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Saigo Y, Uno K, Ishigure T, Odake T, Ohta T. Pathophysiological Features of Rat Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. In Vivo 2024; 38:990-999. [PMID: 38688597 PMCID: PMC11059886 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is caused by various factors, including genetic and/or environmental factors, and has complicated pathophysiological features during the development of the disease. NAFLD/NASH is recognized as an unmet medical need, and NAFLD/NASH animal models are essential tools for developing new therapies, including potential drugs and biomarkers. In this review, we describe the pathological features of the NAFLD/NASH rat models, focusing on the histopathology of hepatic fibrosis. NAFLD/NASH rat models are divided into three categories: diet-induced, genetic, and combined models based on diet, chemicals, and genetics. Rat models of NASH with hepatic fibrosis are especially expected to contribute to the development of new therapies, such as drugs and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuka Saigo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kinuko Uno
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Ishigure
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Odake
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Zhang W, Bai Y, Chen Z, Li X, Fu S, Huang L, Lin S, Du H. Comprehensive analysis of long non-coding RNAs and mRNAs in skeletal muscle of diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats during the early stage of type 2 diabetes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8548. [PMID: 32095365 PMCID: PMC7023842 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were reported to be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, little is known about the mechanism of skeletal muscle lncRNAs on hyperglycemia of diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats at the age of 3 and 4 weeks. To elucidate this, we used RNA-sequencing to profile the skeletal muscle transcriptomes including lncRNAs and mRNAs, in diabetic GK and control Wistar rats at the age of 3 and 4 weeks. In total, there were 438 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) and 401 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) in skeletal muscle of 3-week-old GK rats compared with age-matched Wistar rats, and 1000 DEGs and 726 DELs between GK rats and Wistar rats at 4 weeks of age. The protein–protein interaction analysis of overlapping DEGs between 3 and 4 weeks, the correlation analysis of DELs and DEGs, as well as the prediction of target DEGs of DELs showed that these DEGs (Pdk4, Stc2, Il15, Fbxw7 and Ucp3) might play key roles in hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and increased fatty acid oxidation. Considering the corresponding co-expressed DELs with high correlation coefficients or targeted DELs of these DEGs, our study indicated that these dysregulated lncRNA-mRNA pairs (NONRATG017315.2-Pdk4, NONRATG003318.2-Stc2, NONRATG011882.2-Il15, NONRATG013497.2-Fbxw7, MSTRG.1662-Ucp3) might be related to above biological processes in GK rats at the age of 3 and 4 weeks. Our study could provide more comprehensive knowledge of mRNAs and lncRNAs in skeletal muscle of GK rats at 3 and 4 weeks of age. And our study may provide deeper understanding of the underlying mechanism in T2D of GK rats at the age of 3 and 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmeng Bai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingsong Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuying Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shudai Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Keleher MR, Zaidi R, Hicks L, Shah S, Xing X, Li D, Wang T, Cheverud JM. A high-fat diet alters genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression in SM/J mice. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:888. [PMID: 30526554 PMCID: PMC6286549 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the genetics of obesity has been well defined, the epigenetics of obesity is poorly understood. Here, we used a genome-wide approach to identify genes with differences in both DNA methylation and expression associated with a high-fat diet in mice. RESULTS We weaned genetically identical Small (SM/J) mice onto a high-fat or low-fat diet and measured their weights weekly, tested their glucose and insulin tolerance, assessed serum biomarkers, and weighed their organs at necropsy. We measured liver gene expression with RNA-seq (using 21 total libraries, each pooled with 2 mice of the same sex and diet) and DNA methylation with MRE-seq and MeDIP-seq (using 8 total libraries, each pooled with 4 mice of the same sex and diet). There were 4356 genes with expression differences associated with diet, with 184 genes exhibiting a sex-by-diet interaction. Dietary fat dysregulated several pathways, including those involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling, and oxidative phosphorylation. Over 7000 genes had differentially methylated regions associated with diet, which occurred in regulatory regions more often than expected by chance. Only 5-10% of differentially methylated regions occurred in differentially expressed genes, however this was more often than expected by chance (p = 2.2 × 10- 8). CONCLUSIONS Discovering the gene expression and methylation changes associated with a high-fat diet can help to identify new targets for epigenetic therapies and inform about the physiological changes in obesity. Here, we identified numerous genes with altered expression and methylation that are promising candidates for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Rose Keleher
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Population Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63105 USA
- Biology Department, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60660 USA
| | - Rabab Zaidi
- Department of Biology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60660 USA
| | - Lauren Hicks
- Department of Biology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60660 USA
| | - Shyam Shah
- Department of Biology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60660 USA
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Lohr K, Pachl F, Moghaddas Gholami A, Geillinger KE, Daniel H, Kuster B, Klingenspor M. Reduced mitochondrial mass and function add to age-related susceptibility toward diet-induced fatty liver in C57BL/6J mice. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/19/e12988. [PMID: 27694529 PMCID: PMC5064140 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health burden in the aging society with an urging medical need for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial‐derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered critical in the development of hepatic steatosis, the hallmark of NAFLD. Our study addressed in C57BL/6J mice the effect of high fat diet feeding and age on liver mitochondria at an early stage of NAFLD development. We therefore analyzed functional characteristics of hepatic mitochondria and associated alterations in the mitochondrial proteome in response to high fat feeding in adolescent, young adult, and middle‐aged mice. Susceptibility to diet‐induced obesity increased with age. Young adult and middle‐aged mice developed fatty liver, but not adolescent mice. Fat accumulation was negatively correlated with an age‐related reduction in mitochondrial mass and aggravated by a reduced capacity of fatty acid oxidation in high fat‐fed mice. Irrespective of age, high fat diet increased ROS production in hepatic mitochondria associated with a balanced nuclear factor erythroid‐derived 2 like 2 (NFE2L2) dependent antioxidative response, most likely triggered by reduced tethering of NFE2L2 to mitochondrial phosphoglycerate mutase 5. Age indirectly influenced mitochondrial function by reducing mitochondrial mass, thus exacerbating diet‐induced fat accumulation. Therefore, consideration of age in metabolic studies must be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Lohr
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Z I E L - Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Fiona Pachl
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Amin Moghaddas Gholami
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Kerstin E Geillinger
- Z I E L - Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Z I E L - Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Z I E L - Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Nie J, DuBois DC, Xue B, Jusko WJ, Almon RR. Effects of High-Fat Feeding on Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression in Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:1177625017710009. [PMID: 28607540 PMCID: PMC5457139 DOI: 10.1177/1177625017710009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present report, we examined the responses of diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats fed either a standard chow or high-fat diet (HFD) from weaning to 20 weeks of age. This comparison included gene expression profiling of skeletal muscle using Affymetrix gene array chips. The expression profiling is interpreted within the context of a wide array of physiological measurements. Genes whose expressions are different between the 2 strains regardless of diet, as well as genes that differ between strains only with HFD, were identified. In addition, genes that were regulated by diet in 1 or both strains were identified. The results suggest that both strains respond to HFD by an increased capacity to oxidize lipid fuels in the musculature but that this adaptation occurs more rapidly in WKY rats. The results also demonstrated an impaired cytokine signalling and heightened inflammatory status in the GK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Debra C DuBois
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bai Xue
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Richard R Almon
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Xue B, Nie J, Wang X, DuBois DC, Jusko WJ, Almon RR. Effects of High Fat Feeding on Adipose Tissue Gene Expression in Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:15-26. [PMID: 26309393 PMCID: PMC4533846 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s25172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of type 2 diabetes is a complex interaction between genetics and environmental influences. High dietary fat is one environmental factor that is conducive to the development of insulin-resistant diabetes. In the present report, we compare the responses of lean poly-genic, diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats to those of control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats fed a high fat diet from weaning to 20 weeks of age. This comparison included a wide array of physiological measurements along with gene expression profiling of abdominal adipose tissue using Affymetrix gene array chips. Animals of both strains fed a high fat diet or a normal diet were sacrificed at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks for this comparison. The microarray analysis revealed that the two strains developed different adaptations to increased dietary fat. WKY rats decrease fatty acid synthesis and lipogenic processes whereas GK rats increase lipid elimination. However, on both diets the major differences between the two strains remained essentially the same. Specifically relative to the WKY strain, the GK strain showed lipoatrophy, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Xue
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Debra C DuBois
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. ; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Richard R Almon
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. ; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Zain SM, Mohamed R, Cooper DN, Razali R, Rampal S, Mahadeva S, Chan WK, Anwar A, Rosli NSM, Mahfudz AS, Cheah PL, Basu RC, Mohamed Z. Genome-wide analysis of copy number variation identifies candidate gene loci associated with the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95604. [PMID: 24743702 PMCID: PMC3990722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 10 and 25% of individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) develop hepatic fibrosis leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To investigate the molecular basis of disease progression, we performed a genome-wide analysis of copy number variation (CNV) in a total of 49 patients with NAFLD [10 simple steatosis and 39 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)] and 49 matched controls using high-density comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarrays. A total of 11 CNVs were found to be unique to individuals with simple steatosis, whilst 22 were common between simple steatosis and NASH, and 224 were unique to NASH. We postulated that these CNVs could be involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD progression. After stringent filtering, we identified four rare and/or novel CNVs that may influence the pathogenesis of NASH. Two of these CNVs, located at 13q12.11 and 12q13.2 respectively, harbour the exportin 4 (XPO4) and phosphodiesterase 1B (PDE1B) genes which are already known to be involved in the etiology of liver cirrhosis and HCC. Cross-comparison of the genes located at these four CNV loci with genes already known to be associated with NAFLD yielded a set of genes associated with shared biological processes including cell death, the key process involved in 'second hit' hepatic injury. To our knowledge, this pilot study is the first to provide CNV information of potential relevance to the NAFLD spectrum. These data could prove invaluable in predicting patients at risk of developing NAFLD and more importantly, those who will subsequently progress to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul Mohd Zain
- The Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (SMZ); (RM)
| | - Rosmawati Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (SMZ); (RM)
| | - David N. Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rozaimi Razali
- Sengenics Sdn Bhd, High Impact Reseach Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sanjay Rampal
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sanjiv Mahadeva
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wah-Kheong Chan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arif Anwar
- Sengenics Sdn Bhd, High Impact Reseach Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Anis Shafina Mahfudz
- Medical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Phaik-Leng Cheah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roma Choudhury Basu
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- The Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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He L, Yang Y, Guo C, Yao D, Liu HH, Sheng JJ, Zhou WP, Ren J, Liu XD, Pan GY. Opposite regulation of hepatic breast cancer resistance protein in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 724:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Shanmugam V, Wafi A, Al-Taweel N, Büsselberg D. Disruption of circadian rhythm increases the risk of cancer, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5339/jlghs.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Incidents of non-communicable diseases (NCD) like cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes,
and chronic respiratory disease have increased dramatically and are currently the leading causes
of death worldwide. Their rising incidents coincide with the dramatic changes in industrialization
and development of societies over the past few hundred years. Therefore, current lifestyle
practices should be further explored to uncover novel risk factors for certain cancers (i.e. colon,
prostate, and breast cancer), metabolic syndrome (i.e. diabetes and obesity), and cardiovascular
disease (i.e. coronary artery disease). This review discusses how a disruption of the “biological
clock” or circadian rhythms could be involved in the development of these diseases as circadian
rhythms control multiple physiological processes such as wake/sleep cycles, hormonal levels,
body temperature, metabolism, and immune system.
Several environmental factors that disrupt circadian rhythms can be identified including
exposure to artificial light and electromagnetic (EM) waves, unbalanced diet and night shift work.
The mechanisms of how these “chronodisruptors” are associated with NCDs will be discussed.
Furthermore, the involvement of genetic factors in the disturbance of circadian rhythms and
predisposition to NCDs will be highlighted.
Overall there is strong evidence from animal models and epidemiological studies underlining
that circadian disruption is a significant player in several diseases particularly the multifactorial
diseases that pose a significant public health challenge in contemporary society. A circadian
disruption-based model of cancer, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease etiology can
be proposed. But, to fully understand the complex interactions of the different components in the
network of disease development due to disruption of circadian rhythms, more investigations are
needed to unravel the causal relationship between modern lifestyle, circadian rhythm disruption
and complex disease. This summary will help to better understand the mechanisms and aid the
development of new methods and policies to lower incidence/death rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Shanmugam
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation – Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amro Wafi
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation – Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nawaf Al-Taweel
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation – Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation – Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
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