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Kriebardis AG, Chardalias L, Damaskos C, Pouliakis A, Garmpis N, Fortis SP, Papailia A, Sideri C, Georgatzakou HT, Papageorgiou EG, Pittaras T, Tsourouflis G, Politou M, Papaconstantinou I, Dimitroulis D, Valsami S. Precision Oncology: Circulating Microvesicles as New Biomarkers in a Very Early Stage of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1943. [PMID: 38792021 PMCID: PMC11119677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of microvesicles (MVs) is an essential phenomenon for inter-cellular signaling in health and disease. The role of MVs in cancer is multidimensional and includes cancer cell survival, proliferation, and invasion. In this prospective study, we analyzed MV levels in colorectal cancer patients and assessed the importance of MV release in early-stage colorectal cancer and survival. METHODS This study included 98 patients and 15 controls. The characterization of MVs from human plasma was performed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS The levels of total MVs and MUC-1-positive, tissue factor (TF)-positive, and endothelial cell-derived MVs (EMVs) were statistically significantly higher in the colon cancer patients than in the controls (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the subgroup of patients with very early-stage colorectal cancer also had statistically significant differences in the levels of the abovementioned MVs compared to the controls (p < 0.01). Highly differentiated tumors had lower levels of MUC-1-positive MVs (p < 0.02), EMVs (p < 0.002), and EMV/TF combinations (p < 0.001) versus those with tumors with low/intermediate differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the analysis of circulating MV levels in plasma could possibly become a tool for the early diagnosis of colon cancer at a very early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios G. Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (A.G.K.); (S.P.F.); (H.T.G.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Leonidas Chardalias
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (L.C.); (A.P.); (I.P.)
| | - Christos Damaskos
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (C.D.); (N.G.); (G.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Abraham Pouliakis
- Second Department of Pathology, “Attikon” University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Garmpis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (C.D.); (N.G.); (G.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Sotirios P. Fortis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (A.G.K.); (S.P.F.); (H.T.G.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Aspasia Papailia
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (L.C.); (A.P.); (I.P.)
| | - Christiana Sideri
- Hematology Laboratory-Blood Bank, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (C.S.); (T.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Hara T. Georgatzakou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (A.G.K.); (S.P.F.); (H.T.G.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Effie G. Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (A.G.K.); (S.P.F.); (H.T.G.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Theodoros Pittaras
- Hematology Laboratory-Blood Bank, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (C.S.); (T.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (C.D.); (N.G.); (G.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Marianna Politou
- Hematology Laboratory-Blood Bank, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (C.S.); (T.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Ioannis Papaconstantinou
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (L.C.); (A.P.); (I.P.)
| | - Dimitrios Dimitroulis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (C.D.); (N.G.); (G.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Serena Valsami
- Hematology Laboratory-Blood Bank, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (C.S.); (T.P.); (M.P.)
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Weber V, Eichhorn T. Extracellular vesicles in blood products. Transfus Apher Sci 2024; 63:103894. [PMID: 38360511 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2024.103894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria.
| | - Tanja Eichhorn
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
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Müller GA, Müller TD. Transfer of membrane(s) matter(s)-non-genetic inheritance of (metabolic) phenotypes? Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1347397. [PMID: 38516184 PMCID: PMC10955475 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1347397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are anchored at the outer phospholipid layer of eukaryotic plasma membranes exclusively by a glycolipid. GPI-APs are not only released into extracellular compartments by lipolytic cleavage. In addition, certain GPI-APs with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor including their fatty acids remaining coupled to the carboxy-terminus of their protein components are also detectable in body fluids, in response to certain stimuli, such as oxidative stress, radicals or high-fat diet. As a consequence, the fatty acid moieties of GPI-APs must be shielded from access of the aqueous environment by incorporation into membranes of extracellular vesicles or into micelle-like complexes together with (lyso)phospholipids and cholesterol. The GPI-APs released from somatic cells and tissues are transferred via those complexes or EVs to somatic as well as pluripotent stem cells with metabolic consequences, such as upregulation of glycogen and lipid synthesis. From these and additional findings, the following hypotheses are developed: i) Transfer of GPI-APs via EVs or micelle-like complexes leads to the induction of new phenotypes in the daughter cells or zygotes, which are presumably not restricted to metabolism. ii) The membrane topographies transferred by the concerted action of GPI-APs and interacting components are replicated by self-organization and self-templation and remain accessible to structural changes by environmental factors. iii) Transfer from mother cells and gametes to their daughter cells and zygotes, respectively, is not restricted to DNA and genes, but also encompasses non-genetic matter, such as GPI-APs and specific membrane constituents. iv) The intergenerational transfer of membrane matter between mammalian organisms is understood as an epigenetic mechanism for phenotypic plasticity, which does not rely on modifications of DNA and histones, but is regarded as molecular mechanism for the inheritance of acquired traits, such as complex metabolic diseases. v) The missing interest in research of non-genetic matter of inheritance, which may be interpreted in the sense of Darwin's "Gemmules" or Galton's "Stirps", should be addressed in future investigations of the philosophy of science and sociology of media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Department of Media Studies, Media, Culture and Society, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Albert V, Subramanian A, Pati HP. Impact of Early Microparticle Release during Isolated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlation with Coagulopathy and Mortality. Neurol India 2024; 72:285-291. [PMID: 38691471 DOI: 10.4103/ni.ni_1159_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MPs) have been implicated in thrombosis and endothelial dysfunction. Their involvement in early coagulopathy and in worsening of outcomes in isolated severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) patients remains ill defined. OBJECTIVE We sought to quantify the circulatory MP subtypes derived from platelets (PMPs; CD42), endothelial cells (EMPs; CD62E), and those bearing tissue factor (TFMP; CD142) and analyze their correlation with early coagulopathy, thrombin generation, and in-hospital mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective screening of sTBI patients was done. Blood samples were collected before blood and fluid transfusion. MP enumeration and characterization were performed using flow cytometry, and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Circulating levels of procoagulant MPs were compared between isolated sTBI patients and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC). Patients were stratified according to their PMP, EMP, and TFMP levels, respectively (high ≥HC median and low < HC median). RESULTS Isolated sTBI resulted in an increased generation of PMPs (456.6 [228-919] vs. 249.1 [198.9-404.5]; P = 0.01) and EMPs (301.5 [118.8-586.7] vs. 140.9 [124.9-286]; P = 0.09) compared to HCs. Also, 5.3% of MPs expressed TF (380 [301-710]) in HCs, compared to 6.6% MPs (484 [159-484]; P = 0.87) in isolated sTBI patients. Early TBI-associated coagulopathy (TBI-AC) was seen in 50 (41.6%) patients. PMP (380 [139-779] vs. 523.9 [334-927]; P = 0.19) and EMP (242 [86-483] vs. 344 [168-605]; P = 0.81) counts were low in patients with TBI-AC, compared to patients without TBI-AC. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that enhanced cellular activation and procoagulant MP generation are predominant after isolated sTBI. TBI-AC was associated with low plasma PMPs count compared to the count in patients without TBI-AC. Low PMPs may be involved with the development of TBI-AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venencia Albert
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Arulselvi Subramanian
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Yanatori I, Kishi F, Toyokuni S. New iron export pathways acting via holo-ferritin secretion. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 746:109737. [PMID: 37683905 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a spherical nanocage protein for iron storage, composed of 24 light- or heavy-polypeptide chain subunits. A single ferritin molecule can carry up to 4500 iron atoms in its core, which plays an important role in suppressing intracellular iron toxicity. Serum ferritin levels are used as a marker for the total amount of iron stored in the body. Most serum ferritin is iron-free (apo-ferritin) and it is unclear how ferritin is released from cells. Ferritin is secreted into serum via extracellular vesicles (EVs) or the secretory autophagy pathway but not via the classical endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi secretion pathway. We recently discovered that the level of tetraspanin CD63, a common EV marker, is post-transcriptionally regulated by the intracellular iron level and both CD63 and ferritin expression is induced by iron loading. Ferritin is incorporated into CD63(+)-EVs through the ferritin-specific autophagy adapter molecule, NCOA4, and then secreted from cells. EV production differs drastically depending on cell type and physiological conditions. Extracellular matrix detached cells express pentaspanin prominin 2 and prominin 2(+)-EVs secrete ferritin independently of NCOA4 trafficking. Ferritin is tightly bound to iron in EVs and functions as an iron-carrier protein in the extracellular environment. Cells can suppress ferroptosis by secreting holo-ferritin, which reduces intracellular iron concentration. However, this exposes the neighboring cells receiving the secreted holo-ferritin to a large excess of iron. This results in cellular toxicity through increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we review the machinery by which ferritin is incorporated into EVs and its role as an intercellular communication molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Yanatori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Fumio Kishi
- Kenjinkai Healthcare Corporation, Yamaguchi, 757-0001, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan; Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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Müller GA, Müller TD. (Patho)Physiology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins II: Intercellular Transfer of Matter (Inheritance?) That Matters. Biomolecules 2023; 13:994. [PMID: 37371574 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) bilayer by covalent linkage to a typical glycolipid and expressed in all eukaryotic organisms so far studied. Lipolytic release from PMs into extracellular compartments and intercellular transfer are regarded as the main (patho)physiological roles exerted by GPI-APs. The intercellular transfer of GPI-APs relies on the complete GPI anchor and is mediated by extracellular vesicles such as microvesicles and exosomes and lipid-free homo- or heteromeric aggregates, and lipoprotein-like particles such as prostasomes and surfactant-like particles, or lipid-containing micelle-like complexes. In mammalian organisms, non-vesicular transfer is controlled by the distance between donor and acceptor cells/tissues; intrinsic conditions such as age, metabolic state, and stress; extrinsic factors such as GPI-binding proteins; hormones such as insulin; and drugs such as anti-diabetic sulfonylureas. It proceeds either "directly" upon close neighborhood or contact of donor and acceptor cells or "indirectly" as a consequence of the induced lipolytic release of GPI-APs from PMs. Those displace from the serum GPI-binding proteins GPI-APs, which have retained the complete anchor, and become assembled in aggregates or micelle-like complexes. Importantly, intercellular transfer of GPI-APs has been shown to induce specific phenotypes such as stimulation of lipid and glycogen synthesis, in cultured human adipocytes, blood cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. As a consequence, intercellular transfer of GPI-APs should be regarded as non-genetic inheritance of (acquired) features between somatic cells which is based on the biogenesis and transmission of matter such as GPI-APs and "membrane landscapes", rather than the replication and transmission of information such as DNA. Its operation in mammalian organisms remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Müller GA, Müller TD. (Patho)Physiology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins I: Localization at Plasma Membranes and Extracellular Compartments. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050855. [PMID: 37238725 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of plasma membranes (PMs) of all eukaryotic organisms studied so far by covalent linkage to a highly conserved glycolipid rather than a transmembrane domain. Since their first description, experimental data have been accumulating for the capability of GPI-APs to be released from PMs into the surrounding milieu. It became evident that this release results in distinct arrangements of GPI-APs which are compatible with the aqueous milieu upon loss of their GPI anchor by (proteolytic or lipolytic) cleavage or in the course of shielding of the full-length GPI anchor by incorporation into extracellular vesicles, lipoprotein-like particles and (lyso)phospholipid- and cholesterol-harboring micelle-like complexes or by association with GPI-binding proteins or/and other full-length GPI-APs. In mammalian organisms, the (patho)physiological roles of the released GPI-APs in the extracellular environment, such as blood and tissue cells, depend on the molecular mechanisms of their release as well as the cell types and tissues involved, and are controlled by their removal from circulation. This is accomplished by endocytic uptake by liver cells and/or degradation by GPI-specific phospholipase D in order to bypass potential unwanted effects of the released GPI-APs or their transfer from the releasing donor to acceptor cells (which will be reviewed in a forthcoming manuscript).
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Bruno A, Tacconelli S, Contursi A, Ballerini P, Patrignani P. Cyclooxygenases and platelet functions. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 97:133-165. [PMID: 37236757 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes, i.e., COX-1 and COX-2, are encoded by separate genes and are involved in the generation of the same products, prostaglandin (PG)G2 and PGH2 from arachidonic acid (AA) by the COX and peroxidase activities of the enzymes, respectively. PGH2 is then transformed into prostanoids in a tissue-dependent fashion due to the different expression of downstream synthases. Platelets present almost exclusively COX-1, which generates large amounts of thromboxane (TX)A2, a proaggregatory and vasoconstrictor mediator. This prostanoid plays a central role in atherothrombosis, as shown by the benefit of the antiplatelet agent low-dose aspirin, a preferential inhibitor of platelet COX-1. Recent findings have shown the relevant role played by platelets and TXA2 in developing chronic inflammation associated with several diseases, including tissue fibrosis and cancer. COX-2 is induced in response to inflammatory and mitogenic stimuli to generate PGE2 and PGI2 (prostacyclin), in inflammatory cells. However, PGI2 is constitutively expressed in vascular cells in vivo and plays a crucial role in protecting the cardiovascular systems due to its antiplatelet and vasodilator effects. Here, platelets' role in regulating COX-2 expression in cells of the inflammatory microenvironment is described. Thus, the selective inhibition of platelet COX-1-dependent TXA2 by low-dose aspirin prevents COX-2 induction in stromal cells leading to antifibrotic and antitumor effects. The biosynthesis and functions of other prostanoids, such as PGD2, and isoprostanes, are reported. In addition to aspirin, which inhibits platelet COX-1 activity, possible strategies to affect platelet functions by influencing platelet prostanoid receptors or synthases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bruno
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Tacconelli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Contursi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ballerini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy; Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, "G.d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Patrignani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.
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Garcez EM, Gomes N, Moraes AS, Pogue R, Uenishi RH, Hecht M, Carvalho JL. Extracellular vesicles in the context of Chagas Disease - A systematic review. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106899. [PMID: 36935050 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EVs) traffic is considered an important cellular communication process between cells that can be part of a single organism or belong to different living beings. The relevance of EV-mediated cellular communication is increasingly studied and appreciated, especially in relation to pathological conditions, including parasitic disorders, in which the EV release and uptake processes have been documented. In the context of Chagas Disease (CD), EVs have been explored, however, current data have not been systematically revised in order to provide an overview of the published literature and the main results obtained thus far. In this systematic review, 25 studies involving the investigation of EVs in CD were identified. The studies involved Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc)-derived EVs (Tc-EVs), as well as EVs derived from T. cruzi-infected mammalian cells-derived EVs, mainly isolated by ultracentrifugation and poorly characterized. The objectives of the identified studies included the characterization of the protein and RNA cargo of Tc-EVs, as well as investigation of EVs in parasitic infections and immune-related processes. Overall, our systematic review reveals that EVs play critical roles in several mechanisms related to the interaction between T. cruzi and mammalian hosts, their contribution to immune system evasion by the parasite, and to chronic inflammation in the host. Future studies will benefit from the consolidation of isolation and characterization methods, as well as the elucidation of the role of EVs in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emãnuella Melgaço Garcez
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Nélio Gomes
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Moraes
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Robert Pogue
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program. Catholic University of Brasília, 71966-700, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Rosa Harumi Uenishi
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program. Catholic University of Brasília, 71966-700, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Sheridan A, Brown AC. Recent Advances in Blood Cell-Inspired and Clot Targeted Thrombolytic Therapies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 2023:6117810. [PMID: 37731481 PMCID: PMC10511217 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6117810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction, stroke, and pulmonary embolism are all deadly conditions associated with excessive thrombus formation. Standard treatment for these conditions involves systemic delivery of thrombolytic agents to break up clots and restore blood flow; however, this treatment can impact the hemostatic balance in other parts of the vasculature, which can lead to excessive bleeding. To avoid this potential danger, targeted thrombolytic treatments that can successfully target thrombi and release an effective therapeutic load are necessary. Because activated platelets and fibrin make up a large proportion of clots, these two components provide ample opportunities for targeting. This review will highlight potential thrombus targeting mechanisms as well as recent advances in thrombolytic therapies which utilize blood-cells and clotting proteins to effectively target and lyse clots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Sheridan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Ashley C. Brown
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
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Troha K, Vozel D, Arko M, Bedina Zavec A, Dolinar D, Hočevar M, Jan Z, Kisovec M, Kocjančič B, Pađen L, Pajnič M, Penič S, Romolo A, Repar N, Spasovski V, Steiner N, Šuštar V, Iglič A, Drobne D, Kogej K, Battelino S, Kralj-Iglič V. Autologous Platelet and Extracellular Vesicle-Rich Plasma as Therapeutic Fluid: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3420. [PMID: 36834843 PMCID: PMC9959846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of autologous platelet and extracellular vesicle-rich plasma (PVRP) has been explored in many medical fields with the aim to benefit from its healing potential. In parallel, efforts are being invested to understand the function and dynamics of PVRP that is complex in its composition and interactions. Some clinical evidence reveals beneficial effects of PVRP, while some report that there were no effects. To optimize the preparation methods, functions and mechanisms of PVRP, its constituents should be better understood. With the intention to promote further studies of autologous therapeutic PVRP, we performed a review on some topics regarding PVRP composition, harvesting, assessment and preservation, and also on clinical experience following PVRP application in humans and animals. Besides the acknowledged actions of platelets, leukocytes and different molecules, we focus on extracellular vesicles that were found abundant in PVRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Troha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Vozel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Arko
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Apolonija Bedina Zavec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubjana, Slovenia
| | - Drago Dolinar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Zaloška 9, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- MD-RI Institute for Materials Research in Medicine, Bohoričeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Hočevar
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Institute of Metals and Technology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zala Jan
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Kisovec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubjana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Kocjančič
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Zaloška 9, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ljubiša Pađen
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Manca Pajnič
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Penič
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Romolo
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neža Repar
- University of Ljubljana, Research Group for Nanobiology and Nanotoxicology, Biotechnical Faculty, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Spasovski
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nejc Steiner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Šuštar
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Iglič
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Research Group for Nanobiology and Nanotoxicology, Biotechnical Faculty, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ksenija Kogej
- University of Ljubljana, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saba Battelino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Extracellular vesicles throughout development: A potential roadmap for emerging glioblastoma therapies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:32-41. [PMID: 35697594 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-delimited vesicular bodies carrying different molecules, classified according to their size, density, cargo, and origin. Research on this topic has been actively growing through the years, as EVs are associated with critical pathological processes such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Despite that, studies exploring the physiological functions of EVs are sparse, with particular emphasis on their role in organismal development, initial cell differentiation, and morphogenesis. In this review, we explore the topic of EVs from a developmental perspective, discussing their role in the earliest cell-fate decisions and neural tissue morphogenesis. We focus on the function of EVs through development to highlight possible conserved or novel processes that can impact disease progression. Specifically, we take advantage of what was learned about their role in development so far to discuss EVs impact on glioblastoma, a particular brain tumor of stem-cell origin and poor prognosis, and how their function can be hijacked to improve current therapies.
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13
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Lai H, Li J, Kou X, Mao X, Zhao W, Ma L. Extracellular Vesicles for Dental Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010282. [PMID: 36678909 PMCID: PMC9862817 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound particles derived from their original cells, which play critical roles in intercellular communication through their cargoes, including protein, lipids, and nucleic acids. According to their biogenesis and release pathway, EVs can be divided into three categories: apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), microvesicles (MVs), and small EVs (sEVs). Recently, the role of EVs in oral disease has received close attention. In this review, the main characteristics of EVs are described, including their classification, biogenesis, biomarkers, and components. Moreover, the therapeutic mechanism of EVs in tissue regeneration is discussed. We further summarize the current status of EVs in pulp/periodontal tissue regeneration and discuss the potential mechanisms. The therapeutic potential of EVs in pulp and periodontal regeneration might involve the promotion of tissue regeneration and immunomodulatory capabilities. Furthermore, we highlight the current challenges in the translational use of EVs. This review would provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic strategies of EVs in dental pulp and periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Lai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Xueli Mao
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (L.M.)
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (L.M.)
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14
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Carneiro TX, Marrese DG, Dos Santos MG, Gonçalves MV, Novis YAS, Rizzatti EG, Rocha V, Sandes AF, de Lacerda MP, Arrais-Rodrigues C. Circulating extracellular vesicles as a predictive biomarker for acute graft-versus-host disease. Exp Hematol 2023; 117:15-23. [PMID: 36400315 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis and management of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have remained important challenges in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Novel diagnostic methods and therapeutic interventions are needed to further improve on patient outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are microvesicles formed by the inversion of the phospholipid bilayer of different cellular subtypes and have been described as biomarkers of cellular damage, activation, and intercellular signaling in numerous clinical scenarios. We studied the association between the levels of EV and the incidence of acute GVHD (aGVHD). Forty patients undergoing allo-SCT for hematological malignancies had their plasma collected at neutrophil engraftment. Using flow cytometry combined with fluorescent beads, the total circulating EV count (TEV) was established with annexin V positivity; CD61 positivity was used for platelet-derived EV (PEV), and CD235 positivity, for erythrocyte-derived EV (EryEV). TEV counts greater than 516/μL were associated with a higher cumulative incidence (CI) of grade II to IV aGVHD (54% vs. 21%; p = 0.02), as were EryEV counts above 357 /μL (CI of aGVHD: 59% vs. 26%; p = 0.04). In patients who are exposed to reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), stronger associations of both high TEV and EryEV counts with aGVHD were observed (77% vs. 22%; p = 0.003 and 89% vs. 27%; p = 0.002, respectively). PEV levels were not associated with the risk of aGVHD. Our data suggest that the measurement of cell-derived EV at engraftment can be used as a preemptive biomarker for acute GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Xavier Carneiro
- Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sirio Libanes, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Disciplina de Hematologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daniella Gregolin Marrese
- Disciplina de Hematologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil; Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melina Gonçalves Dos Santos
- Disciplina de Hematologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil; Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Vescovi Gonçalves
- Disciplina de Hematologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil; Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanderson Rocha
- Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sirio Libanes, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Celso Arrais-Rodrigues
- Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sirio Libanes, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Disciplina de Hematologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Adnani L, Spinelli C, Tawil N, Rak J. Role of extracellular vesicles in cancer-specific interactions between tumour cells and the vasculature. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 87:196-213. [PMID: 36371024 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression impacts and exploits the vascular system in several highly consequential ways. Among different types of vascular cells, blood cells and mediators that are engaged in these processes, endothelial cells are at the centre of the underlying circuitry, as crucial constituents of angiogenesis, angiocrine stimulation, non-angiogenic vascular growth, interactions with the coagulation system and other responses. Tumour-vascular interactions involve soluble factors, extracellular matrix molecules, cell-cell contacts, as well as extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying assemblies of molecular effectors. Oncogenic mutations and transforming changes in the cancer cell genome, epigenome and signalling circuitry exert important and often cancer-specific influences upon pathways of tumour-vascular interactions, including the biogenesis, content, and biological activity of EVs and responses of cancer cells to them. Notably, EVs may carry and transfer bioactive, oncogenic macromolecules (oncoproteins, RNA, DNA) between tumour and vascular cells and thereby elicit unique functional changes and forms of vascular growth and remodeling. Cancer EVs influence the state of the vasculature both locally and systemically, as exemplified by cancer-associated thrombosis. EV-mediated communication pathways represent attractive targets for therapies aiming at modulation of the tumour-vascular interface (beyond angiogenesis) and could also be exploited for diagnostic purposes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Adnani
- McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Nadim Tawil
- McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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16
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Medium Extracellular Vesicles—A Qualitative and Quantitative Biomarker of Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112856. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, the diagnosis of prostate cancer has been understated. Despite the relatively low mortality rate, prostate cancer is still one of the most common neoplasms in men, which proves the need for continuous improvements in the diagnostics of this disease. New biomarkers may address these challenges in the form of extracellular vesicles (EV) secreted by prostate cancer cells. The available literature in the PubMed, SCOPUS, and ResearchGate databases from the last ten years was analyzed using search phrases such as extracellular vesicles, microparticles, microvesicles, cancer biomarkers, and prostate cancer. Then, the research was selected in terms of the size of the tested EVs (the EV medium of 100–1000 nm diameter, was taken into account), the latest versions of the literature were selected and compiled, and their results were compared. The group of extracellular vesicles contain a substantial amount of genetic information that can be used in research on the specificity of prostate cancer and other cancers. So far, it has been shown that EVs produced by PCa cells express proteins specific for these cells, which, thanks to their specificity, can make EV useful biomarkers of prostate cancer. Moreover, the importance of the quantitative release of EV from PCa cells has been demonstrated, which may be necessary to diagnose prostate cancer malignancy. Each method positively correlates with Gleason’s results and is even characterized by greater diagnostic sensitivity. Medium extracellular vesicles are a promising research material, and their specificity and sensitivity may allow them to be used in future prostate cancer diagnostics as biomarkers.
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17
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The potential applications of microparticles in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of lung cancer. Lab Invest 2022; 20:404. [PMID: 36064415 PMCID: PMC9444106 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are 100–1000 nm heterogeneous submicron membranous vesicles derived from various cell types that express surface proteins and antigenic profiles suggestive of their cellular origin. MPs contain a diverse array of bioactive chemicals and surface receptors, including lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, which are essential for cell-to-cell communication. The tumour microenvironment (TME) is enriched with MPs that can directly affect tumour progression through their interactions with receptors. Liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive test, is a promising alternative to tissue biopsy for the early screening of lung cancer (LC). The diverse biomolecular information from MPs provides a number of potential biomarkers for LC risk assessment, early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance. Remodelling the TME, which profoundly influences immunotherapy and clinical outcomes, is an emerging strategy to improve immunotherapy. Tumour-derived MPs can reverse drug resistance and are ideal candidates for the creation of innovative and effective cancer vaccines. This review described the biogenesis and components of MPs and further summarised their main isolation and quantification methods. More importantly, the review presented the clinical application of MPs as predictive biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, their role as therapeutic drug carriers, particularly in anti-tumour drug resistance, and their utility as cancer vaccines. Finally, we discussed current challenges that could impede the clinical use of MPs and determined that further studies on the functional roles of MPs in LC are required.
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18
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Boilard E, Bellio M. Platelet extracellular vesicles and the secretory interactome join forces in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2022; 312:38-51. [PMID: 35899405 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles released by cells under various conditions. They are found in the extracellular milieu in all biological fluids. As the concentrations, contents, and origin of EVs can change during inflammation, the assessment of EVs can be used as a proxy of cellular activation. Here, we review the literature regarding EVs, more particularly those released by platelets and their mother cells, the megakaryocytes. Their cargo includes cytokines, growth factors, organelles (mitochondria and proteasomes), nucleic acids (messenger and non-coding RNA), transcription factors, and autoantigens. EVs may thus contribute to intercellular communication by facilitating exchange of material between cells. EVs also interact with other molecules secreted by cells. In autoimmune diseases, EVs are associated with antibodies secreted by B cells. By definition, EVs necessarily comprise a phospholipid moiety, which is thus the target of secreted phospholipases also abundantly expressed in the extracellular milieu. We discuss how platelet-derived EVs, which represent the majority of the circulating EVs, may contribute to immunity through the activity of their cargo or in combination with the secretory interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Boilard
- Département de microbiologie-immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Axe maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Bellio
- Département de microbiologie-immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Axe maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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19
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Circulating Exosome Cargoes Contain Functionally Diverse Cancer Biomarkers: From Biogenesis and Function to Purification and Potential Translational Utility. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143350. [PMID: 35884411 PMCID: PMC9318395 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diagnostic and therapeutic treatments of cancer have tremendously improved over the past two decades, the indolent nature of its symptoms has made early detection challenging. Thus, inter-disciplinary (genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and lipidomic) research efforts have been focused on the non-invasive identification of unique "silver bullet" cancer biomarkers for the design of ultra-sensitive molecular diagnostic assays. Circulating tumor biomarkers, such as CTCs and ctDNAs, which are released by tumors in the circulation, have already demonstrated their clinical utility for the non-invasive detection of certain solid tumors. Considering that exosomes are actively produced by all cells, including tumor cells, and can be found in the circulation, they have been extensively assessed for their potential as a source of circulating cell-specific biomarkers. Exosomes are particularly appealing because they represent a stable and encapsulated reservoir of active biological compounds that may be useful for the non-invasive detection of cancer. T biogenesis of these extracellular vesicles is profoundly altered during carcinogenesis, but because they harbor unique or uniquely combined surface proteins, cancer biomarker studies have been focused on their purification from biofluids, for the analysis of their RNA, DNA, protein, and lipid cargoes. In this review, we evaluate the biogenesis of normal and cancer exosomes, provide extensive information on the state of the art, the current purification methods, and the technologies employed for genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and lipidomic evaluation of their cargoes. Our thorough examination of the literature highlights the current limitations and promising future of exosomes as a liquid biopsy for the identification of circulating tumor biomarkers.
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20
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Bhadra A, Scruggs AK, Leavesley SJ, Annamdevula N, George AH, Britain AL, Francis CM, Knighten JM, Rich TC, Bauer NN. Extracellular vesicle-induced cyclic AMP signaling. Cell Signal 2022; 95:110348. [PMID: 35504529 PMCID: PMC10676271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Second messenger signaling is required for cellular processes. We previously reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from stimulated cultured endothelial cells contain the biochemical second messenger, cAMP. In the current study, we sought to determine whether cAMP-enriched EVs induce second messenger signaling pathways in naïve recipient cells. Our results indicate that cAMP-enriched EVs increase cAMP content sufficient to stimulate PKA activity. The implications of our work are that EVs represent a novel intercellular mechanism for second messenger, specifically cAMP, signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Bhadra
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - April K Scruggs
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Silas J Leavesley
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Naga Annamdevula
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - April H George
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Andrea L Britain
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Christopher M Francis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Jennifer M Knighten
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Thomas C Rich
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Natalie N Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America.
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21
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Retana Moreira L, Steller Espinoza MF, Chacón Camacho N, Cornet-Gomez A, Sáenz-Arce G, Osuna A, Lomonte B, Abrahams Sandí E. Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by a Clinical Isolate of Naegleria fowleri and Identification of Immunogenic Components within Their Protein Cargo. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:983. [PMID: 36101365 PMCID: PMC9312180 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid vesicles released by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, involved in intercellular communication, immunomodulation and pathogenesis. In this study, we performed a characterization of the EVs produced by trophozoites of a clinical isolate of the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri). Size distribution, zeta potential, protein profile and protease activity were analyzed. Under our incubation conditions, EVs of different sizes were observed, with a predominant population ranging from 206 to 227 nm. SDS-PAGE revealed protein bands of 25 to 260 KDa. The presence of antigenic proteins was confirmed by Western blot, which evidenced strongest recognition by rat polyclonal antibodies raised against N. fowleri in the region close to 80 KDa and included peptidases, as revealed by zymography. Proteins in selected immunorecognized bands were further identified using nano-ESI-MS/MS. A preliminary proteomic profile of the EVs identified at least 184 proteins as part of the vesicles' cargo. Protease activity assays, in combination with the use of inhibitors, revealed the predominance of serine proteases. The present characterization uncovers the complexity of EVs produced by N. fowleri, suggesting their potential relevance in the release of virulence factors involved in pathogenicity. Owing to their cargo's diversity, further research on EVs could reveal new therapeutic targets or biomarkers for developing rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for lethal infections such as the one caused by this amoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Retana Moreira
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; (M.F.S.E.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.)
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - María Fernanda Steller Espinoza
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; (M.F.S.E.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Natalia Chacón Camacho
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; (M.F.S.E.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Alberto Cornet-Gomez
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Campus de Fuentenueva, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.C.-G.); (A.O.)
| | | | - Antonio Osuna
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Campus de Fuentenueva, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.C.-G.); (A.O.)
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
| | - Elizabeth Abrahams Sandí
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; (M.F.S.E.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.)
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
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22
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Kanakalakshmi ST, Swaminathan SM, Basthi Mohan P, Nagaraju SP, Bhojaraja MV, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL. Microparticles in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:418-425. [PMID: 35568209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetickidneydisease(DKD)isthemostcommoncauseofrenal failure and a major contributor to the socioeconomic burden in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients worldwide. The pathogenesis of DKD involves all the structures in the nephron, and it is indicated by proteinuria, hypertension, and progressive decline in renal function, leading tosubstantialmorbidityandmortality. Due to the limitations of currently available standard markers (albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate) in the diagnosis and clinical grading of DKD, it's time to have novel biomarkers for early detection, targeted and effective therapy to prevent the progression. Microparticles (MPs) are extracellular vesicles measuring 0.1 to 1 micron derived by cytoskeletal reorganization in the form of cytoplasmic blebs which alters the phospholipid cytochemistry of the cell membrane. They are shed during cell activation and apoptosis as well as plays an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Over the last few decades, both plasma and urinary MPs have been investigated, validated and the preliminary research looks promising. With alterations in their number and composition documented in clinical situations involving both Type1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, microparticles assay appears to be promising in early diagnosis and prognostication of DKD. WecoverthebasicsofmicroparticlesandtheirinvolvementinDKDinthisreviewarticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Thimmaiah Kanakalakshmi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilna Muttickal Swaminathan
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Basthi Mohan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Nagaraju
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan V Bhojaraja
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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23
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Irreversible alteration of extracellular vesicle and cell-free messenger RNA profiles in human plasma associated with blood processing and storage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2099. [PMID: 35136102 PMCID: PMC8827089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and utility of clinically relevant circulating biomarkers depend on standardized methods that minimize preanalytical errors. Despite growing interest in studying extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cell-free messenger RNA (cf-mRNA) as potential biomarkers, how blood processing and freeze/thaw impacts the profiles of these analytes in plasma was not thoroughly understood. We utilized flow cytometric analysis to examine the effect of differential centrifugation and a freeze/thaw cycle on EV profiles. Utilizing flow cytometry postacquisition analysis software (FCMpass) to calibrate light scattering and fluorescence, we revealed how differential centrifugation and post-freeze/thaw processing removes and retains EV subpopulations. Additionally, cf-mRNA levels measured by RT-qPCR profiles from a panel of housekeeping, platelet, and tissue-specific genes were preferentially affected by differential centrifugation and post-freeze/thaw processing. Critically, freezing plasma containing residual platelets yielded irreversible ex vivo generation of EV subpopulations and cf-mRNA transcripts, which were not removable by additional processing after freeze/thaw. Our findings suggest the importance of minimizing confounding variation attributed to plasma processing and platelet contamination.
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24
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Mikołajczyk K, Spyt D, Zielińska W, Żuryń A, Faisal I, Qamar M, Świniarski P, Grzanka A, Gagat M. The Important Role of Endothelium and Extracellular Vesicles in the Cellular Mechanism of Aortic Aneurysm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313157. [PMID: 34884962 PMCID: PMC8658239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis is a fundamental property of biological systems consisting of the ability to maintain a dynamic balance of the environment of biochemical processes. The action of endogenous and exogenous factors can lead to internal balance disorder, which results in the activation of the immune system and the development of inflammatory response. Inflammation determines the disturbances in the structure of the vessel wall, connected with the change in their diameter. These disorders consist of accumulation in the space between the endothelium and the muscle cells of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), resulting in the formation of fatty streaks narrowing the lumen and restricting the blood flow in the area behind the structure. The effect of inflammation may also be pathological dilatation of the vessel wall associated with the development of aneurysms. Described disease entities strongly correlate with the increased migration of immune cells. Recent scientific research indicates the secretion of specific vesicular structures during migration activated by the inflammation. The review focuses on the link between endothelial dysfunction and the inflammatory response and the impact of these processes on the development of disease entities potentially related to the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Mikołajczyk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Dominika Spyt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Wioletta Zielińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Żuryń
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Inaz Faisal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Murtaz Qamar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Piotr Świniarski
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Alina Grzanka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Couch Y, Buzàs EI, Vizio DD, Gho YS, Harrison P, Hill AF, Lötvall J, Raposo G, Stahl PD, Théry C, Witwer KW, Carter DRF. A brief history of nearly EV-erything - The rise and rise of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12144. [PMID: 34919343 PMCID: PMC8681215 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small cargo-bearing vesicles released by cells into the extracellular space. The field of EVs has grown exponentially over the past two decades; this growth follows the realisation that EVs are not simply a waste disposal system as had originally been suggested by some, but also a complex cell-to-cell communication mechanism. Indeed, EVs have been shown to transfer functional cargo between cells and can influence several biological processes. These small biological particles are also deregulated in disease. As we approach the 75th anniversary of the first experiments in which EVs were unknowingly isolated, it seems right to take stock and look back on how the field started, and has since exploded into its current state. Here we review the early experiments, summarise key findings that have propelled the field, describe the growth of an organised EV community, discuss the current state of the field, and identify key challenges that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Edit I. Buzàs
- Department of Genetics, Cell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- ELKH‐SE Immune‐Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research GroupBudapestHungary
- HCEMM‐SU Extracellular Vesicles Research GroupBudapestHungary
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of SurgeryPathology & Laboratory MedicineCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsLa Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut CurieParis Sciences et Lettres Research UniversityCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Structure and Membrane CompartmentsParisFrance
| | - Philip D. Stahl
- Department of Cell BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Clotilde Théry
- INSERM U932Institut CurieParis Sciences et Lettres Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Neurology, and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s DiseaseThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - David R. F. Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesFaculty of Health and Life SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
- Evox Therapeutics LimitedOxford Science ParkOxfordOX4 4HGUK
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26
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Margaroli C, Russell D. Extracellular Vesicles: Progress and Challenges in the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Cocaine-associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:341-342. [PMID: 34166601 PMCID: PMC8525209 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0222ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Derek Russell
- Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center Birmingham, Alabama
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27
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Stotz HU, Brotherton D, Inal J. Communication is key: Extracellular vesicles as mediators of infection and defence during host-microbe interactions in animals and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6358524. [PMID: 34448857 PMCID: PMC8767456 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now understood to be ubiquitous mediators of cellular communication. In this review, we suggest that EVs have evolved into a highly regulated system of communication with complex functions including export of wastes, toxins and nutrients, targeted delivery of immune effectors and vectors of RNA silencing. Eukaryotic EVs come in different shapes and sizes and have been classified according to their biogenesis and size distributions. Small EVs (or exosomes) are released through fusion of endosome-derived multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Medium EVs (or microvesicles) bud off the plasma membrane as a form of exocytosis. Finally, large EVs (or apoptotic bodies) are produced as a result of the apoptotic process. This review considers EV secretion and uptake in four eukaryotic kingdoms, three of which produce cell walls. The impacts cell walls have on EVs in plants and fungi are discussed, as are roles of fungal EVs in virulence. Contributions of plant EVs to development and innate immunity are presented. Compelling cases are sporophytic self-incompatibility and cellular invasion by haustorium-forming filamentous pathogens. The involvement of EVs in all of these eukaryotic processes is reconciled considering their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik U Stotz
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Dominik Brotherton
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Jameel Inal
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.,School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, UK
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28
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Liu T, Wang J, Li T, Cui P, Hou B, Zhuang C, Wei G, Zhang S, Li H, Hu Y. Predicting disease progression in advanced non-small cell lung cancer with circulating neutrophil-derived and platelet-derived microparticles. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:939. [PMID: 34416874 PMCID: PMC8379720 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MPs) are extracellular vesicles that are associated with cancer development and progression. Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still shows disease progression after multiple lines of treatment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the correlation between circulating MPs and disease progression in advanced NSCLC, and to find a new method for concise and rapid determination of disease progression. METHODS Patients with advanced NSCLC admitted to hospital between October 2019 and October 2020 were included and divided into objective remission (OR) and progressive disease (PD) groups. The morphology of MPs was observed using transmission electron microscopy. The circulating total MPs, neutrophil MPs (NMPs), and platelet MPs (PMPs) before and after treatment were detected by flow cytometry, and a predictive model for disease progression in advanced NSCLC was developed. RESULTS Eighty-six patients were included; 60 in the OR group and 26 in the PD group. There was no significant difference in total MPs, NMPs, or PMPs at baseline between the two groups. After treatment, total MPs, NMPs, and PMPs were significantly higher in the PD than those in the OR group. Multivariate regression analysis showed that post-treatment NMPs≥160 events/μL(OR,3.748;95%CI,1.147-12.253,p = 0.029), PMPs≥80 events/μL(OR,10.968;95%CI,2.973-40.462,p < 0.0001) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥3.3 (OR,4.929;95%CI,1.483-16.375,p = 0.009) were independently associated with progression of advanced NSCLC. Post-treatment NMPs and PMPs combined with NLR were used to build a predictive model for progression of advanced NSCLC. The area under the curve was 0.825 (95%CI,0.715-0.934, p < 0.0001), optimal cut-off value was 16, sensitivity was 80.8%, and specificity was 88.3%. CONCLUSION NMPs and PMPs are associated with progression of advanced NSCLC. The predictive model for progression of advanced NSCLC, established combining NMPs, PMPs, and NLR, can screen out 80.8% of patients with PD. This is helpful for real-time accurate, concise and rapid assessment of disease progression and timely adjustment of drug therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800020223 . Registered 20 December 2018, http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Centre of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Tao Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Baicun Hou
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhuang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ge Wei
- People Liberation Army Haidian District 17th Retired Cadres Rest Home, Beijing, 100143, PR China
| | - Sujie Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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29
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Xu Y, Yu Y, Yang B, Hui J, Zhang C, Fang H, Bian X, Tao M, Lu Y, Shang Z. Extracellular Mitochondrial Components and Effects on Cardiovascular Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:1131-1143. [PMID: 34370602 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides being powerhouses of the cell, mitochondria released into extracellular space act as intercellular signaling. Mitochondria and their components mediate cell-to-cell communication in free form or embedded in a carrier. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is complex, which shows close relationship with inflammation and metabolic abnormalities. Since mitochondria sustain optimal function of the heart, extracellular mitochondria are emerging as a key regulator in the development of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we provide recent findings in the presence and forms of mitochondria transfer between cells, as well as the effects of these mitochondria on vascular inflammation and ischemic myocardium. Mitochondrial transplantation is a novel treatment paradigm for patients suffering from acute cardiovascular accident and challenges the traditional methods of mitochondria isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanhua Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingjiao Hui
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yipeng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenglu Shang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
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30
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Liu T, Wang J, Yuan Y, Wu J, Wang C, Gu Y, Li H. Early warning of bloodstream infection in elderly patients with circulating microparticles. Ann Intensive Care 2021; 11:110. [PMID: 34255213 PMCID: PMC8276897 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-021-00901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The difficulty of early diagnosis of bloodstream infection in the elderly patients leads to high mortality. Therefore, it is essential to determine some new methods of early warning of bloodstream infection in the elderly patients for timely adjustment of treatment and improvement of prognosis. Methods Patients aged over 65 years with suspected bloodstream infections were included and divided into bloodstream infection (BSI) and non-bloodstream infection (non-BSI) groups based on blood culture results. The morphology of microparticles (MPs) was observed by using transmission electron microscopy, and the number of MPs was dynamically monitored by flow cytometry. Results A total of 140 patients were included in the study: 54 in the BSI group and 86 in the non-BSI group. Total MPs (T-MPs) ≥ 6000 events/µL (OR, 7.693; 95% CI 2.944–20.103, P < 0.0001), neutrophil-derived MPs (NMPs) ≥ 500 events/µL (OR, 12.049; 95% CI 3.574–40.623, P < 0.0001), and monocyte counts ≤ 0.4 × 109/L (OR, 3.637; 95% CI 1.415–9.348, P = 0.007) within 6 h of fever were independently associated with bloodstream infection in the elderly patients. We also developed an early warning model for bloodstream infection in the elderly patients with an area under the curve of 0.884 (95% CI 0.826–0.942, P < 0.0001), sensitivity of 86.8%, specificity of 76.5%, positive predictive value of 70.8%, and negative predictive value of 89.8%. Conclusion The early warning model of bloodstream infection based on circulating T-MPs, NMPs, and monocyte counts within 6 h of fever in the elderly patients was helpful in early detection of bloodstream infection and therefore promptly adjustment of treatment plan. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13613-021-00901-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Centre of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jionghe Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yueqin Gu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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31
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Kang M, Jordan V, Blenkiron C, Chamley LW. Biodistribution of extracellular vesicles following administration into animals: A systematic review. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12085. [PMID: 34194679 PMCID: PMC8224174 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, attention has turned to examining the biodistribution of EVs in recipient animals to bridge between knowledge of EV function in vitro and in vivo. We undertook a systematic review of the literature to summarize the biodistribution of EVs following administration into animals. There were time-dependent changes in the biodistribution of small-EVs which were most abundant in the liver. Detection peaked in the liver and kidney in the first hour after administration, while distribution to the lungs and spleen peaked between 2-12 h. Large-EVs were most abundant in the lungs with localization peaking in the first hour following administration and decreased between 2-12 h. In contrast, large-EV localization to the liver increased as the levels in the lungs decreased. There was moderate to low localization of large-EVs to the kidneys while localization to the spleen was typically low. Regardless of the origin or size of the EVs or the recipient species into which the EVs were administered, the biodistribution of the EVs was largely to the liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen. There was extreme variability in the methodology between studies and we recommend that guidelines should be developed to promote standardization where possible of future EV biodistribution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Vanessa Jordan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Molecular Medicine and PathologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Lawrence W. Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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32
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Price J, Gardiner C, Harrison P. Platelet-enhanced plasma: Characterization of a novel candidate resuscitation fluid's extracellular vesicle content, clotting parameters, and thrombin generation capacity. Transfusion 2021; 61:2179-2194. [PMID: 33948950 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet transfusion is challenging in emergency medicine because of short platelet shelf life and stringent storage conditions. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEV) exhibit platelet-like properties. A plasma generated from expired platelet units rich in procoagulant PEV may be able to combine the benefits of plasma and platelets for resuscitation while increasing shelf life and utilizing an otherwise wasted resource. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Freeze-thaw cycling of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) followed by centrifugation to remove platelet remnants was utilized to generate platelet-enhanced plasma (PEP). An in vitro model of dilutional coagulopathy was also designed and used to test PEP. Rotational thromboelastometry and calibrated automated thrombography were used to assess clotting and extracellular vesicles (EV) procoagulant activity. Capture arrays were used to specifically measure EV subpopulations of interest (ExoView™, NanoView Biosciences). Captured vesicles were quantified and labeled with Annexin-V-FITC, CD41-PE, and CD63-AF647. Platelet alpha granule content (platelet-derived growth factor AB, soluble P-selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and neutrophil activating peptide 2-chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7) was measured. Commercially available platelet lysates were also characterized. RESULTS PEP is highly procoagulant, rich in growth factors, exhibits enhanced thrombin generation, and restores hemostasis within an in vitro model of dilutional coagulopathy. The predominant vesicle population were PEV with 7.0 × 109 CD41+PS+ EV/ml compared to 4.7 × 107 CD41+PS+ EV/ml in platelet-free plasma (p = .0079). Commercial lysates show impaired but rescuable clotting. DISCUSSION PEP is a unique candidate resuscitation fluid containing high PEV concentration with preliminary evidence, indicating a potential for upscaling the approach using platelet concentrates. Commercial lysate manufacturer workflows may be suitable for this, but further optimization and characterization of PEP is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Price
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chris Gardiner
- Haemostasis Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Oggero S, de Gaetano M, Marcone S, Fitzsimons S, Pinto AL, Ikramova D, Barry M, Burke D, Montero-Melendez T, Cooper D, Burgoyne T, Belton O, Norling LV, Brennan EP, Godson C, Perretti M. Extracellular vesicles from monocyte/platelet aggregates modulate human atherosclerotic plaque reactivity. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:12084. [PMID: 33936566 PMCID: PMC8077084 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as key players in different stages of atherosclerosis. Here we provide evidence that EVs released by mixed aggregates of monocytes and platelets in response to TNF‐α display pro‐inflammatory actions on endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaques. Tempering platelet activation with Iloprost, Aspirin or a P2Y12 inhibitor impacted quantity and phenotype of EV produced. Proteomics of EVs from cells activated with TNF‐α alone or in the presence of Iloprost revealed a distinct composition, with interesting hits like annexin‐A1 and gelsolin. When added to human atherosclerotic plaque explants, EVs from TNF‐α stimulated monocytes augmented release of cytokines. In contrast, EVs generated by TNF‐α together with Iloprost produced minimal plaque activation. Notably, patients with coronary artery disease that required percutaneous coronary intervention had elevated plasma numbers of monocyte, platelet as well as double positive EV subsets. In conclusion, EVs released following monocyte/platelet activation may play a potential role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Whereas attenuating platelet activation modifies EV composition released from monocyte/platelet aggregates, curbing their pro‐inflammatory actions may offer therapeutic avenues for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Oggero
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Monica de Gaetano
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Simone Marcone
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Stephen Fitzsimons
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Dinara Ikramova
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Mary Barry
- Department of Vascular Surgery St. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - David Burke
- Department of Vascular Surgery St. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust London UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences University College London London UK
| | - Orina Belton
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Lucy V Norling
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Eoin P Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
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Abstract
Circulating microparticles in human plasma may play a significant role in thrombogenesis because they carry the initiator of blood coagulation, tissue factor. Microparticles in blood are derived from diverse cell types, including erythrocytes, endothelial cells and platelets. Thrombin generation is an important part of the coagulation system and might be influenced by the presence of microparticles in the circulation. With this study, we determined the contribution of microparticles to increased thrombin generation in plasma samples received for thrombophilia workup and compare that with normal plasma. Microparticles were isolated from 50 plasma samples with increased thrombin generation and 20 plasma samples with normal thrombin generation, using filtration. Thrombin generation assay were performed by adding a low concentration of tissue factor-containing phospholipids and a fluorescence substrate for thrombin formation to plasma samples and measuring fluorescence at 1-min intervals over a period of 90 min on all samples (with and without the presence of microparticles). The peak thrombin, velocity-index and area under the curve were calculated. Microparticles contribute to the different parameters in samples with increased thrombin generation as follows: 50 ± 19% for peak thrombin, 58 ± 24% for velocity-index and 35 ± 13% for area under the curve. Microparticles did not contribute to thrombin generation in plasma samples with normal thrombin generation. Microparticles play a significant role in coagulation and contribute largely to increased thrombin generation in plasma; however, microparticles do not contribute to coagulation in the plasma of participants with normal thrombin generation.
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35
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Diverse Populations of Extracellular Vesicles with Opposite Functions during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02357-20. [PMID: 33361424 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02357-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all types of cells as a means of intercellular communication. Their significance lies in the fact that they can alter recipient cell functions, despite their limited capacity for cargo. We have previously demonstrated that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection influences the cargo and functions of EVs released by infected cells and that these EVs negatively impact a subsequent HSV-1 infection. In the present study, we have implemented cutting-edge technologies to further characterize EVs released during HSV-1 infection. We identified distinct EV populations that were separable through a gradient approach. One population was positive for the tetraspanin CD63 and was distinct from EVs carrying components of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT). Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) combined with protein analysis indicated that the production of CD63+ EVs was selectively induced upon HSV-1 infection. The ExoView platform supported these data and suggested that the amount of CD63 per vesicle is larger upon infection. This platform also identified EV populations positive for other tetraspanins, including CD81 and CD9, whose abundance decreased upon HSV-1 infection. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was found in CD63+ EVs released during HSV-1 infection, while viral components were found in ESCRT+ EVs. Functional characterization of these EVs demonstrated that they have opposite effects on the infection, but the dominant effect was negative. Overall, we have identified the dominant population of EVs, and other EV populations produced during HSV-1 infection, and we have provided information about potential roles.IMPORTANCE Extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication and convey messages important for cell homeostasis. Pathways of EV biogenesis are often hijacked by pathogens to facilitate their dissemination and to establish a favorable microenvironment for the infection. We have previously shown that HSV-1 infection alters the cargo and functions of the released EVs, which negatively impact the infection. We have built upon our previous findings by developing procedures to separate EV populations from HSV-1-infected cells. We identified the major population of EVs released during infection, which carries the DNA sensor STING and has an antiviral effect. We also identified an EV population that carries selected viral proteins and has a proviral role. This is the first study to characterize EV populations during infection. These data indicate that the complex interactions between the virus and the host are extended to the extracellular environment and could impact HSV-1 dissemination and persistence in the host.
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Fujimoto S, Fujita Y, Kadota T, Araya J, Kuwano K. Intercellular Communication by Vascular Endothelial Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their MicroRNAs in Respiratory Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:619697. [PMID: 33614707 PMCID: PMC7890564 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.619697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases and their comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and muscle atrophy, have been increasing in the world. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes and microvesicles, are released from almost all cell types and play crucial roles in intercellular communication, both in the regulation of homeostasis and the pathogenesis of various diseases. Exosomes are of endosomal origin and range in size from 50 to 150 nm in diameter, while microvesicles are generated by the direct outward budding of the plasma membrane in size ranges of 100-2,000 nm in diameter. EVs can contain various proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids, such as mRNA, non-coding RNA species, and DNA fragments. In addition, these nucleic acids in EVs can be functional in recipient cells through EV cargo. The endothelium is a distributed organ of considerable biological importance, and disrupted endothelial function is involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Endothelial cell-derived EVs (EC-EVs) play crucial roles in both physiological and pathological conditions by traveling to distant sites through systemic circulation. This review summarizes the pathological roles of vascular microRNAs contained in EC-EVs in respiratory diseases, mainly focusing on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, this review discusses the potential clinical usefulness of EC-EVs as therapeutic agents in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Fujimoto
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Fujita
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Translational Research for Exosomes, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kadota
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Araya
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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The Future of Regenerative Medicine: Cell Therapy Using Pluripotent Stem Cells and Acellular Therapies Based on Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020240. [PMID: 33513719 PMCID: PMC7912181 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in the field of stem cell research has laid strong foundations for their use in regenerative medicine applications of injured or diseased tissues. Growing evidences indicate that some observed therapeutic outcomes of stem cell-based therapy are due to paracrine effects rather than long-term engraftment and survival of transplanted cells. Given their ability to cross biological barriers and mediate intercellular information transfer of bioactive molecules, extracellular vesicles are being explored as potential cell-free therapeutic agents. In this review, we first discuss the state of the art of regenerative medicine and its current limitations and challenges, with particular attention on pluripotent stem cell-derived products to repair organs like the eye, heart, skeletal muscle and skin. We then focus on emerging beneficial roles of extracellular vesicles to alleviate these pathological conditions and address hurdles and operational issues of this acellular strategy. Finally, we discuss future directions and examine how careful integration of different approaches presented in this review could help to potentiate therapeutic results in preclinical models and their good manufacturing practice (GMP) implementation for future clinical trials.
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Zhang S, Zhang J, Wang C, Chen X, Zhao X, Jing H, Liu H, Li Z, Wang L, Shi J. COVID‑19 and ischemic stroke: Mechanisms of hypercoagulability (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:21. [PMID: 33448315 PMCID: PMC7849983 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some patients with severe COVID-19 exhibited complications such as acute ischemic stroke (AIS), which was closely associated with a poor prognosis. These patients often had an abnormal coagulation, namely, elevated levels of D-dimer and fibrinogen, and a low platelet count. Certain studies have suggested that COVID-19 induces AIS by promoting hypercoagulability. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms through which COVID-19 leads to a hypercoagulable state in infected patients remain unclear. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of hypercoagulability is of utmost importance for the effective treatment of these patients. The present review aims to summarize the current status of research on COVID-19, hypercoagulability and ischemic stroke. The present review also aimed to shed light into the underlying mechanisms through which COVID-19 induces hypercoagulability, and to provide therapies for different mechanisms for the more effective treatment of patients with COVID-19 with ischemic stroke and prevent AIS during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Chunxu Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Zhuxin Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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39
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Sihombing MAEM, Safitri M, Zhou T, Wang L, McGinty S, Zhang HJ, Yin Y, Peng Q, Qiu J, Wang G. Unexpected Role of Nonimmune Cells: Amateur Phagocytes. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:157-171. [PMID: 33439750 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and efficient efferocytosis of dead cells and associated cellular debris are critical to tissue homeostasis and healing of injured tissues. This important task was previously thought to be restricted to professional phagocytes (PPs). However, accumulating evidence has revealed another type of phagocyte, the amateur phagocyte (AP), which can also participate in efferocytosis. APs are non-myeloid progenitor/nonimmune cells that include differentiated cells (e.g., epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells [ECs]) and stem cells (e.g., neuronal progenitor cells and mesenchymal cells) and can be found throughout the human body. Studies have shown that APs have two prominent roles: identifying and removing dead cells presumably before PPs reach the site of injury and assisting PPs in the removal of cell corpses and the resolution of inflamed tissue. With respect to the engulfment and degradation of dead cells, APs are slower and less efficient than PPs. However, APs are fundamental to preventing the spread of inflammation over a large area. In this review, we present the diversity and characteristics of healthy and non-neoplastic APs in mammals. We also propose a hypothetical mechanism of the efferocytosis of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized myelin debris by ECs (APs). Furthermore, the ingestion and clearance of dead cells can induce proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine production, endothelial activation, and cellular fate transition, which contribute to the progression of disease. An understanding of the role of APs is necessary to develop effective intervention strategies, including potential molecular targets for clinical diagnosis and drug development, for inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maic Audo Eybi Mayer Sihombing
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maharani Safitri
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sean McGinty
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Intervention, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxia Yin
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Denzhou, China
| | - Qin Peng
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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A Novel Pool of Microparticle Cholesterol Is Elevated in Rheumatoid Arthritis but Not in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239228. [PMID: 33287382 PMCID: PMC7730612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles are sub-micron, membrane-bound particles released from virtually all cells and which are present in the circulation. In several autoimmune disorders their amount and composition in the circulation is altered. Microparticle surface protein expression has been explored as a differentiating tool in autoimmune disorders where the clinical pictures can overlap. Here, we examine the utility of a novel lipid-based marker-microparticle cholesterol, present in all microparticles regardless of cellular origin-to distinguish between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We first isolated a series of microparticle containing lipoprotein deficient fractions from patient and control plasma. There were no significant differences in the size, structure or protein content of microparticles isolated from each group. Compared to controls, both patient groups contained significantly greater amounts of platelet and endothelial cell-derived microparticles. The cholesterol content of microparticle fractions isolated from RA patients was significantly greater than those from either SLE patients or healthy controls. Our data indicate that circulating non-lipoprotein microparticle cholesterol, which may account for 1-2% of measured cholesterol in patient samples, may represent a novel differentiator of disease, which is independent of cellular origin.
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41
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Dziedzic A, Miller E, Bijak M, Przyslo L, Saluk-Bijak J. Increased Pro-Thrombotic Platelet Activity Associated with Thrombin/PAR1-Dependent Pathway Disorder in Patients with Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207722. [PMID: 33086557 PMCID: PMC7589910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies confirm the high risk of ischemic events in multiple sclerosis (MS) that are associated with increased pro-thrombotic activity of blood platelets. The most potent physiological platelet agonist is thrombin, which activates platelets via cleavage of specific protease-activated receptors (PARs). Our current study is aimed to determine the potential genetics and proteomic abnormalities of PAR1 in both platelets and megakaryocytes, which may have thromboembolic consequences in the course of MS. The obtained results were correlated with the expression level of platelet and megakaryocyte transcripts for APOA1 and A2M genes encoding atherosclerosis biomarkers: apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and α-2-macroglobulin (α2M), respectively. Moreover, PAR1 functionality in MS platelets was assessed by flow cytometry, determining the level of platelet–platelet and platelet–leukocyte aggregates, platelet microparticles and surface expression of P-selectin. As a PAR1 agonist, the synthetic TRAP-6 peptide was used, which made it possible to achieve platelet activation in whole blood without triggering clotting. Comparative analyses showed an elevated level of platelet activation markers in the blood of MS patients compared to controls. The mRNA expression of gene coding α2M was upregulated, whilst ApoA1 was down-regulated, both in platelets and megakaryocytes from MS patients. Furthermore, we observed an increase in both mRNA expression and surface density of PAR1 in platelets and megakaryocytes in MS compared to controls. Both the level of platelet activation markers and PAR1 expression showed a high correlation with the expression of transcripts for APOA1 and A2M genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elzbieta Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Lukasz Przyslo
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Research Institute of Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-42-635-4336
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42
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Hussain MT, Iqbal AJ, Norling LV. The Role and Impact of Extracellular Vesicles in the Modulation and Delivery of Cytokines during Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7096. [PMID: 32993051 PMCID: PMC7584003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and extracellular vesicles are two methods of initiating and maintaining cellular crosstalk. The role of cytokines in the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammation has been well studied and more so, their pathophysiological role in the development of autoimmune disease. In recent years, the impact of extracellular vesicles on the progression of autoimmunity has become more widely appreciated. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that allow extracellular vesicles of various sources to modulate cytokine production, and release, and how extracellular vesicles might be involved in the direct delivery and modulation of cytokine levels. Moreover, we explore what challenges are faced by current therapies and the promising future for extracellular vesicles as therapeutic agents in conditions driven by immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Tayab Hussain
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Asif Jilani Iqbal
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Lucy Victoria Norling
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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Impact of Epicatechin on the Procoagulant Activities of Microparticles. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102935. [PMID: 32992756 PMCID: PMC7601556 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles play a role in cardiovascular disease pathology. The flavanol-like epicatechin is increasingly considered due to its cardioprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of epicatechin on microparticle generation, phenotype and procoagulant properties. Plasma samples from 15 healthy subjects were incubated with increasing concentrations of epicatechin (1 to 100 μM). Then, the expression of glycoprotein IIb, phosphatidylserine (PS), glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) and P-selectin was assessed by flow cytometry analysis after (or not) platelet stimulation. Microparticle procoagulant activity was determined using ZymuphenTM MP and ZymuphenTM MP-TF for phospholipid and tissue factor content, and with thrombin generation (TG) assays for procoagulant function. Platelet microparticles that express GPIb (/µL) decreased from 20,743 ± 24,985 (vehicle) to 14,939 ± 14,333 (p = 0.6), 21,366 ± 16,949 (p = 0.9) and 15,425 ± 9953 (p < 0.05) in samples incubated with 1, 10 and 100 µM epicatechin, respectively. Microparticle concentration (nM PS) decreased from 5.6 ± 2.0 (vehicle) to 5.1 ± 2.2 (p = 0.5), 4.5 ± 1.5 (p < 0.05) and 4.7 ± 2.0 (p < 0.05) in samples incubated with 1, 10 and 100µM epicatechin, respectively. Epicatechin had no impact on tissue factor-positive microparticle concentration. Epicatechin decreased TG (endogenous thrombin potential, nM.min) from 586 ± 302 to 509 ± 226 (p = 0.3), 512 ± 270 (p = 0.3) and 445 ± 283 (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that epicatechin affects microparticle release, phenotype and procoagulant properties.
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Zacharia E, Zacharias K, Papamikroulis GA, Bertsias D, Miliou A, Pallantza Z, Papageorgiou N, Tousoulis D. Cell-Derived Microparticles and Acute Coronary Syndromes: Is there a Predictive Role for Microparticles? Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4440-4468. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666191213104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background:Despite the recent advances in the treatment of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS), patients with ACS are still exposed to an increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events, while their prognosis is difficult to determine. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that cell-derived Microparticles (MPs) are associated with the underlying pathophysiological processes that are responsible for atherogenesis and may be causally implicated in the induction of atherothrombosis.Objective:In the present article, we aimed to review the available evidence regarding the predictive role of MPs in patients with ACS.Results:Evidence suggests that endothelial MPs are associated with future adverse cardiovascular events in patients with ACS. Platelet-derived MPs have been excessively studied, since they have been found to trigger the coagulation cascade; however, their role as predictors of future cardiovascular events remains debatable. The role of red blood cell-derived MPs is more intriguing; they have been proposed as markers of ongoing thrombosis in patients with ACS, while previous studies have shown that they have anti-coagulant properties in healthy individuals. Leukocyte-derived MPs may also have a predictive role, although the studies regarding these are still limited. Last but not least, it was an interesting discovery that circulating MPs can provide information regarding the angiographic lesions in patients with ACS.Conclusion:The concept of MPs as potential circulating biomarkers in patients with ACS holds much promise. However, large-scale clinical studies are required to evaluate whether the measurement of plasma MPs could be of clinical significance and, thus, dictate a more aggressive treatment strategy in patients with high levels of circulating MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effimia Zacharia
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Antigoni Miliou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Pallantza
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Extracellular Vesicles-Based Drug Delivery Systems: A New Challenge and the Exemplum of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155432. [PMID: 32751556 PMCID: PMC7432055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research for the most selective drug delivery to tumors represents a fascinating key target in science. Alongside the artificial delivery systems identified in the last decades (e.g., liposomes), a family of natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) has gained increasing focus for their potential use in delivering anticancer compounds. EVs are released by all cell types to mediate cell-to-cell communication both at the paracrine and the systemic levels, suggesting a role for them as an ideal nano-delivery system. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) stands out among currently untreatable tumors, also due to the difficulties in achieving an early diagnosis. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment of MPM are both unmet clinical needs. This review looks at indirect and direct evidence that EVs may represent both a new tool for allowing an early diagnosis of MPM and a potential new delivery system for more efficient therapeutic strategies. Since MPM is a relatively rare malignant tumor and preclinical MPM models developed to date are very few and not reliable, this review will report data obtained in other tumor types, suggesting the potential use of EVs in mesothelioma patients as well.
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Effect of Physical Exercise on the Release of Microparticles with Angiogenic Potential. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular communication has a fundamental role in both human physiological and pathological states and various mechanisms are involved in the crosstalk between organs. Among these, microparticles (MPs) have an important involvement. MPs are a subtype of extracellular vesicles produced by a variety of cells following activation or apoptosis. They are normally present in physiological conditions, but their concentration varies in pathological states such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, or cancer. Acute and chronic physical exercise are able to modify MPs amounts as well. Among various actions, exercise-responsive MPs affect angiogenesis, the process through which new blood vessels grow from pre-existing vessels. Usually, the neo vascular growth has functional role; but an aberrant neovascularization accompanies several oncogenic, ischemic, or inflammatory diseases. In addition, angiogenesis is one of the key adaptations to physical exercise and training. In the present review, we report evidence regarding the effect of various typologies of exercise on circulating MPs that are able to affect angiogenesis.
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The Course of Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicles in Patients Undergoing Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6381396. [PMID: 32382562 PMCID: PMC7193280 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6381396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, increasing efforts have been devoted to investigating the role of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in cardiovascular diseases. These nano-sized particles (30-150 nm), secreted by different cell types, contain signalling molecules that enable participation in intercellular communication processes. In this study, we examined the course of circulating sEVs in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and correlated them with echocardiographic and standard blood parameters. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 135 patients undergoing SAVR preoperatively and at three follow-up points. Circulating sEVs were precipitated using Exoquick™ exosome isolation reagent and analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Our findings indicate that no more than 7 days after SAVR, there was a marked increase of circulating sEVs before returning to initial values after 3 months. Further, shear stress is not a trigger for the formation and release of circulating sEVs. Moreover, we pointed out a correlation between circulating sEVs and erythrocytes as well as LDH and creatinine levels in peripheral blood. Finally, all patients with a moderate prosthesis-patient mismatch as well as with an impaired left ventricular mass regression had lower levels of circulating sEVs 3 months after SAVR compared to their respective status before surgery. We conclude that in patients with aortic valve stenosis (AVS), sEVs may play an important part in mediating cell-cell communication and SAVR may have a crucial and lasting impact on their circulating levels. Besides, lower levels of sEVs portend to be associated with inferior recovery after major surgical interventions. The additional use of circulating sEVs beyond echocardiographic and laboratory parameters could have a prognostic value to estimate adverse outcomes in patients undergoing SAVR.
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48
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Therapeutic Advances of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030707. [PMID: 32183102 PMCID: PMC7140663 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are the main paracrine components of stem cells, mimic the regenerative capacity of these cells. Stem cell-derived EVs (SC-EVs) have been used for the treatment of various forms of tissue injury in preclinical trials through maintenance of their stemness, induction of regenerative phenotypes, apoptosis inhibition, and immune regulation. The efficiency of SC-EVs may be enhanced by selecting the appropriate EV-producing cells and cell phenotypes, optimizing cell culture conditions for the production of optimal EVs, and further engineering the EVs produced to transport therapeutic and targeting molecules.
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49
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Hewes JL, Lee JY, Fagan KA, Bauer NN. The changing face of pulmonary hypertension diagnosis: a historical perspective on the influence of diagnostics and biomarkers. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894019892801. [PMID: 32110383 PMCID: PMC7000867 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019892801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a complex, multifactorial disease that results in right
heart failure and premature death. Since the initial reports of pulmonary
hypertension in the late 1800s, the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension has
evolved with respect to its definition, screening tools, and diagnostic
techniques. This historical perspective traces the earliest roots of pulmonary
hypertension detection and diagnosis through to the current recommendations for
classification. We highlight the diagnostic tools used in the past and present,
and end with a focus on the future directions of early detection. Early
detection of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension and the
proper determination of etiology are vital for the early therapeutic
intervention that can prolong life expectancy and improve quality of life. The
search for a non-invasive screening tool for the identification and
classification of pulmonary hypertension is ongoing, and we discuss the role of
animal models of the disease in this search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Hewes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Karen A Fagan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Natalie N Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Li JL, Zarbock A, Hidalgo A. Platelets as autonomous drones for hemostatic and immune surveillance. J Exp Med 2020; 214:2193-2204. [PMID: 28720569 PMCID: PMC5551582 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets participate in many important physiological processes, including hemostasis and immunity. However, despite their broad participation in these evolutionarily critical roles, the anucleate platelet is uniquely mammalian. In contrast with the large nucleated equivalents in lower vertebrates, we find that the design template for the evolutionary specialization of platelets shares remarkable similarities with human-engineered unmanned aerial vehicles in terms of overall autonomy, maneuverability, and expendability. Here, we review evidence illustrating how platelets are uniquely suited for surveillance and the manner in which they consequently provide various types of support to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson LiangYao Li
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Munich, Germany
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