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Choi HS, Choi AY, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, Cho SK. Review of COVID-19 Therapeutics by Mechanism: From Discovery to Approval. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39:e134. [PMID: 38622939 PMCID: PMC11018982 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The global research and pharmaceutical community rapidly mobilized to develop treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Existing treatments have been repurposed and new drugs have emerged. Here we summarize mechanisms and clinical trials of COVID-19 therapeutics approved or in development. Two reviewers, working independently, reviewed published data for approved COVID-19 vaccines and drugs, as well as developmental pipelines, using databases from the following organizations: United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Japanese Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), and ClinicalTrials.gov. In all, 387 drugs were found for initial review. After removing unrelated trials and drugs, 66 drugs were selected, including 17 approved drugs and 49 drugs under development. These drugs were classified into six categories: 1) drugs targeting the viral life cycle 2) Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Monoclonal Antibodies, 3) immunomodulators, 4) anti-coagulants, 5) COVID-19-induced neuropathy drugs, and 6) other therapeutics. Among the 49 drugs under development are the following: 6 drugs targeting the viral life cycle, 12 immunosuppression drugs, 2 immunostimulants, 2 HIF-PHD targeting drugs, 3 GM-CSF targeting drugs, 5 anti-coagulants, 2 COVID-19-induced neuropathy drugs, and 17 others. This review provides insight into mechanisms of action, properties, and indications for COVID-19 medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - A Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases, Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sung Kweon Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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2
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Wells AE, Wilson JJ, Heuer SE, Sears JD, Wei J, Pandey R, Costa MW, Kaczorowski CC, Roopenian DC, Chang CH, Carter GW. Transcriptome analysis reveals organ-specific effects of 2-deoxyglucose treatment in healthy mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299595. [PMID: 38451972 PMCID: PMC10919611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycolytic inhibition via 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) has potential therapeutic benefits for a range of diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and COVID-19, but the systemic effects of 2DG on gene function across different tissues are unclear. METHODS This study analyzed the transcriptional profiles of nine tissues from C57BL/6J mice treated with 2DG to understand how it modulates pathways systemically. Principal component analysis (PCA), weighted gene co-network analysis (WGCNA), analysis of variance, and pathway analysis were all performed to identify modules altered by 2DG treatment. RESULTS PCA revealed that samples clustered predominantly by tissue, suggesting that 2DG affects each tissue uniquely. Unsupervised clustering and WGCNA revealed six distinct tissue-specific modules significantly affected by 2DG, each with unique key pathways and genes. 2DG predominantly affected mitochondrial metabolism in the heart, while in the small intestine, it affected immunological pathways. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that 2DG has a systemic impact that varies across organs, potentially affecting multiple pathways and functions. The study provides insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of 2DG across different diseases and highlights the importance of understanding its systemic effects for future research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Wells
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - John J. Wilson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John D. Sears
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Jian Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Raghav Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Mauro W. Costa
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Catherine C. Kaczorowski
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | | | - Chih-Hao Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
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Sun D, Kim S, Karelia D, Deng Y, Jiang C, Lü J. 2-Deoxyglucose and hydroxychloroquine HPLC-MS-MS analytical methods and pharmacokinetic interactions after oral co-administration in male rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1173. [PMID: 38294142 PMCID: PMC10829054 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous work has shown a synergistic tumoricidal efficacy of combining the hexokinase (HK) inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) through intraperitoneal injections on HK2-addicted prostate cancers in animal models. The pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviors of these oral drugs after simultaneous oral administration have not been reported. We developed high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) analytical methods for 2-DG and the clinically favored drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for sera samples. Using a jugular vein-cannulated male rat model with serial blood collection before and after a single gavage dose of each drug alone or in combination, we examined their PK metrics for drug-drug interactions. The data demonstrated a rapid and complete separation of 2-DG from common monosaccharides by HPLC-MS-MS multi-reaction monitoring. Application of the HPLC-MS-MS 2-DG and HCQ methods to sera samples of nine rats showed a peak time (Tmax ) for 2-DG of 0.5 h after 2-DG alone or with HCQ and identical post-peak half-life of approximately 1 h. With a seemingly bi-modal time course for HCQ, the Tmax for HCQ alone (1.2 h) was faster than that for the combination (2 h; p = .017). After combination dosing, the peak concentration (Cmax ) and area under the curve (AUC0-4h ) of 2-DG were decreased by 53.8% (p = .0004) and 53.7% (p = .0001), whereas AUC0-8h for HCQ was decreased by 30.8% (p = .0279) from the respective single dosing. Without changing the mean residence time (MRT0-∞ ) of each drug, the combination affected the apparent volume of distribution (Vd ) and clearance (CL) of 2-DG, and CL for HCQ without affecting its Vd . We observed significant negative PK interactions, probably at the intestinal absorption level, between 2-DG and HCQ taken simultaneously by mouth. Future optimization efforts are warranted for their combination regimen for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Sun
- Department of PharmacologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Mass Spectrometry Core FacilityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sangyub Kim
- Department of PharmacologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Deepkamal Karelia
- Department of PharmacologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yibin Deng
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Minnesota College of MedicineMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of PharmacologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Junxuan Lü
- Department of PharmacologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn State Cancer InstituteHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
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Aghi A, Sau S, Kumar A. Fe(III)-catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of deoxyglycosides using stable bifunctional deoxy-phenylpropiolate glycoside donors. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109051. [PMID: 38325069 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a mild and economical route for the stereoselective synthesis of 2-deoxy and 2,6-dideoxyglycosides via FeCl3-catalyzed activation of bench stable deoxy-phenylpropiolate glycosyl donors (D-PPGs). Optimized reaction conditions work well under additive-free conditions to afford the corresponding 2-deoxy and 2,6-dideoxyglycosides in good yields with high α-anomeric selectivity by reacting with sugar and non-sugar-based acceptors. The optimized conditions were also extended for disarmed D-PPG donors. In addition, the developed strategy is amenable to high-scale-up synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Aghi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Bihar, 801106, India
| | - Sankar Sau
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Bihar, 801106, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Bihar, 801106, India.
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Yang J, Zhang Z, Liu H, Wang J, Xie S, Li P, Wen J, Wei S, Li R, Ma X, Zhao Y. Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation of Qingwen Baidu Decoction Therapeutic Potential in COVID-19-related Lung Injury. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1286-1302. [PMID: 37957903 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073236899230919062725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a lifethreatening disease worldwide due to its high infection and serious outcomes resulting from acute lung injury. Qingwen Baidu decoction (QBD), a well-known herbal prescription, has shown significant efficacy in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019. Hence, this study aims to uncover the molecular mechanism of QBD in treating COVID-19-related lung injury. METHODS Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database (TCMSP), DrugBanks database, and Chinese Knowledge Infrastructure Project (CNKI) were used to retrieve the active ingredients of QBD. Drug and disease targets were collected using UniProt and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases (OMIM). The core targets of QBD for pneumonia were analyzed by the Protein-Protein Interaction Network (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms. The analysis of key targets using molecular docking and animal experiments was also validated. RESULTS A compound-direct-acting target network mainly containing 171 compounds and 110 corresponding direct targets was constructed. The key targets included STAT3, c-JUN, TNF-α, MAPK3, MAPK1, FOS, PPARG, MAPK8, IFNG, NFκB1, etc. Moreover, 117 signaling pathways mainly involved in cytokine storm, inflammatory response, immune stress, oxidative stress and glucose metabolism were found by KEGG. The molecular docking results showed that the quercetin, alanine, and kaempferol in QBD demonstrated the strongest affinity to STAT3, c- JUN, and TNF-α. Experimental results displayed that QBD could effectively reduce the pathological damage to lung tissue by LPS and significantly alleviate the expression levels of the three key targets, thus playing a potential therapeutic role in COVID-19. CONCLUSION QBD might be a promising therapeutic agent for COVID-19 via ameliorating STAT3-related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shuying Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Pengyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jianxia Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
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Jadaun GPS, Rastogi S, Kumar A, Chauhan J, Sharma SK, Kumar M, Saini PK, Tiwari R, Raghuvanshi RS. Ensuring the quality of medicines in India: An update on the development, modernization, and harmonization of drug standards in the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101825. [PMID: 37965488 PMCID: PMC10641554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
India has a sparkling pharmaceutical sector that holds a distinguished place by producing and supplying high-quality and affordable medicines across the globe. Ensuring the quality and safety of the marketed medicinal products is one of the most important components of the drug regulatory framework and assessment of the quality of medicines is usually achieved by referring to the public standards of the official Pharmacopoeia. In India, the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) is published at regular intervals to fulfill the requirements of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 to ensure the quality of medicines being manufactured and/or marketed in India. The present article aims to provide an overview of the history of the IP, its standards-setting process, and the current status of monographs in the 9th edition of the IP 2022. Special focus is placed on the newly added and upgraded general chapters and monographs within the IP 2022. There are a total of 223 general chapters and 3152 drug monographs available under various categories in the IP 2022. This study also highlights a total of 92 new drug monograph additions and 412 monograph revisions in the IP 2022. It is anticipated that the standards laid down in the IP 2022 will play an imperative role in delivering quality medicines to patients within and outside India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Pratap Singh Jadaun
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Shruti Rastogi
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Jaishiv Chauhan
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Sharma
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Saini
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Ritu Tiwari
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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Kleinehr J, Schöfbänker M, Daniel K, Günl F, Mohamed FF, Janowski J, Brunotte L, Boergeling Y, Liebmann M, Behrens M, Gerdemann A, Klotz L, Esselen M, Humpf HU, Ludwig S, Hrincius ER. Glycolytic interference blocks influenza A virus propagation by impairing viral polymerase-driven synthesis of genomic vRNA. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010986. [PMID: 37440521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), like any other virus, provokes considerable modifications of its host cell's metabolism. This includes a substantial increase in the uptake as well as the metabolization of glucose. Although it is known for quite some time that suppression of glucose metabolism restricts virus replication, the exact molecular impact on the viral life cycle remained enigmatic so far. Using 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) we examined how well inhibition of glycolysis is tolerated by host cells and which step of the IAV life cycle is affected. We observed that effects induced by 2-DG are reversible and that cells can cope with relatively high concentrations of the inhibitor by compensating the loss of glycolytic activity by upregulating other metabolic pathways. Moreover, mass spectrometry data provided information on various metabolic modifications induced by either the virus or agents interfering with glycolysis. In the presence of 2-DG viral titers were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. The supplementation of direct or indirect glycolysis metabolites led to a partial or almost complete reversion of the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on viral growth and demonstrated that indeed the inhibition of glycolysis and not of N-linked glycosylation was responsible for the observed phenotype. Importantly, we could show via conventional and strand-specific qPCR that the treatment with 2-DG led to a prolonged phase of viral mRNA synthesis while the accumulation of genomic vRNA was strongly reduced. At the same time, minigenome assays showed no signs of a general reduction of replicative capacity of the viral polymerase. Therefore, our data suggest that the significant reduction in IAV replication by glycolytic interference occurs mainly due to an impairment of the dynamic regulation of the viral polymerase which conveys the transition of the enzyme's function from transcription to replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kleinehr
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Schöfbänker
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharina Daniel
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Günl
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Fakry Fahmy Mohamed
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Josua Janowski
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marie Liebmann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andrea Gerdemann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eike R Hrincius
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Wells AE, Wilson JJ, Sears JD, Wei J, Heuer S, Pandey R, Costa MW, Kaczorowski CC, Roopenian DC, Chang CH, Carter GW. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Organ-Specific Effects of 2-Deoxyglucose Treatment in Healthy Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.537717. [PMID: 37162857 PMCID: PMC10168223 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.537717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycolytic inhibition via 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) has potential therapeutic benefits for a range of diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and COVID-19, but the systemic effects of 2DG on gene function across different tissues are unclear. METHODS This study analyzed the transcriptional profiles of nine tissues from C57BL/6J mice treated with 2DG to understand how it modulates pathways systemically. Principal component analysis (PCA), weighted gene co-network analysis (WGCNA), analysis of variance, and pathway analysis were all performed to identify modules altered by 2DG treatment. RESULTS PCA revealed that samples clustered predominantly by tissue, suggesting that 2DG affects each tissue uniquely. Unsupervised clustering and WGCNA revealed six distinct tissue-specific modules significantly affected by 2DG, each with unique key pathways and genes. 2DG predominantly affected mitochondrial metabolism in the heart, while in the small intestine, it affected immunological pathways. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that 2DG has a systemic impact that varies across organs, potentially affecting multiple pathways and functions. The study provides insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of 2DG across different diseases and highlights the importance of understanding its systemic effects for future research and clinical applications.
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9
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Khatibi VA, Salimi M, Rahdar M, Rezaei M, Nazari M, Dehghan S, Davoudi S, Raoufy MR, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Javan M, Hosseinmardi N, Behzadi G, Janahmadi M. Glycolysis inhibition partially resets epilepsy-induced alterations in the dorsal hippocampus-basolateral amygdala circuit involved in anxiety-like behavior. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6520. [PMID: 37085688 PMCID: PMC10119516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy affects millions of people around the world with uncontrolled seizures and comorbidities, like anxiety, being the most problematic aspects calling for novel therapies. The intrahippocampal kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy is an appropriate rodent model to evaluate the effects of novel interventions, including glycolysis inhibition, on epilepsy-induced alterations. Here, we investigated kainic acid-induced changes in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) circuit and the efficiency of a glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxy D-glucose (2-DG), in resetting such alterations using simultaneous local field potentials (LFP) recording and elevated zero-maze test. dHPC theta and gamma powers were lower in epileptic groups, both in the baseline and anxiogenic conditions. BLA theta power was higher in baseline condition while it was lower in anxiogenic condition in epileptic animals and 2-DG could reverse it. dHPC-BLA coherence was altered only in anxiogenic condition and 2-DG could reverse it only in gamma frequency. This coherence was significantly correlated with the time in which the animals exposed themselves to the anxiogenic condition. Further, theta-gamma phase-locking was lower in epileptic groups in the dHPC-BLA circuit and 2-DG could considerably increase it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ahli Khatibi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Salimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Rahdar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rezaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Nazari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Åarhus, Denmark
| | - Samaneh Dehghan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Davoudi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gila Behzadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sun D, Kim S, Karelia D, Deng Y, Jiang C, Lü J. 2-Deoxyglucose and hydroxychloroquine HPLC-MS-MS analytical methods and pharmacokinetic interactions after oral co-administration in male rats. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2675386. [PMID: 36993275 PMCID: PMC10055671 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2675386/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work has shown a synergistic tumoricidal action of the hexokinase (HK) inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) on HK2-addicted prostate cancers in animal models through intraperitoneal injections. Here we developed high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) methods for 2-DG and clinically favored drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and explored PK interaction of the orally administered drugs in a jugular vein cannulated male rat model, which allowed serial blood collection before and 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after a single gavage dose of each drug alone or simultaneously after appropriate washout periods between the drugs. The results demonstrated a rapid and satisfactory separation of 2-DG standard from common monosaccharides by HPLC-MS-MS multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) and the presence of endogenous "2-DG". Application of the HPLC-MS-MS 2-DG and HCQ methods to sera samples of 9 evaluable rats showed a peak time (Tmax) of 2-DG of 0.5 h after 2-DG dosing alone or with HCQ and glucose-like PK behavior. With a seemingly bi-modal time course for HCQ, the Tmax for HCQ dosing alone (1.2 h) was faster than that for the combination (2 h; p = 0.013, 2-tailed t-test). After combination dosing, the peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of 2-DG were decreased by 54% (p < 0.0001) and 52%, whereas those for HCQ were decreased by 40% (p = 0.026) and 35%, respectively, compared to single dosing. The data suggest significant negative PK interactions between the two oral drugs taken simultaneously and warrant optimization efforts for the combination regimen.
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11
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Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Prodrugs Activated by Phosphorylation and Their Role in the Aged Population. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052332. [PMID: 36903575 PMCID: PMC10004871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has flared across every part of the globe and affected populations from different age groups differently. People aged from 40 to 80 years or older are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement to develop therapeutics to decrease the risk of the disease in the aged population. Over the last few years, several prodrugs have demonstrated significant anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects in in vitro assays, animal models, and medical practice. Prodrugs are used to enhance drug delivery by improving pharmacokinetic parameters, decreasing toxicity, and attaining site specificity. This article discusses recently explored prodrugs such as remdesivir, molnupiravir, favipiravir, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and their implications in the aged population, as well as investigating recent clinical trials.
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12
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Identification of novel antiviral drug candidates using an optimized SARS-CoV-2 phenotypic screening platform. iScience 2023; 26:105944. [PMID: 36644320 PMCID: PMC9822553 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable, easy-to-handle phenotypic screening platforms are needed for the identification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds. Here, we present caspase 3/7 activity as a readout for monitoring the replication of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from different variants, including a remdesivir-resistant strain, and of other coronaviruses in numerous cell culture models, independently of cytopathogenic effect formation. Compared to other models, the Caco-2 subline Caco-2-F03 displayed superior performance. It possesses a stable SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility phenotype and does not produce false-positive hits due to drug-induced phospholipidosis. A proof-of-concept screen of 1,796 kinase inhibitors identified known and novel antiviral drug candidates including inhibitors of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), CDC like kinase 1 (CLK-1), and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). The activity of the PHGDH inhibitor NCT-503 was further increased in combination with the hexokinase II (HK2) inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose, which is in clinical development for COVID-19. In conclusion, caspase 3/7 activity detection in SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2-F03 cells provides a simple phenotypic high-throughput screening platform for SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates that reduces false-positive hits.
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13
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Wali L, Karbiener M, Chou S, Kovtunyk V, Adonyi A, Gösler I, Contreras X, Stoeva D, Blaas D, Stöckl J, Kreil TR, Gualdoni GA, Gorki AD. Host-directed therapy with 2-Deoxy-D-glucose inhibits human rhinoviruses, endemic coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV-2. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100305. [PMID: 36514716 PMCID: PMC9731833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) and coronaviruses (CoVs) upregulate host cell metabolic pathways such as glycolysis to meet their bioenergetic demands for rapid multiplication. Using the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), we assessed the dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication of minor- and major-receptor group RVs in epithelial cells. 2-DG disrupted RV infection cycle by inhibiting template negative-strand as well as genomic positive-strand RNA synthesis, resulting in less progeny virus and RV-mediated cell death. Assessment of 2-DG´s intracellular kinetics revealed that after a short-exposure to 2-DG, the active intermediate, 2-DG6P, is stored intracellularly for several hours. Finally, we confirmed the antiviral effect of 2-DG on pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and showed for the first time that 2-DG also reduces replication of endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). These results provide further evidence that 2-DG could be utilized as a broad-spectrum antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene Gösler
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Dieter Blaas
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R. Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Austria
| | | | - Anna-Dorothea Gorki
- G.ST Antivirals GmbH, Austria,Corresponding author. G.ST Antivirals GmbH, Doktor-Bohr-Gasse 7 (VBC6), 1030, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Nandi S, Nayak BS, Khede MK, Saxena AK. Repurposing of Chemotherapeutics to Combat COVID-19. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:2660-2694. [PMID: 36453483 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666221130142517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel strain of SARS coronavirus. The COVID-19 disease caused by this virus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 mainly spreads through droplets sprayed by coughs or sneezes of the infected to a healthy person within the vicinity of 6 feet. It also spreads through asymptomatic carriers and has negative impact on the global economy, security and lives of people since 2019. Numerous lives have been lost to this viral infection; hence there is an emergency to build up a potent measure to combat SARS-CoV-2. In view of the non-availability of any drugs or vaccines at the time of its eruption, the existing antivirals, antibacterials, antimalarials, mucolytic agents and antipyretic paracetamol were used to treat the COVID-19 patients. Still there are no specific small molecule chemotherapeutics available to combat COVID-19 except for a few vaccines approved for emergency use only. Thus, the repurposing of chemotherapeutics with the potential to treat COVID-19 infected people is being used. The antiviral activity for COVID-19 and biochemical mechanisms of the repurposed drugs are being explored by the biological assay screening and structure-based in silico docking simulations. The present study describes the various US-FDA approved chemotherapeutics repositioned to combat COVID-19 along with their screening for biological activity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University, Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Bhabani Shankar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy and Technology, Salipur, Affiliated to Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, 754202, India
| | - Mayank Kumar Khede
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy and Technology, Salipur, Affiliated to Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, 754202, India
| | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University, Kashipur, 244713, India
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15
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Chavda VP, Vihol DR, Solanki HK, Apostolopoulos V. The Vaccine World of COVID-19: India’s Contribution. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111943. [PMID: 36423038 PMCID: PMC9695423 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) eruption has left not only illness and mortality in its wake, but also an overwhelming threat to health policy, human regality, food security, and struggle worldwide. The accessibility and potential distribution of a protective and successful vaccination to communities throughout the world are being considered now not just, as a potential of overcoming these hurdles, but also as an example of human perseverance in the face of catastrophe. A vaccine is the only tool that can efficaciously deal with the COVID-19 catastrophe. Currently, more than 47 vaccines are permitted for emergency use in distinct parts of the world. India will play a significant role in the development of the high-priced Moderna shots and Pfizer Inc, therefore assisting in the immunization of a large portion of the world. Moreover, many of the internationally researched and developed vaccine laboratories seek manufacturing in Indian firms and companies for efficient and low-cost production of vaccines intending to provide to the world, hence, making India, a major role player during these pandemic times. This review highlights the Indian contribution to the globe for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, Gujarat, India
- Correspondence: (V.P.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Disha R. Vihol
- Pharmacy Section, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Hetvi K. Solanki
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, Gujarat, India
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.P.C.); (V.A.)
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16
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Udompornpitak K, Charoensappakit A, Sae-Khow K, Bhunyakarnjanarat T, Dang CP, Saisorn W, Visitchanakun P, Phuengmaung P, Palaga T, Ritprajak P, Tungsanga S, Leelahavanichkul A. Obesity Exacerbates Lupus Activity in Fc Gamma Receptor IIb Deficient Lupus Mice Partly through Saturated Fatty Acid-Induced Gut Barrier Defect and Systemic Inflammation. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:240-261. [PMID: 36219976 PMCID: PMC10643905 DOI: 10.1159/000526206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasing, and the coexistence of obesity and systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) is possible. A high-fat diet (HFD) was orally administered for 6 months in female 8-week-old Fc gamma receptor IIb deficient (FcgRIIb-/-) lupus or age and gender-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Lupus nephritis (anti-dsDNA, proteinuria, and increased creatinine), gut barrier defect (fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran), serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), serum interleukin (IL)-6, liver injury (alanine transaminase), organ fibrosis (liver and kidney pathology), spleen apoptosis (activated caspase 3), and aorta thickness (but not weight gain and lipid profiles) were more prominent in HFD-administered FcgRIIb-/- mice than the obese WT, without injury in regular diet-administered mice (both FcgRIIb-/- and WT). In parallel, combined palmitic acid (PA; a saturated fatty acid) with LPS (PA + LPS) induced higher tumor necrotic factor-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in the supernatant, inflammatory genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL-1β), reactive oxygen species (dihydroethidium), and glycolysis with reduced mitochondrial activity (extracellular flux analysis) when compared with the activation by each molecule alone in both FcgRIIb-/- and WT macrophages. However, the alterations of these parameters were more prominent in PA + LPS-administered FcgRIIb-/- than in the WT cells. In conclusion, obesity accelerated inflammation in FcgRIIb-/- mice, partly due to the more potent responses from the loss of inhibitory FcgRIIb against PA + LPS with obesity-induced gut barrier defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Udompornpitak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Awirut Charoensappakit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kritsanawan Sae-Khow
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Cong Phi Dang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Saisorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpimol Phuengmaung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somkanya Tungsanga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Teli DM, Patel B, Chhabria MT. Fragment-based design of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. Struct Chem 2022; 33:2155-2168. [PMID: 36035593 PMCID: PMC9399563 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been identified as a causative agent for COVID-19 pandemic. About more than 6.3 million fatalities have been attributed to COVID-19 worldwide to date. Finding a viable cure for the illness is urgently needed in light of the present pandemic. The prominence of main protease in the life cycle of virus shapes the main protease as a viable target for design and development of antiviral agents to combat COVID-19. The current study presents the fragment linking strategy to design the novel Mpro inhibitors for COVID-19. A total of 293,451 fragments from diversified libraries have been screened for their binding affinity towards Mpro enzyme. The best 1600 fragment hits were subjected to fragment joining to achieve 100 new molecules using Schrödinger software. The resulting molecules were further screened for their Mpro binding affinity, ADMET, and drug-likeness features. The best 13 molecules were selected, and the first 6 compounds were investigated for their ligand-receptor complex stability through a molecular dynamics study using GROMACS software. The resulting molecules have the potential to be further evaluated for COVID-19 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya M. Teli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009 Gujarat India
| | - Bansari Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009 Gujarat India
| | - Mahesh T. Chhabria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009 Gujarat India
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18
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Kulkarni P, Padmanabhan S. A novel property of hexokinase inhibition by Favipiravir and proposed advantages over Molnupiravir and 2 Deoxy D glucose in treating COVID-19. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:831-843. [PMID: 35608787 PMCID: PMC9128636 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the wake of SARS-CoV-2's global spread, human activities from health to social life to education have been affected. Favipiravir and Molnupiravir exhibited novel hexokinase inhibition and we discuss advantages of this property in their COVID-19 inhibition potential. METHODS This paper describes molecular docking data of human hexokinase II with Favipiravir, Cyan 20, Remdesivir, 2DG, and Molnupiravir along with hexokinase inhibition assays. RESULTS Favipiravir, an antiviral drug previously cleared for treating the flu and ebola, has shown some promise in early trials to treat COVID-19. We observed potent human hexokinase inhibiting potential of Favipiravir (50%) as against 4% and merely 0.3% hexokinase inhibition with Molnupiravir and 2 Deoxy D glucose at 0.1 mM concentration supported by molecular docking studies. CONCLUSION Favipiravir could continue to be part of the COVID-19 treatment regimen due to its resistance to host esterases, hexokinase inhibition potential and proven safety through human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Kulkarni
- Herbal Division, Sava Healthcare Limited, Research Center, Block D1, Plot No. 17/6, MIDC, Chinchwad, Pune, 411019, India
| | - Sriram Padmanabhan
- Herbal Division, Sava Healthcare Limited, Research Center, Block D1, Plot No. 17/6, MIDC, Chinchwad, Pune, 411019, India.
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19
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Hiengrach P, Visitchanakun P, Tongchairawewat P, Tangsirisatian P, Jungteerapanich T, Ritprajak P, Wannigama DL, Tangtanatakul P, Leelahavanichkul A. Sepsis Encephalopathy Is Partly Mediated by miR370-3p-Induced Mitochondrial Injury but Attenuated by BAM15 in Cecal Ligation and Puncture Sepsis Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5445. [PMID: 35628259 PMCID: PMC9141734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BAM15 (a mitochondrial uncoupling agent) was tested on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis mice with in vitro experiments. BAM15 attenuated sepsis as indicated by survival, organ histology (kidneys and livers), spleen apoptosis (activated caspase 3), brain injury (SHIRPA score, serum s100β, serum miR370-3p, brain miR370-3p, brain TNF-α, and apoptosis), systemic inflammation (cytokines, cell-free DNA, endotoxemia, and bacteremia), and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage (Evan's blue dye and the presence of green fluorescent E. coli in brain after an oral administration). In parallel, brain miR arrays demonstrated miR370-3p at 24 h but not 120 h post-CLP, which was correlated with metabolic pathways. Either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or TNF-α upregulated miR370-3p in PC12 (neuron cells). An activation by sepsis factors (LPS, TNF-α, or miR370-3p transfection) damaged mitochondria (fluorescent color staining) and reduced cell ATP, possibly through profound mitochondrial activity (extracellular flux analysis) that was attenuated by BAM15. In bone-marrow-derived macrophages, LPS caused mitochondrial injury, decreased cell ATP, enhanced glycolysis activity (extracellular flux analysis), and induced pro-inflammatory macrophages (iNOS and IL-1β) which were neutralized by BAM15. In conclusion, BAM15 attenuated sepsis through decreased mitochondrial damage, reduced neuronal miR370-3p upregulation, and induced anti-inflammatory macrophages. BAM15 is proposed to be used as an adjuvant therapy against sepsis hyperinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | - Pakteema Tongchairawewat
- Chulalongkorn University International Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.T.); (P.T.); (T.J.)
| | - Ponphisudti Tangsirisatian
- Chulalongkorn University International Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.T.); (P.T.); (T.J.)
| | - Thitiphat Jungteerapanich
- Chulalongkorn University International Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.T.); (P.T.); (T.J.)
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Dhammika Leshan Wannigama
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Pattarin Tangtanatakul
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Disease, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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20
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Huang Z, Chavda VP, Vora LK, Gajjar N, Apostolopoulos V, Shah N, Chen ZS. 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose and its Derivatives for the COVID-19 Treatment: An Update. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:899633. [PMID: 35496298 PMCID: PMC9041304 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.899633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment choices for the "severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)" are inadequate, having no clarity on efficacy and safety profiles. Currently, no established intervention has lowered the mortality rate in the "coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)" patients. Recently, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has evaluated as a polypharmacological agent for COVID-19 therapy owing to its influence on the glycolytic pathway, interaction with viral proteins, and anti-inflammatory action. In May 2020, the Indian drug regulatory authority approved 2-DG as an emergency adjunct therapy in mild to severe COVID-19 patients. Clinical studies of 2-DG corroborate that it aids in faster recovery of hospitalized patients and decreases supplemental oxygen. Herein, we describe the development process, synthesis, mechanism of viral eradication, and preclinical and clinical development of 2-DG and its derivatives as molecularly targeted therapeutics for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoufang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Normi Gajjar
- PharmD Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Nirav Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SAL Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York City, NY, United States
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21
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Yang K, Holt M, Fan M, Lam V, Yang Y, Ha T, Williams DL, Li C, Wang X. Cardiovascular Dysfunction in COVID-19: Association Between Endothelial Cell Injury and Lactate. Front Immunol 2022; 13:868679. [PMID: 35401579 PMCID: PMC8984030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious respiratory disease propagated by a new virus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in global healthcare crises. Emerging evidence from patients with COVID-19 suggests that endothelial cell damage plays a central role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and could be a major contributor to the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Like other infectious diseases, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is closely associated with metabolic processes. Lactate, a potential biomarker in COVID-19, has recently been shown to mediate endothelial barrier dysfunction. In this review, we provide an overview of cardiovascular injuries and metabolic alterations caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also propose that lactate plays a potential role in COVID-19-driven endothelial cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Matthew Holt
- James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Victor Lam
- College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Tuanzhu Ha
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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