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Zavvarian MM, Modi AD, Sadat S, Hong J, Fehlings MG. Translational Relevance of Secondary Intracellular Signaling Cascades Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5708. [PMID: 38891894 PMCID: PMC11172219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-threatening and life-altering condition that results in debilitating sensorimotor and autonomic impairments. Despite significant advances in the clinical management of traumatic SCI, many patients continue to suffer due to a lack of effective therapies. The initial mechanical injury to the spinal cord results in a series of secondary molecular processes and intracellular signaling cascades in immune, vascular, glial, and neuronal cell populations, which further damage the injured spinal cord. These intracellular cascades present promising translationally relevant targets for therapeutic intervention due to their high ubiquity and conservation across eukaryotic evolution. To date, many therapeutics have shown either direct or indirect involvement of these pathways in improving recovery after SCI. However, the complex, multifaceted, and heterogeneous nature of traumatic SCI requires better elucidation of the underlying secondary intracellular signaling cascades to minimize off-target effects and maximize effectiveness. Recent advances in transcriptional and molecular neuroscience provide a closer characterization of these pathways in the injured spinal cord. This narrative review article aims to survey the MAPK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, Rho-ROCK, NF-κB, and JAK-STAT signaling cascades, in addition to providing a comprehensive overview of the involvement and therapeutic potential of these secondary intracellular pathways following traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Masoud Zavvarian
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Akshat D. Modi
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3J6, Canada
| | - Sarah Sadat
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James Hong
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
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Jin C, Wang K, Ren Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Cheng L, Xie N. Role of durotomy on function outcome, tissue sparing, inflammation, and tissue stiffness after spinal cord injury in rats. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e530. [PMID: 38576458 PMCID: PMC10993870 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of effective treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), a debilitating medical condition associated with enduring paralysis and irreversible neuronal damage. Extradural decompression of osseous as well as soft tissue components has historically been the principal objective of surgical procedures. Nevertheless, this particular surgical procedure fails to tackle the intradural compressive alterations that contribute to secondary SCI. Here, we propose an early intrathecal decompression strategy and evaluate its role on function outcome, tissue sparing, inflammation, and tissue stiffness after SCI. Durotomy surgery significantly promoted recovery of hindlimb locomotor function in an open-field test. Radiological analysis suggested that lesion size and tissue edema were significantly reduced in animals that received durotomy. Relative to the group with laminectomy alone, the animals treated with a durotomy had decreased cavitation, scar formation, and inflammatory responses at 4 weeks after SCI. An examination of the mechanical properties revealed that durotomy facilitated an expeditious restoration of the injured tissue's elastic rigidity. In general, early decompressive durotomy could serve as a significant strategy to mitigate the impairments caused by secondary injury and establish a more conducive microenvironment for prospective cellular or biomaterial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of EducationOrthopaedic Department of Tongji HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsTongren HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Kaiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of EducationOrthopaedic Department of Tongji HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yilong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of EducationOrthopaedic Department of Tongji HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of EducationOrthopaedic Department of Tongji HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhanwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of EducationOrthopaedic Department of Tongji HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of EducationOrthopaedic Department of Tongji HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ning Xie
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of EducationOrthopaedic Department of Tongji HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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Jeffery ND, Rossmeisl JH, Harcourt-Brown TR, Granger N, Ito D, Foss K, Chase D. Randomized Controlled Trial of Durotomy as an Adjunct to Routine Decompressive Surgery for Dogs With Severe Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:128-138. [PMID: 38414780 PMCID: PMC10898236 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many interventions for acute spinal cord injury (SCI) appear promising in experimental models, translation directly from experimental animals to human patients is a large step that can be problematic. Acute SCI occurs frequently in companion dogs and may provide a model to ease translation. Recently, incision of the dura has been highlighted in both research animals and human patients as a means of reducing intraspinal pressure, with a view to improving perfusion of the injured tissue and enhancing functional recovery. Observational clinical data in humans and dogs support the notion that it may also improve functional outcome. Here, we report the results of a multi-center randomized controlled trial of durotomy as an adjunct to traditional decompressive surgery for treatment of severe thoracolumbar SCI caused by acute intervertebral disc herniation in dogs. Sample-size calculation was based on the proportion of dogs recovering ambulation improving from an expected 55% in the traditional surgery group to 70% in the durotomy group. Over a 3.5-year period, we enrolled 140 dogs, of which 128 had appropriate duration of follow-up. Overall, 65 (51%) dogs recovered ambulation. Recovery in the traditional decompression group was 35 of 62 (56%) dogs, and in the durotomy group 30 of 66 (45%) dogs, associated with an odds ratio of 0.643 (95% confidence interval: 0.320-1.292) and z-score of -1.24. This z-score indicates trial futility to reach the target 15% improvement over traditional surgery, and the trial was terminated at this stage. We conclude that durotomy is ineffective in improving functional outcome for severe acute thoracolumbar SCI in dogs. In the future, these data can be compared with similar data from clinical trials on duraplasty in human patients and will aid in determining the predictive validity of the "companion dog model" of acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D. Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Daisuke Ito
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences Department of Veterinary Medicine, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kari Foss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Damian Chase
- Veterinary Specialists Aotearora, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zhu YK, Lu FT, Zhang GD, Liu ZP. A Review of Strategies Associated with Surgical Decompression in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2023; 84:570-577. [PMID: 35354217 DOI: 10.1055/a-1811-8201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is frequent. Timely diagnosis and treatment have reduced the mortality, but the long-term recovery of neurologic functions remains ominous. After TSCI, tissue bleeding, edema, and adhesions lead to an increase in the intraspinal pressure, further causing the pathophysiologic processes of ischemia and hypoxia and eventually accelerating the cascade of secondary spinal cord injury. Timely surgery with appropriate decompression strategies can reduce that secondary injury. However, disagreement about the safety and effectiveness of decompression surgery and the timing of surgery still exists. The level and severity of spinal cord injury do have an impact on the timing of surgery; therefore, TSCI subpopulations may benefit from early surgery. Early surgery perhaps has little effect on recovery from complete TSCI but might be of benefit in patients with incomplete injury. Early decompression should be considered in patients with incomplete cervical TSCI. Patient age should not be used as an exclusion criterion for early surgery. The best time point for early surgery is although influenced by the shortest duration to thoroughly examine the patient's condition and stabilize the patient's state. After the patient's condition is fully evaluated, we can perform the surgical modality of emergency myelotomy and decompression. Therefore, a number of conditions should be considered, such as standardized decompression methods, indications and operation timing to ensure the effectiveness and safety of early surgical intervention, and promotion of the functional recovery of residual nerve tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Kang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fa-Tai Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zun-Peng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Prasse T, Khaing ZZ, Cates LN, Dewees DM, Hyde JE, Bredow J, Hofstetter CP. A decrease in the neuroprotective effects of acute spinal cord decompression according to injury severity: introducing the concept of a ceiling effect. J Neurosurg Spine 2023; 38:299-306. [PMID: 36401546 DOI: 10.3171/2022.6.spine22383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is followed by a prolonged period of secondary neuroglial cell death. Neuroprotective interventions, such as surgical spinal cord decompression, aim to mitigate secondary injury. In this study, the authors explore whether the effect size of posttraumatic neuroprotective spinal cord decompression varies with injury severity. METHODS Seventy-one adult female Long Evans rats were subjected to a thoracic tSCI using a third-generation spinal contusion device. Moderate and severe tSCI were defined by recorded impact force delivered to the spinal cord. Immediately after injury (< 15 minutes), treatment cohorts underwent either a decompressive durotomy or myelotomy. Functional recovery was documented using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale, and tissue sparing was documented using histological analysis. RESULTS Moderate and severe injuries were separated at a cutoff point of 231.8 kdyn peak impact force based on locomotor recovery at 8 weeks after injury. Durotomy improved hindlimb locomotor recovery 8 weeks after moderate trauma (p < 0.01), but not after severe trauma (p > 0.05). Myelotomy led to increased tissue sparing (p < 0.0001) and a significantly higher number of spared motor neurons (p < 0.05) in moderate trauma, but no such effect was noted in severely injured rats (p > 0.05). Within the moderate injury group, myelotomy also resulted in significantly more spared tissue when compared with durotomy-only animals (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of surgical spinal cord decompression decrease with increasing injury severity in a rodent tSCI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Prasse
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- 2Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne; and
| | - Zin Z Khaing
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lindsay N Cates
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dane M Dewees
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey E Hyde
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jan Bredow
- 3Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Krankenhaus Porz am Rhein, University of Cologne, Germany
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Yang C, He T, Wang Q, Wang G, Ma J, Chen Z, Li Q, Wang L, Quan Z. Elevated intraspinal pressure drives edema progression after acute compression spinal cord injury in rabbits. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114206. [PMID: 35988698 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intraspinal pressure (ISP) following traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) can be an important factor for secondary SCI that may result in greater tissue damage and functional deficits. Our present study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in ISP after different degrees of acute compression SCI in rabbits with closed canals and explore its influence on spinal cord pathophysiology. Closed balloon compression injuries were induced with different inflated volumes (40 μl, 50 μl or no inflation) at the T7/8 level in rabbits. ISP was monitored by a SOPHYSA probe at the epicenter within 7 days post-SCI. Edema progression, spinal cord perfusion and damage severity were evaluated by serial multisequence MRI scans, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and behavioral scores. Histological and blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) permeability results were subsequently analyzed. The results showed that the ISP waveforms comprised three peaks, significantly increased after tSCI, peaked at 72 h (21.86 ± 3.13 mmHg) in the moderate group or 48 h (31.71 ± 6.02 mmHg) in the severe group and exhibited "slow elevated and fast decreased" or "fast elevated and slow decreased" dynamic changes in both injured groups. Elevated ISP after injury was correlated with spinal cord perfusion and edema progression, leading to secondary lesion enlargement. The secondary damage aggravation can be visualized by diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). Moreover, the BSCB permeability was significantly increased at the epicenter and rostrocaudal segments at 72 h after SCI; by 14 days, notable permeability was still observed at the caudal segment in the severely injured rabbits. Our results suggest that the ISP of rabbits with closed canals increased after acute compression SCI and exhibited different dynamic change patterns in moderately and severely injured rabbits. Elevated ISP exacerbated spinal cord perfusion, drove edema progression and led to secondary lesion enlargement that was strongly associated with BSCB disruption. For severe tSCI, early intervention targeting elevated ISP may be an indispensable choice to rescue spinal cord function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Sichuan 646000, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Tao He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Chongqing General Hospital, No.118 Xingguang Avenue, Liangjiang New District, Chongqing 40114, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Gaoju Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jingjin Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiaochu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Linbang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhengxue Quan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Liu T, Zhu W, Zhang X, He C, Liu X, Xin Q, Chen K, Wang H. Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5079153. [PMID: 35978649 PMCID: PMC9377911 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5079153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating central nervous system disease caused by accidental events, resulting in loss of sensory and motor function. Considering the multiple effects of primary and secondary injuries after spinal cord injury, including oxidative stress, tissue apoptosis, inflammatory response, and neuronal autophagy, it is crucial to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, local microenvironment changes, and neural tissue functional recovery for preparing novel treatment strategies. Treatment based on cell transplantation has become the forefront of spinal cord injury therapy. The transplanted cells provide physical and nutritional support for the damaged tissue. At the same time, the implantation of biomaterials with specific biological functions at the site of the SCI has also been proved to improve the local inhibitory microenvironment and promote axonal regeneration, etc. The combined transplantation of cells and functional biomaterials for SCI treatment can result in greater neuroprotective and regenerative effects by regulating cell differentiation, enhancing cell survival, and providing physical and directional support for axon regeneration and neural circuit remodeling. This article reviews the pathophysiology of the spinal cord, changes in the microenvironment after injury, and the mechanisms and strategies for spinal cord regeneration and repair. The article will focus on summarizing and discussing the latest intervention models based on cell and functional biomaterial transplantation and the latest progress in combinational therapies in SCI repair. Finally, we propose the future prospects and challenges of current treatment regimens for SCI repair, to provide references for scientists and clinicians to seek better SCI repair strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenhao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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MiRNAs as Promising Translational Strategies for Neuronal Repair and Regeneration in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142177. [PMID: 35883621 PMCID: PMC9318426 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a devastating injury to the central nervous system (CNS) that is responsible for impaired mobility and sensory function in SCI patients. The hallmarks of SCI include neuroinflammation, axonal degeneration, neuronal loss, and reactive gliosis. Current strategies, including stem cell transplantation, have not led to successful clinical therapy. MiRNAs are crucial for the differentiation of neural cell types during CNS development, as well as for pathological processes after neural injury including SCI. This makes them ideal candidates for therapy in this condition. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated the involvement of miRNAs that are expressed differently in CNS injury. In this context, the purpose of the review is to provide an overview of the pre-clinical evidence evaluating the use of miRNA therapy in SCI. Specifically, we have focused our attention on miRNAs that are widely associated with neuronal and axon regeneration. “MiRNA replacement therapy” aims to transfer miRNAs to diseased cells and improve targeting efficacy in the cells, and this new therapeutic tool could provide a promising technique to promote SCI repair and reduce functional deficits.
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Yang CH, Quan ZX, Wang GJ, He T, Chen ZY, Li QC, Yang J, Wang Q. Elevated intraspinal pressure in traumatic spinal cord injury is a promising therapeutic target. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1703-1710. [PMID: 35017417 PMCID: PMC8820714 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently recommended management for acute traumatic spinal cord injury aims to reduce the incidence of secondary injury and promote functional recovery. Elevated intraspinal pressure (ISP) likely plays an important role in the processes involved in secondary spinal cord injury, and should not be overlooked. However, the factors and detailed time course contributing to elevated ISP and its impact on pathophysiology after traumatic spinal cord injury have not been reviewed in the literature. Here, we review the etiology and progression of elevated ISP, as well as potential therapeutic measures that target elevated ISP. Elevated ISP is a time-dependent process that is mainly caused by hemorrhage, edema, and blood-spinal cord barrier destruction and peaks at 3 days after traumatic spinal cord injury. Duraplasty and hypertonic saline may be promising treatments for reducing ISP within this time window. Other potential treatments such as decompression, spinal cord incision, hemostasis, and methylprednisolone treatment require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Xue Quan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gao-Ju Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao-Chu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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Multi-Omics Approach to Elucidate Cerebrospinal Fluid Changes in Dogs with Intervertebral Disc Herniation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111678. [PMID: 34769107 PMCID: PMC8583948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herniation of the intervertebral disc (IVDH) is the most common cause of neurological and intervertebral disc degeneration-related diseases. Since the disc starts to degenerate before it can be observed by currently available diagnostic methods, there is an urgent need for novel diagnostic approaches. To identify molecular networks and pathways which may play important roles in intervertebral disc herniation, as well as to reveal the potential features which could be useful for monitoring disease progression and prognosis, multi-omics profiling, including high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics was performed. Cerebrospinal fluid of nine dogs with IVDH and six healthy controls were used for the analyses, and an additional five IVDH samples were used for proteomic data validation. Furthermore, multi-omics data were integrated to decipher a complex interaction between individual omics layers, leading to an improved prediction model. Together with metabolic pathways related to amino acids and lipid metabolism and coagulation cascades, our integromics prediction model identified the key features in IVDH, namely the proteins follistatin Like 1 (FSTL1), secretogranin V (SCG5), nucleobindin 1 (NUCB1), calcitonin re-ceptor-stimulating peptide 2 precursor (CRSP2) and the metabolites N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and adenine, involved in neuropathic pain, myelination, and neurotransmission and inflammatory response, respectively. Their clinical application is to be further investigated. The utilization of a novel integrative interdisciplinary approach may provide new opportunities to apply innovative diagnostic and monitoring methods as well as improve treatment strategies and personalized care for patients with degenerative spinal disorders.
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Zhang X, Gong B, Zhai J, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Zhang L, Xue J. A Perspective: Electrospun Fibers for Repairing Spinal Cord Injury. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Khaing ZZ, Cates LN, Dewees DM, Hyde JE, Gaing A, Birjandian Z, Hofstetter CP. Effect of Durotomy versus Myelotomy on Tissue Sparing and Functional Outcome after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:746-755. [PMID: 33121382 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various surgical strategies have been developed to alleviate elevated intraspinal pressure (ISP) following acute traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI). Surgical decompression of either the dural (durotomy) or the dural and pial (myelotomy) lining of the spinal cord has been proposed. However, a direct comparison of these two strategies is lacking. Here, we compare the histological and functional effects of durotomy alone and durotomy plus myelotomy in a rodent model of acute thoracic tSCI. Our results indicate that tSCI causes local tissue edema and significantly elevates ISP (7.4 ± 0.3 mmHg) compared with physiological ISP (1.7 ± 0.4 mmHg; p < 0.001). Both durotomy alone and durotomy plus myelotomy effectively mitigate elevated local ISP (p < 0.001). Histological examination at 10 weeks after tSCI revealed that durotomy plus myelotomy promoted spinal tissue sparing by 13.7% compared with durotomy alone, and by 25.9% compared with tSCI-only (p < 0.0001). Both types of decompression surgeries elicited a significant beneficial impact on gray matter sparing (p < 0.01). Impressively, durotomy plus myelotomy surgery increased preservation of motor neurons by 174.3% compared with tSCI-only (p < 0.05). Durotomy plus myelotomy surgery also significantly promoted recovery of hindlimb locomotor function in an open-field test (p < 0.001). Interestingly, only durotomy alone resulted in favorable recovery of bladder and Ladder Walk performance. Combined, our data suggest that durotomy plus myelotomy following acute tSCI facilitates tissue sparing and recovery of locomotor function. In the future, biomarkers identifying spinal cord injuries that can benefit from either durotomy alone or durotomy plus myelotomy need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z Khaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lindsay N Cates
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dane M Dewees
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Hyde
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ashley Gaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zeinab Birjandian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christoph P Hofstetter
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Al Mamun A, Monalisa I, Tul Kubra K, Akter A, Akter J, Sarker T, Munir F, Wu Y, Jia C, Afrin Taniya M, Xiao J. Advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Immunobiology 2020; 226:152033. [PMID: 33321368 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of morbidity and disability in the world. Over the past few decades, the exact molecular mechanisms describing secondary, persistent injuries, as well as primary and transient injuries, have attracted massive attention to the clinicians and researchers. Recent investigations have distinctly shown the critical roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in regulating sterile neuroinflammation and functional outcomes after SCI. In past years, some promising advances in immunotherapeutic options have efficaciously been identified for the treatment of SCI. In our narrative review, we have mainly focused on the new therapeutic strategies such as the maturation and apoptosis of immune cells by several agents, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as well as multi-factor combination therapy, which have recently provided novel ideas and prospects for the future treatment of SCI. This article also illustrates the latest progress in clarifying the potential roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in SCI, the progression and specification of prospective immunotherapy and outstanding issues in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ilma Monalisa
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Khadija Tul Kubra
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Afroza Akter
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Jaheda Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chattogram-4318, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tamanna Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Fahad Munir
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Masuma Afrin Taniya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, China.
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14
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Telemacque D, Zhu FZ, Ren ZW, Chen KF, Drepaul D, Yao S, Yang F, Qu YZ, Sun TF, Guo XD. Effects of durotomy versus myelotomy in the repair of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1814-1820. [PMID: 32246622 PMCID: PMC7513969 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Current management for spinal cord injury aims to reduce secondary damage and recover sensation and movement. Acute spinal cord injury is often accompanied by spinal cord compartment syndrome. Decompression by durotomy and/or myelotomy attempts to relieve secondary damage by completelyrelieving the compression of the spinal cord, removing the necrotic tissue, decreasing edema, reducing hemorrhage, and improving blood circulation in the spinal cord. However, it is controversial whether durotomy and/or myelotomy after spinal cord injury are beneficial to neurological recovery. This review compares the clinical effects of durotomy with those of myelotomy in the treatment of spinal cord injury. We found that durotomy has been performed more than myelotomy in the clinic, and that durotomy may be safer and more effective than myelotomy. Durotomy performed in humans had positive effects on neurological function in 92.3% of studies in this review, while durotomy in animals had positive effects on neurological function in 83.3% of studies. Myelotomy procedures were effective in 80% of animal studies, but only one clinical study of myelotomy has reported positive results, of motor and sensory improvement, in humans. However, a number of new animal studies have reported that durotomy and myelotomy are ineffective for spinal cord injury. More clinical data, in the form of a randomized controlled study, are needed to understand the effectiveness of durotomy and myelotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Telemacque
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Feng-Zhao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kai-Fang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Deepak Drepaul
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sheng Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yan-Zheng Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ting-Fang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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15
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An Y, Li J, Liu Y, Fan M. Ormosanine improves neuronal functions in spinal cord-injured rats by blocking peroxynitrite/calpain activity. Transl Neurosci 2020; 11:182-191. [PMID: 33335756 PMCID: PMC7711948 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of ormosanine against spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats and to examine the possible molecular mechanism of action. SCI was induced using an impactor device, and rats were treated with ormosanine 10, 50 or 100 mg/kg, p.o., for 10 days after induction of SCI. The effect of ormosanine on SCI was determined by estimating neurological functions and cytokines and parameters of oxidative stress level were estimated in SCI rats. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting analysis and histopathological study were performed on spinal tissue of SCI rats. The data suggested that treatment with ormosanine reversed the alterations of neurological function in SCI rats. Moreover, the levels of cytokines, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production were reduced in the ormosanine treatment group compared to the SCI group. The levels of calpain and neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity were significantly reduced in the spinal tissue of the ormosanine treatment group compared to the SCI group. Moreover, ormosanine treatment reduced the percentage of viable neurons in the spinal tissue of SCI rats. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that ormosanine treatment had a protective effect against neuronal injury in spinal cord-injured rats by regulating the peroxynitrite/calpain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan An
- Department Of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Department Of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Search for articles by this author in MEDLINE®, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxing Fan
- Department Of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
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16
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Yan H, Wang Y, Li L, Zhou X, Shi X, Wei Y, Zhang P. A micropatterned conductive electrospun nanofiber mesh combined with electrical stimulation for synergistically enhancing differentiation of rat neural stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:2673-2688. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The micropatterned conductive nanofiber mesh combined with ES effectively facilitates the differentiation of NSCs into neuron and suppresses the formation of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Linlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xincui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Yen Wei
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Peibiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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17
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Zhang Q, Shi B, Ding J, Yan L, Thawani JP, Fu C, Chen X. Polymer scaffolds facilitate spinal cord injury repair. Acta Biomater 2019; 88:57-77. [PMID: 30710714 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the past decades, improving patient neurological recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI) has remained a challenge. An effective treatment for SCI would not only reduce fractured elements and isolate developing local glial scars to promote axonal regeneration but also ameliorate secondary effects, including inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds provide a platform in which these mechanisms can be addressed in a controlled manner. Polymer scaffolds with favorable biocompatibility and appropriate mechanical properties have been engineered to minimize cicatrization, customize drug release, and ensure an unobstructed space to promote cell growth and differentiation. These properties make polymer scaffolds an important potential therapeutic platform. This review highlights the recent developments in polymer scaffolds for SCI engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: How to improve the efficacy of neurological recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is always a challenge. Tissue engineering provides a promising strategy for SCI repair, and scaffolds are one of the most important elements in addition to cells and inducing factors. The review highlights recent development and future prospects in polymer scaffolds for SCI therapy. The review will guide future studies by outlining the requirements and characteristics of polymer scaffold technologies employed against SCI. Additionally, the peculiar properties of polymer materials used in the therapeutic process of SCI also have guiding significance to other tissue engineering approaches.
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18
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Knockdown of MicroRNA-21 Promotes Neurological Recovery After Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1641-1649. [PMID: 29934690 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess the therapeutic effects of microRNA-21 (miR-21) knockdown (KD) for acute thoracic spinal cord contusion using a mouse model. Forty C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: mice in the sham-operated (Sham) group received surgical procedure without spinal cord contusion; the spinal cord injury (SCI) group mice underwent spinal cord contusion without treatment; mice in the miR-21 KD group underwent spinal cord contusion followed by a single dose subdural injection of miR-21 KD vectors (1 × 107 TU); and the negative control (NC) group mice were given subdural injection of comparable amount of NC vectors (1 × 107 TU) after spinal cord contusion. The Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) was employed to assess hindlimb motor functions. Hematoxylin-eosin and Luxol fast blue staining were performed to evaluate pathologic changes in spinal cord tissues. Peripheral blood serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and mRNA expression of Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Western blotting was performed to analyze the AKT signaling pathway. KD of miRNA-21 effectively improved the BMS scores at day 14 post-surgery compared with the SCI group (p < 0.01). The spinal cord tissue in the miR-21 KD group displayed the most overt histologic signs of recovery, with axonal regeneration and the recovery of neuronal morphology at day 14 post-surgery. Significantly alleviation of TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-1β was also found in sera from the miR-21 inhibition group in comparison to others, whereas BDNF gene expression was upregulated following miR-21 KD (p < 0.01). Further, significantly decreased AKT phosphorylation activity was illustrated in the miR-21 KD group (p < 0.001). The data suggest that miR-21 KD significantly reduces the inflammatory response at the damaged spinal cord site and promotes motor functional recovery. The treatment also elevated expression of BDNF, a neurotrophin participating in nerve regeneration.
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19
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Chen L, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Huang H, Guo X. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-control intramedullary decompression for acute complete spinal cord contusion injury. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.26599/jnr.2018.9040016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spinal cord injury is one of the main causes of severe neurological trauma and disability. Intramedullary decompression of acute spinal cord contusion in acute phase is one of the important therapeutic exploration methods. Due to the lack of multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies, true effect of this treatment remains controversial. Objective of the study: This design of the study is to explore the safety and neurorestorative effects of intramedullary decompression for acute complete spinal cord contusion injury. Design of the study: We design the prospective, multicenter, randomized, double- blind placebo-controlled trial (MRDPT) for acute (less than 24 hours after injury) spinal cord contusion injury. Sixty patients with acute complete spinal cord contusion injury (20 in cervical 4 to thoracic 1, 20 in thoracic 2 to thoracic 9, and 20 in thoracic 10 to lumbar vertebra 1) are selected according to the selected conditions. All patients receive conventional treatments such as reduction and fixation of spinal fractures and/or spinal spondylolisthesis, bone external decompression relieves spinal cord compression. At the same time, group A (n = 30, 10 of each segment group) undergoes intramedullary decompression surgery and group B (n = 30) does not undergo intramedullary decompression. All relevant functional changes before, after, and during the follow-up period are recorded to ensure objective evaluation of the results of the treatment. Ethics and dissemination: The clinical study protocol and consent form were approved by China Branch of International Association of Neurorestoratology and the ethics committees of the hospitals which join this trial. Registration No. of this study is ChiCTR1800020458. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals.
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20
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Wu X, Walker CL, Lu Q, Wu W, Eddelman DB, Parish JM, Xu XM. RhoA/Rho Kinase Mediates Neuronal Death Through Regulating cPLA 2 Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6885-6895. [PMID: 27771900 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of RhoA/Rho kinase leads to growth cone collapse and neurite retraction. Although RhoA/Rho kinase inhibition has been shown to improve axon regeneration, remyelination and functional recovery, its role in neuronal cell death remains unclear. To determine whether RhoA/Rho kinase played a role in neuronal death after injury, we investigated the relationship between RhoA/Rho kinase and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), a lipase that mediates inflammation and cell death, using an in vitro neuronal death model and an in vivo contusive spinal cord injury model performed at the 10th thoracic (T10) vertebral level. We found that co-administration of TNF-α and glutamate induced spinal neuron death, and activation of RhoA, Rho kinase and cPLA2. Inhibition of RhoA, Rho kinase and cPLA2 significantly reduced TNF-α/glutamate-induced cell death by 33, 52 and 43 %, respectively (p < 0.001). Inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase also significantly downregulated cPLA2 activation by 66 and 60 %, respectively (p < 0.01). Furthermore, inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase reduced the release of arachidonic acid, a downstream substrate of cPLA2. The immunofluorescence staining showed that ROCK1 or ROCK2, two isoforms of Rho kinase, was co-localized with cPLA2 in neuronal cytoplasm. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay showed that ROCK1 or ROCK2 bonded directly with cPLA2 and phospho-cPLA2. When the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 was applied in mice with T10 contusion injury, it significantly decreased cPLA2 activation and expression and reduced injury-induced apoptosis at and close to the lesion site. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism of RhoA/Rho kinase-mediated neuronal death through regulating cPLA2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chandler L Walker
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Qingbo Lu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Daniel B Eddelman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jonathan M Parish
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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