorse XF analysis, respectively. ATP was measured using a luciferase-based assay, membrane proteins were isolated using a kit and intracellular calcium concentration and PMCA activity were measured using Fura-2 fluorescence imaging. RESULTS PFKFB3 was highly expressed in PDAC cells but not HPSCs. In MIA PaCa-2, a pool of PFKFB3 was identified at the plasma membrane. PFKFB3 inhibitor, PFK15, caused reduced cell growth and PMCA activity, leading to calcium overload and apoptosis in PDAC cells. PFK15 reduced glycolysis but had no effect on steady-state ATP concentration in MIA PaCa-2. CONCLUSIONS PFKFB3 is important for maintaining PMCA function in PDAC, independently of cytosolic ATP levels and may be involved in providing a localised ATP supply at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Richardson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University Of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - P. Sritangos
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University Of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - A. D. James
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - A. Sultan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University Of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - J. I. E. Bruce
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University Of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
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Zhao J, Li J, Hassan W, Xu D, Wang X, Huang Z. Sam68 promotes aerobic glycolysis in colorectal cancer by regulating PKM2 alternative splicing. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:459. [PMID: 32395503 PMCID: PMC7210197 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Sam68, an RNA-binding protein, exerts oncogenic functions in several types of cancer. However, the specific functions and mechanisms of Sam68 in colorectal cancer (CRC) had not been previously clarified. Pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM)2 is the key rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, and PKM2 maintains the glycolysis-dominant energy metabolism in most cancer cells. Methods CCK8 assay was performed to show the effect of Sam68 on cell growth. Pyruvate kinase activity and lactate detection assays were performed to analyze the effects of Sam68 on aerobic glycolysis. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) was used to detect the binding of Sam68 to the PKM2 sequence. Western blot and real-time PCR were executed to analyze the regulation of PKM2 by Sam68. Results Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies showed that ectopic expression of Sam68 promoted glycolysis and cell proliferation in CRC cells, whereas Sam68 knockdown inhibited glycolysis and cell proliferation. Mechanically, Sam68 modulated the expression profile of pyruvate kinase (PKM2 or PKM1) by regulating its alternative splicing. Overexpression of Sam68 was associated with decreased PKM1/PKM2 ratio, which positively contributed to the glycolysis procedure. Sam68 significantly promoted cell proliferation and caused a decrease of PKM1/PKM2 ratio, resulting in the metabolism of glucose switched from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in CRC cells. Besides, Sam68 enhanced PKM2 mRNA transport from the nucleus to cytoplasm and increased the expression of PKM2 protein, resulting in elevated pyruvate kinase activity and lactate production. Conclusions These findings suggested that Sam68 affected cell growth and glycolysis pathway by regulating the alternative splicing and expression of PKM2 in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China.,Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
| | - Jiuming Li
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China.,Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
| | - Waseem Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Dongyan Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
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12
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Effects of Shikonin on the Functions of Myeloid Dendritic Cells in a Mouse Model of Severe Aplastic Anemia. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9025705. [PMID: 32148443 PMCID: PMC7053458 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9025705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at investigating the effects of shikonin, a pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor, on the functions of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) in a mouse model of severe aplastic anemia (AA) generated by total body irradiation and lymphocyte infusion. Flow cytometry and qPCR were used to determine the proportions of PKM2+ mDCs and other immune indicators in the AA mice. Glucose consumption level, pyruvate generation level, and ATP content were used to determine the level of glycolytic metabolism in the mDCs. The survival rates of AA mice were evaluated after the administration of shikonin or the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A. The AA mice displayed pancytopenia, decreased CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio, increased perforin and granzyme levels in CD8+ cells, increased costimulatory CD80 and CD86 expressions, and inadequate regulatory T cell number. In vivo animal experiments showed that the shikonin-mediated inhibition of the PKM2 expression in mice was associated with high survival rates. In addition, the administration of cyclosporin A or shikonin decreased the expression of cytotoxic molecules and costimulatory CD80 and CD86 on CD8+ cells. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that shikonin could inhibit the activation and proliferation of mDCs as well as the activation of downstream cytotoxic T cells by reducing the PKM2 level in mDCs.
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13
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Abdel-Wahab AF, Mahmoud W, Al-Harizy RM. Targeting glucose metabolism to suppress cancer progression: prospective of anti-glycolytic cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 150:104511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Rihan M, Nalla LV, Dharavath A, Shard A, Kalia K, Khairnar A. Pyruvate Kinase M2: a Metabolic Bug in Re-Wiring the Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2019; 12:149-167. [PMID: 31183810 PMCID: PMC6937361 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a newly emerged hallmark of cancer attaining a recent consideration as an essential factor for the progression and endurance of cancer cells. A prime event of this altered metabolism is increased glucose uptake and discharge of lactate into the cells surrounding constructing a favorable tumor niche. Several oncogenic factors help in promoting this consequence including, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis in tumor metabolism via exhibiting its low pyruvate kinase activity and nuclear moon-lightening functions to increase the synthesis of lactate and macromolecules for tumor proliferation. Not only its role in cancer cells but also its role in the tumor microenvironment cells has to be understood for developing the small molecules against it which is lacking with the literature till date. Therefore, in this present review, the role of PKM2 with respect to various tumor niche cells will be clarified. Further, it highlights the updated list of therapeutics targeting PKM2 pre-clinically and clinically with their added limitations. This upgraded understanding of PKM2 may provide a pace for the reader in developing chemotherapeutic strategies for better clinical survival with limited resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Anil Dharavath
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India.
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India.
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15
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Srivastava D, Nandi S, Dey M. Mechanistic and Structural Insights into Cysteine-Mediated Inhibition of Pyruvate Kinase Muscle Isoform 2. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3669-3682. [PMID: 31386812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells regulate key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway to control the glycolytic flux, which is necessary for their growth and proliferation. One of the enzymes is pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2), which is allosterically regulated by various small molecules. Using detailed biochemical and kinetic studies, we demonstrate that cysteine inhibits wild-type (wt) PKM2 by shifting from an active tetramer to a mixture of a tetramer and a less active dimer/monomer equilibrium and that the inhibition is dependent on cysteine concentration. The cysteine-mediated PKM2 inhibition is reversed by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric activator of PKM2. Furthermore, kinetic studies using two dimeric PKM2 variants, S437Y PKM2 and G415R PKM2, show that the reversal is caused by the tetramerization of wtPKM2. The crystal structure of the wtPKM2-Cys complex was determined at 2.25 Å, which showed that cysteine is held to the amino acid binding site via its main chain groups, similar to that observed for phenylalanine, alanine, serine, and tryptophan. Notably, ligand binding studies using fluorescence and isothermal titration calorimetry show that the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate alters the binding affinities of amino acids for wtPKM2 and vice versa, thereby unravelling the existence of a functionally bidirectional coupling between the amino acid binding site and the active site of wtPKM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Suparno Nandi
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Mishtu Dey
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
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16
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Pan Y, Wang W, Huang S, Ni W, Wei Z, Cao Y, Yu S, Jia Q, Wu Y, Chai C, Zheng Q, Zhang L, Wang A, Sun Z, Huang S, Wang S, Chen W, Lu Y. Beta-elemene inhibits breast cancer metastasis through blocking pyruvate kinase M2 dimerization and nuclear translocation. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6846-6858. [PMID: 31343107 PMCID: PMC6787513 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), playing a central role in regulating aerobic glycolysis, was considered as a promising target for cancer therapy. However, its role in cancer metastasis is rarely known. Here, we found a tight relationship between PKM2 and breast cancer metastasis, demonstrated by the findings that beta-elemene (β-elemene), an approved drug for complementary cancer therapy, exerted distinct anti-metastatic activity dependent on PKM2. The results indicated that β-elemene inhibited breast cancer cell migration, invasion in vitro as well as metastases in vivo. β-Elemene further inhibited the process of aerobic glycolysis and decreased the utilization of glucose and the production of pyruvate and lactate through suppressing pyruvate kinase activity by modulating the transformation of dimeric and tetrameric forms of PKM2. Further analysis revealed that β-elemene suppressed aerobic glycolysis by blocking PKM2 nuclear translocation and the expression of EGFR, GLUT1 and LDHA by influencing the expression of importin α5. Furthermore, the effect of β-elemene on migration, invasion, PKM2 transformation, and nuclear translocation could be reversed in part by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) and L-cysteine. Taken together, tetrameric transformation and nuclear translocation of PKM2 are essential for cancer metastasis, and β-elemene inhibited breast cancer metastasis via blocking aerobic glycolysis mediated by dimeric PKM2 transformation and nuclear translocation, being a promising anti-metastatic agent from natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenting Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan Chai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Shijun Wang
- Shandong Co-innovation Center of TCM Formula, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
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17
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Pan Y, Zheng Q, Ni W, Wei Z, Yu S, Jia Q, Wang M, Wang A, Chen W, Lu Y. Breaking Glucose Transporter 1/Pyruvate Kinase M2 Glycolytic Loop Is Required for Cantharidin Inhibition of Metastasis in Highly Metastatic Breast Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:590. [PMID: 31178738 PMCID: PMC6544055 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis plays a decisive role in cancer growth. However, its role in cancer metastasis was rarely understood. Cantharidin a natural compound from an arthropod insect cantharis exerts potent anticancer activity. Here we found cantharidin possesses significant anti-metastatic activity on breast cancer dependent on inhibition of aerobic glycolysis. Cantharidin indicates significant inhibition on migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, angiogenesis in vitro, and inhibits breast cancer cells metastasizing to liver and lung in vivo. Subsequent results revealed that cantharidin decreases the extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) but increases the oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in high metastatic cells, leading to suppression of aerobic glycolysis. This was considered to be due to inhibiting the activity of pyruvate kinase (PK) and further blocking pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) translocation in nucleus. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) and L-cysteine can significantly reverse cantharidin inhibition on breast cancer cell migration, invasion, and PKM2 translocation. Furthermore, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) forming a metabolic loop with PKM2 is downregulated, as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the regulator of the glycolytic loop. Totally, cantharidin inhibits the PKM2 nuclear translocation and breaks GLUT1/PKM2 glycolytic loop, resulting in aerobic glycolysis transformation to oxidation and subsequent reversing the metastases in breast cancer. Based on inhibiting multi signals mediated aerobic glycolysis, cantharidin could be prospectively used for prevention of metastasis in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenting Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
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18
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Wilson S, Filipp FV. A network of epigenomic and transcriptional cooperation encompassing an epigenomic master regulator in cancer. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2018; 4:24. [PMID: 29977600 PMCID: PMC6026491 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-018-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated experiments focused on transcriptional responses and chromatin states are well-equipped to capture different epigenomic and transcriptomic levels governing the circuitry of a regulatory network. We propose a workflow for the genome-wide identification of epigenomic and transcriptional cooperation to elucidate transcriptional networks in cancer. Gene promoter annotation in combination with network analysis and sequence-resolution of enriched transcriptional motifs in epigenomic data reveals transcription factor families that act synergistically with epigenomic master regulators. By investigating complementary omics levels, a close teamwork of the transcriptional and epigenomic machinery was discovered. The discovered network is tightly connected and surrounds the histone lysine demethylase KDM3A, basic helix-loop-helix factors MYC, HIF1A, and SREBF1, as well as differentiation factors AP1, MYOD1, SP1, MEIS1, ZEB1, and ELK1. In such a cooperative network, one component opens the chromatin, another one recognizes gene-specific DNA motifs, others scaffold between histones, cofactors, and the transcriptional complex. In cancer, due to the ability to team up with transcription factors, epigenetic factors concert mitogenic and metabolic gene networks, claiming the role of a cancer master regulators or epioncogenes. Significantly, specific histone modification patterns are commonly associated with open or closed chromatin states, and are linked to distinct biological outcomes by transcriptional activation or repression. Disruption of patterns of histone modifications is associated with the loss of proliferative control and cancer. There is tremendous therapeutic potential in understanding and targeting histone modification pathways. Thus, investigating cooperation of chromatin remodelers and the transcriptional machinery is not only important for elucidating fundamental mechanisms of chromatin regulation, but also necessary for the design of targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wilson
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Fabian Volker Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
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Qian X, Xu W, Xu J, Shi Q, Li J, Weng Y, Jiang Z, Feng L, Wang X, Zhou J, Jin H. Enolase 1 stimulates glycolysis to promote chemoresistance in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47691-47708. [PMID: 28548950 PMCID: PMC5564598 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the major choice for the cancer treatment of early and advanced stages. However, intrinsic or acquired drug resistance significantly restricts the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy. It is critical to develop novel approaches to detect and overcome drug resistance. In this study, we demonstrated that accelerated glycolysis played a pivotal role in both intrinsic and acquired cisplatin-resistance of gastric cancer cells. The metabolic reprogramming of cisplatin-resistant cells was characterized by increased glycolysis dependence. Inhibition of glycolysis with glucose starvation or 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) treatment significantly reversed drug resistance. By proteomic screening, we found the increased expression of the glycolytic enzyme Enolase 1 (ENO1) in cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells. Depletion of ENO1 by siRNA significantly reduced glycolysis and reversed drug resistance. Moreover, the increased expression of ENO1 was attributed to the down-regulation of ENO1-targeting miR-22, rather than activated gene transcriptional or prolonged protein stability. Finally, the elevated levels of ENO1 proteins were associated with the shorter overall survival of gastric cancer patients. In conclusion, ENO1 is a novel biomarker to predict drug resistance and overall prognosis in gastric cancer. Targeting ENO1 by chemical inhibitors or up-regulating miR-22 could be valuable to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Qian
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinye Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Shi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqiu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Weng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhinong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifeng Feng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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20
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The histone demethylase KDM3A regulates the transcriptional program of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30328-30343. [PMID: 28416760 PMCID: PMC5444746 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysine demethylase 3A (KDM3A, JMJD1A or JHDM2A) controls transcriptional networks in a variety of biological processes such as spermatogenesis, metabolism, stem cell activity, and tumor progression. We matched transcriptomic and ChIP-Seq profiles to decipher a genome-wide regulatory network of epigenetic control by KDM3A in prostate cancer cells. ChIP-Seq experiments monitoring histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation marks show global histone demethylation effects of KDM3A. Combined assessment of histone demethylation events and gene expression changes presented major transcriptional activation suggesting that distinct oncogenic regulators may synergize with the epigenetic patterns by KDM3A. Pathway enrichment analysis of cells with KDM3A knockdown prioritized androgen signaling indicating that KDM3A plays a key role in regulating androgen receptor activity. Matched ChIP-Seq and knockdown experiments of KDM3A in combination with ChIP-Seq of the androgen receptor resulted in a gain of H3K9 methylation marks around androgen receptor binding sites of selected transcriptional targets in androgen signaling including positive regulation of KRT19, NKX3-1, KLK3, NDRG1, MAF, CREB3L4, MYC, INPP4B, PTK2B, MAPK1, MAP2K1, IGF1, E2F1, HSP90AA1, HIF1A, and ACSL3. The cancer systems biology analysis of KDM3A-dependent genes identifies an epigenetic and transcriptional network in androgen response, hypoxia, glycolysis, and lipid metabolism. Genome-wide ChIP-Seq data highlights specific gene targets and the ability of epigenetic master regulators to control oncogenic pathways and cancer progression.
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Shankar Babu M, Mahanta S, Lakhter AJ, Hato T, Paul S, Naidu SR. Lapachol inhibits glycolysis in cancer cells by targeting pyruvate kinase M2. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191419. [PMID: 29394289 PMCID: PMC5796696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliance on aerobic glycolysis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Although pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key mediator of glycolysis in cancer cells, lack of selective agents that target PKM2 remains a challenge in exploiting metabolic pathways for cancer therapy. We report that unlike its structural analog shikonin, a known inhibitor of PKM2, lapachol failed to induce non-apoptotic cell death ferroxitosis in hypoxia. However, melanoma cells treated with lapachol showed a dose-dependent inhibition of glycolysis and a corresponding increase in oxygen consumption. Accordingly, in silico studies revealed a high affinity-binding pocket for lapachol on PKM2 structure. Lapachol inhibited PKM2 activity of purified enzyme as well as in melanoma cell extracts. Blockade of glycolysis by lapachol in melanoma cells led to decreased ATP levels and inhibition of cell proliferation. Furthermore, perturbation of glycolysis in melanoma cells with lapachol sensitized cells to mitochondrial protonophore and promoted apoptosis. These results present lapachol as an inhibitor of PKM2 to interrogate metabolic plasticity in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Shankar Babu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sailendra Mahanta
- Structural Biology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Alexander J. Lakhter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Subhankar Paul
- Structural Biology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Samisubbu R. Naidu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Srivastava D, Razzaghi M, Henzl MT, Dey M. Structural Investigation of a Dimeric Variant of Pyruvate Kinase Muscle Isoform 2. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6517-6520. [PMID: 29182273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2) catalyzes the terminal step in glycolysis, transferring a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, to produce pyruvate and ATP. PKM2 activity is allosterically regulated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), an upstream glycolytic intermediate. FBP stabilizes the tetrameric form of the enzyme. In its absence, the PKM2 tetramers dissociate, yielding a dimer-monomer mixture having lower enzymatic activity. The S437Y variant of PKM2 is incapable of binding FBP. Consistent with that defect, we find that S437Y exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium in solution, with a Kd of ∼20 μM. Interestingly, however, the protein crystallizes as a tetramer, providing insight into the structural basis for impaired FBP binding of S437Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Mortezaali Razzaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Michael T Henzl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Mishtu Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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23
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Abstract
Molecular insights from genome and systems biology are influencing how cancer is diagnosed and treated. We critically evaluate big data challenges in precision medicine. The melanoma research community has identified distinct subtypes involving chronic sun-induced damage and the mitogen-activated protein kinase driver pathway. In addition, despite low mutation burden, non-genomic mitogen-activated protein kinase melanoma drivers are found in membrane receptors, metabolism, or epigenetic signaling with the ability to bypass central mitogen-activated protein kinase molecules and activating a similar program of mitogenic effectors. Mutation hotspots, structural modeling, UV signature, and genomic as well as non-genomic mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are taken into consideration to identify resistance mutations and novel drug targets. A comprehensive precision medicine profile of a malignant melanoma patient illustrates future rational drug targeting strategies. Network analysis emphasizes an important role of epigenetic and metabolic master regulators in oncogenesis. Co-occurrence of driver mutations in signaling, metabolic, and epigenetic factors highlights how cumulative alterations of our genomes and epigenomes progressively lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Precision insights have the ability to identify independent molecular pathways suitable for drug targeting. Synergistic treatment combinations of orthogonal modalities including immunotherapy, mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors, epigenetic inhibitors, and metabolic inhibitors have the potential to overcome immune evasion, side effects, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian V Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Protein modification with the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) can affect protein function, enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, protein stability, protein targeting and cellular localization. SUMO influences the function and regulation of metabolic enzymes within pathways, and in some cases targets entire metabolic pathways by affecting the activity of transcription factors or by facilitating the translocation of entire metabolic pathways to subcellular compartments. SUMO modification is also a key component of nutrient- and metabolic-sensing mechanisms that regulate cellular metabolism. In addition to its established roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, there is increasing evidence that SUMO is a key factor in facilitating cellular stress responses through the regulation and/or adaptation of the most fundamental metabolic processes, including energy and nucleotide metabolism. This review focuses on the role of SUMO in cellular metabolism and metabolic disease.
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25
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Lanning NJ, Castle JP, Singh SJ, Leon AN, Tovar EA, Sanghera A, MacKeigan JP, Filipp FV, Graveel CR. Metabolic profiling of triple-negative breast cancer cells reveals metabolic vulnerabilities. Cancer Metab 2017; 5:6. [PMID: 28852500 PMCID: PMC5568171 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-017-0168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among breast cancers, the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype has the worst prognosis with no approved targeted therapies and only standard chemotherapy as the backbone of systemic therapy. Unique metabolic changes in cancer progression provide innovative therapeutic opportunities. The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and MET receptor are highly expressed in TNBC, making both promising therapeutic targets. RTK signaling profoundly alters cellular metabolism by increasing glucose consumption and subsequently diverting glucose carbon sources into metabolic pathways necessary to support the tumorigenesis. Therefore, detailed metabolic profiles of TNBC subtypes and their response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors may identify therapeutic sensitivities. Methods We quantified the metabolic profiles of TNBC cell lines representing multiple TNBC subtypes using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. In addition, we subjected MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, Hs578T, and HCC70 cell lines to metabolic flux analysis of basal and maximal glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative rates. Metabolic pool size and flux measurements were performed in the presence and absence of the MET inhibitor, INC280/capmatinib, and the EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib. Further, the sensitivities of these cells to modulators of core metabolic pathways were determined. In addition, we annotated a rate-limiting metabolic enzymes library and performed a siRNA screen in combination with MET or EGFR inhibitors to validate synergistic effects. Results TNBC cell line models displayed significant metabolic heterogeneity with respect to basal and maximal metabolic rates and responses to RTK and metabolic pathway inhibitors. Comprehensive systems biology analysis of metabolic perturbations, combined siRNA and tyrosine kinase inhibitor screens identified a core set of TCA cycle and fatty acid pathways whose perturbation sensitizes TNBC cells to small molecule targeting of receptor tyrosine kinases. Conclusions Similar to the genomic heterogeneity observed in TNBC, our results reveal metabolic heterogeneity among TNBC subtypes and demonstrate that understanding metabolic profiles and drug responses may prove valuable in targeting TNBC subtypes and identifying therapeutic susceptibilities in TNBC patients. Perturbation of metabolic pathways sensitizes TNBC to inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases. Such metabolic vulnerabilities offer promise for effective therapeutic targeting for TNBC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40170-017-0168-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Lanning
- California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Joshua P Castle
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave, NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Simar J Singh
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Andre N Leon
- California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Elizabeth A Tovar
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave, NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Amandeep Sanghera
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Jeffrey P MacKeigan
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave, NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA.,College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 15 Michigan St. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Fabian V Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Carrie R Graveel
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave, NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
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26
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da Costa PJ, Menezes J, Romão L. The role of alternative splicing coupled to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 91:168-175. [PMID: 28743674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) affects gene expression as it generates proteome diversity. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a surveillance pathway that recognizes and selectively degrades mRNAs carrying premature translation-termination codons (PTCs), preventing the production of truncated proteins that could result in disease. Several studies have also implicated NMD in the regulation of steady-state levels of physiological mRNAs. In addition, it is known that several regulated AS events do not lead to generation of protein products, as they lead to transcripts that carry PTCs and thus, they are committed to NMD. Indeed, an estimated one-third of naturally occurring, alternatively spliced mRNAs is targeted for NMD, being AS coupled to NMD (AS-NMD) an efficient strategy to regulate gene expression. In this review, we will focus on how AS mechanism operates and how can be coupled to NMD to fine-tune gene expression levels. Furthermore, we will demonstrate the physiological significance of the interplay among AS and NMD in human disease, such as cancer and neurological disorders. The understanding of how AS-NMD orchestrates expression of vital genes is of utmost importance for the advance in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of many human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J da Costa
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juliane Menezes
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luísa Romão
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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27
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Faria AVS, Tornatore TF, Milani R, Queiroz KCS, Sampaio IH, Fonseca EMB, Rocha-Brito KJP, Santos TO, Silveira LR, Peppelenbosch MP, Ferreira-Halder CV. Oncophosphosignaling Favors a Glycolytic Phenotype in Human Drug Resistant Leukemia. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3846-3854. [PMID: 28387439 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In chemoresistant leukemia cells (Lucena-1), the low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMWPTP) is about 20-fold more active than in their susceptible counterpart (K562). We found this phosphatase ensures the activated statuses of Src and Bcr-Abl. Since, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins represent a key post-translational regulation of several enzymes, we also explored the kinome. We hereby show that LMWPTP superactivation, together with kinome reprogramming, cooperate towards glucose addiction. Resistant leukemia cells present lower levels of oxidative metabolism, in part due to downexpression of the following mitochondrial proteins: pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit alpha 1, succinate dehydrogenase, and voltage-dependent anion channel. Those cells displayed higher expression levels of glucose transporter 1 and higher production of lactate. In addition, Lucena-1 siRNA LMWPTP cells showed lower expression levels of glucose transporter 1 and lower activity of lactate dehydrogenase. On the other hand, K562 cells overexpressing LMWPTP presented higher expression/activity of both proteins. In this study, we show that LMWPTP is a pivotal mediator of metabolic reprogramming that confers survival advantages to leukemia cells against death stimuli. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3846-3854, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra V S Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Thaís F Tornatore
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Renato Milani
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Karla C S Queiroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Igor H Sampaio
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Emanuella M B Fonseca
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Tamira O Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Silveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen V Ferreira-Halder
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
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28
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de Wit RH, Mujić-Delić A, van Senten JR, Fraile-Ramos A, Siderius M, Smit MJ. Human cytomegalovirus encoded chemokine receptor US28 activates the HIF-1α/PKM2 axis in glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:67966-67985. [PMID: 27602585 PMCID: PMC5356532 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encoded chemokine receptor US28 promotes tumorigenesis through activation of various proliferative and angiogenic signaling pathways. Upon infection, US28 displays constitutive activity and signals in a G protein-dependent manner, hijacking the host's cellular machinery. In tumor cells, the hypoxia inducible factor-1α/pyruvate kinase M2 (HIF-1α/PKM2) axis plays an important role by supporting proliferation, angiogenesis and reprogramming of energy metabolism. In this study we show that US28 signaling results in activation of the HIF-1α/PKM2 feedforward loop in fibroblasts and glioblastoma cells. The constitutive activity of US28 increases HIF-1 protein stability through a Gαq-, CaMKII- and Akt/mTOR-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we found that VEGF and lactate secretion are increased and HIF-1 target genes, glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), involved in glucose metabolism, are upregulated in US28 expressing cells. In addition, PKM2 is phosphorylated and found to be in a tumor-associated dimeric state upon US28 expression. Also in HCMV-infected cells HIF-1 activity is enhanced, which in part is US28-dependent. Finally, increased proliferation of cells expressing US28 is abolished upon inhibition of the HIF-1α/PKM2 cascade. These data highlight the importance of HIF-1α and PKM2 in US28-induced proliferation, angiogenesis and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond H. de Wit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Azra Mujić-Delić
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R. van Senten
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Fraile-Ramos
- Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Siderius
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Yan M, Chakravarthy S, Tokuda JM, Pollack L, Bowman GD, Lee YS. Succinyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ribose 5'-Phosphate (SAICAR) Activates Pyruvate Kinase Isoform M2 (PKM2) in Its Dimeric Form. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4731-6. [PMID: 27481063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) is a glycolytic enzyme isoform implicated in cancer. Malignant cancer cells have higher levels of dimeric PKM2, which is regarded as an inactive form of tetrameric pyruvate kinase. This perceived inactivity has fueled controversy about how the dimeric form of pyruvate kinase might contribute to cancer. Here we investigate enzymatic properties of PKM2(G415R), a variant derived from a cancer patient, which we show by size-exclusion chromatography and small-angle X-ray scattering to be a dimer that cannot form a tetramer in solution. Although PKM2(G415R) binds to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), unlike the wild type this PKM2 variant shows no activation by FBP. In contrast, PKM2(G415R) is activated by succinyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ribose 5'-phosphate (SAICAR), an endogenous metabolite that we previously showed correlates with an increased level of cell proliferation and promotes protein kinase activity of PKM2. Our results demonstrate an important and unexpected enzymatic activity of the PKM2 dimer that likely has a key role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Srinivas Chakravarthy
- Biophysics Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joshua M Tokuda
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lois Pollack
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gregory D Bowman
- T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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30
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Schlaepfer IR, Nambiar DK, Ramteke A, Kumar R, Dhar D, Agarwal C, Bergman B, Graner M, Maroni P, Singh RP, Agarwal R, Deep G. Hypoxia induces triglycerides accumulation in prostate cancer cells and extracellular vesicles supporting growth and invasiveness following reoxygenation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22836-56. [PMID: 26087400 PMCID: PMC4673203 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an independent prognostic indicator of poor outcome in several malignancies. However, precise mechanism through which hypoxia promotes disease aggressiveness is still unclear. Here, we report that under hypoxia (1% O2), human prostate cancer (PCA) cells, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by these cells, are significantly enriched in triglycerides due to the activation of lipogenesis-related enzymes and signaling molecules. This is likely a survival response to hypoxic stress as accumulated lipids could support growth following reoxygenation. Consistent with this, significantly higher proliferation was observed in hypoxic PCA cells following reoxygenation associated with rapid use of accumulated lipids. Importantly, lipid utilization inhibition by CPT1 inhibitor etomoxir and shRNA-mediated CPT1-knockdown significantly compromised hypoxic PCA cell proliferation following reoxygenation. Furthermore, COX2 inhibitor celecoxib strongly reduced growth and invasiveness following hypoxic PCA cells reoxygenation, and inhibited invasiveness induced by hypoxic PCA EVs. This establishes a role for COX2 enzymatic products in the enhanced PCA growth and invasiveness. Importantly, concentration and loading of EVs secreted by PCA cells were significantly compromised under delipidized serum condition and by lipogenesis inhibitors (fatostatin and silibinin). Overall, present study highlights the biological significance of lipid accumulation in hypoxic PCA cells and its therapeutic relevance in PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Schlaepfer
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dhanya K Nambiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Ramteke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deepanshi Dhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bryan Bergman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Maroni
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rana P Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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31
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TAILS N-Terminomics and Proteomics Show Protein Degradation Dominates over Proteolytic Processing by Cathepsins in Pancreatic Tumors. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1762-1773. [PMID: 27477282 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated cathepsin proteolysis occurs across numerous cancers, but in vivo substrates mediating tumorigenesis remain ill-defined. Applying 8-plex iTRAQ terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS), a systems-level N-terminome degradomics approach, we identified cathepsin B, H, L, S, and Z in vivo substrates and cleavage sites with the use of six different cathepsin knockout genotypes in the Rip1-Tag2 mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. Among 1,935 proteins and 1,114 N termini identified by TAILS, stable proteolytic products were identified in wild-type tumors compared with one or more different cathepsin knockouts (17%-44% of 139 cleavages). This suggests a lack of compensation at the substrate level by other cathepsins. The majority of neo-N termini (56%-83%) for all cathepsins was consistent with protein degradation. We validated substrates, including the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 associated with the Warburg effect, the ER chaperone GRP78, and the oncoprotein prothymosin-alpha. Thus, the identification of cathepsin substrates in tumorigenesis improves the understanding of cathepsin functions in normal physiology and cancer.
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32
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Edwards L, Gupta R, Filipp FV. Hypermutation of DPYD Deregulates Pyrimidine Metabolism and Promotes Malignant Progression. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 14:196-206. [PMID: 26609109 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED New strategies are needed to diagnose and target human melanoma. To this end, genomic analyses was performed to assess somatic mutations and gene expression signatures using a large cohort of human skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project to identify critical differences between primary and metastatic tumors. Interestingly, pyrimidine metabolism is one of the major pathways to be significantly enriched and deregulated at the transcriptional level in melanoma progression. In addition, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) and other important pyrimidine-related genes: DPYS, AK9, CAD, CANT1, ENTPD1, NME6, NT5C1A, POLE, POLQ, POLR3B, PRIM2, REV3L, and UPP2 are significantly enriched in somatic mutations relative to the background mutation rate. Structural analysis of the DPYD protein dimer reveals a potential hotspot of recurring somatic mutations in the ligand-binding sites as well as the interfaces of protein domains that mediated electron transfer. Somatic mutations of DPYD are associated with upregulation of pyrimidine degradation, nucleotide synthesis, and nucleic acid processing while salvage and nucleotide conversion is downregulated in TCGA SKCM. IMPLICATIONS At a systems biology level, somatic mutations of DPYD cause a switch in pyrimidine metabolism and promote gene expression of pyrimidine enzymes toward malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Edwards
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California
| | - Fabian Volker Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California.
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33
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Caron JM, Caron JM. Methyl Sulfone Blocked Multiple Hypoxia- and Non-Hypoxia-Induced Metastatic Targets in Breast Cancer Cells and Melanoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141565. [PMID: 26536104 PMCID: PMC4633041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer causes 90% of cancer deaths. Unlike many primary tumors, metastatic tumors cannot be cured by surgery alone. Metastatic cancer requires chemotherapy. However, metastatic cells are not easily killed by chemotherapy. These problems with chemotherapy are caused in part by the metastatic cell niche: hypoxia. Here we show that the molecule, methyl sulfone, normalized metastatic metabolism of hypoxic breast cancer and melanoma cells by altering several metabolic functions of the cells. Under hypoxia, methyl sulfone decreased expression of the master regulator of hypoxia, HIF-1α, and reduced levels of the glycolytic enzymes, PKM2, LDHA, GLUT1, the pro-angiogenic protein, VEGF, and the iron-sulfur metabolism molecules, miR-210 and transferrin, all of which promote metastasis. Conversely, methyl sulfone increased levels of ISCU1/2 and ferroportin, proteins associated with iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis and iron homeostasis in normal cells. These data identify methyl sulfone as a multi-targeting molecule that blocks the survival/proliferative effect of hypoxia on metastatic cells and brings normality back to cellular metabolism.
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34
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Motawi TMK, Sadik NAH, Fahim SA, Shouman SA. Combination of imatinib and clotrimazole enhances cell growth inhibition in T47D breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 233:147-56. [PMID: 25863232 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (IM), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used as targeted cancer therapy. However, mono-targeting by IM does not always achieve full tumor eradication and thus it is recommended to combine IM with other anticancer agents. Clotrimazole (CLT) is an antifungal azole derivative with promising anticancer effects due to inhibiting the activity of glycolytic enzymes. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of combining CLT with IM on breast cancer cell line in an attempt to establish effective new combination. T47D human breast cancer cell line was treated with different concentrations of IM and/or CLT for 48 h. IM-CLT interaction was determined by isobologram equation and combination index. Cell viability was confirmed by measuring LDH activity. As indicators of glycolysis inhibition, the expression of hexokinase-2 (HK-2) and 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1) plus the activity of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were determined. In addition, glucose consumption and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production were measured. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia inducible factor-α (HIF-α) were also determined as they are modulators for glycolysis. This study demonstrated that IM or CLT synergistically inhibited cell growth in T47D as shown by combination and dose reduction indices. The combination of 15 μM IM and 20 μM CLT significantly decreased glucose consumption, activity of both PK and intracellular LDH, while increased leaked LDH, VEGF and NO in the medium compared to each drug alone. Furthermore the combination decreased gene expression of HK-2, PFK-1 and ATP content compared to the control. In conclusion, the synergistic effect of CLT on IM cytotoxicity in T47D cell line maybe mediated through inhibition of glycolysis and increasing both NO and VEGF. Further studies are required to confirm the efficiency and safety of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M K Motawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermin A H Sadik
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally A Fahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samia A Shouman
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Vanderperre B, Bender T, Kunji ERS, Martinou JC. Mitochondrial pyruvate import and its effects on homeostasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 33:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Chen FC. Alternative RNA structure-coupled gene regulations in tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:452-75. [PMID: 25551597 PMCID: PMC4307256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative RNA structures (ARSs), or alternative transcript isoforms, are critical for regulating cellular phenotypes in humans. In addition to generating functionally diverse protein isoforms from a single gene, ARS can alter the sequence contents of 5'/3' untranslated regions (UTRs) and intronic regions, thus also affecting the regulatory effects of these regions. ARS may introduce premature stop codon(s) into a transcript, and render the transcript susceptible to nonsense-mediated decay, which in turn can influence the overall gene expression level. Meanwhile, ARS can regulate the presence/absence of upstream open reading frames and microRNA targeting sites in 5'UTRs and 3'UTRs, respectively, thus affecting translational efficiencies and protein expression levels. Furthermore, since ARS may alter exon-intron structures, it can influence the biogenesis of intronic microRNAs and indirectly affect the expression of the target genes of these microRNAs. The connections between ARS and multiple regulatory mechanisms underline the importance of ARS in determining cell fate. Accumulating evidence indicates that ARS-coupled regulations play important roles in tumorigenesis. Here I will review our current knowledge in this field, and discuss potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chi Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
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37
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Li W, Xu Z, Hong J, Xu Y. Expression patterns of three regulation enzymes in glycolysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: association with survival. Med Oncol 2014; 31:118. [PMID: 25064730 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced glycolysis is a common trait of many types of human cancers. This study was to detect the expression pattern of three regulatory enzymes during glycolysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and to investigate their correlation with patients' outcome based on banked pathology material. A total of 141 surgically resected specimens of primary ESCC patients without prior treatments were retrospectively recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College Hospital from 2007 to 2009. Expression of HK1, PFKB, and PKM2 in ESCC specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting analysis. HK1-shRNA was used to knock down HK1 expression in ESCC cells, and the functional significance was assessed by CCK8 assay. It was found that the expression of two glycolytic enzymes, HK1 and PKM2, was associated with disease progression, invasion, and poor survival of patients with ESCC. Silence of HK1-inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and suppressed phospho-S6 kinase expression. Our findings suggest that activation of key enzymes in glycolysis might serve as potential therapeutic targets and/or prognostic factors for patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China,
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38
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Zhou L, Xu N, Sun Y, Liu XM. Targeted biopharmaceuticals for cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:145-51. [PMID: 25016064 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex invasive genetic disease that causes significant mortality rate worldwide. Protein-based biopharmaceuticals have significantly extended the lives of millions of cancer patients. This article reviews the biological function and application of targeted anticancer biopharmaceuticals. We first discuss the specific antigens and core pathways that are used in the development of targeted cancer therapy. The innovative monoclonal antibodies, non-antibody proteins, and small molecules targeting these antigens or pathways are then reviewed. Finally, the current challenges in anticancer biopharmaceuticals development and the potential solutions to address these challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufang Zhou
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ningning Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China; Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.
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39
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Gene expression correlation for cancer diagnosis: a pilot study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:253804. [PMID: 24818135 PMCID: PMC4000964 DOI: 10.1155/2014/253804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Poor prognosis for late-stage, high-grade, and recurrent cancers has been motivating cancer researchers to search for more efficient biomarkers to identify the onset of cancer. Recent advances in constructing and dynamically analyzing biomolecular networks for different types of cancer have provided a promising novel strategy to detect tumorigenesis and metastasis. The observation of different biomolecular networks associated with normal and cancerous states led us to hypothesize that correlations for gene expressions could serve as valid indicators of early cancer development. In this pilot study, we tested our hypothesis by examining whether the mRNA expressions of three randomly selected cancer-related genes PIK3C3, PIM3, and PTEN were correlated during cancer progression and the correlation coefficients could be used for cancer diagnosis. Strong correlations (0.68 ≤ r ≤ 1.0) were observed between PIK3C3 and PIM3 in breast cancer, between PIK3C3 and PTEN in breast and ovary cancers, and between PIM3 and PTEN in breast, kidney, liver, and thyroid cancers during disease progression, implicating that the correlations for cancer network gene expressions could serve as a supplement to current clinical biomarkers, such as cancer antigens, for early cancer diagnosis.
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40
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Gray LR, Tompkins SC, Taylor EB. Regulation of pyruvate metabolism and human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2577-604. [PMID: 24363178 PMCID: PMC4059968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is a keystone molecule critical for numerous aspects of eukaryotic and human metabolism. Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux. In mitochondria, pyruvate drives ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and multiple biosynthetic pathways intersecting the citric acid cycle. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is regulated by many enzymes, including the recently discovered mitochondria pyruvate carrier, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase, to modulate overall pyruvate carbon flux. Mutations in any of the genes encoding for proteins regulating pyruvate metabolism may lead to disease. Numerous cases have been described. Aberrant pyruvate metabolism plays an especially prominent role in cancer, heart failure, and neurodegeneration. Because most major diseases involve aberrant metabolism, understanding and exploiting pyruvate carbon flux may yield novel treatments that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, 4-403 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Ganapathy-Kanniappan S, Geschwind JFH. Tumor glycolysis as a target for cancer therapy: progress and prospects. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:152. [PMID: 24298908 PMCID: PMC4223729 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 769] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered energy metabolism is a biochemical fingerprint of cancer cells that represents one of the “hallmarks of cancer”. This metabolic phenotype is characterized by preferential dependence on glycolysis (the process of conversion of glucose into pyruvate followed by lactate production) for energy production in an oxygen-independent manner. Although glycolysis is less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation in the net yield of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cancer cells adapt to this mathematical disadvantage by increased glucose up-take, which in turn facilitates a higher rate of glycolysis. Apart from providing cellular energy, the metabolic intermediates of glycolysis also play a pivotal role in macromolecular biosynthesis, thus conferring selective advantage to cancer cells under diminished nutrient supply. Accumulating data also indicate that intracellular ATP is a critical determinant of chemoresistance. Under hypoxic conditions where glycolysis remains the predominant energy producing pathway sensitizing cancer cells would require intracellular depletion of ATP by inhibition of glycolysis. Together, the oncogenic regulation of glycolysis and multifaceted roles of glycolytic components underscore the biological significance of tumor glycolysis. Thus targeting glycolysis remains attractive for therapeutic intervention. Several preclinical investigations have indeed demonstrated the effectiveness of this therapeutic approach thereby supporting its scientific rationale. Recent reviews have provided a wealth of information on the biochemical targets of glycolysis and their inhibitors. The objective of this review is to present the most recent research on the cancer-specific role of glycolytic enzymes including their non-glycolytic functions in order to explore the potential for therapeutic opportunities. Further, we discuss the translational potential of emerging drug candidates in light of technical advances in treatment modalities such as image-guided targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugasundaram Ganapathy-Kanniappan
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Division of Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N, Wolfe Street, Blalock Building 340, 21287 Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Filipp FV. A Gateway between Omics Data and Systems Biology. JOURNAL OF METABOLOMICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 1:1. [PMID: 24527465 PMCID: PMC3920656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics captures the cellular chemistry and thereby the ultimate realization of numerous genetic, transcriptional, and enzymatic events. The mechanistic interpretation of small molecules as substrates, intermediates, or products of biochemical action is necessary to place metabolites into the correct physiological context of a system. Therefore, the tight connection between omics technologies and systems biology is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian V Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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