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Tosin Anthony A, Olukayode AF, Olusoji Abidemi S, Azeez Oyemomi I, Adefunke BO, Ayodeji OJ, Babatope Ebenezer A, Adekoya Joshua I, Joseph Olusesan F. Prevalence, practice, determinants and adverse effects of self-medication among young people living in a suburban community of Ekiti, Nigeria: A community-based cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241261002. [PMID: 38911442 PMCID: PMC11193929 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241261002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Health hazards such as adverse drug reactions and prolonged morbidity are fallouts of self-medication among young people in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, practice, determinants, and adverse effects of self-medication among young people living in a suburban community of Ekiti, Nigeria. Methods This survey was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of 602 young people aged 16-24 years., who were randomly selected in the community. A predesigned self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The study was conducted from 1st March to 31st May 2023. The independent variables measured include the sociodemographic characteristics, while the dependent variables are the practice of self-medication and factors that predisposes to self-medication. The general characteristics of the participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The categorical variables were reported as frequency distribution and proportions with 95% confidence intervals and were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Over 30% (31.7%) of the participants engage in self-medication. A larger proportion of the people who practiced self-medication lived a trekking distance of less than 1 km from the nearest health facility with a doctor (p = 0.044). The practice of self-medication was statistically related with being a student when compared with gainfully employed and unemployed people (p = 0.006). Fever (39.8%), abdominal pain (17.3%) and headaches (16.2%) were the topmost three ailments that necessitated self-medication. Antimalarials (44.0%), antibiotics (25.1%), and antipyretics (16.8%) were high on the list of drugs used for self-medication. Headache (34.0%) was the most common adverse reaction from self-medication among the participants studied. Conclusion Adverse reactions and drug addiction were negative fallouts of self-medication, which can affect the health of young people as they grow into adulthood. Therefore, monitoring of drug outlets must be taken seriously by government agencies to prevent the worsening of the negative effects of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agbesanwa Tosin Anthony
- Agbesanwa Tosin Anthony, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria. Emails: ;
| | - Aina Felixelix Olukayode
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Olusoji Abidemi
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Azeez Oyemomi
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Owoyemi John Ayodeji
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Inubile Adekoya Joshua
- Department of Research and Statistics, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Fadare Joseph Olusesan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
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Ikwara AE, Atwijukiire H. Self-medication and medication storage practices among Lira University students in Lira city, Northern Uganda. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1259279. [PMID: 38026339 PMCID: PMC10654784 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1259279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication (SM) is a global public health concern, particularly prevalent in developing nations. It involves the consumption of drugs without professional guidance, encompassing both over-the-counter and prescription medicines. Responsible SM can alleviate healthcare burdens, reduce costs, and empower individuals to manage minor ailments independently. However, improper SM practices can lead to adverse effects, contribute to antimicrobial resistance, and pose various health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SM and related practices of storing medications among students at Lira University, located in Lira City West Division, Northern Uganda. Methods This study adopted a quantitative cross-sectional design, focusing on students from various faculties. The sample size comprised 422 students, determined using the Kish Leslie formula. Data collection involved the administration of self-administered questionnaires, and subsequent data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results The study involved participants from Lira University, primarily women (51.2%) with an average age of 23.82. A majority were Christians (59.7%) and single (87.9%). Most were from the Faculty of Health Sciences (63.7%), with third-year students being the largest group (48.3%). Regarding SM, 74.2% practiced SM, with antibiotics (69.2%) and tablets (69.2%) being commonly self-administered. In terms of medication storage, 93.4% kept medicines at home, mostly in cupboards (76.5%), but many were unsure about proper storage practices. Participants exhibited good knowledge of SM's risks and measures to reduce them. There was a significant association between the faculty of study and SM practices (p = 0.015), while other demographic factors showed no significant associations. Conclusion This study sheds light on the prevalent SM practices among students at Lira University in Northern Uganda. Notably, antibiotics were frequently self-medicated, raising concerns about antibiotic resistance. Additionally, medication storage practices emphasize the need for proper education on storage guidelines. However, the participants exhibited good knowledge of the risks associated with SM, suggesting the potential for effective awareness campaigns. The study recommends targeted health education programs, stricter regulations on medication sales, improved healthcare access, proper medication disposal, further research on the factors driving SM, collaborative efforts, and monitoring of antibiotic use to address this public health issue effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Emmanuel Ikwara
- Child Health and Development Centre, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Lira University, Lira, Uganda
| | - Humphrey Atwijukiire
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Bishop Stuart University, Mbarara, Uganda
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Wahab A, Alam MM, Hasan S, Halder S, Ullah MO, Hossain A. Exploring the knowledge, practices & determinants of antibiotic self-medication among bangladeshi university students in the era of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19923. [PMID: 37809972 PMCID: PMC10559346 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-medication with antibiotics is a growing public health concern. Antibiotics are easily accessible on requested from pharmacies throughout the majority of developing countries. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics among university students in Bangladesh, as well as to evaluate their knowledge and practices related to antibiotics and its resistance. A structured questionnaire was administered to 1000 students over a month in January 2022 at three universities of Bangladesh. The results showed that 61.0% of the participants had self-medicated with antibiotics in the last six months. In regards to the participants' level of knowledge and practice, a significant proportion, 60.0% exhibited a substandard understanding of antibiotic resistance and appropriate antibiotic usage. Male students (61.7%) were found to self-medicate more often than female students (38.3%). The highest prevalence of self-medication was observed in the age group of 22-25 years (32.2%). The most common reasons for self-medication were previous experience with the illness (40.9%) and the belief that the illness was not serious (36.2%). The most common illnesses for which self-medication was practiced were fever (40.9%) and cough and cold (29.3%). During multivariate logistic regression analyses age, gender, maintaining diet chart, and habit of exercising regularly were found to be associated with the increased risk of self-medication with antibiotics. The study highlighted the critical need for targeted interventions to promote responsible antibiotic use, enhance knowledge about antibiotic resistance, and discourage self-medication among university students in Bangladesh. Addressing these factors would enable the government to mitigate risks associated with self-medication, prevent antibiotic resistance, and alleviate the burden on health and the economy at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Wahab
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Morshad Alam
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Nutrition and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Hasan
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sangeeta Halder
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Army Medical Core Centre and School, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Md Obayed Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Elghazaly A, Alsahali S, Farooqui M, Ibrahim N, Alshammari M, Almutairi A, Almutairi M, Almutairi W. A Cross-Sectional Study to Investigate the Prevalence of Self-Medication of Non-Opioid Analgesics Among Medical Students at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:1371-1379. [PMID: 37309455 PMCID: PMC10257911 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s407693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Self-medication (SM) using non-opioid analgesics (NOA) is contentious and increasingly recognized as a major public health concern with severe consequences, including masking of malignant and fatal diseases, risk of misdiagnosis, problems relating to over- and under-dosing, drug interactions, incorrect dosage, and choice of therapy. Herein, we aim to determine the prevalence of SM with NOA among pharmacy and medical students at Unaizah College, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional study using a validated self-administered questionnaire was conducted on 709 pharmacy and medicine students belonging to an age group of 21-24 years from Unaizah Colleges. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results Of 709 participants, 635 responded to the questionnaire. Our results showed a prevalence percentage of 89.6% using self-medicated NOA for pain management. The most common factor leading to SM in NOA was the mild nature of the illness (50.6%), and headache/migraine (66.8%) was the dominant health problem. Paracetamol (acetaminophen, 73.7%) was the most commonly used analgesic, followed by ibuprofen (16.5%). The most common and reliable sources of drug information were pharmacists (51.5%). Conclusion We observed a high rate of SM for NOA among undergraduate students. We believe that the adverse consequences of SM could be controlled through educational, regulatory, and administrative strategies by providing appropriate awareness sessions, and the role of pharmacists should be highlighted in preventing SM from NOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Elghazaly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alsahali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Perceived Body Image towards Disordered Eating Behaviors and Supplement Use: A Study of Mauritian Gym-Goers. PSYCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/psych5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Individuals with body image distortions tend to develop an obsession with calorie intake and weight, leading to compounded coping strategies such as modified eating behaviors, supplement use, and excessive exercise. In the local context, little is known about the equation connecting body image to improper eating behaviors and other potential coping mechanisms. This study primarily aims at critically identifying the nexus between features of disordered eating behavior including supplement use, and body image. Methodology: A probabilistic randomized sample of 305 gym members was assessed based on their level of body satisfaction and its influence on their eating habits and supplement use through a structured survey. Findings: Only 37% of the participants were satisfied with their body image. The results concurred with the notion of a poor body image influencing body esteem (χ2 (10) = 137.21, p < 0.05; Cramer V = 0.474). While exercise motivated the use of supplements, a significant relationship was also observed between disordered eating habits and supplement use (χ2 (4) = 48.63, p < 0.05; Cramer V = 0.399). A predictive model was successfully drawn inclusive of the disordered eating behaviors dimensions as a potent predictor of body image (χ2 (56) = 397.12, p < 0.001. Implications: This study presents an in-depth analysis of the magnitude of disordered eating behaviors with respect to individuals in the local fitness industry, and the need for professional support programs toward the re-alignment of body image in an effort to curtail the development of eating disorders in Mauritian gym-goers.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Ukey U, Sonpimpale B, Ughade S, Narlawar U, Gaikwad S, Nair P, Masram P, Pandey S. Prevalence, Pattern, and Reasons for Self-Medication: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study From Central India. Cureus 2023; 15:e33917. [PMID: 36819304 PMCID: PMC9936784 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Self-medication is an important public health problem, with varied prevalence across the world. The high prevalence of self-medication in India is one of the important factors contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Self-medication without medical guidance can lead to inappropriate, incorrect, or undue therapy, missed diagnosis, delays in appropriate treatment, pathogen resistance, and increased morbidity. The growing trend of self-medication can be attributed to various factors like the urge for self-care, sympathy toward sick family members, inaccessible health services and nonavailability of drugs, time and financial constraints, ignorance, misbeliefs, extensive advertisement and availability of drugs in places other than drug shops. Methodology The present community-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban field practice area of a tertiary health care center (UHTC) in Central India. Individuals above 18 years of age and present at home at the time of the house-to-house survey comprised the study participants. A total of 400 participants were enrolled in the study. Data were collected using a predesigned and pretested questionnaire by the face-to-face interview technique. Results The prevalence of self-medication in the area was 60 % (240). The most widely used drugs for self-medication were analgesics (159; 66.25%) and antipyretics (142; 59.16%). Common ailments for which self-medication was used frequently were fever, body aches, common cold, and cough. It was observed that female participants were twice more likely to self-medicate as compared to male participants (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.04; Prevalence (p) = 0.014, Confidence Interval (CI) 95% = 1.15-3.62). Additionally, those having education above the high school level had more chances of self-medicating than those educated less than high school (OR: 1.25; p≤0.014, CI 95%=1.05-1.50). The commonest reasons for resorting to self-medication as per the findings of the present study are that it saves time and the condition was not serious enough to warrant a physician's consultation.
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Al-Kubaisi KA, Abduelkarem AR, Elnour AA, Khidir IYE, Hassanein MM. The usage pattern of patients' drug information leaflet for oral non-prescription drugs among university students in the United Arab Emirates: cross-sectional study. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2023; 21:2774. [PMID: 37090458 PMCID: PMC10117325 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2023.1.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Very few extensive studies have measured the prevalence and usage pattern of drug information leaflet (DIL) for oral non-prescription drugs (ONPDs) or identified the associated risk factors for not reading DIL among university students in the UAE. Objective The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the usage pattern of DIL for ONPDs, and delineate the associated risk factors for not reading the DIL among university students. Methods A cross-sectional survey-based multistage sampling technique conducted among 2875 students at three major universities in UAE. The self-administered validated questionnaire was constructed and developed based on Andersen's behavioral model. Binomial logistic regression performed to ascertain the effects of 25 potential predictors on the likelihood that participants not reading (discarded) the DIL after reading them. The primary outcome measure was reading (discarding without reading) the DIL, and the associated behaviours. Results 2875 university students were eligible to participate in the study, but only 2519 students agreed to participate, indicating an 88% of intent participation. However, only 2,355 (81.9%) students completed the questionnaire. 1348 respondents reported using NPD (response rate 46.9%) during the past three months before conducting the study, which comprised the sample analysis (1307 were excluded). More than three-quarters of them read the DIL (always or often) at the first use (1049 of 1348, 77.8%). Approximately a quarter of those who read the DIL reported that they discarded them after reading (24.1%). The survey has identified four risk factors for not reading the DIL: those who get the drug information from physicians or pharmacists had lower odds of discarding the DIL (odds ration [OR] = 0.491, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.273-0.884, p value< 0.05). Medical students had lower odds of discarding the DIL (OR = 0.598, 95% CI: 0.412-0.868, p value< 0.05). Those participants who believe that NPDs are as effective as prescription drugs had lower odds of discarding the DIL (OR = 0.342, 95% CI: 0.123-0.948, p value< 0.05). Participants who use more than one NPD to treat a single symptom a day have higher odds of discarding the DIL (OR = 1.625, 95% CI: 1.122 -2.355, p value< 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of drug usage pattern in this population was 57.5% as 1348 subjects reported using NPD during the past 90 days before conducting the study. We have identified four risk factors for not reading the DIL, those who get the drug information from physicians or pharmacists, medical students, those respondents who believe that NPDs were as effective as prescription drugs, and respondents self-treating a single symptom with more than one NPD. It was evident from the findings that usage pattern of NPD for DIL varied among the students, with no specific pattern dominating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Al-Kubaisi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy-University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Abduelmula R Abduelkarem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy-University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Asim Ahmed Elnour
- PhD, MSc. Program of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi campus, Abu Dhabi-United Arab Emirates. AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Israa Yousif El Khidir
- PhD. Assistant professor, Clinical Pharmacist, University of Hail (UOH), Hail - King Saudia Arabia (KSA).
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Chaudhry B, Azhar S, Jamshed S, Ahmed J, Khan LUR, Saeed Z, Madléna M, Gajdács M, Rasheed A. Factors Associated with Self-Medication during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110330. [PMID: 36355873 PMCID: PMC9694449 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-medication (SM) is characterized by the procurement and use of medicines by bypassing primary healthcare services and without consulting a physician, usually to manage acute symptoms of self-diagnosed illnesses. Due to the limited availability of primary healthcare services and the anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the compulsion to SM by the public has increased considerably. The study aimed to assess the characteristics, practices, and associated factors of SM by the public during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sargodha, Pakistan. χ2-tests and univariable analyses were conducted to explore the identification of characteristics and the potential contributing factors for SM during COVID-19, while multivariable logistic regression models were run to study the effect of variables that maintained a significant association. The study was performed during July−September 2021, with n = 460 questionnaires returned overall (response rate: 99.5%). The majority of respondents were males (58.7%, n = 270) who live in the periphery of the town (63.9%, n = 294), and most of the respondents belonged to the age group of 18−28 years (73.3%, n = 339). A large number, 46.1% (n = 212), of the participants were tested for COVID-19 during the pandemic, and among them, 34.3% (n = 158) practiced SM during the pandemic; the most common source of obtaining medicines was requesting them directly from a pharmacy (25.0%; n = 127). The chances of practicing SM for medical health professionals were 1.482 (p-value = 0.046) times greater than for non-medical health personnel. The likelihood of practicing SM in participants whose COVID-19 test was positive was 7.688 (p-value < 0.001) times more than who did not test for COVID-19. Allopathic medicines, acetaminophen (23.6%), azithromycin (14,9%), and cough syrups (13%), and over the counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals, vitamin oral supplements, such as Vitamin C (39.1%), folic acid (23.5%), and calcium (22.6%), were the most commonly consumed medicines and supplements, respectively; being a healthcare professional or having a COVID-test prior showed a significant association with the usage of Vitamin C (p < 0.05 in all cases). Respondents who mentioned unavailability of the physician and difficulty in travelling/reaching healthcare professionals were found 2.062-times (p-value = 0.004) and 1.862-times (p-value = 0.021) more likely to practice SM, respectively; SM due to fear of COVID was more common in individuals who had received COVID-tests prior (p = 0.004). Practices of SM were observed at alarming levels among our participants. Consciousness and understanding about the possible adverse effects of SM must be established and validated on a continuous level; in addition, on a commercial level, collaboration from pharmacists not to sell products (especially prescription-only medicines) without a certified prescription must be developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saiza Azhar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Jamshed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 21300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.R.)
| | - Jahanzaib Ahmed
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Zahid Saeed
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Melinda Madléna
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Abdur Rasheed
- School of Public Health Dow, University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.R.)
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Baracaldo-Santamaría D, Trujillo-Moreno MJ, Pérez-Acosta AM, Feliciano-Alfonso JE, Calderon-Ospina CA, Soler F. Definition of self-medication: a scoping review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2022; 13:20420986221127501. [PMID: 36211626 PMCID: PMC9537481 DOI: 10.1177/20420986221127501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-medication (SM) is a global and growing phenomenon. It represents a public
health problem due to antibiotic resistance, risk of adverse drug reactions,
drug–drug interactions, disease masking, and increased morbidity. There is not a
consensus on the definition of SM. The definitions found in different studies
make it difficult to address this problem from a theoretical perspective and
therefore find an adequate solution to this public health problem. The aim of
this article is to search the medical literature to characterize the current
understanding of SM in the medical community. We conducted a scoping review of
definitions of SM by searching on PubMed – Medline, Embase, and LILACS using the
following combination of keywords: ‘self-prescription’ or ‘self prescription’,
‘self-medication’ or ‘self medication’, or ‘automedication’ and ‘definition’ or
‘explanation’. The search was limited to articles containing the definition of
SM, with no limit on language or year. Duplicate studies and those that did not
mention the definition of SM were excluded from the final review. A total of 65
studies were included in the final selection. We found a vast heterogeneity in
the definition of SM. Most articles based their definition of SM on the process
of obtaining the drug, the nonparticipation of a specific health professional,
the source of the medication, and the reason for SM. Other interesting concepts
such as self-care, nonadherence to a prescription, reuse of stored drugs, and
sharing and lending medicines were also considered forms of SM by other authors,
however. This study highlights the need to reach a consensus regarding the
definition of SM to adequately propose strategies to address this global health
problem. This study shows the diverse concepts that need to be included in a
future definition of SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Baracaldo-Santamaría
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical
Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario,
Bogota, Colombia
| | - Maria José Trujillo-Moreno
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical
Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario,
Bogota, Colombia
| | - Andrés M. Pérez-Acosta
- Observatory of Self-Medication Behavior, School
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá,
Colombia
| | | | - Carlos-Alberto Calderon-Ospina
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical
Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario,
Bogota, Colombia,Observatory of Self-Medication Behavior, School
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá,
Colombia,Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics -
CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Vahedi S, Jalali FS, Bayati M, Delavari S. Predictors of Self-medication in Iran: A Notional Survey Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:348-358. [PMID: 34400964 PMCID: PMC8170743 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113601.14394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While logical use of medicine is a priority in all health systems, people do self-medication- mainly using Nonprescription Drugs or Over the Counter (OTC) drugs- for different reasons. Self-medication is rising in many developing countries that could increase healthcare expenditure. The present study aimed to find the self-medication rate and predisposing, enabling, and need factors affecting it based on the Anderson behavioral model in the Iranian population. The present study uses 22470 households’ data acquired from Iranian utilization of healthcare survey at the national level (2016). Due to the study objective, the data of 13005 people who were over 15 years old and had outpatient healthcare needs two weeks before the survey. The survey included a binary question about self-medication, which is considered a dependent variable. Age, gender, marital status, literacy, job status, socio-economic status, location, basic health insurance, complementary health insurance, and need for health services were considered as independent variables. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. The self-medication rate was calculated at 26.3% that was different among different subgroups of the population. According to the model estimates, married (OR = 0.80, CI = 0.71-0.91) and housekeepers (OR = 0.79, CI = 0.67-0.93) had significantly lower self-medication. Moreover, the urban population (OR = 1.29, CI = 1.17-1.43), people without basic (OR = 1.32, CI = 1.10-1.58), and supplementary (OR = 1.18, CI = 1.04-1.35) health insurance and also people who had two or higher number of outpatient healthcare needs had significantly more self-medication (OR = 2.96, CI = 2.67-3.29). It can be concluded that need, enabling, and predisposing factors are respectively the main determinants of self-medication behavior. From a policy point of view, increasing effective health insurance coverage with a focus on people who have more health care needs can be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Vahedi
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Faride Sadat Jalali
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajad Delavari
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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GURSUL G, FİDAN C, OKSUZ E, KUT A. Self‐medication patterns among Turkish university students. KONURALP TIP DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.18521/ktd.773128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kifle ZD, Mekuria AB, Anteneh DA, Enyew EF. Self-medication Practice and Associated Factors among Private Health Sciences Students in Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia. A Cross-sectional Study. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2021; 58:469580211005188. [PMID: 33759621 PMCID: PMC7995453 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Self-medication is the most common practice worldwide and it may lead to irrational use of drugs. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of self-medication practice and its associated factors among health science students. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 health science students in Gondar town. The data regarding self-medication practice and its associated factors were collected using a face-to-face interview on a structured questionnaire. SPSS −24 was used for data analysis and explained with univariate, and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the factors associated with self-medication practice (sex, age, religion, marital status, residence, department, year of study, monthly income, access to pharmacy, and peer/family pressure). A total of 554 students responded to the questionnaire with a response rate of 92.3%. Out of 554 respondents, 78.2% were practiced self-medication. Headache/fever 37.88% (n = 164) was reported as the most common complaint to practice self-medication. Among the reasons for self-medication practice, similarity of symptoms with past illness 33.49% (n = 145) was the most frequently reported. In current study, Females (AOR = 3.11, 95% CI = 1.55, 6.25), Muslim followers (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.30, 5.91), Protestant followers (AOR = 4.25, 95% CI = 1.38, 13.07), pharmacy students (AOR = 3.72, 95% CI = 1.97, 9.30), clinical nursing students (AOR = 2.88, 95% CI = 1.87, 14.48), monthly income (>500ETB) (AOR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.12, 5.56), distance of health institution (<30 min) (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.39, 5.61), and accessibility of pharmacy (AOR = 4.85, 95% CI = 2.08, 11.29) were the independent predictors of self-medication practice. Self-medication is common in health science students in Gondar town. Health professionals should educate students on the risks and benefits of self-medication to encourage responsible self-medication. National guidelines on medicine access should be developed and strong measures should be implemented to halt the selling of medications without a proper prescription.
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Chindhalore CA, Dakhale GN, Giradkar AB. Comparison of self-medication practices with analgesics among undergraduate medical and paramedical students of a tertiary care teaching institute in Central India - A questionnaire-based study. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2020; 9:309. [PMID: 33426113 PMCID: PMC7774615 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_378_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inappropriate self-medication can increase chances of adverse drug reactions, disease aggravation, or drug interactions. Analgesics are most commonly used as self-medication. AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare analgesic self-medication practices among medical and paramedical undergraduate students of a tertiary care teaching institute in Central India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in 216 undergraduate medical (MBBS and BDS) and paramedical (occupational therapy/physiotherapy and BSc nursing) students. A predesigned, self-developed, semi-structured questionnaire was used. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The Chi-square test was used for testing statistical significance. RESULTS The overall prevalence of self-medication with analgesics was 83.33%. Self-medication was significantly high among medical students as compared to paramedical students (P = 0.003). Significantly more medical students were aware about adverse drug reactions of analgesics as compared to paramedical students (P = 0.019). The most common source of information about drugs was previous prescription (58.33%), followed by media including the Internet (53.70%). The most dominant symptom compelling self-medication was found to be muscular pain (42.12%), followed by headache (36.57%). 54.16% of the students revealed that self-medication provides quick relief from pain. The most commonly used analgesic was paracetamol (82.40%), followed by diclofenac (22.68%). A significant number of paramedical students do not know exactly what precautions should be taken while taking analgesics (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Medical students are more indulged in self-medication practices with analgesics. Paramedical students need to be educated regarding safe use of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganesh Natthuji Dakhale
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Gras M, Champel V, Masmoudi K, Liabeuf S. Self-medication practices and their characteristics among French university students. Therapie 2020; 75:419-428. [PMID: 32204933 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate self-medication can have major impacts on health. The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of self-medication behaviours among undergraduate and postgraduate students from various academic sectors. We also sought to identify determinants of inappropriate self-medication. METHODS We performed a descriptive, cross-sectional study based on a self-questionnaire filled out by students from various academic sectors at the University of Picardy (Amiens, France). The survey comprised four sections: sociodemographic characteristics, health status, self-medication behaviour (including the names of medications taken), and knowledge about medications and the risks associated with self-medication. Inappropriate self-medication was defined as the reported administration of a prescription-only medication without a current prescription. RESULTS A total of 1257 students (715 from the health sector and 542 from other sectors; 983 [78.2%] women) completed the survey. In all, 1194 (95%) students reported self-medication. The most reported reason for self-medication was a supposed good knowledge of medications. The most frequently administered drug classes were analgesics (n=736, 46.7%), and anti-inflammatories/antirheumatics (n=299, 19%). In all, 51.7% (n=617) of the self-medicating students used a medicine from an old prescription including prescription-only drugs (mostly analgesics, antibiotics, and anxiolytics). Female sex, studying for a healthcare degree, having a chronic disease, smoking, having a healthcare professional in the family, and stress were all independently associated with inappropriate self-medication behaviours. CONCLUSION Our results showed that self-medication in general and the use of old prescription-only medications in particular are frequent among French university students. At-risk situations identification might facilitate the implementation of educational actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gras
- Clinical pharmacology department, regional pharmacogivilance centre, Amiens-Picardie university hospital, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Valérie Champel
- Clinical pharmacology department, regional pharmacogivilance centre, Amiens-Picardie university hospital, 80054 Amiens, France; MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, university of Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Kamel Masmoudi
- Clinical pharmacology department, regional pharmacogivilance centre, Amiens-Picardie university hospital, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- Clinical pharmacology department, regional pharmacogivilance centre, Amiens-Picardie university hospital, 80054 Amiens, France; MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, university of Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France.
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Siddig AI, Alqahtani AM, AlShalawi A, Turkistani M, Binbaz S, Altowairqi A. Awareness of analgesics complications in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
All over the world, analgesics are considered one of the most widely used and abused medications. Painkillers such as paracetamol (acetaminophen), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and aspirin currently represent the principal means of pain management. Unfortunately, paracetamol and NSAIDs have dangerous side effects primarily when they are used improperly and without respect to safety rules. This study aims to assess the awareness of the indications, complications, and contraindications of commonly used analgesics.
Results
A total of 1554 participants responded to the survey, and the findings indicated that the main analgesic used is paracetamol. A proportion of 68.1% of the total number of respondents received their information about analgesic medications from a physician or pharmacist; 95.7% used analgesics when needed, and 70.9% mentioned that they would consult a physician or pharmacist if the pain was not relieved after the use of over-the-counter medications. Nearly 29% were not aware of the possibility of adverse effects of analgesic use.
Conclusion
The most commonly used analgesic is paracetamol, and most of the participants had a poor level of awareness regarding the complications and side effects of analgesics in general. Our recommendation is to conduct a continuous health education campaign about the use of analgesics.
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Shahbazi F, Eslampanah Z, Niaparast M. Prevalence of symptoms and medication use among female medical students and pharmacy clients with premenstrual syndrome: a cross‐sectional study in Iran. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Foroud Shahbazi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Zahra Eslampanah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
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Fereidouni Z, Najafi Kalyani M. A model to explain self-medication by Iranian people: a qualitative grounded theory study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1609. [PMID: 31791310 PMCID: PMC6889693 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication (SM) is a common and global health problem. The process of attempting SM is still unclear. Exploration of SM and its contributing factors would help policymakers design and develop preventive programs. This qualitative study aimed to explore the process of attempting SM among Iranian people. Methods This grounded theory (GT) study was conducted among people with the experience of attempting SM (n = 17) and medical staff (n = 9) in Iran selected via semi-structured interviews. The recorded and transcribed interviews were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding based on Strauss and Corbin’s (1998) approach. Results The study results revealed that people sought to deal as simply and quickly as possible with their illnesses/symptoms according to their attitudes towards and perceptions of illnesses/symptoms as well as their economic and social problems. This simple and quick approach was the participants’ main concern, resulting in taking decision-making strategies as SM facilitators. SM, in turn, provided short-term improvement and temporary satisfaction as a predominant outcome. Overall, “to avoid being trapped in the vortex of illness” was the central category, which covered and connected all the other categories developed in this study. Conclusions The elements of this model could be used as a guide for healthcare policymakers to design preventive programs and to plan for increasing people’s knowledge about the complications and consequences of SM. In addition, identification of barriers to referral to physicians and treatment of illnesses through the right way as well as reducing the health system’s problems would help reduce SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Fereidouni
- School of Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Majid Najafi Kalyani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Karimy M, Rezaee-Momtaz M, Tavousi M, Montazeri A, Araban M. Risk factors associated with self-medication among women in Iran. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1033. [PMID: 31370891 PMCID: PMC6676788 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is a public health concern that may create several problems such as increase in drug resistance, raise in drug use per capita, and creating side effects. This study was conducted to determine predictors of self-medication based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) among the Iranian women. Methods This was a cross sectional study. A sample of married women completed a validated, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included items on demographic variables, knowledge, and TPB structures, and the checklist of women’s self-medication practices. The study was conducted in six urban health centers of Shush and Zarandieh in Iran during January to July 2016. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 applying t-test and logistic regression. Results A total of 360 women took part in the study. The results showed that 76% of women had a history of self-medication and 98.9% stored drugs at home. The most important reasons for self-medication were perceived self-medication harmless (41%), having history of a disease (35.5%), and availability of medications at home (34%). The most frequent diseases for self-medication were fatigue, weakness, and anxiety (24%), and fever (20%). The results obtained form logistic regression analysis indicated that age, place of residence, education level, health insurance status, as well as all constructs of the TPB were significant predictors for self-medication. Conclusion The findings indicated that the prevalence of self-medication among Iranian women was high. Since women have important role in shaping the family health, the issue of high prevalence among this population should be considered as a serious problem in Iran. In this regard, it is recommended to consider factors affecting self-medication among women to reduce this health threatening factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Karimy
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Majed Rezaee-Momtaz
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Public Health School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Tavousi
- Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Montazeri
- Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Araban
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Public Health School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Shayeste Y, Jafari D, Hosseinpour R, Daie S. Prevalence of Self-Medication among the Elderly in Gorgan, North of Iran. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/jcbr.2.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Guo H, Diao Y, Fan H, Luo Q. [Clinical Value of Four-hole Unilateral Dissecting Lobectomy and Mediastinal Lymph Node Dissection in the Treatment of Early Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2018; 21:578-582. [PMID: 30172263 PMCID: PMC6105359 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.08.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thoracoscopic lobectomy combined with mediastinal lymph node dissection has been considered as one of the standard surgical procedures for early lung cancer. After 20 years of development, thoracoscopic lobectomy has reached a consensus on reliability and minimally invasive. At present, thoracoscopic lobectomy has a variety of incisions, which gradually evolve into four holes based on three holes, and two or one hole as the operative approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of four-hole unilateral dissecting lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical value of anatomical lobectomy with mediastinal lymphadenectomy under four-hole completely video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (C-VATS) in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS The patients undergoing lobectomy with mediastinal lymphadenectomy for NSCLC were identified in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yangzhou First People's Hospital, Yangzhou University from March 2015 to July 2016. Preoperative clinical diagnosis of peripheral-type early NSCLC. The patients were randomly divided into four-hole monophasic group (experimental group) and three-hole group (control group) according to the number of hospitalization before surgery. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the 39 cases assign in experimental group and 34 cases in the control group, including 36 males and 37 females; aged 38 to 84 years. The mean operation time, average blood loss, lymph node dissection group, average drainage, average extubation time and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups for statistical analysis. RESULTS The two groups of patients were successfully completed surgery, no death after surgery. Mean bleeding in the two groups, the number of lymph node dissection group, the average postoperative drainage, the average time of extubation, postoperative complications, with no significant difference. The average operation time of the four-hole unidirectional group was shorter than that of the three-hole group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The safety and efficacy of a four-hole one-way operation under VATS are satisfactory. The operation is smooth during operation, which shortens the course of operation and deserves the clinical promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated to Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yali Diao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated to Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Huangxin Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated to Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Qingquan Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated to Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Kovačević I, Kogler VM, Turković TM, Dunkić LF, Ivanec Ž, Petek D. Self-care of chronic musculoskeletal pain - experiences and attitudes of patients and health care providers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018. [PMID: 29514616 PMCID: PMC5842573 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-1997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-care is often the first choice for people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Self-care includes the use of non-prescription medications with no doctor's supervision, as well as the use of other modern and traditional treatment methods with no consultation of the health care provider. Self-care may have positive effects on the successful outcome of a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences and attitudes of patients and health care providers to the self-care of chronic musculoskeletal pain. METHODS Qualitative Phenomenological study, where the data were collected by the method of an audio-taped interview in 15 patients at the outpatient clinic for pain management and in 20 health care providers involved in the treatment of those patients. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by principles of Interpretative Thematic Analysis. RESULTS Topics identified in patients: a) positive aspects of self-care, b) a need for pain self-care, c) social aspects of pain self-care. Topics identified in health care providers: a) aspects of self-care, b) a need for self-care c) risks of self-care. Most of patients have positive attitude to self-care and this is the first step to pain management and to care for itself. The most frequent factors influencing decision about the self-care are heavy pain, unavailability of the doctor, long awaiting time for the therapy, or ineffectiveness of methods of conventional medicine. The health care providers believe that self-care of chronic musculoskeletal pain may be a patient's contribution to clinical treatment. However, good awareness of methods used is important in this context, to avoid adverse effects of self-care. CONCLUSION Patients understand the self-care of musculoskeletal pain as an individually adjusted treatment and believe in its effectiveness. Health care providers support self-care as an adjunction to clinical management only, and think that self-care of musculoskeletal pain acts as a placebo, with a short-lived effect on chronic musculoskeletal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kovačević
- University of Applied Health Sciences, Mlinarska 38, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | | | - Lidija Fumić Dunkić
- Sisters of Charity University Hospital Centre, Vinogradska cesta 29, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Ivanec
- Sisters of Charity University Hospital Centre, Vinogradska cesta 29, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davorina Petek
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Poljanski nasip 58, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Seam MOR, Bhatta R, Saha BL, Das A, Hossain MM, Uddin SMN, Karmakar P, Choudhuri MSK, Sattar MM. Assessing the Perceptions and Practice of Self-Medication among Bangladeshi Undergraduate Pharmacy Students. PHARMACY 2018; 6:pharmacy6010006. [PMID: 29342983 PMCID: PMC5874545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the perceptions and extent of practicing self-medication among undergraduate pharmacy students. Methods: This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted over a six month period (January to June 2016) among undergraduate pharmacy students in five reputable public universities of Bangladesh. It involved face-to-face interviews regarding self-medication of 250 respondents selected by simple random sampling. Results: Self-medication was reported by 88.0% of students. Antipyretics (58.40%) were mostly preferred for the treatment of fever and headaches. The major cause for self-medication was minor illness (59.60%, p = 0.73) while previous prescriptions were the main source of knowledge as well as the major factor (52.80%, p = 0.94) dominating the self-medication practice. The results also demonstrated 88.80% of students had previous knowledge on self-medication and 83.60% of students always checked the information on the label; mainly the expiry date before use (85.60%). A significant (p < 0.05) portion of the students (51% male and 43% female) perceived it was an acceptable practice as they considered self-medication to be a segment of self-care. Furthermore, students demonstrated differences in their response level towards the adverse effect of drugs, the health hazard by a higher dose of drug, a physician’s help in case of side effects, taking medicine without proper knowledge, and stopping selling medicine without prescription. Conclusions: Self-medication was commonly used among pharmacy students primarily for minor illnesses using over-the-counter medications. Although it is an inevitable practice for them it should be considered an important public health problem as this practice may increase the misuse or irrational use of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Omar Reza Seam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Rita Bhatta
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Bijoy Laxmi Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Abhijit Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Monir Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - S M Naim Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Palash Karmakar
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
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Self-medication among the elderly in Iran: a content analysis study. BMC Geriatr 2017; 17:198. [PMID: 28863775 PMCID: PMC5580436 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is described as the use of drugs without a physician’s prescription to treat self-recognized illness or symptoms, and an important health issue among the elderly. Despite the wide range of different definitions, recognizing all forms of self-medication among older adults, particularly, in developing countries, help healthcare professionals and providers to reduce harmful effects of self-medication. The purpose of this study is to describe the practice of self-medication and its related factors among elderly people in Iran based on the experiences of people who are involved in this phenomenon. Methods This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants and continued until saturation. The participants were the elderly, their care-givers, physicians, and pharmacists. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, and analysis was done using an inductive approach. The theory of planned behavior was used as a framework to explain the role of the emerged factors in the occurrence of self-medication behavior. Results Based on the expressed experiences of the participants, factors related to the practice of self- medication among the elderly in Iran fit in these 5 categories: “patient’s attitudes towards disease, treatment, and physicians”, “living with disease”, “unfriendly environments”, “enabling health system”, and “influential others”. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, self-medication of the elderly in Iran has commonalities with many countries in regard to over-the-counter medications and complementary and alternative medicine; however, self-medication is also seen with drugs that require a prescription but can easily be obtained from pharmacies. Contributing factors, apart from the elderly themselves, include their families, caregivers, and social circle, the physical environment where they live, and the health system from which they receive services.
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Ebrahimi H, Atashsokhan G, Amanpour F, Hamidzadeh A. Self-medication and its risk factors among women before and during pregnancy. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 27:183. [PMID: 28904710 PMCID: PMC5579420 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.27.183.10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Self-medication can cause significant challenges for the individuals and community, especially in women during pregnancy. This study was aimed to compare the prevalence of self-medication before and during pregnancy among women in Iran. Methods in this cross-sectional study, a total of 384 pregnant women were evaluated for the prevalence of self-medication and its associated factors before and during pregnancy. Stratified random sampling was used as the sampling method. Descriptive statistics and chi-square and logistic regression tests were used for statistical analysis of data. Results The results showed that the prevalence of self-medication, in women who had become ill at least once, was 63.9% before pregnancy and 43.5% and during pregnancy. Variables such as lack of insurance, high school education and not having a child increased odds ratio of self-medication before pregnancy, while the variables of lack of insurance, not having a child or fewer number of children and no history of abortion increased the odds ratio of self-medication during pregnancy. Conclusion Although the prevalence of self-medication during pregnancy was less than that before pregnancy, but this prevalence during pregnancy was still significant. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide public trainings for all women of reproductive age and train them about the dangers and side effects of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ebrahimi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Giti Atashsokhan
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Amanpour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Azam Hamidzadeh
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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Khalifeh MM, Moore ND, Salameh PR. Self-medication misuse in the Middle East: a systematic literature review. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5. [PMID: 28805984 PMCID: PMC5684864 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulations usually distinguish between prescription‐only (POM) and over‐the‐counter (OTC) medicines. The former requires medical prescription; the latter are available for SM of common minor or easily treated ailments. However, in the Eastern Mediterranean countries, theoretical prescription medicines can easily be purchased without a prescription, as self‐medication (SM) resulting in potential misuse and unnecessary risk for patients. The magnitude of this activity is uncertain. The aim of this article, therefore, is to undertake a comprehensive review to identify the different types of medicines that can easily be purchased as SM in Middle East and recognized as misused. An extensive review of the published literature (1990–2015) was conducted using Pubmed, web of science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases, for OTC medicine misuse in the Middle East. A total of 72 papers were identified. Medicines involved in misuse included: codeine containing products, topical anesthetics, topical corticosteroids, antimalarial, and antibiotics. Self‐medication misuse of medicines seemed widespread. Individual treatment patterns were not clearly identified. Studies were not standardized, limiting the comparability between studies and the estimation of the scale of misuse. Pharmacists, friends, or parents were found to be the main sources of SMs. Knowledge and attitudes are an important contributing factor in the misuse of these medications. Strategies and interventions to limit misuse were rarely identified in literature. In conclusion, a massive problem involving a range of medicines was found in Middle East. Standardization of studies is a prerequisite to the understanding and prevention of misuse of self‐medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak M Khalifeh
- INSERM U 1219 - Pharmaco-épidémiologie et évaluation de l'impact des produits de santé sur les populations, University de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nicholas D Moore
- INSERM U 1219 - Pharmaco-épidémiologie et évaluation de l'impact des produits de santé sur les populations, University de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascale R Salameh
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Self-Medication in University Students from the City of Mansoura, Egypt. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:9145193. [PMID: 28479921 PMCID: PMC5396441 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9145193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. Self-medication is a common practice in developed and developing countries. Objectives. To explore the prevalence of self-medication practices among university students, probable reasons, symptoms requiring self-medication, and sources of advice. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Mansoura University, Egypt, and included 1st and last year students of both medical and nonmedical faculties. Results. Prevalence of self-medication was 62.9%. Younger age, female, medical, and ever-married students and those having home pharmacy tended to self-medicate more than their peers with significant difference between them. Being medical student, being from urban area, having good current health condition, being careless about health, and having drugs stored at home pharmacy were independently associated with the likelihood of self-medicating. Conclusion. Prevalence of self-medication among university students is high which constitutes a health problem that needs intervention.
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Ghazawy ER. Self-Medication among Adults in Minia, Egypt: A Cross Sectional Community-Based Study. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.96063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Locquet M, Beaudart C, Larbuisson R, Leclercq V, Buckinx F, Kaux JF, Reginster JY, Bruyère O. Self-Administration of Medicines and Dietary Supplements Among Female Amateur Runners: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Adv Ther 2017; 33:2257-2268. [PMID: 27796913 PMCID: PMC5126181 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-016-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Self-administration of medicines or dietary supplements without any physician’s advice is a widespread behavior and appears to be more frequently practiced by women. Moreover, reasons to self-administer products are often pains and injuries especially among athletes who might also use remedies to improve physical performance. The objective of this study was thus to assess the prevalence of self-administration of medicines and dietary supplements as well as its determinants among female amateur runners. Methods Our sample was comprised of women who took part in amateur running events. Data regarding self-administration of substances, exclusively aiming at being physically prepared for the running event (i.e., intake the week before), were collected through an anonymous self-administered questionnaire including four specific themes (i.e., general information, self-administered medicines and dietary supplements, context of self-administration of substances and knowledge of the anti-doping regulations). Results A total of 136 women, with a median age of 39 years (interquartile range: 27–47), volunteered. Among them, 34.6% reported self-administration of medicines during the period immediately preceding the running event, with the aim to be physically prepared. More than one third (33.8%) also declared self-administration of dietary supplements. Furthermore, we observed that about 8.1% of the sample had consumed a potentially doping substance. After adjustments for confounding variables, the probability of self-administration of products (medicines or supplements) increased significantly with the intensity of the activity and the membership in a sports club. Conclusions Our study showed that self-administration of products among female runners seems to be a widespread behavior, where the intensity of the sports practice and the network of runners seem to influence the decision to resort to this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médéa Locquet
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Beaudart
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Robert Larbuisson
- Department of Anesthesiology-Reanimation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Victoria Leclercq
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fanny Buckinx
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Sport Traumatology, SPORTS2, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Kumar A, Vandana, Aslami AN. Analgesics Self-Medication and its Association with Sleep Quality among Medical Undergraduates. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:FC07-FC11. [PMID: 28208872 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/22504.8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self medication especially with analgesics is a common practice among undergraduate medical students. Variation in analgesic self medication prevalence and pattern is often seen due to geographical and target population differences. The mutual influence of pain and sleep quality might persuade students self medication behaviour. AIM To assess analgesic self medication and its association with sleep quality among the medical undergraduates. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was conducted from December 2015 to February 2016 among 320 medical undergraduates. The information about socio-demographic profile, symptoms, types of analgesics, source of information and reason for analgesic self medication was collected. The sleep quality of students was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The qualitative variables were expressed as percentages. Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was also calculated. Chi-square test was used. RESULTS Analgesic self medication prevalence was 49.7%, more prevalence seen among males, seniors, urban residents and students of working parents. Headache (48.4%) was the most common cause and paracetamol (79.7%) was most frequent drug used, based on knowledge obtained through textbook and internet (47.1%). Mildness of symptoms (49.1%) was the most important motivation behind self medication. Analgesic use was more (57.4%) among "poor sleepers" compared to "normal sleepers" (45.2%). CONCLUSION Despite having easy accessibility to expert consultations, high prevalence of analgesic self medication among medical students and its association with poor sleep quality is a distressing issue. This indicates an urgent need of awareness programmes about harmful effects of self medication and healthy sleep practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Narayan Medical College and Hospital , Sasaram, Bihar, India
| | - Vandana
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Narayan Medical College and Hospital , Sasaram, Bihar, India
| | - Ahmad Nadeem Aslami
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Narayan Medical College and Hospital , Sasaram, Bihar, India
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Kumar R, Goyal A, Padhy BM, Gupta YK. Self-medication practice and factors influencing it among medical and paramedical students in India: A two-period comparative cross-sectional study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2016; 7:143-8. [PMID: 27433064 PMCID: PMC4934103 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.184700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Self-medication is widely practiced with varying dimensions in India. This practice has many implications, especially among medical and paramedical students having some knowledge and good exposure to drugs. We conducted a two-period observational study to evaluate the change in knowledge and practice of self-medication, over 5 years of time period, among medical and paramedical students from different parts of India. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to medical (MBBS), dental (BDS), and paramedical students, who come to attend pan India annual cultural, literary, and sports event at New Delhi. The study was conducted in two phases (2007 and 2012) in different respondents of same categories (medical and paramedical) of students. Three-hundred and thirty students from 39 colleges in 2007 and 356 students from 38 colleges in 2012 participated in the study. Results: The prevalence of self-medication remained high in both 2007 and 2012 (74.6% and 69.4%), although no significant difference was observed between the two phases (P = 0.14%). Oral antibacterial agents, oral anti-inflammatory agents, and antipyretics were the most common group of drugs used in both phases of study. A significant increase was observed in number of students who took complete course of oral antibiotics (28.3-38.3%, P = 0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication among undergraduate students remains unaltered over the span of 5 years. Nevertheless, there was a better sensitization toward appropriate antibiotic usage and the practice of responsible self-medication needs to be promoted among future healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswa Mohan Padhy
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Locquet M, Beaudart C, Larbuisson R, Buckinx F, Kaux JF, Reginster JY, Bruyère O. Self-Medication Practice among Amateur Runners: Prevalence and Associated Factors. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15:387-388. [PMID: 27274680 PMCID: PMC4879456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Médéa Locquet
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium; Support Unit in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Beaudart
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium; Support Unit in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Robert Larbuisson
- Department of Anesthesiology-Reanimation, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Fanny Buckinx
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium; Support Unit in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Department of Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Motricity Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium; Support Unit in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Liège, Belgium
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Ahmadi SM, Jamshidi K, Sadeghi K, Abdi A, Vahid MP. The Prevalence and Affecting Factors on Self-Medication Among Students of Kermanshah University of Medical Science in 2014. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:IC01-IC04. [PMID: 27437242 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/18018.7847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-medication is an increasingly growing health problem, which has many adverse effects on human and the cost used in the production of medications. AIM The current study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of self-medication among student of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a descriptive-cross-sectional study, 364 students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences were recruited through stratified random sampling method. Data collection was done by researcher-made questionnaire, entered to SPSS22 software and analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS Of the 364 students, prevalence of self-medication was 123 (33.7%) the mean age was 21.63±1.92, among them 64.2% took the medication from the pharmacy and 34.95% have faced complications of self-medication. The main cause of self-medication among students were the history of a disease of taking medication (44.71%), deemed no importance of the disease (34.95%), and easy accessibility of the medication (20.32%). CONCLUSION With regard to the high prevalence of self-medication among the students, it is suggested to provide educational programs on the adverse effects of self-medication, and appropriate measures to control and prevent easy access to the medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mojtaba Ahmadi
- PhD Student of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khadije Jamshidi
- Student of Public Health, The Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khirollah Sadeghi
- Assistance Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of medical sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdi
- PhD Student of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Pashaie Vahid
- Student, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
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Adherence to Antihypertensive Medications in Iranian Patients. Int J Hypertens 2016; 2016:1508752. [PMID: 27069676 PMCID: PMC4812400 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1508752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Appropriate adherence to medication is still a challenging issue for hypertensive patients. We determined adherence to antihypertensive(s) and its associated factors among 280 Iranian patients. Methods. They were recruited consecutively from private and university health centers and pharmacies in four cities. The validated Persian version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) was administered to measure adherence. Results. Mean (±SD) overall MMAS-8 score was 5.75 (±1.88). About half of the sample (139 cases, 49.6%) showed low adherence (MMAS-8 score < 6). There was a negative linear association between the MMAS-8 score and systolic BP (r = -0.231, P < 0.001) as well as diastolic BP (r = -0.280, P < 0.001). In linear regression model, overweight/obesity (B = -0.52, P = 0.02), previous history of admission to emergency services due to hypertensive crisis (B = -0.79, P = 0.001), and getting medication directly from drugstore without refill prescription in hand (B = -0.51, P = 0.04) were factors recognized to have statistically significant association with the MMAS-8 score. Conclusion. Antihypertensive adherence was unsatisfactory. We suggest that health care providers pay special attention and make use of the aforementioned findings in their routine visits of hypertensive patients to recognize those who are vulnerable to poor adherence.
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AZAMI-AGHDASH S, MOHSENI M, ETEMADI M, ROYANI S, MOOSAVI A, NAKHAEE M. Prevalence and Cause of Self-Medication in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 44:1580-93. [PMID: 26811809 PMCID: PMC4724731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays self-medication is one of the most common public health issues in many countries, as well as in Iran. According to need to epidemiological information about self-medication, the aim of this study was to systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and cause of self-medication in community setting of Iran. METHODS Required data were collected searching following key words: medication, self-medication, over-the-counter, non-prescription, prevalence, epidemiology, etiology, occurrence and Iran in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Magiran, SID and IranMedex (from 2000 to 2015). To estimate the overall self-medication prevalence, computer software CMA: 2 applied. In order to report the results, forest plot was employed. RESULTS Out of 1256 articles, 25 articles entered to study. The overall prevalence of self-medication based on the random effect model was estimated to be 53% (95% CI, lowest= 42%, highest=67%). The prevalence of self-medication in students was 67% (95% CI, lowest=55%, highest=81%), in the household 36% (95% CI, lowest=17%, highest= 77%) and in the elderly people 68% (95% CI, lowest=54%, highest=84%). The most important cause of self-medication was mild symptoms of disease. The most important group of disease in which patients self-medicated was respiratory diseases and the most important group of medication was analgesics. CONCLUSION The results show a relatively higher prevalence of self-medication among the Iranian community setting as compared to other countries. Raising public awareness, culture building and control of physicians and pharmacies' performance can have beneficial effects in reduce of prevalence of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber AZAMI-AGHDASH
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad MOHSENI
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manal ETEMADI
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz ROYANI
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad MOOSAVI
- Dept. of Health and Community Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Majid NAKHAEE
- Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Rabiee B, Mohammadinejad P, Kordi R, Yunesian M. The Epidemiology of Exertional Headache in the General Population of Tehran, Iran. Headache 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Rabiee
- Sports Medicine Research Center; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Payam Mohammadinejad
- Sports Medicine Research Center; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ramin Kordi
- Sports Medicine Research Center; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering; Faculty of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Kamran A, Sharifirad G, Shafaeei Y, Mohebi S. Associations between Self-medication, Health Literacy, and Self-perceived Health Status: A Community-Based Study. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 26288710 PMCID: PMC4521301 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.161264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the frequency of self-medication has been well-documented in the public health literature, but no study has examined the relationship between health literacy and self-medication yet. This study was aimed to investigating the relationship between health literacy and self-medication in a community-based study. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 924 adults to survey association between health literacy and self-medication among peoples in Ardabil city in 2014 who were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. Health literacy was measured by the test of functional health literacy in adults and general health status was measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, and self-reported self-medication (overall, sedative, antibiotic and herbal) in last 3 months was assessed. All statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 18 and a P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The mean age and weight of respondents were 37 years and 74.7 kg, respectively. The prevalence of self-medication was 61.6%, and the percentage of self-administering antibiotics, sedative, and herbal medicines were 40%, 54.4%, and 59.1% in the last 3 months, respectively. Significant relationship was found between of total health literacy and general health status with self-medication. The prevalence of self-medication among participants with poor and very poor self-rated physical and mental health was significantly higher than other participants (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Self-medication had a significant relationship with health literacy and health status. Therefore, the design and implementation of training programs are necessary to increase the perception on the risk of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Kamran
- Department of Public Health, Khalkhal Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Sharifirad
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Yousef Shafaeei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Mohebi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Ibrahim NK, Alamoudi BM, Baamer WO, Al-Raddadi RM. Self-medication with analgesics among medical students and interns in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31:14-8. [PMID: 25878607 PMCID: PMC4386150 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.311.6526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and predictors of self-medication with analgesics among senior medical students and interns in King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 504 participants in 2013. A multistage stratified random sampling was used. A confidential, anonymous & self-administered questionnaire was used to collect personal & socio-demographic data. Data about self-medication and self-medication with analgesics during the preceding 6 months were also inquired. Both descriptive and analytical statistics were done by SPSS version 18 & Epi-Info. Results: During the 6 months preceding the study, 75.2% and 55.4% of participants used self -medication & analgesic self-medication, respectively. The first predictor of utilization of analgesic self-medication was living with family (aOR; 1.96, 95% CI: 1.22-3.14), followed by age >21 years & non- professional jobs of fathers. Conclusion: Alarming high rates of self medication and self-medication with analgesics were observed among medical students and interns. Self-medication needs improvement through educational, regulatory and managerial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Khamis Ibrahim
- Prof. Nahla Khamis Ibrahim, MBBS, MPH, DHPE, PhD.Family and Community Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Epidemiology Dept., High Institute of Public Health,Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Banan Mohammad Alamoudi
- Dr. Banan Mohammad Alamoudi, MBBS. Family and Community Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan Omar Baamer
- Dr. Wejdan Omar Baamer, MBBS. Intern, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajaa Mohammad Al-Raddadi
- Dr. Rajaa Mohammad Al-Raddadi, MBBS, PhD. Consultant Community Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Jafari F, Khatony A, Rahmani E. Prevalence of self-medication among the elderly in Kermanshah-Iran. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 7:360-5. [PMID: 25716414 PMCID: PMC4796481 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n2p360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-medication is consumption of one or several medications without the physician's prescription. Given the risks of self-medication, this study was carried out to assess the prevalence of self-medication and its related factors among the elderly in Kermanshah-Iran METHOD In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 272 elderly visiting the private offices in Kermanshah were selected through convenience sampling method. The instrument for data collection was a researcher made self-medication questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistical methods (Chi-Square and Fisher exact test). RESULTS The prevalence of self-medication was 83%. The most common reasons for self-medication were certainty of its safety (93%), prior consumption of the drug (87.6%), busy offices of physicians (82%), non-seriousness of the illness (77.8%) and prior experience of the disease (73%).The most common drugs used for self-medication were analgesics (92%), cold drugs (74%), vitamins (61%), digestive drugs (54%) and antibiotics (43%). There was a significant correlation between self-medication and gender (p=0.001), education level (p=008), drug information (p=0.01), marital status (p=0.002), and medical insurance (p=0.001) variables. CONCLUSION considering the relatively high rates of self-medication among the elderly as well as its side effects, designing and performing educational programs are suggested for the elderly people.
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Lv B, Zhou Z, Xu G, Yang D, Wu L, Shen Q, Jiang M, Wang X, Zhao G, Yang S, Fang Y. Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning self-medication with antibiotics among university students in western China. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:769-79. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lv
- Department of Pharmacy Administration; School of Pharmacy; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- School of Public Policy and Administration; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Guiping Xu
- The First Affiliate Hospital; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Dingkun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration; School of Pharmacy; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Pharmacy Administration; School of Pharmacy; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Pharmacy Administration; School of Pharmacy; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Minghuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration; School of Pharmacy; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration; School of Pharmacy; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Guilan Zhao
- Pharmacy Experiment Teaching Center; School of Pharmacy; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Shimin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration; School of Pharmacy; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration; School of Pharmacy; Health Science Centre; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
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Kumar N, Kanchan T, Unnikrishnan B, Rekha T, Mithra P, Kulkarni V, Papanna MK, Holla R, Uppal S. Perceptions and practices of self-medication among medical students in coastal South India. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72247. [PMID: 24015223 PMCID: PMC3756058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-medication is a common practice worldwide and the irrational use of drugs is a cause of concern. This study assessed the prevalence of self-medication among the medical students in South India. The data was analysed using SPSS version 11.5. A total of 440 students were included in the study. The prevalence of self-medication was 78.6%. A larger number of females were self-medicating (81.2%) than males (75.3%). The majority of the students self-medicated because of the illness being too trivial for consultation (70.5%). Antipyretics were most commonly self-medicated by the participants (74.8%). Only 47% of the participants opined that self-medication was a part of self-care and it needs to be encouraged. 39.3% of the participants perceived that the supply of medicine without prescription by the pharmacist can prevent the growing trend of self-medication. Easy availability and accessibility to health care facilities remains the cornerstone for reducing the practice of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - T. Rekha
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasanna Mithra
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaman Kulkarni
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan Kumar Papanna
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh Holla
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Surabhi Uppal
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Sarahroodi S, Esmaeili S, Mikaili P, Hemmati Z, Saberi Y. The effects of green Ocimum basilicum hydroalcoholic extract on retention and retrieval of memory in mice. Anc Sci Life 2013; 31:185-9. [PMID: 23661866 PMCID: PMC3644756 DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.107354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was evaluation of green Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) hydroalcoholic extract on memory retention and retrieval of mice by using passive avoidance apparatus. For this purpose, after weighting, coding and classifying the mice, they were grouped (n = 8) as follow as: test groups (electric shock plus sweet basil extract by doses: 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, i.p.), control group (Only electric shock) and blank group (electric shock plus normal saline). In all mentioned groups delay time of leaving the platform for both retention and retrieval test of memory was measured. In retention test, sweet basil extract was administered immediately after receiving electric shock and in retrieval test it was administered 24 hours after receiving electric shock. The results indicated that hydroalcoholic extract of green Ocimum basilicum significantly (P < 0.05) increased memory retention. The best response was achieved with 400 mg/Kg of the extract. Also, results showed that sweet basil extract significantly (P < 0.05) increased memory retrieval and the best result was achieved with 400 mg/Kg too. It can be concluded that memory enhancing effects of green Ocimum basilicum is because of antioxidant activity of flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Sarahroodi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Yuefeng L, Keqin R, Xiaowei R. Use of and factors associated with self-treatment in China. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:995. [PMID: 23158841 PMCID: PMC3534538 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When an individual is ill or symptomatic, they have the options of seeking professional health care, self-treating or doing nothing. In China, some studies suggest that the number of individuals opting to self-treat has been rapidly increasing in recent years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the trends of and factors related to self-treatment in China. Methods Self-treatment was measured based the concept and data of the China National Health Survey (CNHS), which covers 802,454 individuals. We used CNHS data from 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008, and a Multinomial Logit Selection Model to estimate the factors influencing the decision to self-treat. Results The prevalences of self-treatment with a recall period of two-weeks were significantly higher in urban compared with rural areas (31.2% vs 14.9% in 1993, 43.5% vs 21.4% in 1998, 47.2% vs 31.4% in 2003, 31.0% vs 25.3% in 2008) in China. Economic (per capita income, TV, sanitary water) and individual (education, profession, family members, exercise) factors, as well as accessibility to drugs had a positive association with the probability of self-treating. Different illness symptoms, severity, and duration show a negative association with the probability of self-treating, showing a degree of rationality in decision-making. Different insurance systems were also found to have an effect on self-treatment decision-making. Conclusions Self-treatment and professional medical services have shared the incremental medical needs of residents in recent years in China. Self-perceived illness status, economic circumstances, and education play important roles in health care decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuefeng
- Center for Health Statistics and Information, Ministry of Health, Xizhimen South Road, Beijing 100044, China
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Sarahroodi S, Jafari-Najafi R, Nasri S, Rohampour K, Maleki-Jamshid A, Esmaeili S. Effects of Nepeta menthoides aqueous extract on retention and retrieval of memory in mice. Pak J Biol Sci 2012; 15:1085-1089. [PMID: 24261125 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2012.1085.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There are several evidences that plants and vegetables with antioxidant activity can reduce oxidative damages in brain and improve cognitive functions. The aim of this study was evaluation of Nepeta menthoides aqueous extract on memory retention and retrieval of mice by using passive avoidance apparatus. For this purpose, mice were classified, coded, weighted and grouped (n = 8) as follow as: control group (Only electric shock), blank group (electric shock plus normal saline) and test groups (electric shock plus Nepeta menthoides extract by doses: 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg(-1), i.p.). Delay time of leaving the platform was measured for retention and retrieval test of memory in all mentioned groups. In retention test, plant extract was administered immediately after receiving electric shock while it was administered 24 h after receiving electric shock in retrieval. The results revealed that Nepeta menthoides aqueous extract significantly (p<0.05) increased memory retention and retrieval. The best response for memory retention and retrieval was achieved with 800 mg kg(-1) of Nepeta extract. In conclusion, enhancement of memory retention and retrieval by Nepeta menthoides could be cause of antioxidant activity of its components such as rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarahroodi
- Departement of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Sarahroodi S, Mikaili P. Self-medication with antibiotics:a global challenge of our generation. Pak J Biol Sci 2012; 15:707-708. [PMID: 24171255 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2012.707.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Sarahroodi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Ghafouri HB, Saravani S, Shokraneh F. Burden of circulatory system diseases and ignored barriers of knowledge translation. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2012; 4:89-94. [PMID: 24250994 DOI: 10.5681/jcvtr.2012.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulatory system disease raise third highest disability-adjusted life years among Iranians and ischemic cardiac diseases are main causes for such burden. Despite available evidences on risk factors of the disease, no effective intervention was implemented to control and prevent the disease. This paper non-systematically reviews available literature on the problem, solutions, and barriers of implementation of knowledge translation in Iran. It seems that there are ignored factors such as cultural and motivational issues in knowledge translation interventions but there are hopes for implementation of started projects and preparation of students as next generation of knowledge transferors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed-Basir Ghafouri
- Emergency Department, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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