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Xie S, Xie X, Tang J, Luo B, Chen J, Wen Q, Zhou J, Chen G. Cerebral furin deficiency causes hydrocephalus in mice. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101009. [PMID: 38292192 PMCID: PMC10825277 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Furin is a pro-protein convertase that moves between the trans-Golgi network and cell surface in the secretory pathway. We have previously reported that cerebral overexpression of furin promotes cognitive functions in mice. Here, by generating the brain-specific furin conditional knockout (cKO) mice, we investigated the role of furin in brain development. We found that furin deficiency caused early death and growth retardation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed severe hydrocephalus. In the brain of furin cKO mice, impaired ciliogenesis and the derangement of microtubule structures appeared along with the down-regulated expression of RAB28, a ciliary vesicle protein. In line with the widespread neuronal loss, ependymal cell layers were damaged. Further proteomics analysis revealed that cell adhesion molecules including astrocyte-enriched ITGB8 and BCAR1 were altered in furin cKO mice; and astrocyte overgrowth was accompanied by the reduced expression of SOX9, indicating a disrupted differentiation into ependymal cells. Together, whereas alteration of RAB28 expression correlated with the role of vesicle trafficking in ciliogenesis, dysfunctional astrocytes might be involved in ependymal damage contributing to hydrocephalus in furin cKO mice. The structural and molecular alterations provided a clue for further studying the potential mechanisms of furin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Xie
- Nursing College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Biao Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qixin Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianrong Zhou
- Nursing College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
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Kim DW, Lee TK, Ahn JH, Yang SR, Shin MC, Cho JH, Won MH, Kang IJ, Park JH. Porphyran Attenuates Neuronal Loss in the Hippocampal CA1 Subregion Induced by Ischemia and Reperfusion in Gerbils by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:170. [PMID: 38667787 PMCID: PMC11050983 DOI: 10.3390/md22040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyran, a sulfated polysaccharide found in various species of marine red algae, has been demonstrated to exhibit diverse bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory effects. However, the protective effects of porphyran against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the neuroprotective effects of porphyran against brain IR injury and its underlying mechanisms using a gerbil model of transient forebrain ischemia (IR in the forebrain), which results in pyramidal cell (principal neuron) loss in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) subregion of the hippocampus on day 4 after IR. Porphyran (25 and 50 mg/kg) was orally administered daily for one week prior to IR. Pretreatment with 50 mg/kg of porphyran, but not 25 mg/kg, significantly attenuated locomotor hyperactivity and protected pyramidal cells located in the CA1 area from IR injury. The pretreatment with 50 mg/kg of porphyran significantly suppressed the IR-induced activation and proliferation of microglia in the CA1 subregion. Additionally, the pretreatment significantly inhibited the overexpressions of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 18) induced by IR in the CA1 subregion. Overall, our findings suggest that porphyran exerts neuroprotective effects against brain IR injury, potentially by reducing the reaction (activation) and proliferation of microglia and reducing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Republic of Korea;
| | - Se-Ran Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
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Pinheiro FI, Araújo-Filho I, do Rego ACM, de Azevedo EP, Cobucci RN, Guzen FP. Hepatopancreatic metabolic disorders and their implications in the development of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102250. [PMID: 38417711 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Dementia has been faced with significant public health challenges and economic burdens that urges the need to develop safe and effective interventions. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the relationship between dementia and liver and pancreatic metabolic disorders that result in diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Previous reports have shown that there is a plausible correlation between pathologies caused by hepatopancreatic dysfunctions and dementia. Glucose, insulin and IGF-1 metabolized in the liver and pancreas probably have an important influence on the pathophysiology of the most common dementias: Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. This current review highlights recent studies aimed at identifying convergent mechanisms, such as insulin resistance and other diseases, linked to altered hepatic and pancreatic metabolism, which are capable of causing brain changes that ultimately lead to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco I Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil; Institute of Education, Research and Innovation of the Liga Norte Rio-Grandense Against Cancer
| | - Irami Araújo-Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Amália C M do Rego
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Institute of Education, Research and Innovation of the Liga Norte Rio-Grandense Against Cancer
| | - Eduardo P de Azevedo
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Cobucci
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Science Applied to Women`s Health, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fausto P Guzen
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil.
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Kim D, Shin Y, Cho S, Kim H, Hwang H, Shin H, Chung Y, Jun YH. Dexmedetomidine Stereotaxic Injection Alleviates Neuronal Loss Following Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion via Up-Regulation of BDNF Expression. In Vivo 2024; 38:184-189. [PMID: 38148065 PMCID: PMC10756478 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Neurogenesis is an important process in the recovery from neurological damage caused by ischemic lesions. Endogenous neurogenesis is insufficient to restore neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion injury. DEX promotes neurogenesis, including neuronal proliferation and maturation in the hippocampus. In a previous study, we showed that early neurogenesis increased 3 days after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). In this study, we investigated the effect of DEX on neurogenesis 3 days after BCCAO. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (7-8 weeks old) were used as a BCCAO model. Right and left common carotid arteries of the rats were occluded using 4-0 silk sutures. Two hours after surgery, an intracranial DEX injection was administered to rats that underwent surgery using a stereotaxic injector. Brains were obtained from control and BCCAO rats 3 days after surgery. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the cortex and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus using a NeuN antibody. Western blot was performed with HIF1α and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) antibodies. RESULTS The number of mature neurons decreased 3 days after BCCAO, but DEX treatment alleviated neural loss in the parietal cortex and hippocampus. Up-regulation of BDNF was also observed after dexmedetomidine treatment. CONCLUSION Stereotaxic injection of dexmedetomidine alleviates neural loss following BCCAO by up-regulating BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Haksung Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoin Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyoung Shin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonyoung Chung
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
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Liu J, Zhang X, Xu Y, Zhang S. Regulation of Microglial Activation by Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling After Global Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:308-325. [PMID: 37607993 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system. Following cerebral ischemia, microglia will be rapidly activated and undergo proliferation, morphological transformation, and changes in gene expression and function. At present, the regulatory mechanisms of microglial activation following ischemia remain largely unclear. In this study, we took advantage of CX3CR1GFP/+ fluorescent mice and a global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model to investigate the mechanisms of microglial activation following different degrees of global ischemia. Our results showed that the proliferation of microglia was gated by the degree of ischemia. Marked microglial de-ramification and proliferation were observed after 60 min of ischemia but not in transient ischemia (20 min). Immunohistology, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting analysis showed that microglial activation was accompanied with a reduction in Wnt/β-catenin signaling after cerebral ischemia. Downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling using Wnt antagonist XAV939 during 20 min ischemia promoted microglial de-ramification and proliferation. In contrast, enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling using Wnt agonist LiCl during 60 min ischemia-reduced microglial de-ramification and proliferation. Importantly, we found that Wnt agonist inhibited inflammation in the ischemic brain and was conducive to animal behavioral recovery. Collectively, these data demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling played a key role in microglial activation following cerebral ischemia, and regulating microglial activation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Kwon HJ, Jeon HJ, Choi GM, Hwang IK, Kim DW, Moon SM. Tat-CCT2 Protects the Neurons from Ischemic Damage by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Activating Autophagic Removal of Damaged Protein in the Gerbil Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3585-3596. [PMID: 37561257 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
CCT2 is a eukaryotic chaperonin TCP-1 ring complex subunit that mediates protein folding, autophagosome incorporation, and protein aggregation. In this study, we investigated the effects of CCT on oxidative and ischemic damage using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. The Tat-CCT2 fusion protein was efficiently delivered into HT22 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the delivered protein was gradually degraded in HT22 cells. Incubation with Tat-CCT2 significantly ameliorated the 200 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced reduction in cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, and 8 µM Tat-CCT2 treatment significantly alleviated H2O2-induced DNA fragmentation and reactive oxygen species formation in HT22 cells. In gerbils, CCT2 protein was efficiently delivered into pyramidal cells in CA1 region by intraperitoneally injecting 0.5 mg/kg Tat-CCT2, as opposed to control CCT2. In addition, treatment with 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg Tat-CCT2 mitigated ischemia-induced hyperlocomotive activity 1 d after ischemia and confirmed the neuroprotective effects by NeuN immunohistochemistry in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 d after ischemia. Tat-CCT2 treatment significantly reduced the ischemia-induced activation of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 d after ischemia. Furthermore, treatment with 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg Tat-CCT2 facilitated ischemia-induced autophagic activity and ameliorated ischemia-induced autophagic initiation in the hippocampus 1 d after ischemia based on western blotting for LC3B and Beclin-1, respectively. Levels of p62, an autophagic substrate, significantly increased in the hippocampus following treatment with Tat-CCT2. These results suggested that Tat-CCT2 exerts neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and ischemic damage by promoting the autophagic removal of damaged proteins or organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
| | - Hong Jun Jeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, 05355, South Korea
| | - Goang-Min Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24253, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea.
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, 07441, South Korea.
- Research Institute for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24253, South Korea.
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Sadeghzadeh J, Hosseini L, Mobed A, Zangbar HS, Jafarzadeh J, Pasban J, Shahabi P. The Impact of Cerebral Ischemia on Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3915-3928. [PMID: 37740074 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, leading to reduced blood supply to specific brain areas, remain significant contributors to neurological damage, disability, and mortality. Among the vulnerable regions, the subcortical areas, including the hippocampus, are particularly susceptible to ischemia-induced injuries, with the extent of damage influenced by the different stages of ischemia. Neural tissue undergoes various changes and damage due to intricate biochemical reactions involving free radicals, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and glutamate toxicity. The consequences of these processes can result in irreversible harm. Notably, free radicals play a pivotal role in the neuropathological mechanisms following ischemia, contributing to oxidative stress. Therefore, the function of antioxidant enzymes after ischemia becomes crucial in preventing hippocampal damage caused by oxidative stress. This study explores hippocampal neuronal damage and enzymatic antioxidant activity during ischemia and reperfusion's early and late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Leila Hosseini
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ahmad Mobed
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Jaber Jafarzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Jamshid Pasban
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Jang DC, Choi S, Chung G, Kim SK. Global Cerebral Ischemia-induced Depression Accompanies Alteration of Neuronal Excitability in the Infralimbic Cortex Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:302-312. [PMID: 37749930 PMCID: PMC10569139 DOI: 10.5607/en23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia can lead to a range of sequelae, including depression. The pathogenesis of depression involves neuronal change of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). However, how cerebral ischemia-induced changes manifest across subregions and layers of the mPFC is not well understood. In this study, we induced cerebral ischemia in mice via transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (tBCCAO) and observed depressive-like behavior. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording, we identified changes in the excitability of pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic cortex (PL) and infralimbic cortex (IL), the subregions of mPFC. Compared to sham control mice, tBCCAO mice showed significantly reduced neuronal excitability in IL layer 2/3 but not layer 5 pyramidal neurons, accompanied by increased rheobase current and decreased input resistance. In contrast, no changes were observed in the excitability of PL layer 2/3 and layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Our results provide a new direction for studying the pathogenesis of depression following ischemic damage by showing that cerebral ischemia induces subregion- and layer-specific changes in the mPFC pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheol Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Seunghwan Choi
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Geehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Balena T, Lillis K, Rahmati N, Bahari F, Dzhala V, Berdichevsky E, Staley K. A Dynamic Balance between Neuronal Death and Clearance in an in Vitro Model of Acute Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6084-6107. [PMID: 37527922 PMCID: PMC10451151 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0436-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In in vitro models of acute brain injury, neuronal death may overwhelm the capacity for microglial phagocytosis, creating a queue of dying neurons awaiting clearance. Neurons undergoing programmed cell death are in this queue, and are the most visible and frequently quantified measure of neuronal death after injury. However, the size of this queue should be equally sensitive to changes in neuronal death and the rate of phagocytosis. Using rodent organotypic hippocampal slice cultures as a model of acute perinatal brain injury, serial imaging demonstrated that the capacity for microglial phagocytosis of dying neurons was overwhelmed for 2 weeks. Altering phagocytosis rates (e.g., by changing the number of microglia) dramatically changed the number of visibly dying neurons. Similar effects were generated when the visibility of dying neurons was altered by changing the membrane permeability for stains that label dying neurons. Canonically neuroprotective interventions, such as seizure blockade, and neurotoxic maneuvers, such as perinatal ethanol exposure, were mediated by effects on microglial activity and the membrane permeability of neurons undergoing programmed cell death. These canonically neuroprotective and neurotoxic interventions had either no or opposing effects on healthy surviving neurons identified by the ongoing expression of transgenic fluorescent proteins.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In in vitro models of acute brain injury, microglial phagocytosis is overwhelmed by the number of dying cells. Under these conditions, the assumptions on which assays for neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects are based are no longer valid. Thus, longitudinal assays of healthy cells, such as serial assessment of the fluorescence emission of transgenically expressed proteins, provide more accurate estimates of cell death than do single-time point anatomic or biochemical assays of the number of dying neurons. More accurate estimates of death rates in vitro will increase the translatability of preclinical studies of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Balena
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kyle Lillis
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Negah Rahmati
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Fatemeh Bahari
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Volodymyr Dzhala
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Eugene Berdichevsky
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - Kevin Staley
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Ning K, Gao R. Icariin protects cerebral neural cells from ischemia‑reperfusion injury in an in vitro model by lowering ROS production and intracellular calcium concentration. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:151. [PMID: 36911386 PMCID: PMC9995791 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia is one of the major causes of stroke. The present study investigated the protection of cultured neural cells by icariin (ICA) against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and possible mechanisms underlying the protection. Neural cells were isolated from neonatal rats and cultured in vitro. The cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) as an I/R mimic to generate I/R injury, and were post-OGD-R treated with ICA. Following the treatments, cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Ca2+ concentration were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, CyQUANT™ LDH Cytotoxicity Assay, H2DCFDA and SOD colorimetric activity kit. After OGD-R, considerable I/R injury was observed in the neural cells, as indicated by reduced cell viability, increased apoptosis and increased production of ROS and LDH (P<0.05). Cellular Ca2+ concentration was also increased, while SOD activity remained unchanged. Post-OGD-R ICA treatments increased cell viability up to 87.1% (P<0.05) and reduced apoptosis as low as 6.6% (P<0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner. The treatments also resulted in fewer ROS (P<0.05), lower extracellular LDH content (440.5 vs. 230.3 U/l; P<0.05) and reduced Ca2+ increase (P<0.05). These data suggest that ICA protects the neural cells from I/R injury in an in vitro model through antioxidation activity and maintaining cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. This function may be explored as a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemia-related diseases after further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ning
- Department of International Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Rong Gao
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
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Kim DJ, Lee MJ, Cho HB, Jo GH, Hwang HI, Shin HK, Chung YY, Jun YH. Differential Expression of Pax6 Following Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion. In Vivo 2023; 37:655-660. [PMID: 36881053 PMCID: PMC10026674 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion causes neuronal damage involving cognitive impairment and development of dementia. Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in rat models is used to study chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Pax6 is used as an early neurogenesis marker which affects the maturation of neuronal cells. However, the expression of PAX 6 after BCCAO is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the expression of PAX6 in the neurogenic zones after BCCAO to evaluate the effects of Pax6 on chronic hypoperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chronic hypoperfusion was induced by BCCAO. Common carotid artery was laid parallel to the vagus nerve and separated from it. Both arteries were occluded using 4-0 silk sutures. Rats who underwent bi-common carotid artery occlusion formed in the BCCAO group, while unoperated rats served as the control group. Brain samples were obtained on days 3 and 14 after BCCAO and subjected to immunohisto-chemistry with NeuN and western blotting for Pax6 and HIF1α. RESULTS Compared to the control, the expression of Pax6 increased three days after surgery but did not differ on day 14, while that of NeuN showed the opposite trend. The expression of HIF1α increased three days after surgery. CONCLUSION Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion induced early neurogenesis at three days after BCCAO but this result was not maintained at fourteen days after BCCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Jin Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Bit Cho
- School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Hyeon Jo
- School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-In Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Chung
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
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Balena T, Lillis K, Rahmati N, Bahari F, Dzhala V, Berdichevsky E, Staley K. A dynamic balance between neuronal death and clearance after acute brain injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528332. [PMID: 36824708 PMCID: PMC9948967 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
After acute brain injury, neuronal apoptosis may overwhelm the capacity for microglial phagocytosis, creating a queue of dying neurons awaiting clearance. The size of this queue should be equally sensitive to changes in neuronal death and the rate of phagocytosis. Using rodent organotypic hippocampal slice cultures as a model of acute perinatal brain injury, serial imaging demonstrated that the capacity for microglial phagocytosis of dying neurons was overwhelmed for two weeks. Altering phagocytosis rates, e.g. by changing the number of microglia, dramatically changed the number of visibly dying neurons. Similar effects were generated when the visibility of dying neurons was altered by changing the membrane permeability for vital stains. Canonically neuroprotective interventions such as seizure blockade and neurotoxic maneuvers such as perinatal ethanol exposure were mediated by effects on microglial activity and the membrane permeability of apoptotic neurons, and had either no or opposing effects on healthy surviving neurons. Significance After acute brain injury, microglial phagocytosis is overwhelmed by the number of dying cells. Under these conditions, the assumptions on which assays for neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects are based are no longer valid. Thus longitudinal assays of healthy cells, such as assessment of the fluorescence emission of transgenically-expressed proteins, provide more accurate estimates of cell death than do single-time-point anatomical or biochemical assays. More accurate estimates of death rates will increase the translatability of preclinical studies of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity.
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Krassner MM, Kauffman J, Sowa A, Cialowicz K, Walsh S, Farrell K, Crary JF, McKenzie AT. Postmortem changes in brain cell structure: a review. FREE NEUROPATHOLOGY 2023; 4:4-10. [PMID: 37384330 PMCID: PMC10294569 DOI: 10.17879/freeneuropathology-2023-4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Brain cell structure is a key determinant of neural function that is frequently altered in neurobiological disorders. Following the global loss of blood flow to the brain that initiates the postmortem interval (PMI), cells rapidly become depleted of energy and begin to decompose. To ensure that our methods for studying the brain using autopsy tissue are robust and reproducible, there is a critical need to delineate the expected changes in brain cell morphometry during the PMI. We searched multiple databases to identify studies measuring the effects of PMI on the morphometry (i.e. external dimensions) of brain cells. We screened 2119 abstracts, 361 full texts, and included 172 studies. Mechanistically, fluid shifts causing cell volume alterations and vacuolization are an early event in the PMI, while the loss of the ability to visualize cell membranes altogether is a later event. Decomposition rates are highly heterogenous and depend on the methods for visualization, the structural feature of interest, and modifying variables such as the storage temperature or the species. Geometrically, deformations of cell membranes are common early events that initiate within minutes. On the other hand, topological relationships between cellular features appear to remain intact for more extended periods. Taken together, there is an uncertain period of time, usually ranging from several hours to several days, over which cell membrane structure is progressively lost. This review may be helpful for investigators studying human postmortem brain tissue, wherein the PMI is an unavoidable aspect of the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Krassner
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin Kauffman
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Allison Sowa
- Microscopy and Advanced Bioimaging Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katarzyna Cialowicz
- Microscopy and Advanced Bioimaging Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Walsh
- Hunter College Libraries, CUNY Hunter College, New York, NY
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John F. Crary
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew T. McKenzie
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Islam MS, Shin HY, Yoo YJ, Lee EY, Kim R, Jang YJ, Akanda MR, Tae HJ, Kim IS, Ahn D, Park BY. Fermented Mentha arvensis administration provides neuroprotection against transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils and SH-SY5Y cells via downregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 35752797 PMCID: PMC9233811 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, ischemic stroke is a major health threat to humans that causes lifelong disability and death. Mentha arvensis (MA) has been used in traditional medicine to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders. In the present study, the neuroprotective properties of fermented MA (FMA) extract were investigated in the gerbil and SH-SY5Y cells. model of transient global cerebral ischemia. Methods Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbil and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated neurotoxic effects in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) were investigated. FMA (400 mg/kg) was orally administered for 7 days before induction of ischemic stroke. To evaluate the neuroprotective activity of FMA, we implemented various assays such as cell viability assay (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), histofluorescence, and western blot. Results FMA pretreatment effectively decreased transient ischemia (TI) induced neuronal cell death as well as activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampal region. The protective effects of FMA extract against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y cells were observed by MTT and LDH assay. However, FMA pretreatment significantly increased the expression of the antioxidant marker proteins such as superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) in the hippocampus and SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) further activated a cascade of outcomes such as neuroinflammation and apoptosis. FMA pretreatment notably decreased TI and H2O2 induced activation of MAPK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and p38) proteins in hippocampus and SH-SY5Y cells respectively. Besides, pretreatment with FMA markedly reduced H2O2 mediated Bax/Bcl2 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Conclusion Thus, these results demonstrated that neuroprotective activities of FMA might contribute to regulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03653-7.
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15
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Zheng C, Yang C, Gao D, Zhang L, Li Y, Li L, Zhang L. Cornel Iridoid Glycoside Alleviates Microglia-Mediated Inflammatory Response via the NLRP3/Calpain Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11967-11980. [PMID: 36104266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion, which results in long-term cognitive impairment and memory loss. Cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG) is the major active constituent isolated from the ripe fruit of Cornus officinalis. Previous studies have shown that CIG enhances neurological function in VaD rats. In the present research, we attempted to clarify the molecular processes underlying the role of CIG in neuroinflammation in VaD. We created a chronic cerebral ischemia rat model by ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) and then treated rats with different concentrations of CIG. Comprehensive analyses revealed that CIG ameliorated myelin integrity and neuronal loss. Furthermore, we also found that CIG inhibited polarized microglia activation and attenuated inflammasome-mediated production of proinflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia cells induced by LPS/IFN-γ and in the brains of 2VO rats. To further elucidate the role of CIG in microglia-mediated inflammatory response, we investigated the expression and activity of calpain. CIG inhibited the expression and activity of calpain 1/2, which was characterized by decreased calpastatin and spectrin αII expression. In particular, intra- and extracellular calpain 1 levels were reduced by CIG. However, CIG showed weak interaction with calpain 1. In addition, we found that CG administration significantly repressed the assembly of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, including NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. In conclusion, our knowledge of the mechanisms by which CIG regulates NLRP3/calpain signaling to influence inflammatory responses offers further insights into potential therapeutic strategies to treat VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengceng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Cuicui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
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16
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Perez-Corredor PA, Oluwatomilayo-Ojo P, Gutierrez-Vargas JA, Cardona-Gómez GP. Obesity induces extracellular vesicle release from the endothelium as a contributor to brain damage after cerebral ischemia in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2022:1-16. [PMID: 36039918 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2078173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral ischemia is the most common cause of disability, the second most common cause of dementia, and the fourth most common cause of death in the developed world [Sveinsson OA, Kjartansson O, Valdimarsson EM. Heilablóðþurrð/heiladrep: Faraldsfræði, orsakir og einkenni [Cerebral ischemia/infarction - epidemiology, causes and symptoms]. Laeknabladid. 2014 May;100(5):271-9. Icelandic. doi:10.17992/lbl.2014.05.543]. Obesity has been associated with worse outcomes after ischemia in rats, triggering proinflammatory cytokine production related to the brain microvasculature. The way obesity triggers these effects remains mostly unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the cellular mechanisms of damage triggered by obesity in the context of cerebral ischemia. METHODS We used a rat model of obesity induced by a 20% high fructose diet (HFD) and evaluated peripheral alterations in plasma (lipid and cytokine profiles). Then, we performed cerebral ischemia surgery using two-vessel occlusion (2VO) and analyzed neurological/motor performance and glial activation. Next, we treated endothelial cell line cultures with glutamate in vitro to simulate an excitotoxic environment, and we added 20% plasma from obese rats. Subsequently, we isolated EVs released from endothelial cells and treated primary cultures of astrocytes with them. RESULTS Rats fed a HFD had an increased BMI with dyslipidemia and high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Glia from the obese rats exhibited altered morphology, suggesting hyperreactivity related to neurological and motor deficits. Plasma from obese rats induced activation of endothelial cells, increasing proinflammatory signals and releasing more EVs. Similarly, these EVs caused an increase in NF-κB and astrocyte cytotoxicity. Together, the results suggest that obesity activates proinflammatory signals in endothelial cells, resulting in the release of EVs that simultaneously contribute to astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Perez-Corredor
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - P Oluwatomilayo-Ojo
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Division of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - J A Gutierrez-Vargas
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento (GISAM), Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G P Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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17
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Olanzapine Ameliorates Ischemic Stroke-like Pathology in Gerbils and H2O2-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells via Inhibiting the MAPK Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091697. [PMID: 36139770 PMCID: PMC9495525 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine (OLNZ) is used to treat psychotic disorders. To look into the neurological basis of this phenomenon, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of OLNZ in gerbils and SH-SY5Y cells. Gerbils were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) by blocking both common carotid arteries, and OLNZ (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to induce oxidative-stress-mediated damage in the SH-SY5Y cells. The results indicated that OLNZ administration markedly reduced neuron damage and glial cell triggering within CA1 zone of the hippocampus. We used RNA sequencing to assess the numbers of up-and downregulated genes involved in TGCI. We found that OLNZ treatment downregulated the expression of complement-component-related genes and the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the hippocampus. In cells, OLNZ co-treatment significantly improved cell viability and reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Expression of antioxidant superoxide dismutase-1,2 enzymes (SOD-1, SOD-2) was also intensely upregulated by OLNZ, while the expression of MAPKs and NF-κB were reduced. Co-incubation with OLNZ also regulated apoptosis-related proteins Bax/Bcl-2 expression. Finally, the results demonstrated that treatment with OLNZ showed neuroprotective effects and that the MAPK pathway could involve in the protective effects.
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18
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Jenkins TA. Metabolic Syndrome and Vascular-Associated Cognitive Impairment: a Focus on Preclinical Investigations. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:333-340. [PMID: 35737273 PMCID: PMC9314301 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of vascular cognitive impairment or, in the more extreme, vascular dementia. Animal models are used to investigate the relationship between pathology and behaviour. This review summarizes the latest understanding of the role of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in vascular cognitive impairment, the influence of inflammation in this association while also commenting on some of the latest interventions proposed. RECENT FINDINGS Models of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia, whether they develop from an infarct or non-infarct base, demonstrate increased neuroinflammation, reduced neuronal function and deficits in prefrontal and hippocampal-associated cognitive domains. Promising new research shows agents and environmental interventions that inhibit central oxidative stress and inflammation can reverse both pathology and cognitive dysfunction. While preclinical studies suggest that reversal of deficits in vascular cognitive impairment models is possible, replication in patients still needs to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha A Jenkins
- Human Biosciences, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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19
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Ye J, Shang H, Du H, Cao Y, Hua L, Zhu F, Liu W, Wang Y, Chen S, Qiu Z, Shen H. An Optimal Animal Model of Ischemic Stroke Established by Digital Subtraction Angiography-Guided Autologous Thrombi in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Front Neurol 2022; 13:864954. [PMID: 35547371 PMCID: PMC9083075 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.864954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ischemic stroke seriously threatens human health, characterized by the high rates of incidence, disability, and death. Developing a reliable animal model that mimics most of the features of stroke is critical for pathological studies and clinical research. In this study, we aimed to establish and examine a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) guided by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in cynomolgus monkeys. Materials and Methods In this study, 15 adult male cynomolgus monkeys were enrolled. Under the guidance of DSA, a MCAO model was established by injecting an autologous venous clot into the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via femoral artery catheter. Thrombolytic therapy with alteplase (rt-PA) was given to eight of these monkeys at 3 h after the occlusion. Blood test and imaging examination, such as computed tomography angiography (CTA), CT perfusion (CTP), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and brain magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), were performed after the operation to identify the post-infarction changes. The behavioral performance of cynomolgus monkeys was continuously observed for 7 days after operation. The animals were eunthanized on the 8th day after operation, and then the brain tissues of monkeys were taken for triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Results Among the 15 cynomolgus monkeys, 12 of them were successfully modeled, as confirmed by the imaging findings and staining assessment. One monkey died of brain hernia resulted from intracranial hemorrhage confirmed by necropsy. DSA, CTA, and MRA indicated the presence of an arterial occlusion. CTP and MRI showed acute focal cerebral ischemia. TTC staining revealed infarct lesions formed in the brain tissues. Conclusion Our study may provide an optimal non-human primate model for an in-depth study of the pathogenesis and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ye
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Hailong Shang
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongdi Du
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Prisys Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhifu Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Prisys Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hailin Shen
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
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20
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Lee CH, Lee TK, Kim DW, Lim SS, Kang IJ, Ahn JH, Park JH, Lee JC, Kim CH, Park Y, Won MH, Choi SY. Relationship between Neuronal Damage/Death and Astrogliosis in the Cerebral Motor Cortex of Gerbil Models of Mild and Severe Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095096. [PMID: 35563487 PMCID: PMC9100252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal loss (death) occurs selectively in vulnerable brain regions after ischemic insults. Astrogliosis is accompanied by neuronal death. It can change the molecular expression and morphology of astrocytes following ischemic insults. However, little is known about cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury that can variously lead to damage of astrocytes according to the degree of ischemic injury, which is related to neuronal damage/death. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between damage to cortical neurons and astrocytes using gerbil models of mild and severe transient forebrain ischemia induced by blocking the blood supply to the forebrain for five or 15 min. Significant ischemia tFI-induced neuronal death occurred in the deep layers (layers V and VI) of the motor cortex: neuronal death occurred earlier and more severely in gerbils with severe ischemia than in gerbils with mild ischemia. Distinct astrogliosis was detected in layers V and VI. It gradually increased with time after both ischemiae. The astrogliosis was significantly higher in severe ischemia than in mild ischemia. The ischemia-induced increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a maker of astrocyte) expression in severe ischemia was significantly higher than that in mild ischemia. However, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were apparently damaged two days after both ischemiae. At five days after ischemiae, astrocyte endfeet around capillary endothelial cells were severely ruptured. They were more severely ruptured by severe ischemia than by mild ischemia. However, the number of astrocytes stained with S100 was significantly higher in severe ischemia than in mild ischemia. These results indicate that the degree of astrogliosis, including the disruption (loss) of astrocyte endfeet following ischemia and reperfusion in the forebrain, might depend on the severity of ischemia and that the degree of ischemia-induced neuronal damage may be associated with the degree of astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (T.-K.L.); (S.S.L.); (I.J.K.)
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea;
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (T.-K.L.); (S.S.L.); (I.J.K.)
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (T.-K.L.); (S.S.L.); (I.J.K.)
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Korea;
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Choong-Hyo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Korea;
| | - Yoonsoo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Korea;
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (S.Y.C.)
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Astaxanthin Confers a Significant Attenuation of Hippocampal Neuronal Loss Induced by Severe Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Gerbils by Reducing Oxidative Stress. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040267. [PMID: 35447940 PMCID: PMC9030631 DOI: 10.3390/md20040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a powerful biological antioxidant and is naturally generated in a great variety of living organisms. Some studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of ATX against ischemic brain injury in experimental animals. However, it is still unknown whether astaxanthin displays neuroprotective effects against severe ischemic brain injury induced by longer (severe) transient ischemia in the forebrain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin and its antioxidant activity in the hippocampus of gerbils subjected to 15-min transient forebrain ischemia, which led to the massive loss (death) of pyramidal cells located in hippocampal cornu Ammonis 1-3 (CA1-3) subfields. Astaxanthin (100 mg/kg) was administered once daily for three days before the induction of transient ischemia. Treatment with astaxanthin significantly attenuated the ischemia-induced loss of pyramidal cells in CA1-3. In addition, treatment with astaxanthin significantly reduced ischemia-induced oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in CA1-3 pyramidal cells. Moreover, the expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and SOD2) in CA1-3 pyramidal cells were gradually and significantly reduced after ischemia. However, in astaxanthin-treated gerbils, the expression of SOD1 and SOD2 was significantly high compared to in-vehicle-treated gerbils before and after ischemia induction. Collectively, these findings indicate that pretreatment with astaxanthin could attenuate severe ischemic brain injury induced by 15-min transient forebrain ischemia, which may be closely associated with the decrease in oxidative stress due to astaxanthin pretreatment.
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Kim W, Kwon HJ, Jung HY, Hahn KR, Yoon YS, Hwang IK, Choi SY, Kim DW. Neuroprotective Effects of Purpurin Against Ischemic Damage via MAPKs, Bax, and Oxidative Stress Cascades in the Gerbil Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2580-2592. [PMID: 35094304 PMCID: PMC9016019 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpurin has various effects, including anti-inflammatory effects, and can efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. In the present study, we investigated the effects of purpurin on oxidative stress in HT22 cells and mild brain damage in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region induced by transient forebrain ischemia. Oxidative stress induced by H2O2 was significantly ameliorated by treatment with purpurin, based on changes in cell death, DNA fragmentation, formation of reactive oxygen species, and pro-apoptotic (Bax)/anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) protein levels. In addition, treatment with purpurin significantly reduced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK), and p38 signaling in HT22 cells. Transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils led to a significant increase in locomotor activity 1 day after ischemia and significant decrease in number of surviving cells in the CA1 region 4 days after ischemia. Administration of purpurin reduced the travel distance 1 day after ischemia and abrogates the neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 days after ischemia based on immunohistochemical and histochemical staining for NeuN and Fluoro-Jade C, respectively. Purpurin treatment significantly decreased the activation of microglia and astrocytes as well as the increases of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65 in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 days after ischemia and ameliorated the ischemia-induced transient increases of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the hippocampus 6 h after ischemia. In addition, purpurin significantly alleviated the ischemia-induced phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38 in the hippocampus 1 day after ischemia. Furthermore, purpurin treatment significantly mitigated the increases of Bax in the hippocampus 1 day after ischemia and the lipid peroxidation based on malondialdehyde and hydroperoxides levels 2 days after ischemia. These results suggest that purpurin can be one of the potential candidates to reduce neuronal damage and inflammatory responses after oxidative stress in HT22 cells or ischemic damage in gerbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea.
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea.
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Shin MC, Lee TK, Lee JC, Kim HI, Park CW, Cho JH, Kim DW, Ahn JH, Won MH, Lee CH. Therapeutic effects of stiripentol against ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils focusing on cognitive deficit, neuronal death, astrocyte damage and blood brain barrier leakage in the hippocampus. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:47-57. [PMID: 34965995 PMCID: PMC8723979 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stiripentol is an anti-epileptic drug for the treating of refractory status epilepticus. It has been reported that stiripentol can attenuate seizure severity and reduce seizure-induced neuronal damage in animal models of epilepsy. The objective of the present study was to investigate effects of post-treatment with stiripentol on cognitive deficit and neuronal damage in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus proper following transient ischemia in the forebrain of gerbils. To evaluate ischemia-induced cognitive impairments, passive avoidance test and 8-arm radial maze test were performed. It was found that post-treatment with stiripentol at 20 mg/kg, but not 10 or 15 mg/kg, reduced ischemia-induced memory impairment. Transient ischemia-induced neuronal death in the CA1 region was also significantly attenuated only by 20 mg/kg stiripentol treatment after transient ischemia. In addition, 20 mg/kg stiripentol treatment significantly decreased ischemia-induced astrocyte damage and immunoglobulin G leakage. In brief, stiripentol treatment after transient ischemia ameliorated transient ischemia-induced cognitive impairment in gerbils, showing that pyramidal neurons were protected and astrocyte damage and blood brain barrier leakage were significantly attenuated in the hippocampus. Results of this study suggest stiripentol can be developed as a candidate of therapeutic drug for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24289, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hyung Il Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24289, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Chan Woo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24289, Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24289, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Guo S, Wang R, Hu J, Sun L, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Han D, Hu S. Photobiomodulation Promotes Hippocampal CA1 NSC Differentiation Toward Neurons and Facilitates Cognitive Function Recovery Involving NLRP3 Inflammasome Mitigation Following Global Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:731855. [PMID: 34489645 PMCID: PMC8417562 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.731855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study revealed that photobiomodulation (PBM) inhibits delayed neuronal death by preserving mitochondrial dynamics and function following global cerebral ischemia (GCI). In the current study, we clarified whether PBM exerts effective roles in endogenous neurogenesis and long-lasting neurological recovery after GCI. Adult male rats were treated with 808 nm PBM at 20 mW/cm2 irradiance for 2 min on cerebral cortex surface (irradiance ∼7.0 mW/cm2, fluence ∼0.8 J/cm2 on the hippocampus) beginning 3 days after GCI for five consecutive days. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Morris water maze. Neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, immature neurons, and mature neurons were examined using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-, doublecortin (DCX)-, and NeuN-staining, respectively. Protein expression, such as NLRP3, cleaved IL1β, GFAP, and Iba1 was detected using immunofluorescence staining, and ultrastructure of astrocyte and microglia was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that PBM exerted a markedly neuroprotective role and improved spatial learning and memory ability at 58 days of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) but not at 7 days of reperfusion. Mechanistic studies revealed that PBM suppressed reactive astrocytes and maintained astrocyte regeneration at 7 days of reperfusion, as well as elevated neurogenesis at 58 days of reperfusion, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of GFAP (astrocyte marker) but unchanged the number of BrdU-GFAP colabeled cells at the early timepoint, and a robust elevation in the number of DCX-NeuN colabeled cells at the later timepoint in the PBM-treated group compared to the GCI group. Notably, PBM treatment protected the ultrastructure of astrocyte and microglia cells at 58 days but not 7 days of reperfusion in the hippocampal CA1 region. Furthermore, PBM treatment significantly attenuated the GCI-induced immunofluorescence intensity of NLRP3 (an inflammasome component), cleaved IL1β (reflecting inflammasome activation) and Iba1, as well as the colocalization of NLRP3/GFAP or cleaved IL-1β/GFAP, especially in animals subjected to I/R at 58 days. Taken together, PBM treatment performed postischemia exerted a long-lasting protective effect on astrocytes and promoted endogenous neurogenesis in the hippocampal CA1 region, which might contribute to neurological recovery after GCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jiewei Hu
- Neurobiology Institute, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Liping Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xinru Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong Han
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuqun Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Populus tomentiglandulosa Extract Is Rich in Polyphenols and Protects Neurons, Astrocytes, and the Blood-Brain Barrier in Gerbil Striatum Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185430. [PMID: 34576901 PMCID: PMC8471727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient ischemia in brains causes neuronal damage, gliosis, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, which is related to ischemia-induced brain dysfunction. Populus species have various pharmacological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we found that phenolic compounds were rich in Populus tomentiglandulosa extract and examined the effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa extract on neuronal damage/death, astrogliosis, and BBB breakdown in the striatum, which is related to motor behavior, following 15-min transient ischemia in the forebrain in gerbils. The gerbils were pre-treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of the extract. The latter showed significant effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ischemia-induced hyperactivity using spontaneous motor activity test was significantly attenuated by the treatment. Striatal cells (neurons) were dead at five days after the ischemia; however, pre-treatment with the extract protected the striatal cells from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ischemia-induced reactive astrogliosis was significantly alleviated, in particular, astrocyte end feet, which are a component of BBB, were significantly preserved. Immunoglobulin G, which is not found in intact brain parenchyma, was apparently shown (an indicator of extravasation) in striatal parenchyma at five days after the ischemia, but IgG leakage was dramatically attenuated in the parenchyma by the pre-treatment. Based on these findings, we suggest that Populus tomentiglandulosa extract rich in phenolic compounds can be employed as a pharmaceutical composition to develop a preventive material against brain ischemic injury.
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Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for investigating mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic regimens. As a heterogeneous disease with complex pathophysiology, mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is impossible. Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses. Models such as transient or permanent intraluminal thread occlusion middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models and thromboembolic models are the most commonly used in simulating human ischemic stroke. The endovascular filament occlusion model is characterized by easy manipulation and accurately controllable reperfusion and is suitable for studying the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke and reperfusion injury. Although the reproducibility of the embolic model is poor, it is more convenient for investigating thrombolysis. Rats are the most frequently used animal model for stroke. This review mainly outlines the stroke models of rats and discusses their strengths and shortcomings in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
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27
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Park JH, Kim JD, Lee TK, Han X, Sim H, Kim B, Lee JC, Ahn JH, Lee CH, Kim DW, Won MH, Choi SY. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract in Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154592. [PMID: 34361744 PMCID: PMC8347023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) belongs to the Genus Pinus, and its bark contains a great amount of naturally occurring phenolic compounds. Until now, few studies have been conducted to assess the neuroprotective effects of Pinus densiflora bark extract against brain ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of pre-treatment with the extract in the hippocampus following 5-min transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Furthermore, this study examined the anti-inflammatory effect as a neuroprotective mechanism of the extract. Pinus densiflora bark was extracted by pure water (100 °C), and this extract was quantitatively analyzed and contained abundant polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. The extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was orally administered once a day for seven days before the ischemia. In the gerbil hippocampus, death of the pyramidal neurons was found in the subfield cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) five days after the ischemia. This death was significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg, not 25 or 50 mg/kg, of the extract. The treatment with 100 mg/kg of the extract markedly inhibited the activation of microglia (microgliosis) and significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α). In addition, the treatment significantly increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 4 and interleukin 13). Taken together, this study clearly indicates that pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg of Pinus densiflora bark extract in gerbils can exert neuroprotection against brain ischemic injury by the attenuation of neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
| | - Jong Dai Kim
- Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.D.K.); (X.H.)
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Xionggao Han
- Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.D.K.); (X.H.)
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.S.); (B.K.); (J.-C.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.S.); (B.K.); (J.-C.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.S.); (B.K.); (J.-C.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.S.); (B.K.); (J.-C.L.); (J.H.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea;
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.S.); (B.K.); (J.-C.L.); (J.H.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (S.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-248-2112 (S.Y.C.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-241-1463 (S.Y.C.)
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (S.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-248-2112 (S.Y.C.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-241-1463 (S.Y.C.)
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Lee TK, Kim DW, Lee JC, Park CW, Sim H, Ahn JH, Park JH, Shin MC, Cho JH, Lee CH, Won MH, Choi SY. Changes in Cyclin D1, cdk4, and Their Associated Molecules in Ischemic Pyramidal Neurons in Gerbil Hippocampus after Transient Ischemia and Neuroprotective Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning by Keeping the Molecules in the Ischemic Neurons. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080719. [PMID: 34439951 PMCID: PMC8389197 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) is implicated in neuronal death induced by various pathological conditions. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) confers neuroprotective effect, but underlying mechanisms have been poorly addressed. In this study, IPC protected pyramidal neurons (cells) in gerbil hippocampus after transient ischemia. Additionally, IPC controlled expressions of cyclin D1, cdk4, phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p-Rb), and E2 promoter binding factor 1 (E2F1). In particular, the expression of p16INK4a was not different by IPC. These findings indicate that cyclin D1/cdk4-related signals may play important roles in events in neurons related to damage/death following ischemic insults. Especially, the preservation of p16INK4a by IPC may be crucial in attenuating neuronal death/damage or protecting neurons after brain ischemic insults. Abstract Inadequate activation of cell cycle proteins including cyclin D1 and cdk4 is involved in neuronal cell death induced by diverse pathological stresses, including transient global brain ischemia. The neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning is well-established, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we examined changes in cyclin D1, cdk4, and related molecules in cells or neurons located in Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) of gerbil hippocampus after transient ischemia for 5 min (ischemia and reperfusion) and investigated the effects of IPC on these molecules after ischemia. Four groups were used in this study as follows: sham group, ischemia group, IPC plus (+) sham group, and IPC+ischemia group. IPC was developed by inducing 2-min ischemia at 24 h before 5-min ischemia (real ischemia). Most pyramidal cells located in CA1 of the ischemia group died five days after ischemia. CA1 pyramidal cells in the IPC+ischemia group were protected. In the ischemia group, the expressions of cyclin D1, cdk4, phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p-Rb), and E2F1 (a transcription factor regulated by p-Rb) were significantly altered in the pyramidal cells with time after ischemia; in the IPC+ischemia group, they were controlled at the level shown in the sham group. In particular, the expression of p16INK4a (an endogenous cdk inhibitor) in the ischemia group was reversely altered in the pyramidal cells; in the IPC+TI group, the expression of p16INK4a was not different from that shown in the sham group. Our current results indicate that cyclin D1/cdk4-related signals may have important roles in events in neurons related to damage/death following ischemia and reperfusion. In particular, the preservation of p16INK4a by IPC may be crucial in attenuating neuronal death/damage or protecting neurons after brain ischemic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea;
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Cheol Woo Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (S.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-248-2112 (S.Y.C.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-241-1463 (S.Y.C.)
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (S.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-248-2112 (S.Y.C.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-241-1463 (S.Y.C.)
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29
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Lee CH, Ahn JH, Chen BH, Kim DW, Sim H, Lee TK, Park JH, Won MH, Choi SY. Differences in TNF‑α and TNF‑R1 expression in damaged neurons and activated astrocytes of the hippocampal CA1 region between young and adult gerbils following transient forebrain ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:625. [PMID: 34212986 PMCID: PMC8281367 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1) play diverse roles in modulating the neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia. The present study compared the time-dependent changes of TNF-α and TNF-R1 protein expression levels in the hippocampal subfield cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) between adult and young gerbils following transient forebrain ischemia (tFI), via western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. In adult gerbils, delayed neuronal death of pyramidal neurons, the principal neurons in CA1, was recorded 4 days after tFI; however, in young gerbils, delayed neuronal death was recorded 7 days after tFI. TNF-α protein expression levels gradually increased in both groups following tFI; however, TNF-α expression was higher in young gerbils compared with adult gerbils. TNF-R1 protein expression levels markedly increased in both groups 1 day after tFI. Subsequently, TNF-R1 expression gradually decreased in young gerbils, whereas TNF-R1 expression levels were irregularly altered in adult gerbils following tFI. Notably, TNF-α immunoreactivity significantly increased in pyramidal neurons in both groups 1 day after tFI; however, the patterns altered between both groups. In adult gerbils, TNF-α immunoreactivity was rarely exhibited in pyramidal neurons 4 days after tFI due to neuronal death, suggesting that TNF-α immunoreactivity was newly expressed in astrocytes. In young gerbils, TNF-α immunoreactivity increased in pyramidal neurons 4 days after tFI, and TNF-α immunoreactivity was newly expressed in astrocytes. In addition, TNF-R1 immunoreactivity was exhibited in pyramidal cells of both sham groups, and significantly increased 1 day after tFI; however, the patterns altered between both groups. In adult gerbils, TNF-R1 immunoreactivity was rarely exhibited 4 days after tFI, and astrocytes newly expressed TNF-R1 immunoreactivity. In young gerbils, TNF-R1 immunoreactivity increased in pyramidal neurons 4 days after tFI; however, TNF-R1 immunoreactivity was not reported in pyramidal neurons and astrocytes thereafter. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that different expression levels of TNF-α and TNF-R1 in ischemic CA1 between adult and young gerbils may be due to age-dependent differences of tFI-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50510, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Cissus verticillata Extract Decreases Neuronal Damage Induced by Oxidative Stress in HT22 Cells and Ischemia in Gerbils by Reducing the Inflammation and Phosphorylation of MAPKs. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061217. [PMID: 34203930 PMCID: PMC8232592 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effects of Cissus verticillata leaf extracts (CVE) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)- and ischemia-induced neuronal damage in HT22 cells and gerbil hippocampus. Incubation with CVE produced concentration-dependent toxicity in HT22 cells. Significant cellular toxicity was observed with >75 μg/mL CVE. CVE treatment at 50 μg/mL ameliorated H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species formation, DNA fragmentation, and cell death in HT22 cells. In addition, incubation with CVE significantly mitigated the increase in Bax and decrease in Bcl-2 induced by H2O2 treatment in HT22 cells. In an in vivo study, the administration of CVE to gerbils significantly decreased ischemia-induced motor activity 1 d after ischemia, as well as neuronal death and microglial activation 4 d after ischemia, respectively. CVE treatment reduced the release of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α 6 h after ischemia. Furthermore, CVE treatment significantly ameliorated ischemia-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and p38. These results suggest that CVE has the potential to reduce the neuronal damage induced by oxidative and ischemic stress by reducing the inflammatory responses and phosphorylation of MAPKs, suggesting that CVE could be a functional food to prevent neuronal damage induced by ischemia.
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Lee CH, Ahn JH, Lee TK, Sim H, Lee JC, Park JH, Shin MC, Cho JH, Kim DW, Won MH, Choi SY. Comparison of Neuronal Death, Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage and Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in the Hippocampal CA1 Region Following Mild and Severe Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Gerbils. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2852-2866. [PMID: 34050880 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transient ischemia in the brain causes blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and dysfunction, which is related to ischemia-induced neuronal damage. Leakage of plasma proteins following transient ischemia is one of the indicators that is used to determine the extent of BBB dysfunction. In this study, neuronal damage/death, leakage of albumin and IgG, microgliosis, and inflammatory cytokine expression were examined in the hippocampal CA1 region, which is vulnerable to transient ischemia, following 5-min (mild) and 15-min (severe) ischemia in gerbils induced by transient common carotid arteries occlusion (tCCAo). tCCAo-induced neuronal damage/death occurred earlier and was more severe after 15-min tCCAo vs. after 5-min tCCAo. Significant albumin and IgG leakage (albumin and IgG immunoreactivity) took 1 or 2 days to begin, and immunoreactivity was markedly increased 5 days after 5-min tCCAo. While, albumin and IgG leakage began to increase 6 h after 15-min tCCAo and remained significantly higher over time than that seen in 5-min tCCAo. IgG immunoreactivity was observed in degenerating neurons and activated microglia after tCCAo, and microglia were activated to a greater extent after 15-min tCCAo than 5-min tCCAo. In addition, following 15-min tCCAo, pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)] immunoreactivity was significantly higher than that seen following 5-min tCCAo, whereas immunoreactivity of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) was lower in 15-min than 5-min tCCAo. These results indicate that duration of tCCAo differentially affects the timing and degree of neuronal damage or loss, albumin and IgG leakage and inflammatory cytokine expression in brain tissue. In addition, more severe BBB leakage is closely related to acceleration of neuronal damage through increased microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50510, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Xiang Z, Jiang X, Ji R, Yuan H. Enhanced expression of P2X4 purinoceptors in pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampal CA1 region may be involved ischemia-reperfusion injury. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:425-438. [PMID: 33966147 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most serious disease that harms human beings. In principle, its treatment is to restore blood flow supply as soon as possible. However, after the blood flow is restored, it will lead to secondary brain injury, that is, ischemia-reperfusion injury. The mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury is very complicated. This study showed that P2X4 receptors in the pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampus were significantly upregulated in the early stage of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurons with high expression of P2X4 receptors are neurons that are undergoing apoptosis. Intraventricular injection of the P2X4 receptor antagonist 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD) and PSB-12062 can partially block neuronal apoptosis, to promote the survival of neurons, indicating that ATP through P2X4 receptors is involved in the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, identifying the mechanism of neuronal degeneration induced by extracellular ATP via P2X4 receptors after ischemia-reperfusion will likely find new targets for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury, and will provide a useful theoretical basis for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Rihui Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
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Therapeutic Effects of Decursin and Angelica gigas Nakai Root Extract in Gerbil Brain after Transient Ischemia via Protecting BBB Leakage and Astrocyte Endfeet Damage. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082161. [PMID: 33918660 PMCID: PMC8069195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai root contains decursin which exerts beneficial properties such as anti-amnesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Until now, however, the neuroprotective effects of decursin against transient ischemic injury in the forebrain have been insufficiently investigated. Here, we revealed that post-treatment with decursin and the root extract saved pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus following transient ischemia for 5 min in gerbil forebrain. Through high-performance liquid chromatography, we defined that decursin was contained in the extract as 7.3 ± 0.2%. Based on this, we post-treated with 350 mg/kg of extract, which is the corresponding dosage of 25 mg/kg of decursin that exerted neuroprotection in gerbil hippocampus against the ischemia. In addition, behavioral tests were conducted to evaluate ischemia-induced dysfunctions via tests of spatial memory (by the 8-arm radial maze test) and learning memory (by the passive avoidance test), and post-treatment with the extract and decursin attenuated ischemia-induced memory impairments. Furthermore, we carried out histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and double immunohistofluorescence. Pyramidal neurons located in the subfield cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) among the hippocampal subfields were dead at 5 days after the ischemia; however, treatment with the extract and decursin saved the pyramidal neurons after ischemia. Immunoglobulin G (IgG, an indicator of extravasation), which is not found in the parenchyma in normal brain tissue, was apparently shown in CA1 parenchyma from 2 days after the ischemia, but IgG leakage was dramatically attenuated in the CA1 parenchyma treated with the extract and decursin. Furthermore, astrocyte endfeet, which are a component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), were severely damaged at 5 days after the ischemia; however, post-treatment with the extract and decursin dramatically attenuated the damage of the endfeet. In brief, therapeutic treatment of the extract of Angelica gigas Nakai root and decursin after 5 min transient forebrain ischemia protected hippocampal neurons from the ischemia, showing that ischemia-induced BBB leakage and damage of astrocyte endfeet was significantly attenuated by the extract and decursin. Based on these findings, we suggest that Angelica gigas Nakai root containing decursin can be employed as a pharmaceutical composition to develop a therapeutic strategy for brain ischemic injury.
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Lee TK, Shin MC, Ahn JH, Kim DW, Kim B, Sim H, Lee JC, Cho JH, Park JH, Kim YM, Won MH, Lee CH. CD200 Change Is Involved in Neuronal Death in Gerbil Hippocampal CA1 Field Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia and Postischemic Treatment with Risperidone Displays Neuroprotection without CD200 Change. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031116. [PMID: 33498705 PMCID: PMC7865463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that CD200 (Cluster of Differentiation 200), expressed in neurons, regulates microglial activation in the central nervous system, and a decrease in CD200 expression causes an increase in microglial activation and neuronal loss. The aim of this study was to investigate time-dependent changes in CD200 expression in the hippocampus proper (CA1, 2, and 3 fields) after transient forebrain ischemia for 5 min in gerbils. In this study, 5-min ischemia evoked neuronal death (loss) of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 field, but not in the CA2/3 fields, at 5 days postischemia. In the sham group, CD200 expression was found in pyramidal neurons of the CA1 field, and the immunoreactivity in the group with ischemia was decreased at 6 h postischemia, dramatically increased at 12 h postischemia, decreased (to level found at 6 h postischemia) at 1 and 2 days postischemia, and significantly increased again at 5 days postischemia. At 5 days postischemia, CD200 immunoreactivity was strongly expressed in microglia and GABAergic neurons. However, in the CA3 field, the change in CD200 immunoreactivity in pyramidal neurons was markedly weaker than that in the CA1 field, showing there was no expression of CD 200 in microglia and GABAergic neurons. In addition, treatment of 10 mg/kg risperidone (an atypical antipsychotic drug) after the ischemia hardly changed CD200 immunoreactivity in the CA1 field, showing that CA1 pyramidal neurons were protected from the ischemic injury. These results indicate that the transient ischemia-induced change in CD200 expression may be associated with specific and selective neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 field following transient forebrain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon, Korea;
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Gangwon, Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Gyeongnam, Korea;
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Korea;
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Gangwon, Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Gyeongbuk, Korea;
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea;
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-41-550-1441 (C.-H.L.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-41-559-7899 (C.-H.L.)
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-41-550-1441 (C.-H.L.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-41-559-7899 (C.-H.L.)
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Increased Calbindin D28k Expression via Long-Term Alternate-Day Fasting Does Not Protect against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Focus on Delayed Neuronal Death, Gliosis and Immunoglobulin G Leakage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020644. [PMID: 33440708 PMCID: PMC7827208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Calbindin-D28k (CB), a calcium-binding protein, mediates diverse neuronal functions. In this study, adult gerbils were fed a normal diet (ND) or exposed to intermittent fasting (IF) for three months, and were randomly assigned to sham or ischemia operated groups. Ischemic injury was induced by transient forebrain ischemia for 5 min. Short-term memory was examined via passive avoidance test. CB expression was investigated in the Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus via western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Finally, histological analysis was used to assess neuroprotection and gliosis (microgliosis and astrogliosis) in the CA1 region. Short-term memory did not vary significantly between ischemic gerbils with IF and those exposed to ND. CB expression was increased significantly in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of ischemic gerbils with IF compared with that of gerbils fed ND. However, the CB expression was significantly decreased in ischemic gerbils with IF, similarly to that of ischemic gerbils exposed to ND. The CA1 pyramidal neurons were not protected from ischemic injury in both groups, and gliosis (astrogliosis and microgliosis) was gradually increased with time after ischemia. In addition, immunoglobulin G was leaked into the CA1 parenchyma from blood vessels and gradually increased with time after ischemic insult in both groups. Taken together, our study suggests that IF for three months increases CB expression in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons; however, the CA1 pyramidal neurons are not protected from transient forebrain ischemia. This failure in neuroprotection may be attributed to disruption of the blood–brain barrier, which triggers gliosis after ischemic insults.
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Park YE, Noh Y, Kim DW, Lee TK, Ahn JH, Kim B, Lee JC, Park CW, Park JH, Kim JD, Kim YM, Kang IJ, Lee JW, Kim SS, Won MH. Experimental pretreatment with YES-10 ®, a plant extract rich in scutellarin and chlorogenic acid, protects hippocampal neurons from ischemia/reperfusion injury via antioxidant role. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:183. [PMID: 33488792 PMCID: PMC7812581 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erigeron annuus (L.) PERS. (EALP) and Clematis mandshurica RUPR. (CMR) have been used in traditional remedies due to their medicinal effects. Recently, we reported that pretreatment with 200 mg/kg of YES-10® (a combination of extracts from leaves of EALP and CMR) displayed neuroprotective effects against brain ischemia and reperfusion injury. The present study analyzed the major ingredients of YES-10® and investigated whether neuroprotection from YES-10® was dependent upon antioxidant effects in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) field in the gerbil hippocampus, after transient forebrain ischemia for 5 min. YES-10® was demonstrated to predominantly contain scutellarin and chlorogenic acid. Pretreatment with YES-10® significantly increased protein levels and the immunoreactivity of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and manganese-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) was in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 field when these were examined prior to transient ischemia induction. The increased SODs in CA1 pyramidal neurons following YES-10® treatment were maintained after ischemic injury. In this case, the CA1 pyramidal neurons were protected from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Oxidative stress was significantly attenuated in the CA1 pyramidal neurons, and this was determined by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal immunohistochemistry and dihydroethidium histofluorescence staining. Taken together, the results indicated that YES-10® significantly attenuated transient ischemia-induced oxidative stress and may be utilized for developing a protective agent against ischemic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoohun Noh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Neurology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.,Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50510, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Dai Kim
- Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Tuo QZ, Zou JJ, Lei P. Rodent Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pycnogenol ® Supplementation Attenuates Memory Deficits and Protects Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons via Antioxidative Role in a Gerbil Model of Transient Forebrain Ischemia. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082477. [PMID: 32824513 PMCID: PMC7468866 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pycnogenol® (an extract of the bark of French maritime pine tree) is used for dietary supplement and known to have excellent antioxidative efficacy. However, there are few reports on neuroprotective effect of Pycnogenol® supplementation and its mechanisms against ischemic injury following transient forebrain ischemia (TFI) in gerbils. Now, we examined neuroprotective effect and its mechanisms of Pycnogenol® in the gerbils with 5-min TFI, which evokes a significant death (loss) of pyramidal cells located in the cornu ammonis (CA1) region of gerbil hippocampus from 4-5 days post-TFI. Gerbils were pretreated with 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg of Pycnogenol® once a day for 7 days before TFI surgery. Treatment with 50 mg/kg, not 30 or 40 mg/kg, of Pycnogenol® potently protected learning and memory, as well as CA1 pyramidal cells, from ischemic injury. Treatment with 50 mg/kg Pycnogenol® significantly enhanced immunoreactivity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutases and catalase) in the pyramidal cells before and after TFI induction. Furthermore, the treatment significantly reduced the generation of superoxide anion, ribonucleic acid oxidation and lipid peroxidation in the pyramidal cells. Moreover, interestingly, its neuroprotective effect was abolished by administration of sodium azide (a potent inhibitor of SODs and catalase activities). Taken together, current results clearly indicate that Pycnogenol® supplementation can prevent neurons from ischemic stroke through its potent antioxidative role.
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Experimental Pretreatment with Chlorogenic Acid Prevents Transient Ischemia-Induced Cognitive Decline and Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampus through Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163578. [PMID: 32781658 PMCID: PMC7463954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is among the phenolic acid compounds which can be naturally found in green coffee extract and tea. CGA has been studied since it displays significant pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CGA on cognitive function and neuroprotection including its mechanisms in the hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Memory and learning following the ischemia was investigated by eight-arm radial maze and passive avoidance tests. Neuroprotection was examined by immunohistochemistry for neuronal nuclei-specific protein and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining. For mechanisms of the neuroprotection, alterations in copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), SOD2 as antioxidant enzymes, dihydroethidium and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal as indicators for oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-2) were examined by Western blotting and/or immunohistochemistry. As a result, pretreatment with 30 mg/kg CGA attenuated cognitive impairment and displayed a neuroprotective effect against transient forebrain ischemia (TFI). In Western blotting, the expression levels of SOD2 and IL-4 were increased due to pretreatment with CGA and, furthermore, 4-HNE production and IL-4 expressions were inhibited by CGA pretreatment. Additionally, pretreated CGA enhanced antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines and, in contrast, attenuated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Based on these results, we suggest that CGA can be a useful neuroprotective material against ischemia-reperfusion injury due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacies.
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Zhao Y, Yang J, Li C, Zhou G, Wan H, Ding Z, Wan H, Zhou H. Role of the neurovascular unit in the process of cerebral ischemic injury. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105103. [PMID: 32739425 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury exhibits both high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional research of the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic injury has focused on separate analyses of the involved cell types. In recent years, the neurovascular unit (NVU) mechanism of cerebral ischemic injury has been proposed in modern medicine. Hence, more effective strategies for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury may be provided through comprehensive analysis of brain cells and the extracellular matrix. However, recent studies that have investigated the function of the NVU in cerebral ischemic injury have been insufficient. In addition, the metabolism and energy conversion of the NVU depend on interactions among multiple cell types, which make it difficult to identify the unique contribution of each cell type. Therefore, in the present review, we comprehensively summarize the regulatory effects and recovery mechanisms of four major cell types (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, brain-microvascular endothelial cells, and neurons) in the NVU under cerebral ischemic injury, as well as discuss the interactions among these cell types in the NVU. Furthermore, we discuss the common signaling pathways and signaling factors that mediate cerebral ischemic injury in the NVU, which may help to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive elucidation of cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Haofang Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Zhishan Ding
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
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Noh Y, Ahn JH, Lee JW, Hong J, Lee TK, Kim B, Kim SS, Won MH. Brain Factor-7® improves learning and memory deficits and attenuates ischemic brain damage by reduction of ROS generation in stroke in vivo and in vitro. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:24. [PMID: 32760664 PMCID: PMC7391609 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain Factor-7® (BF-7), silk fibroin peptide, is known to be effective in improvement of memory and learning ability. In this study, the effects of BF-7 (10 mg/kg, p.o., pre-treatment for 7 days and post-treatment for 7 days) on neuroprotection and memory and learning functions were investigated in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and a gerbil model of transient global forebrain ischemia. Furthermore, to find the mechanism of BF-7, we examined the neuroprotective and antioxidative effects of BF-7 in vitro using neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. In vivo model, treatment with BF-7 significantly reduced the number of errors in 8-arm maze test and significantly increased latency time in passive avoidance test at 7 days after focal ischemia compared to those in the vehicle-treated group. In addition, treatment with BF-7 significantly decreased the infarct size or neuronal death at 7 day following transient ischemia compared to that in the vehicle-treated group. In vitro model, 10 or 20 μg/ml of BF-7 treatment significantly increased cell viability in dose-dependent manner. In addition, oxidative stress was significantly attenuated in the ischemic cells, showing that 10 or 20 μg/ml of BF-7 treatment significantly reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to that in the ischemic cells. These results indicate that BF-7 treatment can attenuate ischemic damages and improve memory deficits via reduction of ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoohun Noh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Neurology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
- Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252 Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006 Republic of Korea
| | - Junkee Hong
- Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252 Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006 Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
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Pre-Treatment with Laminarin Protects Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons and Attenuates Reactive Gliosis Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Gerbils. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18010052. [PMID: 31940961 PMCID: PMC7024340 DOI: 10.3390/md18010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient brain ischemia triggers selective neuronal death/loss, especially in vulnerable regions of the brain including the hippocampus. Laminarin, a polysaccharide originating from brown seaweed, has various pharmaceutical properties including an antioxidant function. To the best of our knowledge, few studies have been conducted on the protective effects of laminarin against ischemic injury induced by ischemic insults. In this study, we histopathologically investigated the neuroprotective effects of laminarin in the Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) field of the hippocampus, which is very vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion injury, following transient forebrain ischemia (TFI) for five minutes in gerbils. The neuroprotective effect was examined by cresyl violet staining, Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining and immunohistochemistry for neuronal-specific nuclear protein. Additionally, to study gliosis (glial changes), we performed immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein to examine astrocytes, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 to examine microglia. Furthermore, we examined alterations in pro-inflammatory M1 microglia by using double immunofluorescence. Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg laminarin failed to protect neurons in the hippocampal CA1 field and did not attenuate reactive gliosis in the field following TFI. In contrast, pretreatment with 50 or 100 mg/kg laminarin protected neurons, attenuated reactive gliosis and reduced pro-inflammatory M1 microglia in the CA1 field following TFI. Based on these results, we firmly propose that 50 mg/kg laminarin can be strategically applied to develop a preventative against injuries following cerebral ischemic insults.
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Xu AL, Zheng GY, Ye HY, Chen XD, Jiang Q. Characterization of astrocytes and microglial cells in the hippocampal CA1 region after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats treated with Ilexonin A. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:78-85. [PMID: 31535655 PMCID: PMC6862412 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.264465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilexonin A is a compound isolated from the root of Ilex pubescens, a traditional Chinese medicine. Ilexonin A has been shown to play a neuroprotective role by regulating the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the peri-infarct area after ischemia. However, the effects of ilexonin A on astrocytes and microglia in the infarct-free region of the hippocampal CA1 region remain unclear. Focal cerebral ischemia models were established by 2-hour occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. Ilexonin A (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg) was administered immediately after ischemia/reperfusion. The astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein, microglia marker Iba-1, neural stem cell marker nestin and inflammation markers were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot assay. Expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the hippocampal CA1 tissue. Astrocytes were activated immediately in progressively increasing numbers from 1, 3, to 7 days post-ischemia/reperfusion. The number of activated astrocytes further increased in the hippocampal CA1 region after treatment with ilexonin A. Microglial cells remained quiescent after ischemia/reperfusion, but became activated after treatment with ilexonin A. Ilexonin A enhanced nestin expression and reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β in the hippocampus post-ischemia/reperfusion. The results of the present study suggest that ilexonin A has a neuroprotective effect in the hippocampus after ischemia/reperfusion, probably through regulating astrocytes and microglia activation, promoting neuronal stem cell proliferation and reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Department of Neonatology, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Guan-Yi Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hui-Ying Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Nanping, Nanping, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Burns Institute of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Burns Institute of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Hippocampal sub-regional differences in the microRNA response to forebrain ischemia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 98:164-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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