1
|
Ng MJ, Goh NY, Tan CS, Razif MFM, Yap HYY, Kong BH, Fung SY. Comparative Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Heat-Assisted vs Cold Water Extractions of Six Medicinal Fungi against Breast and Lung Cancer Cells. Food Technol Biotechnol 2024; 62:254-263. [PMID: 39045305 PMCID: PMC11261640 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.62.02.24.8424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Research background Preparation of medicinal fungi for experimental purposes usually involves the extraction and determination of the quality and quantity of bioactive compounds prior to the biological experiment. Water, a common polar solvent, is usually used for traditional preparations for consumption. The application of high temperatures during water extraction can affect the chemical composition and functional properties of the extracts. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the differences in composition between extracts obtained with heat-assisted and cold water extractions of six selected species of fungi (Lignosus rhinocerus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Inonotus obliquus, Antrodia camphorata, Phellinus linteus and Monascus purpureus) and their cytotoxicity against human lung and breast cancer cells. Experimental approach The extracts obtained with heat-assisted and cold water extraction of six species of fungi were analysed to determine their protein, carbohydrate and phenolic contents. Their cytotoxicity was tested against lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines. The most potent extract was further separated into its protein and non-protein fractions to determine their respective cytotoxicity. Results and conclusions The cytotoxicity of the different extracts obtained with heat-assisted and cold water extraction varied. Comparing the two extractions, the cold water extraction resulted in a significantly higher yield of proteins (except M. purpureus) and phenolic compounds (except A. camphorata), while the extracts of I. obliquus and M. purpureus obtained with heat-assisted extraction had a significantly higher carbohydrate mass fraction. Notably, the cold water extract of I. obliquus showed cytotoxicity (IC50=(701±35) µg/mL), which was one of the highest of the extracts tested against A549 cells. The cold water extract of I. obliquus was selected for further studies. Our results showed that cold water extracts generally have higher cytotoxicity against selected human cancer cell lines, with the exception of O. sinensis and A. camphorata extracts. Novelty and scientific contribution This study reports the advantage of cold water extracts of fungi over those obtained with heat-assisted extraction in terms of cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines and emphasises the role of extraction conditions, particularly heat, in influencing chemical composition and cytotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jia Ng
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Neng-Yao Goh
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chon-Seng Tan
- LiGNO Biotech Sdn. Bhd., Jalan Perindustrian Balakong Jaya 2/2, Taman Perindustrian Balakong Jaya 2, 43300 Balakong Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fazril Mohamad Razif
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yeng Yeannie Yap
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, IMU University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon-Hong Kong
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shin-Yee Fung
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Level 3, Research Management and Innovation Complex Universiti Malaya, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Universiti Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang C, Li X, Wang T, Wang J, Xiao M, He M, Chang X, Fan Y, Li Y. Characterization of Metabolite Landscape Distinguishes Medicinal Fungus Cordyceps sinensis and other Cordyceps by UHPLC-Q Exactive HF-X Untargeted Metabolomics. Molecules 2023; 28:7745. [PMID: 38067475 PMCID: PMC10708286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps represent a valuable class of medicinal fungi with potential utilization. The overexploitation and resource scarcity of Cordyceps sinensis (CS) have led to the emergence of Cordyceps such as Cordyceps militaris (CM) and Cordyceps cicadae (CC) as substitutes. The medicinal value of CS is often considered superior to other Cordyceps, potentially owing to differences in active ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in the composition and abundance of the primary and secondary metabolites of CS and its substitutes by untargeted metabolomics. A total of 4671 metabolites from 18 superclasses were detected. CS and its substitutes were rich in amino acids, lipids, organic acids, and their derivatives. We statistically analyzed the metabolites and found a total of 285 differential metabolites (3'-Adenylic acid, O-Adipoylcarnitine, L-Dopachrome, etc.) between CS and CC, CS and CM, and CM and CC, which are potential biomarkers. L-glutamate and glycerophospholipids were differential metabolites. A KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the tyrosine metabolic pathway and tryptophan metabolism pathway are the most differentially expressed pathways among the three Cordyceps. In contrast, CS was enriched in a higher abundance of most lipid metabolites when compared to CM and CC, which may be an indispensable foundation for the pharmacological functions of CS. In conclusion, systematic, untargeted metabolomics analyses for CS and other Cordyceps have delivered a precious resource for insights into metabolite landscapes and predicted potential components of disease therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.T.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Xiuzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.T.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.T.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
| | - Mengjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.T.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.T.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Xiyun Chang
- Qinghai Institute of Health Sciences, Xining 810000, China;
| | - Yuejun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.T.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Yuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.T.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han X, Liu LH, Fang XY, Jiang ST, Zhao H, Qian ZM, Yin ZN, Lu LG, Wang CX, Yao XS, Gao H. Cordythiazole A, the first member of thiazole alkaloids from Chinese cordyceps, with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. J Nat Med 2023; 77:986-991. [PMID: 37515674 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Chinese cordyceps, also known as Dong-Chong-Xia-Cao, is widely recognized as a famous precious tonic herb, and used as traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. It is mainly used for regulating the immune system and improving functions of the lung and kidney, with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. Due to its rarity and preciousness, a few chemical components are isolated and identified. Moreover, most of them are common chemical components and widely distributed in other natural resources, such as nucleosides, sterols, fatty acids, sugar alcohols, and peptides. Therefore, a large number of active substances of Chinese cordyceps is still unclear. During our search for chemical constituents of Chinese cordyceps, a new thiazole alkaloid, cordythiazole A (1), was isolated and identified. Its structure was elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. This is the first report of the presence of thiazole alkaloid in Chinese cordyceps, which adds a new class of metabolite of Chinese cordyceps. Furthermore, a putative biosynthesis pathway of cordythiazole A was proposed based on possible biogenic precursor, genes, and literatures. In addition, it showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with potency close to that of acarbose. The discovery of cordythiazole A with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity adds a new class of potential anti-diabetes ingredient in Chinese cordyceps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li-Hua Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Fang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shu-Tai Jiang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zheng-Ming Qian
- Dongguan HEC Cordyceps R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523850, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Yin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Li-Gong Lu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tong C, Li T, Luo S, Chen R, Chen S, Wei J, Qing Y, Qin S, Pan G, Li C, Zhou Z. Detection of the pathogenic fungus Cordyceps farinosa in the Thitarodes armoricanus soil-rearing environment based on nucleic acid targets. Can J Microbiol 2023; 69:136-145. [PMID: 36638365 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps farinosa, an entomopathogenic fungus, infects and leads to high mortality of Thitarodes armoricanus larvae, which die soon after the infection of C. farinose, usually before the colonization of Ophiocordyceps sinensis owing to competitive inhibition and fruiting body formation. Therefore, monitoring C. farinosa in the O. sinensis cultivation environment is critical for minimizing the C. farinosa infection-induced losses. In this study, we initially designed a PCR primer pair (Tar-1F/Tar-1R) through open reading frame prediction and homology comparison of the C. farinosa genome sequence. This primer pair can detect both C. farinosa and Samsoniella hepiali. To further distinguish, primers (ITS5-172/ITS4-95) were then designed to selectively amplify the large ribosomal subunit sequences in the C. farinosa genome. All these primers were applied in combination for detection of C. farinosa in soil samples. The sensitivity reached a detection limit of 1 × 106 spores/g soil. In addition, these primers can detect the presence of C. farinosa in dead T. armoricanus larval samples. This newly established rapid detection method provides important information for C. farinosa control during O. sinensis cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shisui Luo
- Taiji Medical Research Institute, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Ruoni Chen
- Taiji Medical Research Institute, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Shijiang Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuling Qing
- Taiji Medical Research Institute, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Shaorong Qin
- Taiji Medical Research Institute, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
High Throughput Identification of the Potential Antioxidant Peptides in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020438. [PMID: 35056752 PMCID: PMC8780859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis, an ascomycete caterpillar fungus, has been used as a Traditional Chinese Medicine owing to its bioactive properties. However, until now the bio-active peptides have not been identified in this fungus. Here, the raw RNA sequences of three crucial growth stages of the artificially cultivated O. sinensis and the wild-grown mature fruit-body were aligned to the genome of O. sinensis. Both homology-based prediction and de novo-based prediction methods were used to identify 8541 putative antioxidant peptides (pAOPs). The expression profiles of the cultivated mature fruiting body were similar to those found in the wild specimens. The differential expression of 1008 pAOPs matched genes had the highest difference between ST and MF, suggesting that the pAOPs were primarily induced and play important roles in the process of the fruit-body maturation. Gene ontology analysis showed that most of pAOPs matched genes were enriched in terms of ‘cell redox homeostasis’, ‘response to oxidative stresses’, ‘catalase activity’, and ‘ integral component of cell membrane’. A total of 1655 pAOPs was identified in our protein-seqs, and some crucial pAOPs were selected, including catalase, peroxiredoxin, and SOD [Cu–Zn]. Our findings offer the first identification of the active peptide ingredients in O. sinensis, facilitating the discovery of anti-infectious bio-activity and the understanding of the roles of AOPs in fungal pathogenicity and the high-altitude adaptation in this medicinal fungus.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Yue P, Tong X, Gao T, Peng T, Guo J. Comparative analysis of fatty acid metabolism based on transcriptome sequencing of wild and cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11681. [PMID: 34249512 PMCID: PMC8255070 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a species endemic to the alpine and high-altitude areas of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Although O. sinensis has been cultivated since the past few years, whether cultivated O. sinensis can completely replace wild O. sinensis remains to be determined. Methods To explore the differences of O. sinensis grown in varied environments, we conducted morphological and transcriptomic comparisons between wild and cultivated samples who with the same genetic background. Results The results of morphological anatomy showed that there were significant differences between wild and cultivated O. sinensis, which were caused by different growth environments. Then, a total of 9,360 transcripts were identified using Illumina paired-end sequencing. Differential expression analysis revealed that 73.89% differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in O. sinensis grown under natural conditions compared with that grown under artificial conditions. Functional enrichment analysis showed that some key DEGs related to fatty acid metabolism, including acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, were upregulated in wild O. sinensis. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results confirmed that the fatty acid content of wild O. sinensis was significantly higher than that of cultivated O. sinensis and that unsaturated fatty acids accounted for a larger proportion. Conclusion These results provide a theoretical insight to the molecular regulation mechanism that causes differences between wild and cultivated O. sinensis and improving artificial breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Yue
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Tong
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tinghui Gao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Peng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong BH, Yap CSA, Razif MFM, Ng ST, Tan CS, Fung SY. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects and Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Bioactive Proteins Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. Food Technol Biotechnol 2021; 59:201-208. [PMID: 34316281 PMCID: PMC8284113 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.59.02.21.7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESEARCH BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly valued medicinal fungus, is close to extinction due to overexploitation. Successful cultivation of O. sinensis fruiting body (OCS02®) shows that the cultivar has a promising nutritional value and numerous bioactive compounds. Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties and biologically active proteins of the OCS02® are investigated for possible development into nutraceuticals. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemical composition of the OCS02® cold water extract was determined, and the antioxidant activities were examined using ferric reducing, DPPH• and O2 •- scavenging assays. Tetrazolium dye (MTT) cytotoxic assay was performed to assess the antiproliferative activity of the extract. Bioactive proteins in the active fraction of the extract were identified using liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The OCS02® extract exhibited strong O2 •- scavenging (expressed as Trolox equivalents (18.4±1.1) mol/g) and potent cytotoxic activities against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (IC50=(58.2±6.8) µg/mL). High molecular mass polysaccharides, proteins and protein-polysaccharide complexes could have contributed to the antioxidant and cytotoxic selectivity of the OCS02®. LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential cytotoxic proteases and an oxalate decarboxylase protein which may exhibit protection effects on kidneys. NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The findings demonstrate the potential of OCS02® to be developed into functional food due to its promising superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic effect and presence of biopharmaceutically active proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boon-Hong Kong
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Sum Alvin Yap
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fazril Mohamad Razif
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Szu-Ting Ng
- LiGNO Biotech Sdn. Bhd., Jalan Perindustrian Balakong Jaya 2/2, Taman Perindustrian Balakong Jaya 2, 43300 Balakong Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chon-Seng Tan
- LiGNO Biotech Sdn. Bhd., Jalan Perindustrian Balakong Jaya 2/2, Taman Perindustrian Balakong Jaya 2, 43300 Balakong Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shin-Yee Fung
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tong X, Wang F, Zhang H, Bai J, Dong Q, Yue P, Jiang X, Li X, Wang L, Guo J. iTRAQ-based comparative proteome analyses of different growth stages revealing the regulatory role of reactive oxygen species in the fruiting body development of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10940. [PMID: 33717691 PMCID: PMC7936569 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, using an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ ) approach coupled with LC-MS / MS and bioinformatics, the proteomes were analyzed for the crucial three stages covering the fruiting body development of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, including sclerotium (ST), primordium (PR) and mature fruiting body (MF), with a focus on fruiting body development-related proteins and the potential mechanisms of the development. A total of 1,875 proteins were identified. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the protein patterns between PR and MF were more similar than ST. Differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) analysis showed that there were 510, 173 and 514 DAPs in the comparisons of ST vs. PR, PR vs. MF and ST vs. MF, respectively. A total of 62 shared DAPs were identified and primarily enriched in proteins related to ‘carbon transport and mechanism’, ‘the response to oxidative stress’, ‘antioxidative activity’ and ‘translation’. KEGG and GO databases showed that the DAPs were enriched in terms of ‘primary metabolisms (amino acid/fatty acid/energy metabolism)’, ‘the response to oxidative stress’ and ‘peroxidase’. Furthermore, 34 DAPs involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism were identified and clustered across the three stages using hierarchical clustering implemented in hCluster R package . It was suggested that their roles and the underlying mechanisms may be stage-specific. ROS may play a role in fungal pathogenicity in ST, the fruit-body initiation in PR, sexual reproduction and highland adaptation in MF. Crucial ROS-related proteins were identified, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, T5A6F1), Nor-1 (T5AFX3), electron transport protein (T5AHD1), histidine phosphotransferase (HPt, T5A9Z5) and Glutathione peroxidase (T5A9V1). Besides, the accumulation of ROS at the three stages were assayed using 2,7-dichlorofuorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) stanning. A much stronger ROS accumulation was detected at the stage MF, compared to the stages of PR and ST. Sections of ST and fruit-body part of MF were stained by DCFH-DA and observed under the fluorescencemicroscope, showing ROS was distributed within the conidiospore and ascus. Besides, SOD activity increased across the three stages, while CAT activity has a strong increasement in MF compared to the stages of ST and PR. It was suggested that ROS may act in gradient-dependent manner to regulate the fruiting body development. The coding region sequences of six DAPs were analyzed at mRNA level by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results support the result of DAPs analysis and the proteome sequencing data. Our findings offer the perspective of proteome to understand the biology of fruiting body development and highland adaptation in O. sinensis, which would inform the big industry of this valuable fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Das G, Shin HS, Leyva-Gómez G, Prado-Audelo MLD, Cortes H, Singh YD, Panda MK, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Saklani S, Chaturi PK, Martorell M, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma V, Garg N, Sharma R, Patra JK. Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602364. [PMID: 33628175 PMCID: PMC7898063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María L. Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yengkhom Disco Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, India
| | - Manasa Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Sarla Saklani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu J, Guo L, Li Z, Zhou Z, Li Z, Li Q, Bo X, Wang S, Wang J, Ma S, Zheng J, Yang Y. Genomic analyses reveal evolutionary and geologic context for the plateau fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Chin Med 2020; 15:107. [PMID: 33042212 PMCID: PMC7542391 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ophiocordyceps sinensis, which is only naturally found in the high-elevation extreme environment of the Tibetan Plateau, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Information concerning the evolutionary and geologic context of O. sinensis remains limited, however. Methods We constructed the high-quality genome of O. sinensis and provided insight into the evolution and ecology of O. sinensis using comparative genomics. Results We mapped the whole genome of the anamorph/asexual form Hirsutella of O. sinensis using Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies and obtained a well assembled genome of 119.2 Mbp size. Long-read Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) sequencing technology generated an assembly with more accurate representation of repeat sequence abundances and placement. Evolutionary analyses indicated that O. sinensis diverged from other fungi 65.9 Mya in the Upper Cretaceous, during the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Gene family expansions and contractions in addition to genome inflation via long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon insertions were implicated as an important driver of O. sinensis divergence. The insertion rate of LTR sequences into the O. sinensis genome peaked ~ 30-40 Mya, when the Tibetan Plateau rose rapidly. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested that O. sinensis contained more genes related to ice binding compared to other closely related fungi, which may aid in their adaptability to the cold Tibetan Plateau. Further, heavy metal resistance genes were in low abundance in the O. sinensis genome, which may help to explain previous observations that O. sinensis tissues contain high levels of heavy metals. Conclusions Our results reveal the evolutionary, geological, and ecological context for the evolution of the O. sinensis genome and the factors that have contributed to the environmental adaptability of this valuable fungus. These findings suggest that genome inflation via LTR retrotransposon insertions in O. sinensis coincided with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. LTRs and the specific genetic mechanisms of O. sinensis contributed to its adaptation to the environment on the plateau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China.,Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Linong Guo
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Zongwei Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xiaochen Bo
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Junli Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Razavy S, Lee J, Zaslawski C. A pre-trial evaluation of blinding for a Chinese herbal medicine trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 19:100632. [PMID: 32817905 PMCID: PMC7426532 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blinding is considered an important methodological characteristic in clinical trials to minimise bias and maximise the validity of a trial. Unlike pharmaceutical substances, most herbal medicines have distinctive sensory specifications, including odour and taste, which can be quite challenging when developing a placebo control to match the specific characteristics of herbal substances being examined. The present study was, therefore, designed to evaluate whether the participants could differentiate an active herbal capsule (Ganopoly combination) from a placebo material capsule. The aim of this study was to develop a suitable placebo substance for encapsulation to be used in a future herbal medicine clinical trial. Methods The current study was improved upon the previous investigation, and several modifications were made to the placebo substance in order to mimic the herbal substance characteristics. Prior to conducting the study, a refined placebo substance was developed using commonly consumed culinary agents. Sixty-two healthy volunteers participated in the study and were randomly provided one of the two substances. Individuals were asked to evaluate the three sensory characteristics of the allocated capsule (visual appearance, odour, and taste), and determine whether they believed the substance to be a 'herbal' or a 'placebo' substance. Results The study provided evidence on the success of blinding for only two sensory characteristics, namely, visual appearance (95% CI -0.15, 0.34) and odour (95% CI -0.34, 0.15). In contrast, the findings related to the taste indicated that participants correctly guessed the herbal substance compared to the placebo substance to a significantly higher proportion than would have been expected by chance alone (95% CI 0.14, 0.60). Conclusion The failure to blind participants for taste highlights the difficulties in preparing placebo herbal substances that match as closely as possible to a real herbal substance. Blinding is particularly challenging where herbal medicines have different sensory characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Razavy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Lee
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Zaslawski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shu R, Zhang J, Meng Q, Zhang H, Zhou G, Li M, Wu P, Zhao Y, Chen C, Qin Q. A New High-Quality Draft Genome Assembly of the Chinese Cordyceps Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:1074-1079. [PMID: 32579174 PMCID: PMC7486949 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is an entomopathogenic fungus endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It parasitizes and mummifies the underground ghost moth larvae, then produces a fruiting body. The fungus-insect complex, called Chinese cordyceps or "DongChongXiaCao," is not only a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, but also a major source of income for numerous Himalayan residents. Here, taking advantage of rapid advances in single-molecule sequencing, we assembled a highly contiguous genome assembly of O. sinensis. The assembly of 23 contigs was ∼110.8 Mb with a N50 length of 18.2 Mb. We used RNA-seq and homologous protein sequences to identify 8,916 protein-coding genes in the IOZ07 assembly. Moreover, 63 secondary metabolite gene clusters were identified in the improved assembly. The improved assembly and genome features described in this study will further inform the evolutionary study and resource utilization of Chinese cordyceps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guiling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanni Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Beijing Tongrentang Health Pharmaceutical (Qinghai) Co., Ltd., Delingha, China
| | - Qilian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ichim MC, Häser A, Nick P. Microscopic Authentication of Commercial Herbal Products in the Globalized Market: Potential and Limitations. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:876. [PMID: 32581819 PMCID: PMC7295937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal products are marketed and used around the globe for their claimed or expected health benefits, but their increasing demand has resulted in a proportionally increase of their accidental contamination or intentional adulteration, as already confirmed with DNA-based methods. Microscopy is a traditional pharmacopoeial method used for plant identification and we systematically searched for peer-reviewed publications to document its potential and limitations to authenticate herbal medicines and food supplements commercially available on the global market. The overall authenticity of 508 microscopically authenticated herbal products, sold in 13 countries, was 59%, while the rest of 41% were found to be adulterated. This problem was extending over all continents. At the national level, there were conspicuous differences, even between neighboring countries. These microscopically authenticated commercial herbal products confirm that different magnifying instruments can be used to authenticate crude or processed herbal products traded in the global marketplace. The reviewed publications report the successful use of different magnifying instruments, single or in combinations with a second one, with or without a chemical or DNA-based technique. Microscopy is therefore a rapid and cost-efficient method, and can cope with mixtures and impurities. However, it has limited applicability for highly processed samples. Microscopic authentication of commercial herbal products will therefore contribute to raise public awareness for the extent of adulteration and the need to safeguard consumer safety against the challenges of globalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- ”Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Annette Häser
- Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sonyot W, Lamlertthon S, Luangsa-ard JJ, Mongkolsamrit S, Usuwanthim K, Ingkaninan K, Waranuch N, Suphrom N. In Vitro Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Novel Insect Fungus Polycephalomyces phaothaiensis Extract and Its Constituents against Propionibacterium acnes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E274. [PMID: 32466146 PMCID: PMC7277416 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris, the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit. This study was conducted to investigate whether the entomopathogenic fungus Polycephalomyces phaothaiensis components have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects against P. acnes that may serve for acne treatment. A chemical study by spectroscopic analysis resulted in the identification of seven known compounds. The anti-P. acnes potency of extracts and test compounds was determined by both agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. The ethyl acetate extract from culture broth along with cordytropolone (1) and stipitalide (2) exhibited strong anti- P. acnes activity while (+)-piliformic acid (3) showed mild inhibitory activity. The anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate extract and 1-3 was then examined by the quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α on heat-killed P. acnes induced cytokine production by THP-1 cells. The result demonstrated that the extract and its constituents (1-3) showed a potent significant effect by inhibiting the P. acnes-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production in THP-1. Our results suggest for the first time that P. phaothaiensis and its constituents (1 and 2) hold therapeutic value for further studies as a new alternative treatment for acne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Witsanu Sonyot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Supaporn Lamlertthon
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand;
| | - Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team, BIOTEC, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (J.J.L.-a.); (S.M.)
| | - Suchada Mongkolsamrit
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team, BIOTEC, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (J.J.L.-a.); (S.M.)
| | - Kanchana Usuwanthim
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Neti Waranuch
- Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Nungruthai Suphrom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tong X, Zhang H, Wang F, Xue Z, Cao J, Peng C, Guo J. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed genes involved in the fruiting body development of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8379. [PMID: 31988806 PMCID: PMC6970007 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a highly valued fungus that has been used as traditional Asian medicine. This fungus is one of the most important sources of income for the nomadic populations of the Tibetan Plateau. With global warming and excessive collection, the wild O. sinensis resources declined dramatically. The cultivation of O. sinensis hasn’t been fully operational due to the unclear genetic basis of the fruiting body development. Here, our study conducted pairwise comparisons between transcriptomes acquired from different growth stages of O. sinensis including asexual mycelium (CM), developing fruiting body (DF) and mature fruiting body (FB). All RNA-Seq reads were aligned to the genome of O. sinensis CO18 prior to comparative analyses. Cluster analysis showed that the expression profiles of FB and DF were highly similar compared to CM. Alternative splicing analysis (AS) revealed that the stage-specific splicing genes may have important functions in the development of fruiting body. Functional enrichment analyses showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in protein synthesis and baseline metabolism during fruiting body development, indicating that more protein and energy might be required for fruiting body development. In addition, some fruiting body development-associated genes impacted by ecological factors were up-regulated in FB samples, such as the nucleoside diphosphate kinase gene (ndk), β subunit of the fatty acid synthase gene (cel-2) and the superoxide dismutase gene (sod). Moreover, the expression levels of several cytoskeletons genes were significantly altered during all these growth stages, suggesting that these genes play crucial roles in both vegetative growth and the fruiting body development. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to validate the gene expression profile and the results supported the accuracy of the RNA-Seq and DEGs analysis. Our study offers a novel perspective to understand the underlying growth stage-specific molecular differences and the biology of O. sinensis fruiting body development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengyao Xue
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Thitarodes Armoricanus in Response to the Entomopathogenic Fungi Paecilomyces Hepiali and Ophiocordyceps Sinensis. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010004. [PMID: 31861642 PMCID: PMC7022891 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Thitarodes armoricanus is a medicinal and economically important Lepidopteran insect species. The larvae infected by Paecilomyces hepiali survive no more than four days, while those infected by Ophiocordyceps sinensis can survive for several months before mummification. This provides a valuable comparative system to study interactions between an insect host and different pathogenic fungi. By using the T. armoricanus genome, a time-course transcriptome analysis of the whole larvae without guts was performed to explore the larvae response to P. hepiali and O. sinensis infection. A total of 3106 differentially expressed genes in five clusters were identified. The genes involved in coagulation and multiple metabolisms were both suppressed after P. hepiali or O. sinensis infection, whereas those related to environmental information responses, cell processes, biotic stimulus, and immunity (such as cecropin (CEC)) were elevated. The rapid death of T. armoricanus after P. hepiali infection might be caused by osmotic imbalance, immunocompromise (such as DEFs and GLVs), and nervous system dysfunction (glutamatergic synapse). Up-regulation of the genes related to cuticle structure, nervous system (such as neurotrophin signal pathway and dopaminergic synapse) and immune effectors (such as attacin (ATT) and proline-rich antimicrobial peptide 1 (PRAMP1)) in T. armoricanus, may contribute to the co-existence of T. armoricanus and O. sinensis. This study provides a global view and potential key genes of the interaction between T. armoricanus and two fungal entomopathogens.
Collapse
|
17
|
Liang Y, Hong Y, Mai Z, Zhu Q, Guo L. Internal and External Microbial Community of the Thitarodes Moth, the Host of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110517. [PMID: 31683719 PMCID: PMC6920881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a widely known medicinal entomogenous fungus, which parasitizes the soil-borne larva of Thitarodes (Hepialidae, Lepidoptera) distributed in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas. Previous research has involved artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps (the fungus-caterpillar complex), but it is difficult to achieve large-scale cultivation because the coupling relation between the crucial microbes and their hosts is not quite clear. To clarify the influence of the internal microbial community on the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, in this study, the unfertilized eggs of Thitarodes of different sampling sites were chosen to analyze the bacterial and fungal communities via 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing for the first time. The results showed that for bacteria, 348 genera (dominant genera include Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Sphingobium, and Acinetobacter) belonging to 26 phyla (dominant phyla include Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes), 58 classes, 84 orders, and 120 families were identified from 1294 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The dominant bacterial genus (Spiroplasma) may be an important bacterial factor promoting the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps. For fungi, 289 genera, mainly including Aureobasidium, Candida, and Cryptococcus, were identified, and they belonged to 5 phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, and Zygomycota), 26 classes, 82 orders, and 165 families. Eight bacterial OTUs and 12 fungal OTUs were shared among all of the detected samples and were considered as core species. Among them, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Aureobasidium, and Phoma may play important roles in helping the host larva to digest foods, adapt to extreme environments, or resist pathogens. On the other hand, the external (soil) microbial community was synchronously and comparatively analyzed. Comparative analysis revealed that external microbial factors might play a more significant role in the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, owing to the significant differences revealed by α-diversity and β-diversity analyses among different groups. In summary, the results of this study may contribute to the large-scale cultivation of Chinese cordyceps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Yuehui Hong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medical College, Jiangmen 529000, China.
| | - Zhanhua Mai
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Qijiong Zhu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Lianxian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Protective effect of Cordyceps sinensis extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190789. [PMID: 31186277 PMCID: PMC6591570 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To study the protective effect of Cordyceps sinensis extract (Dong Chong Xia Cao in Chinese [DCXC]) on experimental acute lung injury (ALI) mice. Methods and results: ALI model was induced by intratracheal-instilled lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2.4 mg/kg) in BALB/c male mice. The mice were administrated DCXC (ig, 10, 30, 60 mg/kg) in 4 and 8 h after receiving LPS. Histopathological section, wet/dry lung weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity were detected. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for cell count, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) in BALF was detected by ELISA, the protein and mRNA expression of nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lung tissue was detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. The result showed that DCXC could reduce the degree of histopathological injury, wet/dry weight ratio (W/D ratio) and myeloperoxidase activity (P<0.05) with a dose-dependent manner. The increased number of total cells, neutrophils and macrophages in BALF were significantly inhibited by DCXC treatment (P<0.05). The increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NO in BALF after LPS administration was significantly reduced by DCXC (P<0.05). In addition, the increased protein and mRNA levels of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB p65 DNA binding ability in LPS group were dose-dependently reduced by DCXC treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: DCXC could play an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect on LPS-induced ALI through inhibiting NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in lung. The result showed that DCXC has a potential protective effect on the ALI.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zeng P, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang L. The structures and biological functions of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese herbs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 163:423-444. [PMID: 31030757 PMCID: PMC7102684 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most of traditional Chinese medicine substances come from herbal plants. The medicinal quality of herbal plants varies with the locations of cultivation, the parts of the herb collected, the season of the herb collected, and the herb processing method. Polysaccharides are major components of the herb plants and their biosynthesis is partly controlled by the genes but mostly influenced by the availability of the nutrition and determined by the various environmental factors. In recent decades, polysaccharides isolated from different kinds of Chinese herbs have received much attention due to their important biological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, radiation protecting, antiviral, hypolipidemic, and immunomodulatory activities. Interestingly, different batches of the same herb can obtain different polysaccharide fractions with subtle differences in molecular weight, monosaccharide compositions, glycosidic linkages, and biological functions. Even with these variations, a large number of bioactive polysaccharides from different kinds of traditional Chinese herbs have been purified, characterized, and reported. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest polysaccharide extraction methods and the strategies used for monosaccharide compositional analysis plus polysaccharide structural characterization. Most importantly, the reported chemical characteristics and biological activities of the polysaccharides from the famous traditional Chinese herbs including Astragalus membranaceus, Ginseng, Lycium barbarum, Angelica sinensis, Cordyceps sinensis, and Ophiopogon japonicus will be reviewed and discussed. The published studies provide evidence that polysaccharides from traditional Chinese herbs play an important role in their medical applications, which forms the basis for future research, development, and application of these polysaccharides as functional foods and therapeutics in modern medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengjiao Zeng
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,Corresponding authors:
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Medical Records, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,Corresponding authors:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ge M, Guo R, Lou HX, Zhang W. Extract of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia induces lipolysis through PKA-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and ERK-mediated downregulation of perilipin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:326. [PMID: 30526586 PMCID: PMC6286538 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Cordyceps sinensis has been used for centuries in China as one of the most valued herbal medicine and tonic food. Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungal strain isolated from natural C. sinensis, has been used widely as a substitute of C. sinensis in medicine and health food. P. hepiali has been reported to have various pharmaceutical benefits, including triglyceride-lowing activity. However, its effects on triglyceride metabolism in adipocytes remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of P. hepiali mycelia on adipocyte lipolysis and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Methods The fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with methanol extract of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia (PHME). Contents of glycerol released into the culture medium and intracellular triglyceride were measured as indices of lipolysis using glycerol assay kit and Oil red O staining, respectively. Then, effects of PHME on the main lipases or kinases involved in lipolysis regulation were investigated. Protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and perilipin, as well as phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were determined by western blotting. Moreover, nucleosides, important constituents of PHME, were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results Treatment with PHME led to a significant increase in glycerol release thereby reduced intracellular triglyceride accumulation in fully differentiated adipocytes. PHME upregulated protein kinase (PK) A-mediated phosphorylation of HSL at serine residues of 563 and 660. Meanwhile, PHME treatment also upregulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and downregulated the protein level of perilipin. Pretreatment with the PKA inhibitor, H89, blunted the PHME-induced lipolysis and the phosphorylation of HSL (Ser 563 and 660). Moreover, pretreatment with ERK inhibitor, PD98059, weakened the PHME-caused glycerol release and downregulation of perilipin expression. HPLC analysis indicated there were adenosine, cordycepin, uridine and vernine in PHME. Conclusions Our results showed that PHME significantly induced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which is mainly mediated by activation of HSL through PKA pathway and by downregulation of perilipin through activation of ERK pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2389-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
21
|
Guo LX, Zhang GW, Li QQ, Xu XM, Wang JH. Novel Arsenic Markers for Discriminating Wild and Cultivated Cordyceps. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112804. [PMID: 30380635 PMCID: PMC6278644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been utilized in China and adjacent countries for thousands of years as a rare functional food to promote health and treat diverse chronic diseases. In recent years, adulterants are usually identified in the processed products of wild O. sinensis. However, the effective adulteration examination has to be additionally performed except their routine test, and accordingly is time- and money-consuming. Recently, arsenic determination has become a necessary test for confirming whether the concentrations of inorganic arsenic are over the O. sinensis limit. In this work, the contents of total arsenic and As species in cultivated O. sinensis, Cordyceps militaris, and other edible fungi were determined by ICP-MS and HPLC-ICP-MS. The results suggest that the As speciation exhibits a species-specific behavior, and accompanies the effect of the As background. The proportions of unknown organic As and contents of total As may be considered as sensitive markers for discriminating wild O. sinensis. This result provides a novel clue for discriminating wild and artificially cultivated mushrooms/their products, with emphasis on arsenic markers for authenticating wild O. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Gui-Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang PW, Hung YC, Li WT, Yeh CT, Pan TL. Systematic revelation of the protective effect and mechanism of Cordycep sinensis on diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocellular carcinoma with proteomics. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60270-60289. [PMID: 27531890 PMCID: PMC5312383 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) has been reported to treat liver diseases. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effect of C. sinensis on hepatocarcinoma in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced rat model with functional proteome tools.In the DEN-exposed group, levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were increased while C. sinensis application remarkably inhibited the activities of these enzymes. Histopathological analysis also indicated that C. sinensis could substantially restore hypertrophic hepatocytes caused by DEN, suggesting that C. sinensis is effective in preventing DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.We therefore comprehensively delineated the global protein alterations using a proteome platform. The most meaningful changes were found among proteins involved in oxidative stress and detoxification. Meanwhile, C. sinensis application could attenuate the carbonylation level of several enzymes as well as chaperone proteins. Network analysis implied that C. sinensis could obviously alleviate hepatocarcinoma via modulating redox imbalance, protein ubiquitination and tumor growth-associated transcription factors.Our findings provide new insight into the potential effects of C. sinensis in preventing carcinogenesis and might help in developing novel therapeutic strategies against chemical-induced hepatocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiang Hung
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tai Li
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kramer GJ, Nodwell JR. Chromosome level assembly and secondary metabolite potential of the parasitic fungus Cordyceps militaris. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:912. [PMID: 29178836 PMCID: PMC5702197 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militaris is an insect pathogenic fungus that is prized for its use in traditional medicine. This and other entomopathogenic fungi are understudied sources for the discovery of new bioactive molecules. In this study, PacBio SMRT long read sequencing technology was used to sequence the genome of C. militaris with a focus on the genetic potential for secondary metabolite production in the genome assembly of this fungus. Results This is first chromosome level assembly of a species in the Cordyceps genera. In this seven chromosome assembly of 33.6 Mba there were 9371 genes identified. Cordyceps militaris was determined to have the MAT 1-1-1 and MAT 1-1-2 mating type genes. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed the potential for at least 36 distinct metabolites from a variety of classes. Three of these gene clusters had homology with clusters producing desmethylbassianin, equisetin and emericellamide that had been studied in other fungi. Conclusion Our assembly and analysis has revealed that C. militaris has a wealth of gene clusters for secondary metabolite production distributed among seven chromosomes. The identification of these gene clusters will facilitate the future study and identification of the secondary metabolites produced by this entomopathogenic fungus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4307-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenna J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Justin R Nodwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cheng W, Zhang X, Song Q, Lu W, Wu T, Zhang Q, Li C. Determination and comparative analysis of 13 nucleosides and nucleobases in natural fruiting body of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its substitutes. Mycology 2017; 8:318-326. [PMID: 30123652 PMCID: PMC6059082 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1385546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosides and nucleobases are one of the most important indicators of quality control. A sensitive and reliable high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method was applied to analyse 13 nucleosides and nucleobases simultaneously in 15 batches of nine Ophiocordyceps species and its allies in China. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were conducted by SPSS 22.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The 15 samples of Cordyceps were differentiated successfully based on their nucleoside and nucleobase content. Total nucleosides content in mycelium was significantly higher than that in the natural fruiting bodies of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (NFOS). Five nucleosides or nucleobases - adenine (A), guanosine (Gu), uracil (U), uridine (Ur) and guanine (G) - were the major components contributed to the total variance according to PCA. The profiles of the 13 tested nucleosides and nucleobases (including adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, thymidine, uridine, cordycepin, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil and hypoxanthine) can discriminate different samples and can be candidate indicators applied for the quality control of Ophiocordyceps and its allies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Song
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weili Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingni Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunru Li
- Zhejiang BioAsia Institute of Life Science, Pinghu, Zhejiang, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guo LX, Xu XM, Hong YH, Li Y, Wang JH. Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lipids in Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis from Major Habitats in China and Its Substitutes. Molecules 2017; 22:E1567. [PMID: 28927020 PMCID: PMC6151613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is one rare medicinal fungus produced in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Its quality and price varies hugely with different habitat, and its numerous substitutes have sprung up in functional food markets. This paper aims to discriminate the geographic origin of wild O. sinensis and its substitutes via element analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The δ13C values of major fatty acids in the lipids of O. sinensis are characterized unanimously by the variation relation C18:0 < C18:2 ≈ C16:0 < C18:1, while their fluctuation intervals are notably different between those of neutral and polar lipids. The comparative analysis of the δ13C ratios of major fatty acids in lipids of O. sinensis suggests that the δ13C patterns may be sensitive potential indicators to discriminate its geographical origin. The δ13C values of individual major fatty acids of lipids from the cultivated stromata of Cordyceps militaris (SCM), the fermented mycelia of Hirsurella sinensis (FMH) and Paecilomyces epiali (FMP) range from -31.2‰ to -29.7‰, -16.9‰ to -14.3‰, and -26.5‰ to -23.9‰, respectively. Their δ13C pattern of individual major fatty acids may be used as a potential indicator to discriminate the products of natural O. sinensis and its substitutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yue-Hui Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang M, Tian J, Xiang M, Liu X. Living strategy of cold-adapted fungi with the reference to several representative species. Mycology 2017; 8:178-188. [PMID: 30123638 PMCID: PMC6059074 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1370429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our planet is dominant with cold environments that harbour enormously diverse cold-adapted fungi comprising representatives of all phyla. Investigation based on culture-dependent and independent methods has demonstrated that cold-adapted fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in diverse habitants and substrates. They live as saprobes, symbionts, plant and animal parasites and pathogens to perform crucial functions in different ecosystems. Pseudogymnoascus destructans caused bat white-nose syndrome and Ophiocordyceps sinensis as Chinese medicine are the representative species that have significantly ecological and economic significance. Adaptation to cold niches has made this group of fungi a fascinating resource for the discovery of novel enzymes and secondary metabolites for biotechnological and pharmaceutical uses. This review provides the current understanding of living strategy and ecological functions of cold-adapted fungi, with particular emphasis on how those fungi overcome the extreme low temperature and perform their ecological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manman Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu Y, Wang XY, Gao ZT, Han JP, Xiang L. Detection of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Its Common Adulterates Using Species-Specific Primers. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1179. [PMID: 28680424 PMCID: PMC5478735 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a fungus that infects Hepialidae caterpillars, mummifying the larvae and producing characteristic fruiting bodies (stromata) that are processed into one of the most valued traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). The product commands a very high price due to a high demand but a very limited supply. Adulteration with other fungi is a common problem and there is a need to test preparation for the presence of the correct fungus. In the current study, a PCR-based approach for the identification of O. sinensis based on a segment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was developed. The segments is 146-bp in size and is likely to be amplified even in materials where processing led to DNA fragmentation. Primer development was based on the alignment of sequence data generated from a total of 89 samples of O. sinensis and potential adulterants as well as sequences date from 41 Ophiocordyceps species and 26 Cordyceps species available in GenBank. Tests with primer pair, DCF4/DCR4, demonstrated generation of an amplicon from DNA extracted from O. sinensis stromata, but not from extracts derived from adulterants. Species-specific primer pairs were also developed and tested for detection of the common adulterants, Cordyceps gunnii, Cordyceps cicadae, Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps liangshanensis and Ophiocordyceps nutans. The collection of primers developed in the present study will be useful for the authentication of preparation claiming to only contain O. sinensis and for the detection of fungi used as adulterants in these preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Identification Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Wang
- Identification Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Zi-Tong Gao
- Identification Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Han
- Identification Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The caterpillar fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, genome provides insights into highland adaptation of fungal pathogenicity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1806. [PMID: 28496210 PMCID: PMC5432009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the potential genetic basis of highland adaptation of fungal pathogenicity, we present here the ~116 Mb de novo assembled high-quality genome of Ophiocordyceps sinensis endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Compared with other plain-dwelling fungi, we find about 3.4-fold inflation of the O. sinensis genome due to a rapid amplification of long terminal repeat retrotransposons that occurred ~38 million years ago in concert with the uplift of the plateau. We also observe massive removal of thousands of genes related to the transport process and energy metabolism. O. sinensis displays considerable lineage-specific expansion of gene families functionally enriched in the adaptability of low-temperature of cold tolerance, fungal pathogenicity and specialized host infection. We detect signals of positive selection for genes involved in peroxidase and hypoxia to enable its highland adaptation. Resequencing and analyzing 31 whole genomes of O. sinensis, representing nearly all of its geographic range, exhibits latitude-based population divergence and nature selection for population inhabitation towards higher altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
Collapse
|
29
|
Mi JN, Han Y, Xu Y, Kou J, Wang JR, Jiang ZH. New Immunosuppressive Sphingoid Base and Ceramide Analogues in Wild Cordyceps. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38641. [PMID: 27966660 PMCID: PMC5155214 DOI: 10.1038/srep38641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive identification of sphingoid bases and ceramides in wild Cordyceps was performed by integrating a sequential chromatographic enrichment procedure and an UHPLC-ultrahigh definition-Q-TOF-MS based sphingolipidomic approach. A total of 43 sphingoid bases and 303 ceramides were identified from wild Cordyceps, including 12 new sphingoid base analogues and 159 new ceramide analogues based on high-resolution MS and MS/MS data, isotope distribution, matching with the comprehensive personal sphingolipid database, confirmation by sphingolipid standards and chromatographic retention time rule. The immunosuppressive bioassay results demonstrated that Cordyceps sphingoid base fraction exhibits more potent immunosuppressive activity than ceramide fraction, elucidating the immunosuppressive ingredients of wild Cordyceps. This study represented the most comprehensive identification of sphingoid bases and ceramides from a natural source. The findings of this study provided an insight into therapeutic application of wild Cordyceps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yuwei Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yingqiong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jing-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dual-Directional Immunomodulatory Effects of Corbrin Capsule on Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:1360386. [PMID: 27721890 PMCID: PMC5045992 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1360386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. To investigate the effects of Corbrin Capsule (CS-C-Q80), a drug derived from Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc., on autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). Methods. 44 Patients with Graves's disease (GD) and 56 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) were randomly assigned to treatment group (GD-Tx and HT-Tx) or control group (GD-Ct and HT-Ct). The control groups were given methimazole or levothyroxine only while the treatment groups were given Corbrin Capsule (2.0 g tid) besides the same conventional prescriptions as control groups. Thyroid hormones, thyroid antibodies, and T lymphocyte subsets were quantified at baseline and 24 weeks posttreatment. Results. Significant drop of serum anti-TPO-Ab levels was observed in both GD-Tx and HT-Tx groups. Before treatment, GD patients had higher helper T cells compared to cytotoxic T cells, while HT patients suffered from a nearly inverted proportion of helper T/cytotoxic T cells. There was a significant drop of the helper T/cytotoxic T cells ratio in GD-Tx to the median of the normal ranges after Corbrin treatment for 24 weeks, while that in HT-Tx was elevated. Conclusion. Corbrin Capsule could restore the balance between helper T and cytotoxic T cells in both GD and HT patients with dual-directional immunomodulatory effects. And it could significantly reduce the autoantibody levels in both GD and HT.
Collapse
|
31
|
Xia F, Liu Y, Guo MY, Shen GR, Lin J, Zhou XW. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed complex endogenetic microorganism community from natural DongChong XiaCao and its microhabitat. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:196. [PMID: 27565900 PMCID: PMC5002179 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis (DongChong XiaCao (DCXC) in Chinese), a fungal parasite of caterpillars, is a traditional Chinese medicine. Bioactive components isolated from natural DCXC possess a wide range of pharmacological actions. Many efforts have been directed towards isolating the fungi based on culture-dependent methods for investigation of fungal diversity in order to determine the anamorph of natural DCXC and find new medicinal fungi resources, and the results have been varied. RESULTS In the present study, a total of 44,588 bacterial and 51,584 fungal sequences corresponding to 11,694 and 9297 putative operational taxonomic units (OTU) were respectively identified by a Roche/454-based, high throughput sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes and ITS regions. The main bacterial groups were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, while the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota were the main fungal phyla. Proteobacteria presented 68.4, 49.5, 38.9 and 35.6 % of all bacteria in the sclerotia, stromata, external mycelial cortices and soil, respectively. As the main fungi phyla, Ascomycota presented 21.0, 45.6 26.4 and 59.3 % in the sclerotia, stromata, external mycelial cortices and soil, respectively. Bacterial and fungal communities were more diverse in the environmental sample than in the natural DCXC sample. Microbial communities were obviously distinct in each sample. Several novel unclassifiable bacterial (10.41 %) and fungal (37.92 %) species were also detected. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed an abundant endogenetic fungal and bacterial resources and a variety of genetic information in natural DCXC by high-throughput 454 sequencing technology. Microorganism that had been discovered in natural DCXC will provide sources for screening the new bioactive metabolites and its biotechnological application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, E-401-8#, Life Science Building, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Rong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Lin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, E-401-8#, Life Science Building, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chiu CP, Liu SC, Tang CH, Chan Y, El-Shazly M, Lee CL, Du YC, Wu TY, Chang FR, Wu YC. Anti-inflammatory Cerebrosides from Cultivated Cordyceps militaris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1540-1548. [PMID: 26853111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (bei-chong-chaw, northern worm grass) is a precious and edible entomopathogenic fungus, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a general booster for the nervous system, metabolism, and immunity. Saccharides, nucleosides, mannitol, and sterols were isolated from this fungus. The biological activity of C. militaris was attributed to the saccharide and nucleoside contents. In this study, the aqueous methanolic fraction of C. militaris fruiting bodies exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the active fraction led to the isolation of eight compounds, including one new and two known cerebrosides (ceramide derivatives), two nucleosides, and three sterols. Cordycerebroside A (1), the new cerebroside, along with soyacerebroside I (2) and glucocerebroside (3) inhibited the accumulation of pro-inflammatory iNOS protein and reduced the expression of COX-2 protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. This is the first study on the isolation of cerebrosides with anti-inflammatory activity from this TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Peng Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - You Chan
- Institute of Microbiology, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University , Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Chia-Lin Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Du
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Center of Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ke YH, Ju YM. Two rare ophiocordycipitaceous fungi newly recorded in Taiwan. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2015; 56:30. [PMID: 28510839 PMCID: PMC5432933 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-015-0110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophiocordycipitaceae is a highly diverse fungal family parasitizing a wide range of arthropods and hypogeous fungi. We collected two ophiocordycipitaceous species previously unknown in Taiwan: one emerged from hypogeous fruiting bodies of an Elaphomyces fungus and the other was associated with dragonflies. RESULTS Based on gross morphology, microscopic features, ITS sequences, and hosts, the two ophiocordycipitaceous fungi were identified as Tolypocladium japonicum and Ophiocordyceps odonatae. We isolated axenic cultures of these two fungi, and their anamorphs were obtained. The simplicillium-like anamorph of T. japonicum is described herein for the first time. The anamorph of O. odonatae produce conidia holoblastically in sympodial sequence and is assignable to Hymenostilbe. A dichotomous key to the species of Ophiocordycipitaceae reported in Taiwan is provided. CONCLUSION A thorough literature study indicates that the two fungi reported herein have rarely been collected. Our identifications of T. japonicum and O. odonatae agree well with descriptions in the literature and are highly supported by DNA sequence analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Ke
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Ju
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lei W, Zhang G, Peng Q, Liu X. Development of Ophiocordyceps sinensis through Plant-Mediated Interkingdom Host Colonization. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17482-93. [PMID: 26263972 PMCID: PMC4581204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a well-known entomogenous and medicinal fungus. After its anamorphs parasitize the larvae of the genus Thitarodes, fruit-bodies may form to be used as medicine. However, its developmental mechanisms remain unknown. The distribution of O. sinensis was determined in different tissues of the Thitarodes larvae and the dominant plant species using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, respectively. We found that more fungal material was located in plants than in larvae, especially in Ranunculus tanguticus. A considerable amount was detected in larval intestinal-wall and plant roots. It is suggested that plants are the potential hosts of O. sinensis, which modifies our understanding of the life cycle of O. sinensis and indicates that the phytophagous larvae may become infected as they feed. Our research may contribute to the study of systematic evolution and population ecology of O. sinensis, elucidate its developmental mechanism and promote sustainable harvesting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Guren Zhang
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Qingyun Peng
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yan JK, Wang WQ, Wu JY. Recent advances in Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides: Mycelial fermentation, isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review. J Funct Foods 2014; 6:33-47. [PMID: 32362940 PMCID: PMC7185505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) sinensis, the Chinese caterpillar fungus, is a unique and precious medicinal fungus in traditional Chinese medicine which has been used as a prestigious tonic and therapeutic herb in China for centuries. Polysaccharides are bioactive constituents of C. sinensis, exhibiting several activities such as immunomodulation, antitumour, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic. As natural C. sinensis fruiting body-caterpillar complexes are very rare and expensive, the polysaccharides documented over the last 15-20 years from this fungal species were mostly extracted from cultivated fungal mycelia (intracellular polysaccharides) or from mycelial fermentation broth (exopolysaccharides). Extraction and purification of the polysaccharides is a tedious process involving numerous steps of liquid and solid phase separations. Nevertheless, a large number of polysaccharide structures have been purified and elucidated. However, relationships between the structures and activities of these polysaccharides are not well established. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments in various aspects (i.e., production, extraction, structure, and bioactivity) of the intracellular and exopolysaccharides from mycelial fermentation of C. sinensis fungi. The contents and data will serve as useful references for further investigation, production and application of these polysaccharides in functional foods and therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kun Yan
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wang
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|