Computer use and vision-related problems among university students in ajman, United arab emirate

Effect of different screen brightness and devices on online visual acuity test

PURPOSE

This study aimed to study the difference in test results of online visual acuity (VA) test under different devices and screen brightness conditions and to compare online VA test with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS).

METHODS

Healthy volunteers with the best corrected VA of 0.0 LogMAR or higher were recruited. VAs under ETDRS were tested first, and then online VA test (the Stanford Acuity Test, StAT) visual acuities using iPad Air2 and Microsoft Surface pro4 under 50% and 100% screen brightness were performed. The VA results and the testing times were compared between different devices and screen brightness conditions.

RESULTS

A total of 101 eyes were included in this study. The VA results measured by the StAT were better than those of ETDRS. The VA results measured at 100% screen brightness were better than those of 50% brightness (mean difference, 0.013 logMAR at most, less than 1 letter); the VA results measured by iPad Air2 were better than those of Surface pro4 (mean difference, -0.009 logMAR at most, less than 1 letter). Significantly less time was spent on VA testing under StAT than that under ETDRS.

CONCLUSION

The impact of screen brightness and the device on the VA results generated by online VA tests was clinically insignificant. In addition, online VA tests are found to be reliable and more time efficient than ETDRS.

Digital eye strain among medical students associated with shifting to e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic: An online survey

PURPOSE

This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, symptoms, and awareness of computer vision syndrome (CVS) among medical students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

METHODS

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 283 undergraduate medical students at a tertiary healthcare center. An electronic survey was conducted to collect the data. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23). The Chi-square test (Fisher's exact test when required) was used to study the significance of associations. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

A high prevalence of CVS was observed in which 92% reported at least one symptom while using a digital device, the most frequent being eye strain (49%). Among extraocular complaints, joint pain in the wrist and fingers was most frequent. Significant association (P < 0.05) of CVS was found with increased duration of digital device usage, refractive error, use of glasses or contact lens, preexisting dry eye disease, and use of topical eye drops. 37% of the participants were aware of the 20-20-20 rule, while only 11% followed it.

CONCLUSION

CVS is a common health concern among medical students. Hence, to increase the productivity of work, significant risk factors need to be addressed and awareness must be raised.

Computer vision syndrome and associated factors in university students and teachers in Nampula, Mozambique

BACKGROUND

Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a complex of eye and visual problems that arise while using a computer or other Video Display Terminal (DVT). With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of these DVTs has become indispensable in the lives of students and teachers. This study aims to identify the prevalence of CVS and associated factors in students and teachers at Lúrio University, in Nampula, during the pandemic period.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study, carried out between November 2020 and March 2021. The validated CVS questionnaire (CVS-Q) and another semi-structured questionnaire on ergonomic risk factors were applied. Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated to measure the association between CVS and computer use conditions.

RESULTS

The prevalence of CVS was 76.6%, and the female gender, age ≤ 20 years, levels I, II, III of course, lack of knowledge about ergonomics, use the computer to study, use more than 6 hours daily, absence of anti-reflex treatment, use of other devices and sitting in an inappropriate chair were risk factors for the occurrence of CVS, while being a teacher was a protective factor.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of CVS found in this study was high, due to several factors, especially not using ergonomic principles when using computers and other DVTs. There is a need to adopt intervention strategies focused on the most vulnerable groups such as women, age group ≤20 years and students, especially at the first year level, right after entering the University.

Ergonomic intervention program for office workers: a case study about its effect in computer vision syndrome and musculoskeletal discomfort

This study aims to develop and implement an ergonomic intervention program at the workplace of knowledge workers, and to evaluate its impact on the reduction of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) and musculoskeletal symptoms. 84 workers were part of the study (mean age 43.2 ± 9.7 years). The intervention included training, delivery of a packaging of artificial tears, and adjustments in workstations. It was conducted intensively along 6 weeks. Data was collected on-site, with questionnaires administered pre-intervention, 2 months after, and 4 months after. Participants exhibited behavioural changes, especially in workplace adjustments and visual rest. By the intervention's end, over 90% had correctly adjusted screens and adopted appropriate postures, while 42.7% adhered to the 20x20x20 rule. CVS severity and prevalence decreased, but not significantly across the three time points. Significant improvements were observed in upper back and neck musculoskeletal symptoms at the end of workdays. Findings suggest that an ergonomic intervention program can benefit employees by reducing visual and musculoskeletal symptoms.

Computer Vision Syndrome Among the General Population in the Eastern Region of Libya: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Aim To assess the prevalence and determine the risk factors of computer vision syndrome among the general population in the Eastern region of Libya. Methods This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and comprised a random sample of 407 Libyan adults from Eastern Libya. Data were collected using an online-based questionnaire. Statistical analysis of all the datasets was performed using SPSS software, version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The mean age of the participants was 32.1 years (SD=12.8), and most participants 281 (69%) were female. As for employment status, 261 (64.1%) were students, 70 (17.2%) were non-healthcare workers, and 46 (11.3%) were healthcare workers. The majority of participants, 353 (86.7%), used a computer seven days a week, with 187 (45.9%) of those participants using a computer for over six hours daily. Over one-third of participants, 157 (38.6%), had computer vision syndrome. Being over 45 years of age, being a student, and using a computer for over six hours a day were the main factors associated with computer vision syndrome. Neck pain was the most commonly reported complaint in 235 (57.5%). Conclusion Increased use of electronic devices is leading to a higher prevalence of computer vision syndrome. Our study emphasizes the need to raise awareness regarding computer vision syndrome among the general public and medical professionals.

Association of Computer Vision Syndrome with Depression/Anxiety among Lebanese Young Adults: The Mediating Effect of Stress

Computers have become indispensable in daily activities. With this excess use of electronics, computer vision syndrome (CVS), a highly prevalent condition, is associated with various symptoms. Although understanding the relationship between CVS and mental health has been reported, the impact of CVS has not been explored on more than one psychological aspect. We hypothesize that higher CVS symptoms could be associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, mediated by higher stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the association between CVS and depression and anxiety among a sample of Lebanese young adults, along with evaluating the mediating effect of stress on these associations. Between August 2020 and April 2021, 749 participants completed an online questionnaire for this cross-sectional study. Females compared to males (Beta = 3.73) and those with CVS compared to those who did not (Beta = 3.14) were significantly associated with more anxiety, whereas having a university level of education compared to secondary or less (Beta = -3.02) was significantly associated with less anxiety. Females compared to males (Beta = 2.55) and those with CVS compared to those without (Beta = 2.61) were significantly associated with more depression, whereas being of an older age (Beta = -0.18) was significantly associated with less depression. Stress partially mediated the association between CVS and anxiety and between CVS and depression. More CVS was significantly associated with more stress (Beta = 3.05). Higher stress was significantly associated with more anxiety (Beta = 0.70) and depression (Beta = 0.71), whereas more CVS was significantly and directly associated with more anxiety (Beta = 3.14) and depression (Beta = 2.61). This study is the first worldwide to evaluate an association between CVS and mental health. Our results serve as a starting point for healthcare providers (psychiatrists and psychologists, most importantly) to look deeper into CVS when looking for reasons behind mental health issues. Further studies are warranted to confirm our results and look for more factors and mediators in such associations.

Cross-Sectional Analyses of Factors Related to Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Children Using Online Learning Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand

Purpose

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced academic studies. Since 2019, most schools in Thailand have implemented online learning. Thus, several students are experiencing eye problems, including stinging, blurred vision, and epiphora. This study investigated the prevalence, eye symptoms, and characteristics associated with digital eye strain (DES) in children using digital devices.

Patients and Methods

In this cross-sectional study, a self-administered electronic questionnaire via google forms was used to collect demographic data, digital device information, and DES characteristic information in children of age 8-18 years using online digital devices. The data collection was conducted between December 2021 and January 2022. Moreover, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the potential characteristics associated with DES in children.

Results

From a total of 844 parents, 782 parents completed the questionnaire. The mean age of the children was 12.42 ± 2.82 years (8-18 years). During the pandemic, the most common duration of using digital devices was >8 hours (39.90%), compared to only 2-4 hours (36.70%) before. The prevalence of DES was 42.2% (330/782), divided into mild (29.8%), moderate (8.1%), and severe (4.3%) symptoms. The most common symptoms of DES included: a burning sensation in the eyes (55.24%), fear of worsening eyesight (53.07%), and excessive blinking of eyes (48.33%). The associated characteristics with DES were advanced age (OR=1.21, P<0.001), refractive error with (OR=2.04, P=0.004) and without (OR=6.11, P<0.001) correction, and unknown refractive error (OR=2.85, P<0.001).

Conclusion

The use of digital devices are inevitable; therefore, regulating the duration of study and entertainment using digital devices, especially in older ages, and correcting refractive error in children, is necessary to ameliorate DES.

Prevalence of Digital Eye Strain Among University Students and Its Association with Virtual Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction

The prolonged use of digital devices is a major risk factor for digital eye strain (DES) syndrome.

Aim

To estimate the prevalence of DES symptoms among students at Imam Abdulrahman University who use digital devices for virtual learning and leisure activities.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted by asking medical students of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University to complete a self-administered online questionnaire. The questionnaire was used to determine the effect of the hours spent on digital devices and other factors, such as screen distance and not using artificial tears, on the development of DES. The severity (moderate or severe) and frequency (occasionally, always, or never) of 16 eye strain-related symptoms, including eye pain, headache, and itching, were evaluated by using the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire.

Results

The overall prevalence of DES in the sample was found to be 68.53%. The largest proportion of students were found to have mild DES (43.20%), and only 11% had severe DES. The most common symptoms reported in our sample were headache, dryness, and burning. Female gender, using smartphones for online classes, and not using eye lubricants were significantly associated with increased severity of DES.

Conclusion

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual learning has become an integral part of education, leading to increased use of digital technology. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of virtual learning on eye strain and to determine the prevalence and effects of DES. A questionnaire was administered to participants, and the findings revealed a DES prevalence of 68.53%. The use of eye drops for lubrication and smartphones for classes was significantly associated with DES. Furthermore, females were found to be more susceptible to severe DES symptoms than males. The development of a tool such as the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire to predict DES prevalence could reduce clinic time and resources by minimizing unnecessary follow-up and ophthalmology referrals.

Effects of anti-fatigue lenses on performance, muscle activity and subjective discomfort responses during a seated computer task

Anti-fatigue lenses (AFL) intend to provide health benefits in association with computer work. Their effects on visual and muscle discomfort mechanisms and task performance remain unclear. Twenty-three computer users (n = 12 males) underwent two 90-min computer sessions with AFL or placebo lenses. Eye strain, body discomfort, typing performance, upper trapezius (UT) activation amplitude and variability, and neck posture were analyzed for time, condition, and sex effects. No significant effects of condition were observed on the dependent measures evaluated. Discomfort increased over time (neck/shoulder: p < .001), more so in females (eye strain: p < .001). Females' UT activation amplitude was negatively correlated to eye strain in the placebo condition (p = .05).

The 20/20/20 rule: Practicing pattern and associations with asthenopic symptoms

Purpose

The present work style and lifestyle have increased the digital device use. Therefore, an increase in digital eyestrain is to be expected. We undertook a survey during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to investigate the practice of 20/20/20 rule and its association with digital device use and asthenopic symptoms. While this rule is commonly advised, little is known about its validity.

Methods

An online survey form was disseminated through social media and emails. The questions for eye-related symptoms were similar to the convergence insufficiency symptom survey (CISS). Participants with age ≥5 years were included, with parents completing the survey for children (≤16 years).

Results

A total of 432 participants (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 26.06 ± 13.92 years) were enrolled, of which 125 responses were for children. The 20/20/20 rule was practiced only by 34% of the participants either regularly (n = 38) or occasionally (n = 109). Those who had complaints of burning sensation and headache tended to practice this rule. Among adult participants, more females (47%) practiced this rule when compared to males (23%). Also, adult females significantly (P = 0.04) had more symptoms score when compared to males. In children, no such gender difference was found.

Conclusion

Only one-third of participants practice the 20/20/20 rule at least occasionally. More number of adult females being symptomatic and practicing in greater number could be due to higher prevalence of dry eye condition in females. While the symptom of burning sensation could be related to dry eye, that of headache could be related to refractive error or binocular vision dysfunctions.

TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of the digital environment on the ocular surface

Eye strain when performing tasks reliant on a digital environment can cause discomfort, affecting productivity and quality of life. Digital eye strain (the preferred terminology) was defined as "the development or exacerbation of recurrent ocular symptoms and/or signs related specifically to digital device screen viewing". Digital eye strain prevalence of up to 97% has been reported, due to no previously agreed definition/diagnostic criteria and limitations of current questionnaires which fail to differentiate such symptoms from those arising from non-digital tasks. Objective signs such as blink rate or critical flicker frequency changes are not 'diagnostic' of digital eye strain nor validated as sensitive. The mechanisms attributed to ocular surface disease exacerbation are mainly reduced blink rate and completeness, partial/uncorrected refractive error and/or underlying binocular vision anomalies, together with the cognitive demand of the task and differences in position, size, brightness and glare compared to an equivalent non-digital task. In general, interventions are not well established; patients experiencing digital eye strain should be provided with a full refractive correction for the appropriate working distances. Improving blinking, optimizing the work environment and encouraging regular breaks may help. Based on current, best evidence, blue-light blocking interventions do not appear to be an effective management strategy. More and larger clinical trials are needed to assess artificial tear effectiveness for relieving digital eye strain, particularly comparing different constituents; a systematic review within the report identified use of secretagogues and warm compress/humidity goggles/ambient humidifiers as promising strategies, along with nutritional supplementation (such as omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and berry extracts).

Computer Vision Syndrome: An Ophthalmic Pathology of the Modern Era

Digital device usage has increased significantly in last decade among all age groups, both for educational and recreational purposes. Computer vision syndrome (CVS), also known as digital eye strain (DES), represents a range of ocular, musculoskeletal, and behavioral conditions caused by prolonged use of devices with digital screens. This paper reviews the principal environmental, ocular, and musculoskeletal causes for this condition. Due to the high prevalence of DES and frequent usage of digital devices, it is important that eye care practitioners be able to provide advice and management options based on quality research evidence.

Computer visual syndrome in university students in times of pandemic

INTRODUCTION

One of the consequences of prolonged use of bright screens such as those of the computer or cell phone, is the computer visual syndrome where characteristic symptoms are presented that normally disappear after a couple of hours when you stop using electronic devices. The prevalence is high due to multiple risk factors.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome in medical students at the University of Boyacá in times of pandemic.

METHODOLOGY

Descriptive and cross-sectional observational study. The study population were medical students, the data were collected in September and October of the year, an electronic survey was carried out for data collection.

RESULTS

A total of 300 participants were invited to participate in the study. 78% (234) of participating students suffer from SVI. 67.09% (157) of the participants who reported suffering from SVI were female and 32.91% (77) were male.

CONCLUSIONS

Computer visual syndrome is very common among medical students at the University of Boyacá. This study has shown that the presence of SVI has been significantly associated with exposure factors that were triggered during the pandemic period, where frequent virtual classes and long hours led to high exposure to screens. In addition, in the era of virtuality, communication through social networks increased the use of cell phones, which increases the possibility of the appearance of this syndrome.

Prevalence of computer vision syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Although computer vision syndromes are becoming a major public health concern, less emphasis is given to them, particularly in developing countries. There are primary studies on different continents; however, there are inconsistent findings in prevalence among the primary studies. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of computer vision syndrome. In this study, the review was developed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Online electronic databases, including PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, were used to retrieve published and unpublished studies. The study was conducted from December 1 to April 9/2022. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed independently by two authors. Quality assessment of the studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument tool. Heterogeneity was assessed using the statistical test I². STATA 14 software was used for statistical analysis. A total of 7,35 studies were retrieved, and 45 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of computer vision syndrome was 66% (95% CI: 59, 74). Subgroup analysis based on country was highest in Pakistan (97%, 95% CI: 96, 98) and lowest in Japan (12%, 95% CI: 9, 15). Subgroup analysis based on country showed that studies in Saudi Arabia (I² = 99.41%, p value < 0.001), Ethiopia (I² = 72.6%, p value < 0.001), and India (I² = 98.04%, p value < 0.001) had significant heterogeneity. In the sensitivity analysis, no single study unduly influenced the overall effect estimate. Nearly two in three participants had computer vision syndrome. Thus, preventive practice strategic activities for computer vision syndrome are important interventions.

Computer vision syndrome and its determinants: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:

Computer vision syndromes are becoming a major public health concern. Inconsistent findings existed on computer vision syndrome. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of computer vision syndrome and identify its determinants.

Methods:

In this study, the review was developed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Online electronic databases, including PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, were used to retrieve studies from 1 December to 9 April 2022. Quality assessment of the studies was performed using the JBI-MAStARI. RevMan and STATA 14 software were used for statistical analysis.

Result:

A total of 725 studies were retrieved, and 49 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of computer vision syndrome was 66% (95%, Confidence interval: 59, 74). Being female (Odd Ratio = 1.74, 95% Confidence interval [1.2, 2.53]), improper body posturing while using electronic devices (Odd Ratio = 2.65, 95% Confidence interval [1.7, 4.12]), use of electronic devices out of work (Odd Ratio = 1.66, 95% CI [1.15, 2.39]), no habit of taking breaks (Odd Ratio = 2.24, 95% Confidence interval [1.13, 4.44]), long duration of visual display terminal use (Odd Ratio = 2.02, 95% Confidence interval [1.08, 3.77]), short distance screen (Odd Ratio = 4.24, 95% Confidence interval [2.33, 7.71]), and general ergonomic practice (Odd Ratio = 3.87, 95% Confidence interval [2.18, 6.86]) were associated with increased odds of computer vision syndrome. However, good knowledge (Odd Ratio = 4.04, 95% Confidence interval [2.75, 5.94]) of computer vision syndrome was associated with decreased odds of computer vision syndrome.

Conclusion:

Nearly two in three participants had computer vision syndrome. Being female, improper body posturing, use of electronics devices out of work, no habit of taking a break, long-hour duration of visual display terminal use, short-distance screen, and general ergonomic practice were associated with increased odds of computer vision syndrome.

Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome among School-Age Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background: Computer vision syndrome (CVS) can be described as ocular-related symptoms that result from prolonged exposure and use of computers, smartphones, tablets, and other devices with digital displays. The main objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CVS among school-age children, the associated signs, risk factors, and the association between the disease before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design. The targeted population was school-going children aged 6 to 18 in the Jazan region in the Southwest of Saudi Arabia. A sample of 440 participants was selected to represent the population under study. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Sociodemographic characteristics were recorded, such as age, gender, education level, parents’ education, occupation, frequency, and intensity of eye symptoms if present. Results: Most of the participants were adolescents between 16 and 18 and at a high-school education level. According to the total symptoms score, the CVS prevalence was 35.4%. Prevalence of CVS significantly affects age, gender, and school level (p < 0.05 for all). A similar significant association was reported between the symptoms experienced before and during COVID-19 and the CVS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A total of 407 adolescents aged 16−18 responded to the questionnaire (response rate of 92.5%; 407 out of 440). The study estimated the prevalence of CVS among school-going children in Jazan to be low. The main signs associated with CVS included headache, tearing, itchiness, blurred vision, eye redness, eye pain, and dryness. The attitude of children toward their health condition during the COVID-19 pandemic and the prevalence of CVS have a significant relationship.

Computer Vision Syndrome: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Computer-Using Bank Workers in Pakistan

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of symptoms of computer vision syndrome (CVS) and identify its associated risk factors among computer-using bank workers in Pakistan.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted on computer-using bank workers. The data collection procedure included a self-administered questionnaire and comprehensive ocular health examination. The prevalence of CVS and its associated risk factors were investigated. The chi-square test was used to study the significance of the association of CVS with potential risk factors.

Results:

Of 127 participants, 95 (74.8%) were men. Most of the participants (n=53; 41.7%) were in the 30-40 years age group. A total of 101 participants (79.5%) reported any ocular symptom, with burning eyes being the most frequent ocular symptom (77.2%). General body fatigue was the most common non-ocular symptom of CVS (92.9%), followed by headache (83.5%). Out of 127 participants, 71 men and 30 women had some degree of CVS. Female participants had significantly higher risk of CVS than male participants (p=0.01). Total duration of computer use per day and duration of uninterrupted computer use were significantly associated with the occurrence of CVS (p=0.001 and p=0.008, respectively). No significant association was found between CVS and distance from computer screen (p=0.89), frequency of breaks (p=0.18), or font size (p=0.12).

Conclusion:

A high prevalence of CVS-related symptoms was observed among computer-using bank workers. Non-ocular symptoms associated with computer use were more common than ocular symptoms (92.9% vs. 77.2%).

[CVS-Q teen©: computer vision syndrome in adolescents and its relationship with digital textbooks]

OBJECTIVE

To analyse the prevalence and progression of computer vision syndrome in secondary and high school students with the CVS-Q© adapted and validated for adolescents, depending on whether they use textbooks or digital books.

METHOD

The CVS-Q© will be adapted by a pilot study in adolescents and a nominal group of visual health specialists, teachers and parents. The resulting version (CVS-Q teen©) will be tested to confirm its quality and applicability and a validation study will be done with visual tests, retest and psychometric analysis. Subsequently, a prospective longitudinal study with four repeated measures will be carried out in adolescents from two secondary schools of San Juan de Alicante (one has replaced textbooks by tablets). Computer vision syndrome will be measured by the CVS-Q teen© with three follow-ups. The prevalence of computer vision syndrome will be analysed according to sociodemographic, visual and digital device use variables. Logistic regression models will be performed, with random effect by student and time of use.

Unavoidable online education due to COVID-19 and its association to computer vision syndrome: a cross-sectional survey

Background

During the COVID-19 pandemic, online education and entertainment have increased significantly due to strict isolation and frequent lockdowns. This study intended to explore the prevalence and potential factors associated with computer vision syndrome (CVS) among the postsecondary students of Bangladesh pursuing online education.

Methods

In total, there were 917 postsecondary students participated in this study. Information on sociodemographic variables, and CVS symptom-related variables were collected using a prevalidated self-administered questionnaire. The CVS questionnaire was used to assess an individual’s CVS status. The bivariate association between CVS and other categorical variables was obtained using a χ² test. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to explore variables associated with the CVS.

Results

The overall prevalence of CVS was 68.16%. Most common symptoms were headache (42.4%), feeling of worsening eyesight (23.2%), and eye pain (23.2%). CVS was associated with educational status (p=0.03), family history of eye-related problems (p<0.001), personal history of eye-related problems (p<0.001), usage of eye accessories (p<0.001), type of device used for online education (p<0.01), average daily use (p<0.01), and usage pattern (p=0.02). After adjusting for confounders, CVS was significantly related to the use of mobile or tablet (adjusted OR, AOR 8.954, 95% CI 1.57 to 51.063), continuing online education for more than 12 hours/day without any break or insufficient break (AOR 7.654, 95% CI 1.625 to 36.053), and previous family (AOR 3.189, 95% CI 1.751 to 5.811) or personal history of eye problems or headaches, or insomnia (AOR 6.214, 95% CI 2.783 to 13.878).

Conclusion

A high prevalence of CVS was observed among the post-secondary students in Bangladesh. Since an extensive use of digital screens is somewhat unavoidable during unprecedented times, such as COVID-19, educators should include CVS awareness and prevention in their curricula.

Prevalence of Asthenopia and Its Relationship with Electronic Screen Usage During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose

To assess the connection between the prevalence of asthenopia and the use of electronic devices in Jazan, Saudi Arabia, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Patients and Methods

Asthenopia prevalence and its connection to electronic screens during the COVID-19 pandemic were evaluated in an analytical, cross-sectional investigation among the Jazan population. The sample population included 784 participants. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a pre-tested, organized, and self-administered questionnaire was used as the study method. Social media invitations were used to contact the sample group.

Results

Of the 784 participants, 587 (74.96%) had asthenopia symptoms after using digital devices at the end of the day. A total of 56.30% used digital gadgets for > 6 hours each day, whereas 55.36% spent <2 hours per day reading papers or books or writing. Daily usage of digital gadgets did not significantly differ from asthenopia (p=0.46), as well as reading papers, books, or writing and asthenopia (p=0.098). A total of 45.92% of the study population maintained digital devices/books at a distance <25 cm, which was significantly associated with symptoms of asthenopia (p=0.048). Furthermore, 90.10% of the sample population used laptops, cellphones, and iPads before going to bed or after turning off lights. A total of 63.52% preferred using devices while lying in bed. There was no positive link between asthenopia symptoms and cellphone usage at bedtime or after turning off lights (p=0.028).

Conclusion

Digital technology is used by people of all ages for a wide range of daily activities, including education, employment, business, and recreation. We concluded that this group had a high prevalence of asthenopia, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The high frequency of asthenopia emphasizes the significance of conducting public awareness campaigns concerning asthenopia symptoms and prevention methods.

Let There Be Light-Digital Eye Strain (DES) in Children as a Shadow Pandemic in the Era of COVID-19: A Mini Review

Introduction

Digital eye strain, which is often ignored by the public, has emerged as a "Shadow Pandemic" in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aim

The current paper is aimed at discussing the ill effect of digital screens on eyes in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methodology

A literature search was done using "PubMed," "Google scholar", and "Scopus" using key terms like "Digital Eye Strain," "Eyestrain," or "Computer Vision Syndrome." Relevant articles were identified and included to support the argument for this narrative review.

Results

Studies conducted in the UK reported that 68% of children extensively use computers, while 54% undertake online activities after the age of 3. Similar studies estimated 4 h and 45 min per day of screen exposure time among adults in the UK. Indian studies reveal that the prevalence of DES is 69% in adults and 50% in children respectively. Indian ophthalmologists found that computer-using and specialized ophthalmologists were more informed of symptoms and diagnostic signs but were misinformed about treatment modalities. The use of social media and multitasking is particularly prominent among younger adults, with 87% of individuals aged 20-29 years reporting the use of two or more digital devices simultaneously. It has been observed that the use of computer glasses corrects refractive errors and helps in the reduction of symptoms, while precision spectral filters help in reducing symptoms of micro-fluctuation of accommodation.

Conclusion

We concluded that DES is emerging globally as a "Shadow Pandemic" and it is high time to respond. Community ophthalmologists, public health authorities, and educational sectors especially should be involved to prevent this.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Computer Vision Syndrome Among Academic Staff in the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is the leading occupational hazard of the 21st century, which causes the critical public health issues in the present era. In developing countries, including Ethiopia, data on the proportion and the causes of CVS are scarce among academic staff for policy conclusions. Accordingly, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and factors associated with CVS among academic staff at the University of Gondar.

METHODS

Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March to April, 2021. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 525 study participants. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered structured questionnaire. The collected data were then entered into EpiData version 4.6 and analyzed using STATA version 14 software. The association between dependent and independent variables was computed with a binary logistic regression.

RESULTS

The prevalence of CVS was found to be 78.8% out of a total of 500 participants [95% CI (74.95, 82.30)], of which the majority (71.60%) of them were males. Using a computer for more than 9 years [AOR = 1.65, 95% CI (1.01, 2.71)], using visual display terminals [AOR = 2.63, 95% CI (1.60, 4.32)], and working in improper illumination levels (300 and >500 lux) [AOR = 2.47, 95% CI (1.47, 4.33)] increased the risk of CVS, whereas, Using eye droplets [AOR = 0.30, 95% CI (0.15, 0.58)] and taking rest breaks [AOR = 0.55, 95% CI (0.34-0.92)] were protective factors.

CONCLUSION

This study disclosed that CVS was common among academicians. In the current study, the manifestation of CVS was affected by years of computer use, visual display terminals use, workplace illumination level, rest breaks, and eye droplets. Taking rest breaks in between the work, reducing exposure to display screens, use of eye drops, and optimizing workplace illumination levels are recommended to reduce the problem.

Digital Eye Strain- A Comprehensive Review

Digital eye strain (DES) is an entity encompassing visual and ocular symptoms arising due to the prolonged use of digital electronic devices. It is characterized by dry eyes, itching, foreign body sensation, watering, blurring of vision, and headache. Non-ocular symptoms associated with eye strain include stiff neck, general fatigue, headache, and backache. A variable prevalence ranging from 5 to 65% has been reported in the pre-COVID-19 era. With lockdown restrictions during the pandemic, outdoor activities were restricted for all age groups, and digital learning became the norm for almost 2 years. While the DES prevalence amongst children alone rose to 50-60%, the symptoms expanded to include recent onset esotropia and vergence abnormalities as part of the DES spectrum. New-onset myopia and increased progression of existing myopia became one of the most significant ocular health complications. Management options for DES include following correct ergonomics like reducing average daily screen time, frequent blinking, improving lighting, minimizing glare, taking regular breaks from the screen, changing focus to distance object intermittently, and following the 20-20-20 rule to reduce eye strain. Innovations in this field include high-resolution screens, inbuilt antireflective coating, matte-finished glass, edge-to-edge displays, and image smoothening graphic effects. Further explorations should focus on recommendations for digital screen optimization, novel spectacle lens technologies, and inbuilt filters to optimize visual comfort. A paradigm shift is required in our understanding of looking at DES from an etiological perspective, so that customized solutions can be explored accordingly. The aim of this review article is to understand the pathophysiology of varied manifestations, predisposing risk factors, varied management options, along with changing patterns of DES prevalence post COVID-19.

Self-reported Computer Vision Syndrome Among Bank Workers in Onitsha, Nigeria

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to determine the awareness, prevalence, and pattern of ocular problems related to computer [computer vision syndrome (CVS)] use among bank workers in Onitsha, Nigeria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study involving bank staff in Onitsha metropolis who were selected using a simple random technique. A validated CVS questionnaire was used to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics, frequency and duration of computer use, eye symptoms, and preventive measures.

RESULTS

There were 150 bank staff selected: 81 (54.0%) females and 69 (46.0%) males, aged 20-49 years (mean= 33.2 ± 7.2 years). All participants used computer daily. Daily computer use was 1-16 h. Seventy-nine (53.4%) workers were aware of CVS; 127 (84.7%) used preventive measures which included anti-reflective eye glasses (12.7%) and computer screen guard (22.3%). Symptoms with computer use were reported by 103 (68.7%) participants. The prevalence of CVS was 29.3%. Headache (45.4%), itching (38.6%), photophobia (38.0%), visual blur (37.3%), and eye pains (28.0%) were the commonest symptoms. There was a trend towards CVS being commoner in female gender (P = 0.059), with prolonged computer use, and failure to use preventive measures. CVS is 6-fold more likely to occur in individuals who wear corrective lenses.

CONCLUSION

CVS is common among the bank workers studied. Use of protective measures that minimize exposure to electromagnetic force radiation from computer screens is suggested. A computer screen guard is recommended as a minimum preventive measure for long-term computer users.

The Effect of Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Repetitive prolonged use of digital devices without regular breaks has detrimental effects on ocular health and quality of vision. Individuals with chronic eye problems and refractive errors are at higher risk of developing digital eye strain (DES). Correction of refractive errors, adopting healthy practices will reduce its risk. The survey examined the effect of prolonged lockdown on the development and increased severity of digital eye strain (DES) symptoms among the general population. An online survey was conducted in March 2020 on social media platforms in Jordan. Data from 1,460 responders were analyzed. About half of the respondents were between 30–49 years, 28.4% were retired, 21% had chronic systemic illness, and 23% reported chronic eye problems. A rise in the use of digital devices during lockdown was reported by 957 participants, with 33% of them used digital devices more than 4 h a day. The most common symptoms before and during lockdown were headache and neck / shoulder pain have the highest associations (X² = 280.0, 271.3, df = 4, p < 0.001 respectively). Female gender, existence of chronic eye problems and systemic diseases, and duration of using digital devices were found to be statistically significant factors associated with increasing severity of eye symptoms during lockdown. Not taking enough regular breaks from digital devices showed significant association with blurred vision at distance and near (X² = 13.03, 10.74, df = 4, P = 0.011, 0.03, respectively). People with chronic eye problems and increased time using devices during lockdown developed new eye complaints three times more than before the lockdown and males were two times more likely than females to have more severe eye symptoms.

Online e-learning during the COVID-19 lockdown in Trinidad and Tobago: prevalence and associated factors with ocular complaints among schoolchildren aged 11-19 years

Background

The increase in online learning during the pandemic has been linked to various ocular complaints. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with ocular complaints among schoolchildren aged 12-19 years during the COVID-19 lockdown in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T).

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and May 2021, during the COVID-19 lockdown in T&T among secondary school students studying remotely. A two-stage cluster sampling method was employed. A modified web-based Computer Vision Syndrome questionnaire was administered to students. Data on demography, duration of digital device use, and ocular complaints were collected, and multilevel logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with ocular complaints among school children, 12-19 years of age in T&T.

Results

A total of 435 schoolchildren (mean age, standard deviation, 15.2 ± 1.9 years range 12-19 years) responded to the questionnaire. The prevalence of self-reported symptoms of headache, blurred vision, dry eyes, itchy eyes, and double vision were 75.0%, 65.1%; 56.8%; 46.4%; and 33.5%, respectively. Schoolchildren aged 18-19 years, those that used spectacles for correction of their refractive errors, and spent more than 6 h on average on digital devices, reported a high prevalence of any ocular complaints. Analysis also revealed that age (14-15 years) was associated with dry eyes, blurred vision, and headaches, while gender (more prevalently females) was associated with blurred vision and headache. Those that had an eye examination in the last year and schoolchildren that took action to resolve ocular complaints were more likely to experience nearly all ocular complaints.

Conclusions

During the COVID-19 lockdown, over three in four students in T&T reported ocular complaints from digital devices for online learning. Tailored interventional messages to reduce all forms of ocular complaints should target older students, particularly females, those who laid down when learning online via their devices and people who regularly examine their eyes.

Effects of Paradigm Color and Screen Brightness on Visual Fatigue in Light Environment of Night Based on Eye Tracker and EEG Acquisition Equipment

Nowadays, more people tend to go to bed late and spend their sleep time with various electronic devices. At the same time, the BCI (brain−computer interface) rehabilitation equipment uses a visual display, thus it is necessary to evaluate the problem of visual fatigue to avoid the impact on the training effect. Therefore, it is very important to understand the impact of using electronic devices in a dark environment at night on human visual fatigue. This paper uses Matlab to write different color paradigm stimulations, uses a 4K display with an adjustable screen brightness to jointly design the experiment, uses eye tracker and g.tec Electroencephalogram (EEG) equipment to collect the signal, and then carries out data processing and analysis, finally obtaining the influence of the combination of different colors and different screen brightness on human visual fatigue in a dark environment. In this study, subjects were asked to evaluate their subjective (Likert scale) perception, and objective signals (pupil diameter, θ + α frequency band data) were collected in a dark environment (<3 lx). The Likert scale showed that a low screen brightness in the dark environment could reduce the visual fatigue of the subjects, and participants preferred blue to red. The pupil data revealed that visual perception sensitivity was more vulnerable to stimulation at a medium and high screen brightness, which is easier to deepen visual fatigue. EEG frequency band data concluded that there was no significant difference between paradigm colors and screen brightness on visual fatigue. On this basis, this paper puts forward a new index—the visual anti-fatigue index, which provides a valuable reference for the optimization of the indoor living environment, the improvement of satisfaction with the use of electronic equipment and BCI rehabilitation equipment, and the protection of human eyes.

The Effect of Online Education on Healthy Eyes of Saudi Teachers in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Local Study

Background

Digital eye strain (DES) or computer vision syndrome (CVS) manifests as eye fatigue caused by prolonged exposure to screens and exaggerated by some attitudes. Online education plays a crucial role in helping schools, instructors, and universities ensure the continuity of the education process during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a lack of attention given to the effects of online teaching on teachers’ eyes health during the pandemic and is nearly nonexistent. Hence, we aim to evaluate this among teachers in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology

A cross-sectional electronic self-administered questionnaire was distributed through social media applications among teachers in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The survey contained three main parts: biographical data, educational status, and eye health scale before and during the pandemic. All statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).

Results

A total sample of 301 teachers was identified with ages ranging from 22 to 60 years, the majority were female (75.4%). Twenty-four point nine percent (24.9%) of the sample have a chronic disease, and 17.3% had previous LASIK surgery. Twenty-four point nine percent (24.9%) spent two to five hours teaching before the pandemic versus 60.8% with online education during the pandemic spent two to five hours daily. Fifty-two point eight percent (52.8%) of the teachers kept the distance between them and the digital screen at less than 50 cm. Eighty-one point four percent (81.4%) of teachers reported severe to moderate effects of online teaching using a computer/tablet/phone on their eye health. Fifty-two point two percent (52.2%) reported headache.

Conclusion

There is an obvious negative effect reflected by subjects’ symptomatology and complaints in their eyes. This should prompt health authorities to provide better teaching equipment and accessibility to essential eye care to teachers.

Computer vision syndrome and predictors among computer users in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

A computer is one of the most widely used office tools. The leading occupational health problem of the twenty-first century is computer vision syndrome (CVS). Research findings across Ethiopia on the magnitude and predictors of CVS among computer users are highly variable and inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the overall prevalence of CVS and its predictors among computer users in Ethiopia.

Methods

We searched articles in all databases and other sources. Cochrane Q test statistics and I² tests were used. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used. In addition, the association between risk factors and CVS among computer users was examined.

Results

Eight eligible studies were included. The pooled prevalence of CVS among computer users in Ethiopia was 73.21% (95% CI 70.32–76.11). Sub-group analysis by profession has shown that the highest prevalence of CVS was observed in bank employees [73.76% (95% CI 70.40–77.13)]. The most common reported symptoms of CVS were blurred vision (34.26%; 95% CI 22.08, 46.43). The previous history of eye disease (95% CI 2.30, 5.47), inappropriate sitting position (95% CI 1.76, 3.22), the frequent use of a computer (95% CI 2.04, 3.60), and using eyeglass/spectacles (95% CI 1.10, 3.91) were significantly associated with CVS among computer users in Ethiopia.

Conclusions

According to this study, computer vision syndrome was high among computer users in Ethiopia. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) was significantly associated with a previous history of eye disease, inappropriate sitting position, frequent use of a computer, and the use of spectacles. Based on the findings, it is suggested that efforts be made to optimize computer exposure time. It is also worth noting that employees should be properly seated when using a computer. Furthermore, people with vision problems should be extra cautious when using a computer. Finally, community awareness of the safety precautions that can be taken to reduce CVS is critical.

The effect of computer use on the occurrence of migraine

Background/Aim. Risk factors concerning computer use-related migraine onsets are still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of headaches in computer users as well as the effects of computer use and behavior on the prediction of migraine presence. Methods. A cross-sectional study included 1,500 subjects from the general population who were given a questionnaire to assess the presence and type of headache and questions regarding computer-assisted behavior. All examinees were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of respondents who had a headache, and the second group consisted of subjects without a headache. Results. A total of 67.9% of the subjects had a headache, of which 23.9% had a migraine. Results of multinomial regression analysis showed that significant predictors of the migraine group, compared to the group without headache, were gender (female) and family anamnesis positive for migraine, as well as spending more time on the computer, making shorter and infrequent breaks in which physical activities were less included. Furthermore, members of the migraine group, compared with the group with other types of headaches, were younger and had family anamnesis, rarely made pauses during computer use, and their pauses were shorter. Conclusion. Improper and excessive computer use could be considered a risk factor for migraine occurrence, particularly in young people who have positive family anamnesis for migraine.

Randomised controlled trial of an accommodative support lens designed for computer users

PURPOSE

Accommodative support (AS) lenses are a low add progressive addition spectacle lens designed to ease symptoms in computer vision syndrome (CVS). The study aims to investigate if (1) AS lenses improve CVS symptoms; (2) binocular/accommodative functions predict a benefit from AS lenses and (3) wearing AS lenses for six months impacts on binocular/accommodative functions.

METHODS

Pre-presbyopic adults with symptoms of CVS (Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire, CVS-Q^© , score ≥ 6) were randomly allocated to wear AS lenses or control single vision (SV) lenses. The CVS-Q^© and a battery of optometric tests were applied at baseline and after three and six months. Participants and researchers were masked to participant group. After six months, the SV group were unmasked and changed to AS lenses and one week later asked to choose which they preferred.

RESULTS

The change in CVS-Q^© scores from baseline to six months did not differ significantly in the two groups. At the end of the one week period, when the control group wore the AS lenses, control group participants were significantly more likely to prefer AS lenses to SV lenses. No optometric functions correlated with the benefit from AS lenses. AS lenses did not have any adverse effects on binocular or accommodative function.

CONCLUSIONS

In pre-presbyopic adults, there was no greater improvement in CVS-Q^© scores in the group wearing AS lenses than in the control group. No adverse effects on optometric function (including accommodation) are associated with wearing AS lenses.

Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome and Associated Factors among Instructors in Ethiopian Universities: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background

In this globalized and high-tech era, the computer has become an integral part of daily life. A constant use of computer for 3 hours and more per day can cause computer vision syndrome (CVS), which is one of the leading occupational hazards of the 21^st century. The visual difficulties are the most common health problems associated with excessive computer use. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of CVS among instructors working in Ethiopian universities.

Methods

A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 university instructors in Ethiopia from February 02 to March 24, 2021. A structured and self-administered questionnaire prepared by Google Forms was shared among instructors through their e-mail addresses, Facebook, and Telegram accounts. Data cleanup and cross-checking were done before analysis using SPSS version 23. A multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with CVS using p value <0.05 and 95% confidence interval.

Results

Of the total 416 participants, about 293 (70.4%) were reported to have CVS (95% CI: 65.9–74.5%), of which 54.6% were aged 24–33 years. Blurred vision, pain in and around the eye, and eye redness were the main symptoms reported. Working in third-established universities (AOR = 8.44, 95% CI: 5.47–21.45), being female (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.28–5.64), being 44 years old and above (AOR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.31–5.70), frequently working on the computer (AOR = 5.51, 95% CI: 2.05–14.81), and sitting in bent back position (AOR = 8.10, 95% CI: 2.42–23.45) were the factors associated with computer vision syndrome.

Conclusions

In this study, nearly seven-tenths of instructors in Ethiopian universities reported having symptoms of computer vision syndrome. Working in third-generation universities, being female, age, frequently working on the computer, and sitting in bent back position were statistically significant predictors in computer vision syndrome. Therefore, optimizing exposure time, addressing ergonomic hazards associated with computer usage through on-the-job and off-the-job training, and making the safety guidelines accessible for all university instructors would be critical to address the problem.

Computer Vision Syndrome Prevalence and Ocular Sequelae among Medical Students: A University-Wide Study on a Marginalized Visual Security Issue

Introduction:

This study aimed to discover and document the potential of visual and ocular sequelae of computer vision syndrome (CVS) among medical students.

Methods:

This cross-sectional case-control study was conducted on medical students (n=4030) of five universities in Egypt. All students completed a specially designed and validated CVS questionnaire survey (CVS-F3). Students with ≥5 CVS symptoms constituted a risk group (n=352), while students with 1-4 CVS symptoms constituted a low-symptoms group (n=3067). Students from the control and risk groups were examined using objective methods, such as visual acuity, subjective refraction, dry eye disease tests, and anterior segment and fundus examinations. Students who complained of visual blur underwent multifocal electroretinography mfERG examinations (mfERG group).

Results:

The CVS-F3 indicated that 84.8% of students had complaints that might be related to CVS, however, our ophthalmic examination group revealed only a 56% CVS prevalence rate. The most common single screen type used by 70.4% of students was the smartphone, and the most common complaint was headache (50.2%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that CVS was significantly associated with increased screen-hours, including >2 screen-hours daily (odds ratio [OR], 2.48; P<0.0001), >2 screen-hours at night (OR, 1.79; P=0.003), and ≥3 screen-years (OR, 1.69; P=0.006). In the mfERG group, 37% demonstrated reduced amplitudes of mfERG rings and quadrants, indicating reduced foveal responses.

Conclusion:

CVS-questionnaires overestimate the true CVS prevalence and sequelae, which could be accurately detected by objective ophthalmic examination. Smartphones primarily caused CVS among students, with CVS severity increasing in correlation with shorter eye-to-screen distance and frequent use. Contact lens wearing doubled the risk of CVS development and augmented its severity. CVS might affect macular integrity with screen-induced foveal dysfunction.

Clinical Trials Registration:

PACTR201811618954630.

Computer vision syndrome among Saudi population: An evaluation of prevalence and risk factors

Introduction

In the recent era of technological evolution, electronic devices have become an essential part of our lives, not merely in professional work settings, but also in daily leisure activities. Although these devices have simplified our lives, they are associated with a wide variety of health complaints. Thus, the so-called computer vision syndrome (CVS) has become a growing public health problem and has gained significant attention as it plays an important role in the quality of life of each individual, which in turn has put an increased burden on the health care system. Eye symptoms are among the most reported, yet extraocular symptoms were frequently described as adding an extra load.

Method

An electronic survey was distributed randomly through social media platforms among the general population in Saudi Arabia, between the period from July to December 2017, irrespective of their sociodemographic factors, aiming to determine the prevalence of CVS and to verify the most common associated risk factors.

Results

In total, 690 participants were involved in our study, with a mean age of 33.8 years. Of these, 77.6% suffer from CVS, with eye-burning being the most common ocular symptoms (71%), as well as itching (67.5%), blurred vision (65%), tearing (62.3%), and other eye symptoms being reported. Neck/shoulder pain was found to be the most prevalent extra ocular symptom (85.2%); also back pain and headache are frequently expressed (78% and 70% respectively). A significant positive correlation was observed between CVS symptoms and time spent using the devices (P-value: 0.002).

Conclusion

As technology advances, electronic devices have become a common tool that is used for different purposes on daily basis. We found in our study that the so-called computer vision syndrome is a growing public health problem. Thus, community education about the impact of such a lifestyle for proper handling of electronic devices must be addressed to avoid such health complaints.

Assessment of Computer Vision Syndrome and Personal Risk Factors among Employees of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is an amalgam of visual symptoms caused by continued use of computers. Worldwide, up to 70 million workers are at risk for computer vision syndrome resulting in reduced productivity at work and reduced quality of life. Bank employees are among the risky workers with unknown magnitude of the syndrome. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CVS and its associated personal factors among employees of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia.

Methods

A total of three hundred and fifty-nine bank workers participated in the study between February and March 2018. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data, CVS symptoms, and its personal factors. Snellen chart tool was used to measure blurred vision. Data entry and analysis were performed via Epi Info™ 7 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were performed to assess the association and control the potential confounders.

Result

The prevalence of computer vision syndrome in the last 12 months among the total study subjects, 359 (98% response rate), was 262 (74.6%) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 70.1, 79.5). Risk factors that could not be intervened with were sex (AOR: 1.8; 95% CI (1–3)) and age group (AOR: 3.11; 95% CI (1.2–8)). Causal factors that could be intervened with were use of electronic materials outside work (AOR: 3.11; 95% CI (1.15–8.36). Protective factor that could be intervened with was habit of taking a break (AOR: 0.44; 95% CI (0.3–0.8)). Conclusion and Recommendation. Three-fours of the employees were at risk. Sex, age, habit of taking a break, and use of electronic materials outside work environment were significantly associated with the presence of CVS. Remedial actions need to be considered at individual level.

Visual Sequelae of Computer Vision Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study

Purpose

To assess the visual, ocular, extraocular, and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) outcomes of computer vision syndrome (CVS) among medical students.

Methods

This study was designed as a cross-sectional case-control study that included 733 medical students. All students completed a specially designed and validated CVS questionnaire survey (CVS-F3). Students from the control (No-CVS) and CVS groups underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations including the mfERG examinations. Our main outcome measures included uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA, resp.) measurements, subjective and cycloplegic refractions, slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure measurement, pupillary reflexes tests, ocular movements' tests, dry eye disease tests, and fundus and mfERG examinations.

Results

The CVS-F3 identified that 87.9% of students had complaints that might be related to CVS. We documented a 76% prevalence rate in students undergoing an ophthalmologic exam. The most common ocular and extraocular complaints included visual blur and headache (40.9% and 46.8%, resp.). Statistical logistic and linear regression analyses showed that refractive errors, prolonged screen-hours, close eye-screen distance, improper gaze angle, poor screen-resolution, and screen-glare were risk factors for developing CVS and influencing its severity. In the mfERG subgroup, 42.5% demonstrated reduced amplitudes of mfERG rings and quadrants, indicating reduced foveal responses.

Conclusion

Surveys cannot yield an accurate CVS prevalence. However, they help to identify subjects at risk who should be comprehensively assessed to confirm or exclude CVS diagnosis. Smartphone misuse primarily caused CVS among users. Our mfERG findings might be a sign of potential CVS visual sequelae; however, future studies are warranted. Clinicians need to understand these sequelae to appropriately identify and treat CVS.

Computer vision syndrome prevalence according to individual and video display terminal exposure characteristics in Spanish university students

AIM

To estimate the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) in university students and its relationship with sociodemographic and optical correction factors and exposure to video display terminal (VDT).

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 244 Spanish university students who responded to an anamnesis, a VDT exposure questionnaire and the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q^© ). A descriptive analysis was performed and the prevalence of CVS was calculated. Logistic regression models were used to measure the association between CVS and the variables studied.

RESULTS

The mean age was 20.7 years (SD = 2.1), 57% were women, 78.3% used VDTs ≥ 2 hours/day to study. The prevalence of CVS was 76.6%, and the most frequent symptoms were headache and itching. In the crude analysis, being a woman, using glasses daily and to study, and a longer VDT use to study and in total were associated with a higher prevalence of CVS; while in the older group, the prevalence was lower. In the multivariate model, VDT use to study was associated with a greater probability of CVS (aOR: 3.43; 95%CI: 1.03-11.42), and being between 22 and 29 years was associated with a lower probability of it (aOR: 0.36; 95%CI: 0.15-0.89).

CONCLUSION

CVS has a high prevalence amongst Spanish university students. The most affected are the younger ones and those who use VDTs for longer hours to study. It is essential to continue investigating the influence of the type of tasks conducted with VDTs on CVS and thus to establish the preventive measures to reduce this syndrome.

Digital Eye Strain and Its Risk Factors Among a University Student Population in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Several ocular and visual symptoms resulting from use of digital devices are collectively known as digital eye strain (DES) or computer vision syndrome (CVS). Few studies exist on the prevalence of DES among young adults in the Eastern Mediterranean region.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and severity of digital eye strain among a university student population in Jordan. 

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with students enrolled at Al-Ahliyya Amman University in Jordan. DES was evaluated using the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q), which was filled out by students who were approached at random and signed an informed consent to participate in the study. Information related to the type, intensity of usage, settings of digital device (DD) used, and post-device use student-reported physical complaints were recorded.

Results: Data from 382 students were analyzed. Prevalence of CVS was 94.5%, with tearing being the most prevalent symptom (59%), while double vision was least reported by students (18.3%). DD use for more than six hours per day was reported by 55.5% of the sample size, and 30.7% of the students reported pain in joints of fingers and wrists after using a mobile phone.

Conclusion: CVS is highly prevalent among university students in Jordan. With the increased dependence on online education due to coronavirus disease, safe habits in digital device use are recommended.

Computer vision syndrome, visual ergonomics and amelioration among staff members in a Saudi medical college

Objectives. Nearly 60 million people suffer from computer vision syndrome (CVS) globally, resulting in reduced work productivity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CVS, describe the working conditions, visualize ergonomic factors and determine preventive measures application among university staff members. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with university medical staff members using a semi-structured questionnaire that included a validated CVS questionnaire. Results. CVS prevalence was 81.2%. Dryness, headache, feeling that sight is worsening and difficulty in focusing on near vision were the most experienced symptoms. Prevalence of CVS was significantly higher among females (52.3%), those having a higher mean work duration (21.65 ± 7.55 years), those who frequently use a smartphone (84.9%) and those spending most of their screen time during both day and night (87.1%). Visual ergonomics and preventive measures application, such as correct screen level, regular cleaning of the screen, appropriate illumination and use of eye drops, were significantly associated with negative CVS. Conclusions. These results raised attention to the essential need for visual assessment of university staff members for early and proper diagnosis of CVS to minimize its impact on working performance. Accordingly, it is recommended to organize university-based awareness programs regarding CVS for working personnel.

Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Digital eye strain among kids (DESK study-1)

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to determine prevalence, symptoms frequency and associated risk factors of digital eye strain (DES) among children attending online classes during COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

The online electronic survey form was prepared on the Google app. Children/parents were asked to indicate the total duration of digital device use before and during COVID era. The symptoms of DES, its severity and frequency were recorded & measured with the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire.

Results:

Two hundred and sixty one parents responded to the questionnaire, of these 217 were complete. Mean age of children was 13 ± 2.45 years. Mean duration of digital device used during COVID era was 3.9 ± 1.9 h which is more than pre COVID era (1.9 ± 1.1 h, P = <0.0001). 36.9% (n = 80) were using digital devices >5 h in COVID era as compared to 1.8% (n = 4) before COVID era. The most common digital device used were smartphones (n = 134, 61.7%). One hundred and eight children (49.8%) were attending online classes for >2 h per day. Prevalence of DES in our cohort is 50.23% (109/217). Of these 26.3% were mild, 12.9% moderate and 11.1% of severe grade. Most common symptoms were itching and headache (n = 117, 53.9%). Multivariate analysis revealed age >14 years (P = 0.04), male gender (P = 0.0004), smartphone use (P = 0.003), use of device >5 h (P = 0.0007) and mobile games >1 h/day (P = 0.0001) as independent risk factors for DES in children.

Conclusion:

There is an increased prevalence of DES among children in COVID era. Parents should be considerate about duration, type and distance of digital device use to avoid DES symptoms in children.

Computer Vision Syndrome and Associated Factors Among Secretaries Working in Ministry Offices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Prolonged use of computers led users to risk of computer vision syndrome (CVS). CVS is one of the occupational health problems. The aim of this study was to assess CVS and associated factors among secretaries working in government ministry offices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected using interviewer administered pretested structured questionnaire and ophthalmic examinations. A total of 455 secretaries were participated in the study. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate determinants associated with CVS. Variables with p-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

The prevalence of CVS among secretaries working in ministry offices in Addis Ababa was 68.8%. The main reported symptoms were blurred vision (36.9%), eye strain (32.1%), redness of the eye (27.3%) and headache (26.4%). Average monthly income (AOR=0.453, 95% CI: 0.235-0.874), habit of frequent voluntary blinking (AOR=0.313, 95% CI: 0.150-0.655), taking regular breaks between work (AOR=0.279, 95% CI: 0.078-0.996), using computer eye/glasses/spectacles (AOR=0.451, 95% CI: 0.245-0.830), sources of light at work place (AOR=0.009, 95% CI: 0.001-0.076), using an antiglare filter (AOR=0.216, 95% CI: 0.117-0.401) and knowledge (AOR=0.212,95% CI:0.115-0.389) were significantly associated with CVS.

CONCLUSION

Prevalence of CVS among secretaries was high. Average monthly income, habit of voluntary blinking, taking regular break, using computer spectacles, sources of light at work place, using an antiglare filter and knowledge were significantly associated with CVS. The findings suggest the need for adjusting exposure time to computers and increase awareness on safety measures and regular eye screening.

The Relation between Symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome and Visual Display Terminal Utilization

  Introduction: The increased use of computers in the era of technological advances had an impact on the eye health called Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS), a compound eye problem caused by computer use. Almost every job could not be separated from the use of computers. Based on data from World Health Organization (WHO) in 2014, the incidence of asthenopia (eye fatigue) ranged from 40% to 90%. This research aimed to determine the relationship between symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome and Visual Display Terminal utilization. Methods: This research was a quantitative with analytic survey method. Based on the data collection method, this research included as observational research type. This research was conducted with cross-sectional study design. Data collection was carried out with doctor's diagnosis guidelines, interviews, measurement using questionnaires, and observation. The population was 47 permanent workers and the sample taken was 42 respondents from the design division workers. The sampling technique used simple random sampling. The variables in this research were age, working period, distance to VDT, and general lighting intensity. Results: This research showed that the factors associated with symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome were working period and eye distance to VDT. Conclusion: The longer the working period and the more distance between the eye and the VDT, the more symptoms of VDT would be.Keywords: computer use, symptoms of computer vision syndrome, visual display terminal

Asthenopia Among University Students: The Eye of the Digital Generation

Background:

Asthenopia or eye strain is one of the major medical problems that students face during their academic years.

Objectives:

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of asthenopia among a sample of university students attending various majors and to identify the risk factors for its development.

Methods:

This is a cross sectional study conducted on students attending various faculties at the American University of Beirut during the spring semester of 2019. Students were asked to fill a self-administered anonymous questionnaire that inquired about demographics, use of digital devices, symptoms of asthenopia, possible risk factors and protective measures. A bivariate analysis was performed to correlate asthenopia with the different variables. A multivariate analysis was then conducted to determine the extent of contribution of the different variables to asthenopia after controlling for confounding variables.

Results:

The prevalence of asthenopia was found to be 67.8% with blurred vision being the most reported symptom (27.0%). A bivariate analysis was used to assess the association between asthenopia and the following variables: demographics, digital device use, reasons for using digital devices, and preventive methods. Age, being a continuous variable, was analyzed using an independent t- test. For the variables that were found to be have a p-value < 0.2, a multiple logistic regression was performed. Old age was found to be a protective factor for asthenopia, with 0.693 times reduction in asthenopia for every increase in year of age. Using the device for communication for less than four hours (p=0.012), using the device for less than four hours per day (p=0.000) and pattern of using the device for less than three years (p=0.023) were significant in being negatively associated with asthenopia. As for preventative measures that protect users from digital eyestrain, we found that using eye drops (p=0.004; OR=0.375) and taking regular breaks (p=0.000; OR= 0.399) were protective factors whereas using adjustable screens was a risk factor (p=0.000; OR=3.083).

Conclusion:

Asthenopia was found to be of non-negligible prevalence among this sample of university students. The results of this study highlight the importance of establishing awareness campaigns and encourage the introduction of targeted screenings for asthenopia among college students.

Use of digital displays and ocular surface alterations: A review

Digital display use has been accepted to be implicated as a contributing factor for dry eye disease (DED). Abnormal blinking during computer operation, including a reduced blink rate and an incomplete eyelid closure, increased palpebral fissure as consequence of high visualization angles, and meibomian gland dysfunction associated to long-term display use, are behind the increased prevalence of dry eye signs and symptoms found in digital display users. Previous research reveals significant reductions in tear volume and stability, alterations in tear film composition, including increased osmolarity, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers and reduced mucin secretion, eyelid abnormalities and ocular surface damage, encompassing corneal and conjunctival staining and bulbar redness, as a direct consequence of digital display use. In this regard, individual differences in the way that the various digital displays are typically set up and used may account for differences in their effects on induced dryness signs and symptoms. Furthermore, factors such as the use of contact lenses or inappropriate working environments, usually accompanying the use of displays, may significantly increase the prevalence and the severity of induced dry eye. Other factors, such as old age and female gender are also relevant in the appearance of associated alterations. Finally, clinicians should adopt a treatment strategy based on a multidirectional approach, with various treatments being applied in conjunction.

An investigation of low power convex lenses (adds) for eyestrain in the digital age (CLEDA)

INTRODUCTION

Digital eye strain (DES; computer vision syndrome) is a common cause of symptoms when viewing digital devices. Low-powered convex lenses (adds) have been recommended for the condition and "accommodative support" designs developed on this premise. The present research reports the extent to which dry eye is present in this population and the effect of convex lenses on symptoms and visual performance.

METHODS

The CVS-Q instrument was used to select pre-presbyopic adults with the symptoms of DES. Participants received a full eye examination including an assessment of dry eye with a modified SANDE questionnaire and using DEWS I criteria. The immediate effect of low-powered convex lenses (low adds: +0.50D, +0.75D, +1.25D) was investigated using subjective preference and a double-masked comparison with plano lenses with the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test (WRRT). Throughout this testing, participants wore their full distance refractive correction, based on non-cycloplegic retinoscopy and subjective refraction.

RESULTS

The signs and symptoms of dry eye were frequently present. Most participants reported a subjective preference for low adds, with +0.75D the most commonly preferred lens. Low adds (+0.50D and +0.75D; but not +1.25D) were associated with significantly improved performance at the WRRT. One quarter of participants read more than 10% faster with these additional convex lenses.

CONCLUSIONS

The study population was aged 20-40y and mostly worked on desktop computers. It is possible that +1.25D add may be more advantageous for people who are older or work more at closer viewing distances. Many symptomatic users of digital devices report a preference for low adds and use of these lenses is often associated with an improvement in reading performance.

Computer Vision Syndrome among Undergraduate Medical Students in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Introduction. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is “a complex of eye and vision problems related to near work experienced during computer use.” It is one of the rising health concerns related to technology (cell phones and tablets) due to continuous use of computers among students. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CVS, associated risk factors, and commonly associated symptoms and to assess the awareness and proper practice of using computers for studying. Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 651 undergraduate medical students in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. An electronic survey was conducted to collect the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS v21. The chi-square test (Fisher’s exact test when required) was used to study the significance of associations. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. High prevalence of CVS was observed, in which 95% (558) reported at least one symptom during studying using computers. Most frequently reported symptoms were excessive tearing and neck, shoulder, or back pain. Female students had a higher risk of CVS (P=0.003). Students who are myopic or hyperopic showed no association. Astigmatism was associated significantly with CVS (P=0.03). Using spectacles or contact lens showed no association. Students with dry eye disease revealed a significant association with CVS (P=0.01). The most significant risk factors related to the daily usage of computer were longer duration of studying (P<0.001), short distance from the screen (P<0.05), and high brightness of the screen (P<0.05). The most significant preventive measure taken to relieve the symptoms was applying the 20-20-20 rule. Conclusion. CVS is common among medical students; significant risk factors need to be addressed to reduce the symptom and to ensure a better productivity of work. It is a necessity to raise awareness among medical students regarding computer-related health problems.

Computer Vision Syndrome Among Health Sciences Students in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Introduction Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is defined as a group of vision-related symptoms that result from the continuous use of devices with digital displays, such as computers, tablets, and smartphones. Students nowadays can find resources and books online on their smartphones easily, hence, reducing the use of paper-based reading materials. This might lead to a number of ocular symptoms. In this study, we aim to assess the prevalence and determine the risk factors of CVS among students at King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAUHS) in Jeddah. Materials and methods This is an observational descriptive cross-sectional study design. Students of Colleges of Medicine, Applied Medical Sciences, and Science and Health Professions at KSAUHS were asked to fill an electronic self-administered survey. The survey instrument included questions on demographic information, digital devices using habits, frequency of eye symptoms, and ergonomic practices.  Results The sample size was 334 students, 55% of whom were males. The most used device was the mobile phone (78%), and the most common reason for using an electronic device was for entertainment (80%). The frequency of reported eye symptoms was as follows: headache (68%), feeling of an affected eyesight (short- or long-sightedness (65%)), eye itchiness (63%), burning sensation (62%), excessive tearing (58%), unclear vision (52%), redness (51%), dryness (48.3%), photophobia (47%), painful eye (44%), foreign body sensation (40%), excessive blinking (40%), difficulty in focusing on near objects (31%), halos around objects (28%), double vision (21%), and difficulty moving eyelids (9%). The most commonly applied ergonomic practice was adjusting display brightness based on the surrounding light brightness (82%). The rest of the ergonomic practices were less applied as follows: taking breaks while using the device (66%), sitting with the screen on face level (59%), sitting while the top of the screen on eye level (43%), sitting with the screen more than 50 cm away (32%), using antiglare filter (16%). The number of eye symptoms reported was significantly greater in female students (using Mann-Whitney U test) (U= 11056.500, p= 0.002), students who wear glasses (U= 11026, 0.002), and students who observe glare on their screens (U= 8363, p= 0.043). Conclusion CVS symptoms are commonly reported among health sciences students who use different electronic devices. The occurrence of CVS symptoms was significantly higher among female students, those who observe glare on screens, and those who wear eyeglasses. However, long duration of device use was not significantly associated with increased CVS symptoms. Ergonomic practices are not usually applied by most of the students, which necessitates more efforts to increase their awareness of the correct way of using devices.