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Chen J, Zhang X, Cross R, Ahn Y, Huskin G, Evans W, Hwang PT, Kim JA, Brott BC, Jo H, Yoon YS, Jun HW. Atherosclerotic three-layer nanomatrix vascular sheets for high-throughput therapeutic evaluation. Biomaterials 2024; 305:122450. [PMID: 38169190 PMCID: PMC10843643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In vitro atherosclerosis models are essential to evaluate therapeutics before in vivo and clinical studies, but significant limitations remain, such as the lack of three-layer vascular architecture and limited atherosclerotic features. Moreover, no scalable 3D atherosclerosis model is available for making high-throughput assays for therapeutic evaluation. Herein, we report an in vitro 3D three-layer nanomatrix vascular sheet with critical atherosclerosis multi-features (VSA), including endothelial dysfunction, monocyte recruitment, macrophages, extracellular matrix remodeling, smooth muscle cell phenotype transition, inflammatory cytokine secretion, foam cells, and calcification initiation. Notably, we present the creation of high-throughput functional assays with VSAs and the use of these assays for evaluating therapeutics for atherosclerosis treatment. The therapeutics include conventional drugs (statin and sirolimus), candidates for treating atherosclerosis (curcumin and colchicine), and potential gene therapy (miR-146a-loaded liposomes). The high efficiency and flexibility of the scalable VSA functional assays should facilitate drug discovery and development for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Endomimetics, LLC., Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robbie Cross
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yujin Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gillian Huskin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Will Evans
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Jeong-A Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brigitta C Brott
- Endomimetics, LLC., Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Endomimetics, LLC., Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Alshaalan KS, Alkahtani RF, Althobaiti RF, Aldhahi RA, Rebh FZ, Algezlan SS, Alanazi SM, Alrumaih SS, Alturki BA, Alahmadi AS, Alanazi RA, Al Ali AH, Alshabanah OM. Statin use and clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A retrospective analysis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2024; 45:171-178. [PMID: 38309726 PMCID: PMC11115412 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2024.45.2.20230589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between statin use and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) severity. METHODS This was a retrospective study of adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were hospitalized at Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study was carried out from July - September 2020. Antecedent statin use was evaluated using medication information available in the electronic medical records. RESULTS In this retrospective study, we collected data from 689 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Among the patients, 56.2% of them were non-Saudi and 67.3% were males. The mean age of the patients was 53.7 years. The most common comorbidities among patients with COVID-19 at admission were hypertension (65.2%) and diabetes mellitus (65%). Among these patients, 155 (22.5%) patients received statins during hospitalization and 79.7% of them received corticosteroids. Receiving statins significantly increased the risk of intensive care unit's admission by 1.64 times, intubation by 1.76 times, developing complications by 2.48 times, and mortality by 3.16 times. CONCLUSION Statins are associated with a higher risk of mortality and morbidity among patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S. Alshaalan
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rahaf F. Alkahtani
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Renad F. Althobaiti
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rana A. Aldhahi
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fatimah Z. Rebh
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah S. Algezlan
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salma M. Alanazi
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shawg S. Alrumaih
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Basma A. Alturki
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah S. Alahmadi
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raneem A. Alanazi
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alaa H. Al Ali
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Othman M. Alshabanah
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Zahedipour F, Hosseini SA, Reiner Ž, Tedeschi-Reiner E, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Therapeutic Effects of Statins: Promising Drug for Topical and Transdermal Administration. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3149-3166. [PMID: 37157198 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230508141434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Statins are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and decrease plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. They are well tolerated, and because of their LDL-C-lowering effect, they are utilized to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. However, statins have pleiotropic effects, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer. Currently, oral administration is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved route of administration for statins. However, other administration routes have demonstrated promising results in different pre-clinical and clinical studies. For instance, statins also seem beneficial in dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, hirsutism, uremic pruritus, and graft-versus-host disease. Topically applied statins have been studied to treat seborrhea, acne, rhinophyma, and rosacea. They also have beneficial effects in contact dermatitis and wound healing in animal studies, (HIV) infection, osseointegration, porokeratosis, and some ophthalmologic diseases. Topical and transdermal application of statins is a non-invasive drug administration method that has shown significant results in bypassing the first-pass metabolism in the liver, thereby reducing possible adverse effects. This study reviews the multifaceted molecular and cellular impacts of statins, their topical and transdermal application, novel delivery systems, such as nanosystems for topical and transdermal administration and the challenges concerning this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zahedipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyede Atefe Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Internal Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Dewidar SA, Hamdy O, Soliman MM, El Gayar AM, El-Mesery M. Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide in combination with pitavastatin or simvastatin against breast cancer cells. Med Oncol 2023; 41:7. [PMID: 38051378 PMCID: PMC10697881 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Fighting breast tumors mandates finding different agents devoid of chemotherapy side effects. Repurposing existing drugs, such as statins, presents a promising avenue for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. Based on the different effects of statin members, this study aims to evaluate the effect of two of the most promising lipophilic statins, Simvastatin and Pitavastatin, and their combination with a conventional chemotherapeutic regimen of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide on breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines were used to analyze the effects of Pitavastatin and simvastatin in combination with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide. Cell viability and cell cycle were analyzed and certain apoptosis-related genes such as Bax, Bcl2, and caspase-3, besides cyclin D1 were analyzed using qPCR. The viability of breast cancer cells decreased significantly after treatment with a doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide combination in the presence of Pitavastatin or simvastatin compared with dual doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide with a higher effect in MDA-MB-231 cells than MCF7. In MDA-MB-231, The triple combination of Pitavastatin or simvastatin with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide resulted in an increase in the expression levels of apoptotic markers than treatment with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide combination (Bax (p-value = 0.09& 0.02, respectively), Bax/Bcl2 ratio (p-value = 0.0002& <0.0001, respectively)). However, the increase in caspase3 wasn't significant (p-value = 0.45& 0.09, respectively). Moreover, the expression of cyclin D1 decreased (p-value = 0.0002& <0.0001, respectively) and the cell cycle was arrested in the G1 phase. Combination of Pitavastatin or simvastatin with doxorubicin/ cyclophosphamide may induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells via upregulation of the Bax/Bcl2 pathway, potentially providing a promising new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Dewidar
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Omar Hamdy
- Surgical oncology department, Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Moetaza M Soliman
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amal M El Gayar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Mesery
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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5
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You Q, Shao X, Wang J, Chen X. Progress on Physical Field-Regulated Micro/Nanomotors for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Treatment. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300426. [PMID: 37391275 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) are two major vasculature-related diseases that seriously affect public health worldwide, which can cause serious death and disability. Lack of targeting effect of the traditional CCVD treatment drugs may damage other tissues and organs, thus more specific methods are needed to solve this dilemma. Micro/nanomotors are new materials that can convert external energy into driving force for autonomous movement, which can not only enhance the penetration depth and retention rates, but also increase the contact areas with the lesion sites (such as thrombus and inflammation sites of blood vessels). Physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors using the physical energy sources with deep tissue penetration and controllable performance, such as magnetic field, light, and ultrasound, etc. are considered as the emerging patient-friendly and effective therapeutic tools to overcome the limitations of conventional CCVD treatments. Recent efforts have suggested that physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors on CCVD treatments could simultaneously provide efficient therapeutic effect and intelligent control. In this review, various physical field-driven micro/nanomotors are mainly introduced and their latest advances for CCVDs are highlighted. Last, the remaining challenges and future perspectives regarding the physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors for CCVD treatments are discussed and outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Xinyue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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6
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Alrosan AZ, Heilat GB, Al Subeh ZY, Alrosan K, Alrousan AF, Abu-Safieh AK, Alabdallat NS. The effects of statin therapy on brain tumors, particularly glioma: a review. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:985-994. [PMID: 37466094 PMCID: PMC10501357 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors account for less than 2% of all malignancies. However, they are associated with the highest morbidity and mortality rates among all solid tumors. The most common malignant primary brain tumors are glioma or glioblastoma (GBM), which have a median survival time of about 14 months, often suffer from recurrence after a few months following treatment, and pose a therapeutic challenge. Despite recent therapeutic advances, the prognosis for glioma patients is poor when treated with modern therapies, including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, or a combination of these. Therefore, discovering a new target to treat brain tumors, particularly glioma, might be advantageous in raising progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) rates. Statins, also known as competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are effective medications for reducing cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. The use of statins prior to and during other cancer treatments appears to enhance patient outcomes according to preclinical studies. After surgical resection followed by concurrent radiation and treatment, OS for patients with GBM is only about a year. Statins have recently emerged as potential adjuvant medications for treating GBM due to their ability to inhibit cell growth, survival, migration, metastasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and increase apoptosis in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Whether statins enhance clinical outcomes, such as patient survival in GBM, is still debatable. This study aimed to explore the effects of statin therapy in the context of cancer treatment, with a particular focus on GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Z. Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa
| | - Ghaith B. Heilat
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, The Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | - Zeinab Y. Al Subeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | - Khaled Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa
| | - Alaa F. Alrousan
- Doctor of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid
| | - Amro K. Abu-Safieh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Pham K, Mulugeta A, Lumsden A, Hyppӧnen E. Genetically instrumented LDL-cholesterol lowering and multiple disease outcomes: A Mendelian randomization phenome-wide association study in the UK Biobank. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:2992-3004. [PMID: 37208559 PMCID: PMC10952153 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lipid-lowering medications are widely used to control blood cholesterol levels and manage a range of cardiovascular and lipid disorders. We aimed to explore the possible associations between LDL lowering and multiple disease outcomes or biomarkers. METHODS We performed a Mendelian randomization phenome-wide association study (MR-PheWAS) in 337 475 UK Biobank participants to test for associations between four proposed LDL-C-lowering genetic risk scores (PCSK9, HMGCR, NPC1L1 and LDLR) and 1135 disease outcomes, with follow-up MR analyses in 52 serum, urine, imaging and clinical biomarkers. We used inverse-variance weighted MR in the main analyses and complementary MR methods (weighted median, weighted mode, MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO) as sensitivity analyses. We accounted for multiple testing with false discovery rate correction (P < 2.0 × 10-4 for phecodes, P < 1.3 × 10-2 for biomarkers). RESULTS We found evidence for an association between genetically instrumented LDL lowering and 10 distinct disease outcomes, suggesting potential causality. All genetic instruments were associated with hyperlipidaemias and cardiovascular diseases in the expected directions. Biomarker analyses supported an effect of LDL-C lowering through PCSK9 on lung function (FEV [beta per 1 mg/dL lower LDL-C -1.49, 95% CI -2.21, -0.78]; FVC [-1.42, 95% CI -2.29, -0.54]) and through HMGCR on hippocampal volume (beta per 1 mg/dL lower LDL-C 6.09, 95% CI 1.74, 10.44). CONCLUSIONS We found genetic evidence to support both positive and negative effects of LDL-C lowering through all four LDL-C-lowering pathways. Future studies should further explore the effects of LDL-C lowering on lung function and changes in brain volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Pham
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Anwar Mulugeta
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Amanda Lumsden
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Elina Hyppӧnen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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8
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Kalkan H, Panza E, Pagano E, Ercolano G, Moriello C, Piscitelli F, Sztretye M, Capasso R, Di Marzo V, Iannotti FA. Dysfunctional endocannabinoid CB1 receptor expression and signaling contribute to skeletal muscle cell toxicity induced by simvastatin. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:544. [PMID: 37612317 PMCID: PMC10447569 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Statins are the most prescribed lipid-lowering agents worldwide. Their use is generally safe, although muscular toxicity occurs in about 1 in 10.000 patients. In this study, we explored the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) during muscle toxicity induced by simvastatin. In murine C2C12 myoblasts exposed to simvastatin, levels of the endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG as well the expression of specific miRNAs (in particular miR-152) targeting the endocannabinoid CB1 gene were increased in a time-dependent manner. Rimonabant, a selective CB1 antagonist, exacerbated simvastatin-induced toxicity in myoblasts, while only a weak opposite effect was observed with ACEA and GAT211, selective orthosteric and allosteric agonists of CB1 receptor, respectively. In antagomiR152-transfected myoblasts, simvastatin toxicity was in part prevented together with the functional rescue of CB1. Further analyses revealed that simvastatin in C2C12 cells also suppresses PKC and ERK signaling pathways, which are instead activated downstream of CB1 receptor stimulation, thus adding more insight into the mechanism causing CB1 functional inactivation. Importantly, simvastatin induced similar alterations in skeletal muscles of C57BL/6 J mice and primary human myoblasts. In sum, we identified the dysregulated expression of the endocannabinoid CB1 receptor as well as the impairment of its downstream signaling pathways as a novel pathological mechanism involved in statin-induced myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Kalkan
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, 80078, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, 80078, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, 80078, Italy
| | - Mónika Sztretye
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, 80078, Italy.
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec and Institut Sur la Nutrition et Les Aliments Fonctionnels, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, 80078, Italy.
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9
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Wang W, Li X, Gao Y, Zheng H, Gao M. A nomogram prediction model for the TP53mut subtype in endometrial cancer based on preoperative noninvasive parameters. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:720. [PMID: 37528420 PMCID: PMC10394813 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular subtypes of endometrial carcinoma are significantly correlated with survival outcomes and can guide surgical methods and postoperative adjuvant therapy. Among them, the TP53mut subtype has the worst prognosis and can only be determined by detection after surgery. Therefore, identifying preoperative noninvasive clinical parameters for early prediction of the TP53mut subtype would provide important guidance in choosing the appropriate surgical method and early warning for clinicians. Our study aimed to establish a model for the early prediction of the TP53mut subtype by using preoperative noninvasive parameters of endometrial cancer and screen out potential TP53mut patients. METHODS Information and pathological specimens of 376 patients who underwent surgery for FIGO stage I-IV endometrial cancer in the Department of Gynecology, Peking University Cancer Hospital, from June 2011 to July 2020 were collected, and 178 cases were finally included in the study as the training dataset (part A). Thirty-six cases from January 2022 to March 2023 were collected as the validation dataset (part B). Molecular subtyping was performed using a one-stop next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach. Compared with the TP53mut subtype, the POLE EDM, MSI-H and TP53 wild-type subtypes were defined as non-TP53mut subtypes. Univariate Cox regression analysis and multivariate logistic analysis were performed to determine the preoperative clinical parameters associated with the TP53mut subtype. A nomogram prediction model was established using preoperative noninvasive parameters, and its efficacy in predicting TP53mut subtype and survival outcomes was verified. RESULTS The TP53mut subtype was identified in 12.4% of the part A and 13.9% of the part B. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HDL-C/LDL-C level, CA125 level, and cervical or lower uterine involvement were independent influencing factors associated with the TP53mut subtype (p = 0.016, 0.047, <0.001). A TP53mut prognostic model (TPMM) was constructed based on the factors identified in the multivariate analysis, namely, TPMM = -1.385 × HDL-C/LDL-C + 1.068 × CA125 + 1.89 × CI or LUI, with an AUC = 0.768 (95% CI, 0.642 to 0.893) in the part A. The AUC of TPMM for predicting TP53mut subtype in the part B was 0.781(95% CI, 0.581 to 0.980). The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with the TP53mut subtype were significantly worse than those of patients with the non-TP53mut subtype, as predicted by the model in the part A. CONCLUSIONS TP53mut prediction model (TPMM) had good diagnostic accuracy, and survival analysis showed the model can identify patients with different prognostic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Radiology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yunong Gao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
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10
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Matyori A, Brown CP, Ali A, Sherbeny F. Statins utilization trends and expenditures in the U.S. before and after the implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:795-800. [PMID: 37228328 PMCID: PMC10203693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Statins are drugs of choice in treating hyperlipidemia and preventing or reducing cardiovascular diseases. Purpose Explore statins utilization and expenditure trends in the United States before and after the publication of the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. Method A retrospective, cross-sectional study of US noninstitutionalized civilians was conducted using MEPS data from 2008 to 2019. Adults who were ≥ 40 years old and who reported taking statins were included in the study. Primary outcomes Statins use patterns, total cost, and out-of-pocket spending in the general adults who reported taking statins medications. Expenditures were expressed in 2019 US dollars. Results In this study, 409,804 individuals were eligible to be included (mean age [SE], 59 [0.1] years; 54% female). Of those participants, 22% reported taking statin therapy, and 11% of them filled only one statin prescription. The number of individuals in the general population who reported taking any statin climbed from 31 million (12%) in 2008-2009 to 92 million (35%) in 2018-2019, representing a 197% increase. After 2013, the number of individuals who used statins increased by 149%, from 37 million in 2012-2013 to 92 million users in 2018-2019. The annual number of statins prescriptions increased from 461 million to 818 million (77%; p = 0.000) between 2008 and 2019. Atorvastatin was the most prescribed medication in the statins class (36%), followed by simvastatin (34%). The moderate-intensity statins were the most used by the participants (60%). The total statins cost in 2013 was $8 billion and increased to $10 billion in 2019 (25%; p = 0.000). The total OOP expenditure trend sloped from $4.0 billion in the 2008-2009 cycle to $3.1 billion in 2018-2019. The average OOP paid by Asians was higher than that of other races at $141. Conclusion The proportion of individuals who used statins significantly increased following the adoption of the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. The findings, however, demonstrated suboptimal prescribing trends of high-intensity statins, which need to be addressed by the stakeholders to maximize medication outcomes. Statins expenditures, especially the co-payments, significantly decreased. The results have shown that revised or new regulations have a substantial impact on the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Matyori
- Economic, Social, and Administrative Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, United States
| | - Clyde P. Brown
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, United States
| | - Askal Ali
- Economic, Social, and Administrative Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, United States
| | - Fatimah Sherbeny
- Economic, Social, and Administrative Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, United States
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11
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Tariq S, Goriparthi L, Ismail D, Kankeu Tonpouwo G, Thapa M, Khalid K, Cooper AC, Jean-Charles G. Correlates of Myopathy in Diabetic Patients Taking Statins. Cureus 2023; 15:e37708. [PMID: 37206522 PMCID: PMC10191392 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic ailments; its incidence has reached epidemic proportions in the 21st century. Diabetes significantly increases micro and macrovascular complications, which are effectively managed with statins. Therefore, statins' pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics have been extensively studied. Although statins act as a keystone in preventing cardiovascular complications, at the same time, they pose a threat to the quality of life of diabetics due to the resulting muscular side effects. This article summarizes the prevalence, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and risk factors of statin-induced myopathy in diabetic patients. Among the diverse predisposing risk factors, the primary variables identified for causing myopathy in diabetic patients include age, gender, ethnicity, duration and severity of illness, comorbid conditions, level of physical activity, alcohol use, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) levels, type and dose of statins, and anti-diabetic drugs or other drugs used concomitantly. In addition, cardiovascular risk quotients also potentially impact diabetic patients making them more vulnerable to developing myopathy from statins. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of managing statin-associated myopathic side effects by providing consensus guidelines on diagnostic, monitoring, and treatment strategies. We also discussed statins' prognostic value in reducing cardiovascular events in diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tariq
- Internal Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, PAK
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | - Lakshmi Goriparthi
- General Surgery, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, IND
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | - Dina Ismail
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
- Family Medicine, University Hassan II of Casablanca Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Casablanca, MAR
| | - Gauvain Kankeu Tonpouwo
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Plaine Tshombé, Lubumbashi, COD
| | - Milan Thapa
- Internal Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, USA
| | - Khizer Khalid
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | | | - Gutteridge Jean-Charles
- Internal Medicine, AdventHealth Orlando Hospital, Orlando, USA
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
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12
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Sinnett-Smith J, Torres-Marquez ME, Chang JK, Shimizu Y, Hao F, Martin MG, Rozengurt E. Statins inhibit protein kinase D (PKD) activation in intestinal cells and prevent PKD1-induced growth of murine enteroids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C807-C820. [PMID: 36779664 PMCID: PMC10042602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00286.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We examined the impact of statins on protein kinase D (PKD) activation by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Treatment of intestinal IEC-18 cells with cerivastatin inhibited PKD autophosphorylation at Ser916 induced by angiotensin II (ANG II) or vasopressin in a dose-dependent manner with half-maximal inhibition at 0.2 µM. Cerivastatin treatment inhibited PKD activation stimulated by these agonists for different times (5-60 min) and blunted HDAC5 phosphorylation, a substrate of PKD. Other lipophilic statins, including simvastatin, atorvastatin, and fluvastatin also prevented PKD activation in a dose-dependent manner. Using IEC-18 cell lines expressing PKD1 tagged with EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), cerivastatin or simvastatin blocked GPCR-mediated PKD1-EGFP translocation to the plasma membrane and its subsequent nuclear accumulation. Similar results were obtained in IEC-18 cells expressing PKD3-EGFP. Mechanistically, statins inhibited agonist-dependent PKD activation rather than acting directly on PKD catalytic activity since exposure to cerivastatin or simvastatin did not impair PKD autophosphorylation or PKD1-EGFP membrane translocation in response to phorbol dibutyrate, which bypasses GPCRs and directly stimulates PKC and PKD. Furthermore, cerivastatin did not inhibit recombinant PKD activity determined via an in vitro kinase assay. Using enteroids generated from intestinal crypt-derived epithelial cells from PKD1 transgenic mice as a model of intestinal regeneration, we show that statins oppose PKD1-mediated increase in enteroid area, complexity (number of crypt-like buds), and DNA synthesis. Our results revealed a previously unappreciated inhibitory effect of statins on receptor-mediated PKD activation and in opposing the growth-promoting effects of PKD1 on intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sinnett-Smith
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - M Eugenia Torres-Marquez
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jen-Kuan Chang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Fang Hao
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States
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13
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de Souza AMC, Fajardo FAG, Rashid A, Tavares MFM, Prado MSA. Capillary Electrophoresis Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Hypocholesterolemic Drugs in Binary Mixture Formulation: Fast, Green, and Cost-Effective Alternative to HPLC. Chromatographia 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-023-04243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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14
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Limb girdle muscular disease caused by HMGCR mutation and statin myopathy treatable with mevalonolactone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217831120. [PMID: 36745799 PMCID: PMC9963716 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217831120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopathy is the main adverse effect of the widely prescribed statin drug class. Statins exert their beneficial effect by inhibiting HMG CoA-reductase, the rate-controlling enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. The mechanism of statin myopathy is yet to be resolved, and its treatment is insufficient. Through homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing, followed by functional analysis using confocal microscopy and biochemical and biophysical methods, we demonstrate that a distinct form of human limb girdle muscular disease is caused by a pathogenic homozygous loss-of-function missense mutation in HMG CoA reductase (HMGCR), encoding HMG CoA-reductase. We biochemically synthesized and purified mevalonolactone, never administered to human patients before, and establish the safety of its oral administration in mice. We then show that its oral administration is effective in treating a human patient with no significant adverse effects. Furthermore, we demonstrate that oral mevalonolactone resolved statin-induced myopathy in mice. We conclude that HMGCR mutation causes a late-onset severe progressive muscular disease, which shows similar features to statin-induced myopathy. Our findings indicate that mevalonolactone is effective both in the treatment of hereditary HMGCR myopathy and in a murine model of statin myopathy. Further large clinical trials are in place to enable the clinical use of mevalonolactone both in the rare orphan disease and in the more common statin myopathy.
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15
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Qiao MQ, Li Y, Yang YX, Pang CX, Liu YT, Bian C, Wang L, Chen XF, Hong B. Structure-activity relationship and biological evaluation of xanthine derivatives as PCSK9 inhibitors for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115047. [PMID: 36586297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing non-statin small molecules for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia remains challenging. The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)-targeted therapies have attracted considerable attentions. Forty-five 7030B-C5 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for the PCSK9 repression activity, taking the PCSK9 transcriptional inhibitor 7030B-C5 as the lead. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis at C8 and N7-position was carried out, and compound 3s and 5r exhibited comparable PCSK9 transcriptional inhibitory activity but much lower cytotoxicity with the therapeutic index (TI) values doubled of that of 7030B-C5. In the in vitro assay, both compounds significantly reduced the level of PCSK9 protein and increased LDL receptor (LDLR) protein level. What's more, both compounds promoted LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) clearance more efficiently than 7030B-C5 in HepG2 cells. Most importantly, compound 3s reduced the atherosclerotic plaque areas with promising lipid-lowing effects in ApoE KO mice with a higher in vivo activity and lower toxicity. The regulatory mechanism of 3s was explored that it might target the transcription factor HNF1α and/or HINFP upstream of PCSK9 transcription, similar to that of 7030B-C5. Thus, 3s was considered as a potential anti-atherosclerosis drug candidate as a novel PCSK9 down-regulatory agent, worthy of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qian Qiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yue Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu-Xin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chen-Xu Pang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi-Ting Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Cong Bian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Bin Hong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
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16
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Krása K, Vajnerová O, Ďurišová J, Minaříková M, Miková D, Srbová M, Chalupský K, Kaftanová B, Hampl V. Simvastatin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate effects against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension are not additive. Physiol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a group of disorders characterized by elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance. To test our hypothesis that combining two drugs useful in experimental pulmonary hypertension, statins and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA S), is more effective than either agent alone, we induced pulmonary hypertension in adult male rats by exposing them to hypoxia (10%O2) for 3 weeks. We treated them with simvastatin (60 mg/l) and DHEA S (100 mg/l) in drinking water, either alone or in combination. Both simvastatin and DHEA S reduced mPAP (froma mean±s.d. of 34.4±4.4 to 27.6±5.9 and 26.7±4.8 mmHg, respectively), yet their combination was not more effective (26.7±7.9 mmHg). Differences in the degree of oxidative stress (indicated by malondialdehydeplasma concentration),the rate of superoxide production (electron paramagnetic resonance), or blood nitric oxide levels (chemiluminescence) did not explain the lack of additivity of the effect of DHEA S and simvastatin on pulmonary hypertension. We propose that the main mechanism of both drugs on pulmonary hypertension could be their inhibitory effect on 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, which could explain their lack of additivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krása
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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17
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Pasello M, Giudice AM, Cristalli C, Manara MC, Mancarella C, Parra A, Serra M, Magagnoli G, Cidre-Aranaz F, Grünewald TGP, Bini C, Lollini PL, Longhi A, Donati DM, Scotlandi K. ABCA6 affects the malignancy of Ewing sarcoma cells via cholesterol-guided inhibition of the IGF1R/AKT/MDM2 axis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:1237-1251. [PMID: 36149602 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The relevance of the subfamily A members of ATP-binding cassette (ABCA) transporters as biomarkers of risk and response is emerging in different tumors, but their mechanisms of action have only been partially defined. In this work, we investigated their role in Ewing sarcoma (EWS), a pediatric cancer with unmet clinical issues. METHODS The expression of ABC members was evaluated by RT-qPCR in patients with localized EWS. The correlation with clinical outcome was established in different datasets using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Functional studies were conducted in cell lines from patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) using gain- or loss-of-function approaches. The impact of intracellular cholesterol levels and cholesterol lowering drugs on malignant parameters was considered. RESULTS We found that ABCA6, which is usually poorly expressed in EWS, when upregulated became a prognostic factor of a favorable outcome in patients. Mechanistically, high expression of ABCA6 impaired cell migration and increased cell chemosensitivity by diminishing the intracellular levels of cholesterol and by constitutive IGF1R/AKT/mTOR expression/activation. Accordingly, while exposure of cells to exogenous cholesterol increased AKT/mTOR activation, the cholesterol lowering drug simvastatin inhibited IGF1R/AKT/mTOR signaling and prevented Ser166 phosphorylation of MDM2. This, in turn, favored p53 activation and enhanced pro-apoptotic effects of doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that ABCA6 acts as tumor suppressor in EWS cells via cholesterol-mediated inhibition of IGF1R/AKT/MDM2 signaling, which promotes the pro-apoptotic effects of doxorubicin and reduces cell migration. Our findings also support a role of ABCA6 as biomarker of EWS progression and sustains its assessment for a more rational use of statins as adjuvant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pasello
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giudice
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.,Alma Mater Institute On Healthy Planet - Alma Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Cristalli
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Caterina Mancarella
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Alessandro Parra
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Massimo Serra
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Giovanna Magagnoli
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Florencia Cidre-Aranaz
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carla Bini
- Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longhi
- Osteoncologia, Sarcomi dell'osso e dei Tessuti Molli e Terapie Innovative, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- Unit of 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic Prevalently Oncologic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
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18
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Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Alabed M, Selvakumar B, Mdkhana B, Salam Bayram O, Kalaji Z, Hafezi S, Elemam NM, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Halwani R. Simvastatin reduced infiltration of memory subsets of T lymphocytes in the lung tissue during Th2 allergic inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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KRÁSA K, VAJNEROVÁ O, ĎURIŠOVÁ J, MINAŘÍKOVÁ M, MIKOVÁ D, SRBOVÁ M, CHALUPSKÝ K, KAFTANOVÁ B, HAMPL V. Simvastatin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate effects against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension are not additive. Physiol Res 2022; 71:801-810. [PMID: 36426885 PMCID: PMC9814989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a group of disorders characterized by elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance. To test our hypothesis that combining two drugs useful in experimental pulmonary hypertension, statins and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA S), is more effective than either agent alone, we induced pulmonary hypertension in adult male rats by exposing them to hypoxia (10%O2) for 3 weeks. We treated them with simvastatin (60 mg/l) and DHEA S (100 mg/l) in drinking water, either alone or in combination. Both simvastatin and DHEA S reduced mPAP (froma mean±s.d. of 34.4±4.4 to 27.6±5.9 and 26.7±4.8 mmHg, respectively), yet their combination was not more effective (26.7±7.9 mmHg). Differences in the degree of oxidative stress (indicated by malondialdehydeplasma concentration),the rate of superoxide production (electron paramagnetic resonance), or blood nitric oxide levels (chemiluminescence) did not explain the lack of additivity of the effect of DHEA S and simvastatin on pulmonary hypertension. We propose that the main mechanism of both drugs on pulmonary hypertension could be their inhibitory effect on 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, which could explain their lack of additivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kryštof KRÁSA
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,Military University Hospital Prague, Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga VAJNEROVÁ
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana ĎURIŠOVÁ
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela MINAŘÍKOVÁ
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana MIKOVÁ
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina SRBOVÁ
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel CHALUPSKÝ
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora KAFTANOVÁ
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav HAMPL
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Emre-Aydingoz S, Lux KM, Efe OE, Topcu DI, Erdem SR. Effect of rosuvastatin on spatial learning, memory, and anxiety-like behaviour in ovariectomized rats. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:3268-3276. [PMID: 35993621 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2112024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of rosuvastatin (Ros) on cognitive function and anxiety-like behaviour in ovariectomized rats were evaluated. Eighteen female Wistar rats (218-310 g, 6-8 months old) were allocated into sham (n = 6), ovariectomy (Ovx, n = 6) or Ovx + Ros (up to eighth week n = 6, then n = 4) groups. Ros was administered at 20 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 12 weeks. Behavioural tests were performed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks following Ovx. At 12 weeks, Ovx group had significantly longer escape latency than the sham group at the first day of the four-day training period of the Morris Water Maze test (p < .01). In the Elevated Plus Maze test, Ovx group spent significantly more time in the closed arms than the sham group (p < .01), and this anxiety-like behavioural effect of Ovx was prevented by 12-weeks Ros treatment (p < .05). In conclusion, Ros prevents memory deficit and anxiety-like behaviour in the ovariectomized rats, a model for human surgical menopause. Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Reduced levels of oestrogen in surgical postmenopausal period has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction. Although statins have been shown to improve cognitive function in experimental and clinical studies, there are limited studies evaluating the effect of statins on the cognitive decline and anxiety-like behaviour associated with surgical menopause.What do the results of this study add? Rosuvastatin, a long-acting statin, prevents learning and memory deficit and anxiety-like behaviour in the ovariectomized rat model.What are the implications of these findings for future clinical practice and/or future clinical research? These findings will form the basis for further experimental and clinical research on the effects of statins on cognitive functions and anxiety-like behaviour in the surgical menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selda Emre-Aydingoz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Karl Michael Lux
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Ekin Efe
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ilhan Topcu
- Department of Biochemistry, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saban Remzi Erdem
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Pasha R, Azmi S, Ferdousi M, Kalteniece A, Bashir B, Gouni-Berthold I, Malik RA, Soran H. Lipids, Lipid-Lowering Therapy, and Neuropathy: A Narrative Review. Clin Ther 2022; 44:1012-1025. [PMID: 35810030 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Statins, or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are the mainstay of treatment for hypercholesterolemia as they effectively reduce LDL-C levels and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Apart from hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and HDL dysfunction are known risk factors for neuropathy in people with obesity and diabetes. Although there are case reports of statin-induced neuropathy, ad hoc analyses of clinical trials and observational studies have shown that statins may improve peripheral neuropathy. However, large randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of cardiovascular outcome trials with statins and other lipid-lowering drugs have not reported on neuropathy outcomes. Because neuropathy was not a prespecified outcome in major cardiovascular trials, one cannot conclude whether statins or other lipid-lowering therapies increase or decrease the risk of neuropathy. The aim of this review was to assess if statins have beneficial or detrimental effects on neuropathy and whether there is a need for large well-powered interventional studies using objective neuropathy end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raabya Pasha
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Shazli Azmi
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Ferdousi
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alise Kalteniece
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Bashir
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
- Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Handrean Soran
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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22
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Frappier M, Auclair J, Bouasker S, Gunaratnam S, Diarra C, Millette M. Screening and Characterization of Some Lactobacillaceae for Detection of Cholesterol-Lowering Activities. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:873-883. [PMID: 35704269 PMCID: PMC9474388 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, specifically abnormal levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is an important risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Evidence showing the promising abilities of probiotics to lower total cholesterol or LDL-C has, however, not yet convinced experts to recommend probiotic bacteria as treatment for blood lipid management. Therefore, there are opportunities for the development of new efficient cholesterol-lowering probiotics. Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and feruloyl esterase (FAE) are bacterial enzymes proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering capacity of some bacteria and have both been shown to be responsible for lipid reduction in vivo. Here, in order to select for cholesterol-lowering bacteria, 70 strains related to Lactobacillaceae were screened for BSH and FAE activities. Based on this two-way screening approach, two bacteria were selected and assessed for their capacity to assimilate cholesterol in vitro, another suggested mechanism. Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 showed BSH and FAE activity as well as capacity to assimilate cholesterol in vitro. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CHOL-200 exhibited BSH activity and ability to assimilate cholesterol. These properties observed in vitro make both strains good probiotic candidates for the management of dyslipidemia. Further investigation is needed to assess their ability to reduce blood cholesterol in human trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frappier
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Julie Auclair
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Samir Bouasker
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Sathursha Gunaratnam
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Carine Diarra
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Millette
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada.
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23
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Rudiansyah M, Jasim SA, Mohammad Pour ZG, Athar SS, Jeda AS, Doewes RI, Jalil AT, Bokov DO, Mustafa YF, Noroozbeygi M, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) update: From metabolic reprogramming to immunometabolism. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4611-4627. [PMID: 35689351 PMCID: PMC9350347 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The field of immunometabolism investigates and describes the effects of metabolic rewiring in immune cells throughout activation and the fates of these cells. Recently, it has been appreciated that immunometabolism plays an essential role in the progression of viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Regarding COVID‐19, the aberrant immune response underlying the progression of diseases establishes two major respiratory pathologies, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pneumonia‐induced acute lung injury (ALI). Both innate and adaptive immunity (T cell‐based) were impaired in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. Current findings have deciphered that macrophages (innate immune cells) are involved in the inflammatory response seen in COVID‐19. It has been demonstrated that immune system cells can change metabolic reprogramming in some conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infectious disease, including COVID‐19. The growing findings on metabolic reprogramming in COVID‐19 allow an exploration of metabolites with immunomodulatory properties as future therapies to combat this hyperinflammatory response. The elucidation of the exact role and mechanism underlying this metabolic reprograming in immune cells could help apply more precise approaches to initial diagnosis, prognosis, and in‐hospital therapy. This report discusses the latest findings from COVID‐19 on host metabolic reprogramming and immunometabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rudiansyah
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat/Ulin Hospital, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
| | - Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq
| | | | - Sara Sohrabi Athar
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rumi Iqbal Doewes
- Faculty of Sport, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Kentingan, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - D O Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Mina Noroozbeygi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Pal R, Banerjee M, Yadav U, Bhattacharjee S. Statin use and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J 2022; 98:354-359. [PMID: 33541927 PMCID: PMC7868124 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Observations studies have shown that prior use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. However, the available data are limited, inconsistent and conflicting. Besides, no randomised controlled trial exists in this regard. Hence, the present meta-analysis was conducted to provide an updated summary and collate the effect of statin use on clinical outcomes in COVID-19 using unadjusted and adjusted risk estimates. METHODS PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were systematically searched using appropriate keywords till December 18 2020, to identify observational studies reporting clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients using statins versus those not using statins. Prior and in-hospital use of statins were considered. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Unadjusted and adjusted pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS We included 14 observational studies pooling data retrieved from 19 988 patients with COVID-19. All the studies were of high/moderate quality. Pooled analysis of unadjusted data showed that statin use was not associated with improved clinical outcomes (OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.50, p=0.94, I2=94%, random-effects model). However, on pooling adjusted risk estimates, the use of statin was found to significantly reduce the risk of adverse outcomes (OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.63, p<0.0005, I2=0%, fixed-effects model). CONCLUSIONS Statin use is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Individuals with multiple comorbidities on statin therapy should be encouraged to continue the drug amid the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimesh Pal
- Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Urmila Yadav
- National Institute of Nursing Education, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sukrita Bhattacharjee
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical College and Hospital Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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25
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Al Rahmoun M, Ghiasvand R, Cairat M, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Cervenka I, Severi G, Boutron-Ruault MC, Robsahm TE, Kvaskoff M, Fournier A. Statin Use and Skin Cancer Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1318-1325.e5. [PMID: 34695411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on statin use in relation to skin cancer risk are scarce and yielded conflicting results. We explored this association in Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de l'Education Nationale, a prospective cohort of French women born in 1925-1950. Health and lifestyle data were self-reported biennially and matched with drug reimbursement data, allowing the identification of participants' statin use since 2004. Multivariable cause-specific hazards regression models adjusted for skin cancer risk factors estimated hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Over 2004-2014, 455 cutaneous melanoma, 1,741 basal cell carcinoma, and 268 squamous cell carcinoma cases were ascertained among 62,473 women. Compared with never use, there were no associations between ever use of statins and melanoma (hazard ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval = 0.94-1.44) or squamous cell carcinoma (hazard ratio = 0.89, 95% confidence interval = 0.66-1.19) risks and a decrease in basal cell carcinoma risk with ever use of statins (hazard ratio = 0.89, 95% confidence interval = 0.79-0.996). We found no trend of increasing or decreasing risks with dose, duration of use, time since first use, or age at first use and no statistically significant effect modification by pigmentary traits or residential UVR exposure. Because of the limited number of studies evaluating the associations between the use of statins and the risks of melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, these findings would deserve further investigation in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Al Rahmoun
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manon Cairat
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Yahya Mahamat-Saleh
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Iris Cervenka
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G. Parenti", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Trude Eid Robsahm
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marina Kvaskoff
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Agnès Fournier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France.
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26
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Li RL, Wang LY, Liu S, Duan HX, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Peng W, Huang Y, Wu C. Natural Flavonoids Derived From Fruits Are Potential Agents Against Atherosclerosis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:862277. [PMID: 35399657 PMCID: PMC8987282 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.862277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, as a chronic inflammatory response, is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is induced by endothelial cell dysfunction, migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, accumulation of foam cells and inflammatory response, resulting in plaque accumulation, narrowing and hardening of the artery wall, and ultimately leading to myocardial infarction or sudden death and other serious consequences. Flavonoid is a kind of natural polyphenol compound widely existing in fruits with various structures, mainly including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, isoflavones, and chalcone, etc. Because of its potential health benefits, it is now used in supplements, cosmetics and medicines, and researchers are increasingly paying attention to its role in atherosclerosis. In this paper, we will focus on several important nodes in the development of atherosclerotic disease, including endothelial cell dysfunction, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, foam cell accumulation and inflammatory response. At the same time, through the classification of flavonoids from fruits, the role and potential mechanism of flavonoids in atherosclerosis were reviewed, providing a certain direction for the development of fruit flavonoids in the treatment of atherosclerosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu-Xinyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Peng,
| | - Yongliang Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Yongliang Huang,
| | - Chunjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chunjie Wu,
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Repurposing Lovastatin Cytotoxicity against the Tongue Carcinoma HSC3 Cell Line Using a Eucalyptus Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Carrier. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030176. [PMID: 35323289 PMCID: PMC8954000 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue cancer is one of the most common carcinomas of the head and neck region. The antitumor activities of statins, including lovastatin (LV), and the essential oil of eucalyptus (Eu oil), have been adequately reported. The aim of this study was to develop a nanoemulgel containing LV combined with Eu oil that could then be made into a nanoemulsion and assessed to determine its cytotoxicity against the cell line human chondrosarcoma-3 (HSC3) of carcinoma of the tongue. An I-optimal coordinate-exchange quadratic mixture design was adopted to optimize the investigated nanoemulsions. The droplet size and stability index of the developed formulations were measured to show characteristics of the nanoemulsions. The optimized LV loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (LV-Eu-SNEDDS) was loaded into the gelling agent Carbopol 934 to develop the nanoemulgel and evaluated for its rheological properties. The cytotoxic efficiency of the optimized LV-Eu-SNEDDS loaded nanoemulgel was tested for cell viability, and the caspase-3 enzyme test was used against the HSC3 cell line of squamous carcinoma of the tongue. The optimized nanoemulsion had a droplet size of 85 nm and a stability index of 93%. The manufactured nanoemulgel loaded with the optimum LV-Eu-SNEDDS exhibited pseudoplastic flow with thixotropic behavior. The developed optimum LV-Eu-SNEDDS-loaded nanoemulgel had the best half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and caspase-3 enzyme values of the formulations developed for this study, and these features improved the ability of the nanoemulsion-loaded gel to deliver the drug to the investigated target cells. In addition, the in vitro cell viability studies revealed the synergistic effect between LV and Eu oil in the treatment of tongue cancer. These findings illustrated that the LV-Eu-SNEDDS-loaded gel formulation could be beneficial in the local treatment of tongue cancer.
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28
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Virtanen A, Haukka J, Harju M, Loukovaara S. Statin use and the reoperation rates in glaucoma filtration surgery - population-based cohort study. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e167-e173. [PMID: 33755323 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association of systemic statin therapy and reoperation rate after glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). METHODS This is a population-based, historic cohort study of 2705 eyes undergoing GFS in Finland between July 2009 and December 2016. GFSs were identified from national administrative healthcare registers. Baseline sociodemographic and health characteristics were documented. Reoperation rates of GFS subgroups were analysed, with statin users compared to non-users. The outcomes were modelled using a Poisson regression model adjusted for age, sex, education, statin use, chronic comorbidities, and cataract surgery with incident rate ratios (IRR) as the main outcome measure. RESULTS The cohort contained 2263 subjects with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), 823 men and 1440 women. Surgery was performed on 2705 eyes. First documented procedures: deep sclerectomy (DS) (n = 1601), trabeculectomy (TRE) (799) and glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implantation (305) respectively. In total, 438 secondary operations were performed during the 7.5-year (median 2.25 years) follow-up period. The reoperation rates were 19% after DS, 12% after TRE, and 13% after GDD. Of the surgical procedures, 32% were performed on eyes of patients receiving statin therapy. Statin users showed no difference in reoperation rates (IRR 1.06, CI 0.82-1.37). In subgroups, no difference was observed in the reoperation rates adjusted with statin use after filtration surgery (DS, TRE) (IRR 1.06, CI 0.8-1.40) or GDD implantation (0.57, CI 0.20-1.63). CONCLUSION Systemic statin therapy among surgically treated OAG patients had no impact on secondary surgery rates following DS, TRE or GDD implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Virtanen
- Department of Ophthalmology Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Jari Haukka
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Clinicum/Department of Public Health Tampere University, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Mika Harju
- Unit of Glaucoma Surgery Department of Ophthalmology Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Sirpa Loukovaara
- Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery Department of Ophthalmology Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs, Individualized Drug Therapy, Helsinki University Helsinki Finland
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Abu El Hawa AA, Klein D, Bekeny JC, Severin JH, Zolper EG, Tefera E, Evans KK, Fan KL, Attinger CE. The impact of statins on wound healing: an ally in treating the highly comorbid patient. J Wound Care 2022; 31:S36-S41. [PMID: 35148640 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.sup2.s36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the impact that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) use has on wound healing outcomes in patients with comorbidities. METHOD A retrospective chart review evaluating all new patients presenting to our tertiary wound care centre in 2013 with lower extremity wounds. Patients were divided into two groups depending on whether they took statins or not. Data on wound healing outcomes and wound/patient characteristics were collected. Primary outcomes included healing rate and progression to complete wound healing. Patients were excluded if they had incomplete data or were lost to follow-up before healing status could be confirmed. RESULTS A total of 194 patients met the inclusion criteria and were allocated to either the statin group (n=89) or to the non-statin group (n=105). Median initial wound size was 0.6cm3 (Interquartile range (IQR): 0.15-2.4) (p=0.684). In the statin group, 54 (60.6%) patients progressed to complete wound healing compared with 47 (44.7%) in the non-statin group (p=0.027). Median rate of wound healing was 6.7×10-3cm3/day (IQR: 1.5×10-3-2.6×10-2) compared with 3.8×10-3cm3/day (IQR: 1.7×10-3-1.3×10-2) in the non-statin group (p=0.773). Increased age and a higher number of comorbidities were reported in the statin group (p<0.001), respectively). A total of seven patients required amputation: five patients in the statin group and two patients in the non-statin group (p=0.250). CONCLUSION This study revealed increased progression to wound healing in patients who were taking statins. The influence of statins on wound healing is promising, but future trials are needed to justify use of this medication class independent of cardiovascular benefit and exclusively for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areeg A Abu El Hawa
- Georgetown University School of Medicine; Washington, District of Columbia, US
| | - Doron Klein
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital; Washington, District of Columbia, US
| | - Jenna C Bekeny
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital; Washington, District of Columbia, US
| | - James H Severin
- Georgetown University School of Medicine; Washington, District of Columbia, US
| | - Elizabeth G Zolper
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital; Washington, District of Columbia, US
| | - Eshetu Tefera
- MedStar Health Research Institute; Washington, District of Columbia, US
| | - Karen K Evans
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital; Washington, District of Columbia, US
| | - Kenneth L Fan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital; Washington, District of Columbia, US
| | - Christopher E Attinger
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital; Washington, District of Columbia, US
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30
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Mc Auley MT. Modeling cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 14:e1546. [PMID: 34931487 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Western populations. Many risk factors have been identified for ASCVD; however, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remains the gold standard. Cholesterol metabolism at the cellular and whole-body level is maintained by an array of interacting components. These regulatory mechanisms have complex behavior. Likewise, the mechanisms which underpin atherogenesis are nontrivial and multifaceted. To help overcome the challenge of investigating these processes mathematical modeling, which is a core constituent of the systems biology paradigm has played a pivotal role in deciphering their dynamics. In so doing models have revealed new insights about the key drivers of ASCVD. The aim of this review is fourfold; to provide an overview of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis, to briefly introduce mathematical approaches used in this field, to critically discuss models of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis, and to highlight areas where mathematical modeling could help to investigate in the future. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Computational Models.
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31
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Zarkesh K, Entezar-Almahdi E, Ghasemiyeh P, Akbarian M, Bahmani M, Roudaki S, Fazlinejad R, Mohammadi-Samani S, Firouzabadi N, Hosseini M, Farjadian F. Drug-based therapeutic strategies for COVID-19-infected patients and their challenges. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:1415-1451. [PMID: 34812049 PMCID: PMC8610072 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging epidemic-prone diseases have introduced numerous health and economic challenges in recent years. Given current knowledge of COVID-19, herd immunity through vaccines alone is unlikely. In addition, vaccination of the global population is an ongoing challenge. Besides, the questions regarding the prevalence and the timing of immunization are still under investigation. Therefore, medical treatment remains essential in the management of COVID-19. Herein, recent advances from beginning observations of COVID-19 outbreak to an understanding of the essential factors contributing to the spread and transmission of COVID-19 and its treatment are reviewed. Furthermore, an in-depth discussion on the epidemiological aspects, clinical symptoms and most efficient medical treatment strategies to mitigate the mortality and spread rates of COVID-19 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Zarkesh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Entezar-Almahdi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Akbarian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Bahmani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Roudaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rahil Fazlinejad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Hosseini
- Department of Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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ROS-Based Nanoparticles for Atherosclerosis Treatment. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226921. [PMID: 34832328 PMCID: PMC8619986 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic arterial disease, is the leading cause of death in western developed countries. Considering its long-term asymptomatic progression and serious complications, the early prevention and effective treatment of AS are particularly important. The unique characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) make them attractive in novel therapeutic and diagnostic applications, providing new options for the treatment of AS. With the assistance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based NPs, drugs can reach specific lesion areas, prolong the therapeutic effect, achieve targeted controlled release and reduce adverse side effects. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism of AS and the generation and removal strategy of ROS. We further discussed ROS-based NPs, and summarized their biomedical applications in scavenger and drug delivery. Furthermore, we highlighted the recent advances, challenges and future perspectives of ROS-based NPs for treating AS.
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33
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Influence of the LDL-receptor genotype on statin response in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: insights from the Canadian FH Registry. Can J Cardiol 2021; 38:311-319. [PMID: 34774719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether LDL receptor (LDLR) residual activity influences the LDL-lowering effect of statins in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the LDLR genotype and statin-induced LDL-C reductions in HeFH. METHODS A total of 615 individuals with HeFH (receptor defective (RD) genotype, n=226; receptor negative (RN) genotype, n=389) from 7 lipid clinics across Canada who initiated statin monotherapy were included in this retrospective longitudinal study. Statin-induced reductions in LDL-C among individuals with RD and RN genotypes were compared using linear models. RESULTS There were 334 women and 281 men with a mean untreated LDL-C concentrations of 6.97 ± 1.65 mmol/L. Untreated and on-statin LDL-C levels where higher among patients with a RN genotype [Untreated: RN: 7.24 (95% CI: 6.98, 7.50) mmol/L vs. RD: 6.70 (95% CI: 6.41, 6.98) mmol/L; P=0.0002; on-statin: RN: 4.50 (95% CI: 4.31, 4.70) vs. RD: 4.05 (95% CI: 3.84, 4.26) mmol/L; P=0.0004)]. After adjustments for age, sex, smoking status, untreated LDL-C concentrations and statin type and dose as well as the clinic where the patients were treated, the LDL-C lowering effect of statins was significantly weaker for individuals with a RN mutation compared with individuals with a RD mutation [RN: -31.1% (95% CI: (-34.7, -27.4) vs. RD: -36.5% (95% CI: -40.4, -32.6); P<0.0001]. The LDLR genotype was the strongest non-modifiable independent correlate of statin-induced LDL-C reductions (R2=2.3%; P=0.0001). CONCLUSION The LDLR genotype is significantly associated with statin-induced reductions in LDL-C concentrations in HeFH.
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Alabed M, Elemam NM, Ramakrishnan RK, Sharif-Askari NS, Kashour T, Hamid Q, Halwani R. Therapeutic effect of statins on airway remodeling during asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 16:17-24. [PMID: 34663161 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1987890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, which is usually characterized by remodeling, hyperresponsiveness and episodic obstruction of the airways. The underlying chronic airway inflammation leads to pathological restructuring of both the large and small airways. Since the effects of current asthma medications on airway remodeling have been met with contradictions, many therapeutic agents have been redirected from their primary use for the treatment of asthma. Such treatments, which could target several signaling molecules implicated in the inflammatory and airway remodeling processes of asthma, would be an ideal choice. AREAS COVERED Statins are effective serum cholesterol-lowering agents that were found to have potential anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling properties. Literature search was done for the past 10 years to include research and review articles in the field of statins and asthma complications. In this review, we discuss the role of statins in airway tissue remodeling and their potential therapeutic modalities in asthma. EXPERT OPINION With improved understanding of the role of statins in airway remodeling and inflammation, statins represent a potential therapeutic option for various asthma phenotypes. Further research is warranted to optimize statins for asthma therapy through inhalation as a possible route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael Alabed
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rakhee K Ramakrishnan
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tarek Kashour
- Department of Cardiology, King Fahad Cardiac Center, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Healthy Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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El-Say KM, Ahmed TA, Aljefri AH, El-Sawy HS, Fassihi R, Abou-Gharbia M. Oleic acid-reinforced PEGylated polymethacrylate transdermal film with enhanced antidyslipidemic activity and bioavailability of atorvastatin: A mechanistic ex-vivo/in-vivo analysis. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121057. [PMID: 34461173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the poor bioavailability and extensive liver metabolism of atorvastatin calcium (ATC), we have developed an oleic acid-reinforced PEGylated polymethacrylate (OLA-PEG-E-RLPO) transdermal film as a convenient and alternative delivery system. The effect of varying levels of Eudragit RLPO, PEG 400, and oleic acid on the target product profile was optimized through Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The ATC-loaded OLA-PEG-E-RLPO transdermal films were evaluated in ex-vivo experiments using full thickness skin, utilizing Franz cell studies, and undergone in-vivo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) assessment, using poloxamer-induced dyslipidemic Sprague-Dawley rats. At 2 and 12 h, the optimized ATC films with a thickness of 0.79 mm showed permeation of 37.34% and 97.23% into the receptor compartment, respectively. Steady-state flux was 0.172 mg/cm2h, with 7.01 × 10-4 cm/h permeability coefficient, and 0.713 × 10-3 cm2/h diffusion coefficient. In-vivo PK results indicated that the absorption profiles (AUC0-∞) of the optimized film in pre-treated group of animals were 8.6-fold and 2.8-fold greater than controls pre-treated with non-PEGylated non-oleic acid film and orally administered ATC, respectively. PD assessment of the lipid panel indicated that the lipid profile of the optimized film pre-treated group reached normal levels after 12 h, along with the significant enhancement over the non-PEGylated non-oleic acid film and the oral marketed tablet groups. The histopathological findings revealed near-normal hepatocyte structure for the optimized film pre-treated animal group. Our results further indicate that transdermal delivery films based on an optimized ATC-loaded OLA-PEG-E-RLPO were successfully developed and their assessment in both ex-vivo and in-vivo suggests enhanced permeability and improvement in bioavailability and antidyslipidemic activity of ATC. This approach can provide several advantages, especially during chronic administration of ATC, including improvement in patient compliance, therapeutic benefits, bioavailability, and feasibility for commercialization and as a platform for other drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt.
| | - Tarek A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Arwa H Aljefri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam S El-Sawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Reza Fassihi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
| | - Magid Abou-Gharbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
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Combined LXR and RXR Agonist Therapy Increases ABCA1 Protein Expression and Enhances ApoAI-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux in Cultured Endothelial Cells. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090640. [PMID: 34564456 PMCID: PMC8466889 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial ABCA1 expression protects against atherosclerosis and this atheroprotective effect is partially attributed to enhancing apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux. ABCA1 is a target gene for LXR and RXR; therefore, treating endothelial cells with LXR and/or RXR agonists may increase ABCA1 expression. We tested whether treating cultured immortalized mouse aortic endothelial cells (iMAEC) with the endogenous LXR agonist 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, synthetic LXR agonist GW3965, endogenous RXR agonist 9-cis-retinoic acid, or synthetic RXR agonist SR11237 increases ABCA1 protein expression. We observed a significant increase in ABCA1 protein expression in iMAEC treated with either GW3965 or SR11237 alone, but no significant increase in ABCA1 protein was observed in iMAEC treated with either 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol or 9-cis-retionic acid alone. However, we observed significant increases in both ABCA1 protein expression and apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux when iMAEC were treated with a combination of either 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol and 9-cis-retinoic acid or GW3965 and SR11237. Furthermore, treating iMAEC with either 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol and 9-cis-retinoic acid or GW3965 and SR11237 did not trigger an inflammatory response, based on VCAM-1, ICAM-1, CCL2, and IL-6 mRNA expression. Based on our findings, delivering LXR and RXR agonists precisely to endothelial cells may be a promising atheroprotective approach.
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Madhivanan K, Ramadesikan S, Hsieh WC, Aguilar MC, Hanna CB, Bacallao RL, Aguilar RC. Lowe syndrome patient cells display mTOR- and RhoGTPase-dependent phenotypes alleviated by rapamycin and statins. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1700-1715. [PMID: 32391547 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lowe syndrome (LS) is an X-linked developmental disease characterized by cognitive deficiencies, bilateral congenital cataracts and renal dysfunction. Unfortunately, this disease leads to the early death of affected children often due to kidney failure. Although this condition was first described in the early 1950s and the affected gene (OCRL1) was identified in the early 1990s, its pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood and there is no LS-specific cure available to patients. Here we report two important signaling pathways affected in LS patient cells. While RhoGTPase signaling abnormalities led to adhesion and spreading defects as compared to normal controls, PI3K/mTOR hyperactivation interfered with primary cilia assembly (scenario also observed in other ciliopathies with compromised kidney function). Importantly, we identified two FDA-approved drugs able to ameliorate these phenotypes. Specifically, statins mitigated adhesion and spreading abnormalities while rapamycin facilitated ciliogenesis in LS patient cells. However, no single drug was able to alleviate both phenotypes. Based on these and other observations, we speculate that Ocrl1 has dual, independent functions supporting proper RhoGTPase and PI3K/mTOR signaling. Therefore, this study suggest that Ocrl1-deficiency leads to signaling defects likely to require combinatorial drug treatment to suppress patient phenotypes and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayalvizhi Madhivanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Swetha Ramadesikan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wen-Chieh Hsieh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mariana C Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Claudia B Hanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert L Bacallao
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 W 10th St #6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - R Claudio Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Clementino AR, Pellegrini G, Banella S, Colombo G, Cantù L, Sonvico F, Del Favero E. Structure and Fate of Nanoparticles Designed for the Nasal Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3132-3146. [PMID: 34259534 PMCID: PMC8335725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are promising mediators to enable nasal systemic and brain delivery of active compounds. However, the possibility of reaching therapeutically relevant levels of exogenous molecules in the body is strongly reliant on the ability of the nanoparticles to overcome biological barriers. In this work, three paradigmatic nanoformulations vehiculating the poorly soluble model drug simvastatin were addressed: (i) hybrid lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles (LCNs), (ii) polymeric poly-ε-caprolactone nanocapsules stabilized with the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (PCL_P80), and (iii) polymeric poly-ε-caprolactone nanocapsules stabilized with a polysaccharide-based surfactant, i.e., sodium caproyl hyaluronate (PCL_SCH). The three nanosystems were investigated for their physicochemical and structural properties and for their impact on the biopharmaceutical aspects critical for nasal and nose-to-brain delivery: biocompatibility, drug release, mucoadhesion, and permeation across the nasal mucosa. All three nanoformulations were highly reproducible, with small particle size (∼200 nm), narrow size distribution (polydispersity index (PI) < 0.2), and high drug encapsulation efficiency (>97%). Nanoparticle composition, surface charge, and internal structure (multilayered, core-shell or raspberry-like, as assessed by small-angle neutron scattering, SANS) were demonstrated to have an impact on both the drug-release profile and, strikingly, its behavior at the biological interface. The interaction with the mucus layer and the kinetics and extent of transport of the drug across the excised animal nasal epithelium were modulated by nanoparticle structure and surface. In fact, all of the produced nanoparticles improved simvastatin transport across the epithelial barrier of the nasal cavity as compared to a traditional formulation. Interestingly, however, the permeation enhancement was achieved via two distinct pathways: (a) enhanced mucoadhesion for hybrid LCN accompanied by fast mucosal permeation of the model drug, or (b) mucopenetration and an improved uptake and potential transport of whole PCL_P80 and PCL_SCH nanocapsules with delayed boost of permeation across the nasal mucosa. The correlation between nanoparticle structure and its biopharmaceutical properties appears to be a pivotal point for the development of novel platforms suitable for systemic and brain delivery of pharmaceutical compounds via intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adryana Rocha Clementino
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq, Brazilian Government, Brasília DF, 70311-000, Brazil.,Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 20090 Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellegrini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, LITA, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Banella
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gaia Colombo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Cantù
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, LITA, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 20090 Parma, Italy.,Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 20090 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, LITA, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Wu JH, Lv CF, Guo XJ, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wang J, Liu SY. Low Dose of Emodin Inhibits Hypercholesterolemia in a Rat Model of High Cholesterol. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e929346. [PMID: 34257265 PMCID: PMC8287934 DOI: 10.12659/msm.929346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, but few studies have tried to understand the mechanism of its anti-hypercholesterolemic effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS To delineate the underlying pathways, high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administrated emodin or the lipid-lowering medicine simvastatin. Emodin was administered at 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg, while simvastatin was administered at 10 mg/kg. Parameters measured included lipid profiles (serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aorta endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to acetylcholine, and nitric oxide (NO) production. RT-qPCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS), and hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR). Indices of liver and serum oxidation were also measured. RESULTS The atherogenic index was increased by the HCD but significantly reduced in all treatment groups. The HCD-fed experimental group treated with emodin at 10 mg/kg had significantly lower serum total-C and LDL-C and improved aorta vasorelaxation and enhanced NO production. Also, emodin significantly attenuated the lipid profiles and restored endothelial function, as reflected by upregulated expression of hepatic LDLR and p-eNOS, respectively. Furthermore, emodin at 10 mg/kg significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase activity, lowered the malondialdehyde level in both liver and serum, and enhanced catalase activity in serum. CONCLUSIONS The ability of emodin to inhibit hypercholesterolemia in HCD-fed rats was associated with lower serum total-C and LDL-C, restoration of aortic endothelial function, and improved antioxidant capacity. Low-dose emodin showed better protection of aortic endothelium and better antioxidant activity than did higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Chun-Fang Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xu-Jun Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jinde Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yangfeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Sheng-Yuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China (mainland)
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Cheon YH, Lee CH, Kim S, Park GD, Kwak SC, Cho HJ, Kim JY, Lee MS. Pitavastatin prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by regulating osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic formation. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111697. [PMID: 34243614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive osteoclast activity, along with relatively weak osteoblast function, is strongly associated with bone disease. Therefore, studies to identify novel anti-osteoporosis candidates with dual actions of inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and increasing osteoblastogenesis may provide an ideal approach for treating osteoporosis. Pitavastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3 methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, has demonstrated various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, bone anabolic effects, vasodilation, and inhibition of revascularization; however, the precise effects and mechanisms of pitavastatin on the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activity need to be comprehensively elucidated. Herein, we demonstrated that pitavastatin is a potential candidate for treating osteoporosis by enhancing osteoblast differentiation and bone growth and inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Pitavastatin exerted dose-dependent inhibitory effects on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and osteoclast-specific marker gene expression. These inhibitory effects were achieved by inhibiting the Akt, NF-κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38, ERK, and JNK) signaling pathways, resulting in the downregulation of major transcription factors c-Fos and NFATc1. Furthermore, pitavastatin potentially stimulated osteoblast differentiation by activating alkaline phosphatase (ALP), enhancing mineralization by Alizarin Red S, and increasing the expression of osteoblastogenic marker genes such as runt-related transcription factor 2, ALP, osteocalcin, and collagen type 1 alpha. Furthermore, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of pitavastatin in ovariectomy-induced systematic bone loss based on micro-computed tomography and histological analysis of femurs. Our findings demonstrated a new function and mechanism for pitavastatin in bone remodeling, indicating its potential as a therapeutic candidate in treating osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclastic resorption and promoting osteoblastic formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hee Cheon
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Hospital, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Do Park
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Kwak
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Joong Cho
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wonkwang University Hospital, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myeung Su Lee
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Hospital, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea.
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Orlowski S, Mourad JJ, Gallo A, Bruckert E. Coronaviruses, cholesterol and statins: Involvement and application for Covid-19. Biochimie 2021; 189:51-64. [PMID: 34153377 PMCID: PMC8213520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The infectious power of coronaviruses is dependent on cholesterol present in the membranes of their target cells. Indeed, the virus enters the infected cell either by fusion or by endocytosis, in both cases involving cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains. These membrane domains can be disorganized in-vitro by various cholesterol-altering agents, including statins that inhibit cell cholesterol biosynthesis. As a consequence, numerous cell physiology processes, such as signaling cascades, can be compromised. Also, some examples of anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects of statins have been observed for infectious agents known to be cholesterol dependent. In-vivo, besides their widely-reported hypocholesterolemic effect, statins display various pleiotropic effects mediated, at least partially, by perturbation of membrane microdomains as a consequence of the alteration of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. It should thus be worth considering a high, but clinically well-tolerated, dose of statin to treat Covid-19 patients, in the early phase of infection, to inhibit virus entry into the target cells, in order to control the viral charge and hence avoid severe clinical complications. Based on its efficacy and favorable biodisposition, an option would be considering Atorvastatin, but randomized controlled clinical trials are required to test this hypothesis. This new therapeutic proposal takes benefit from being a drug repurposing, applied to a widely-used drug presenting a high efficiency-to-toxicity ratio. Additionally, this therapeutic strategy avoids any risk of drug resistance by viral mutation since it is host-targeted. Noteworthy, the same pharmacological approach could also be proposed to address different animal coronavirus endemic infections that are responsible for heavy economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Orlowski
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR 9198, and CEA / DRF / Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric-Joliot / SB2SM, and Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine and ESH Excellence Centre, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France.
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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Wujak M, Kozakiewicz A, Ciarkowska A, Loch JI, Barwiolek M, Sokolowska Z, Budny M, Wojtczak A. Assessing the Interactions of Statins with Human Adenylate Kinase Isoenzyme 1: Fluorescence and Enzyme Kinetic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115541. [PMID: 34073952 PMCID: PMC8197361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the most effective cholesterol-lowering drugs. They also exert many pleiotropic effects, including anti-cancer and cardio- and neuro-protective. Numerous nano-sized drug delivery systems were developed to enhance the therapeutic potential of statins. Studies on possible interactions between statins and human proteins could provide a deeper insight into the pleiotropic and adverse effects of these drugs. Adenylate kinase (AK) was found to regulate HDL endocytosis, cellular metabolism, cardiovascular function and neurodegeneration. In this work, we investigated interactions between human adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (hAK1) and atorvastatin (AVS), fluvastatin (FVS), pravastatin (PVS), rosuvastatin (RVS) and simvastatin (SVS) with fluorescence spectroscopy. The tested statins quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of hAK1 by creating stable hAK1-statin complexes with the binding constants of the order of 104 M−1. The enzyme kinetic studies revealed that statins inhibited hAK1 with significantly different efficiencies, in a noncompetitive manner. Simvastatin inhibited hAK1 with the highest yield comparable to that reported for diadenosine pentaphosphate, the only known hAK1 inhibitor. The determined AK sensitivity to statins differed markedly between short and long type AKs, suggesting an essential role of the LID domain in the AK inhibition. Our studies might open new horizons for the development of new modulators of short type AKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wujak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-56-611-4511
| | - Anna Ciarkowska
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Joanna I. Loch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Barwiolek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Zuzanna Sokolowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Marcin Budny
- Synthex Technologies Sp. z o.o., Gagarina 7/134B, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Wojtczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
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Giacomini I, Gianfanti F, Desbats MA, Orso G, Berretta M, Prayer-Galetti T, Ragazzi E, Cocetta V. Cholesterol Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer and Its Pharmacological Modulation as Therapeutic Strategy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682911. [PMID: 34109128 PMCID: PMC8181394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a ubiquitous sterol with many biological functions, which are crucial for proper cellular signaling and physiology. Indeed, cholesterol is essential in maintaining membrane physical properties, while its metabolism is involved in bile acid production and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Additionally, isoprenoids metabolites of the mevalonate pathway support protein-prenylation and dolichol, ubiquinone and the heme a biosynthesis. Cancer cells rely on cholesterol to satisfy their increased nutrient demands and to support their uncontrolled growth, thus promoting tumor development and progression. Indeed, transformed cells reprogram cholesterol metabolism either by increasing its uptake and de novo biosynthesis, or deregulating the efflux. Alternatively, tumor can efficiently accumulate cholesterol into lipid droplets and deeply modify the activity of key cholesterol homeostasis regulators. In light of these considerations, altered pathways of cholesterol metabolism might represent intriguing pharmacological targets for the development of exploitable strategies in the context of cancer therapy. Thus, this work aims to discuss the emerging evidence of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials, on the role of cholesterol pathways in the treatment of cancer, starting from already available cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins or fibrates), and moving towards novel potential pharmacological inhibitors or selective target modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Giacomini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Gianfanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso Prayer-Galetti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology - Urology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Das TK, Gatto J, Mirmira R, Hourizadeh E, Kaufman D, Gelb BD, Cagan R. Drosophila RASopathy models identify disease subtype differences and biomarkers of drug efficacy. iScience 2021; 24:102306. [PMID: 33855281 PMCID: PMC8026909 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RASopathies represent a family of mostly autosomal dominant diseases that are caused by missense variants in the rat sarcoma viral oncogene/mitogen activated protein kinase (RAS/MAPK) pathway including KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, RAF1, and SHP2. These variants are associated with overlapping but distinct phenotypes that affect the heart, craniofacial, skeletal, lymphatic, and nervous systems. Here, we report an analysis of 13 Drosophila transgenic lines, each expressing a different human RASopathy isoform. Similar to their human counterparts, each Drosophila line displayed common aspects but also important differences including distinct signaling pathways such as the Hippo and SAPK/JNK signaling networks. We identified multiple classes of clinically relevant drugs-including statins and histone deacetylase inhibitors-that improved viability across most RASopathy lines; in contrast, several canonical RAS pathway inhibitors proved less broadly effective. Overall, our study compares and contrasts a large number of RASopathy-associated variants including their therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha K. Das
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Jared Gatto
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Rupa Mirmira
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Ethan Hourizadeh
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Dalia Kaufman
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Ross Cagan
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
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Chen J, Zhang X, Millican R, Sherwood J, Martin S, Jo H, Yoon YS, Brott BC, Jun HW. Recent advances in nanomaterials for therapy and diagnosis for atherosclerosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:142-199. [PMID: 33428994 PMCID: PMC7981266 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by lipid accumulation in arteries, leading to narrowing and thrombosis. It affects the heart, brain, and peripheral vessels and is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Researchers have strived to design nanomaterials of various functions, ranging from non-invasive imaging contrast agents, targeted therapeutic delivery systems to multifunctional nanoagents able to target, diagnose, and treat atherosclerosis. Therefore, this review aims to summarize recent progress (2017-now) in the development of nanomaterials and their applications to improve atherosclerosis diagnosis and therapy during the preclinical and clinical stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | | - Sean Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Brigitta C Brott
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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De Vriese K, Pollier J, Goossens A, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Dissecting cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis via mutants and inhibitors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:241-253. [PMID: 32929492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants stand out among eukaryotes due to the large variety of sterols and sterol derivatives that they can produce. These metabolites not only serve as critical determinants of membrane structures, but also act as signaling molecules, as growth-regulating hormones, or as modulators of enzyme activities. Therefore, it is critical to understand the wiring of the biosynthetic pathways by which plants generate these distinct sterols, to allow their manipulation and to dissect their precise physiological roles. Here, we review the complexity and variation of the biosynthetic routes of the most abundant phytosterols and cholesterol in the green lineage and how different enzymes in these pathways are conserved and diverged from humans, yeast, and even bacteria. Many enzymatic steps show a deep evolutionary conservation, while others are executed by completely different enzymes. This has important implications for the use and specificity of available human and yeast sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in plants, and argues for the development of plant-tailored inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Qiu Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Liu W, Jin C, Xu W. Simvastatin suppresses renal cell carcinoma cells by regulating DDX5/DUSP5. Scand J Urol 2021; 55:337-343. [PMID: 33517812 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2021.1876163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has the highest mortality rate of genitourinary cancers and the incidence of RCC has risen steadily. Simvastatin has been reported to exhibit anti-tumor activity in a variety of cancers; however, its roles and molecular mechanisms in RCC remain unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of simvastatin on RCC. METHODS We used a variety of methods to test the changes of RCC cell lines' viability, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis after treatment with simvastatin. RESULTS We found that simvastatin not only inhibited RCC cell viability, migration, and invasion, but also regulated the cell cycle and induced apoptosis. We also observed abnormal expression of DDX5 and DUSP5 in RCC cell lines. Mechanistic investigation showed that simvastatin significantly suppressed DDX5 and promoted DUSP5 expression. CONCLUSION Together, these results provide a novel mechanism underlying simvastatin-induced inhibition of RCC via regulation of the DDX5/DUSP5 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yakun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haipng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengluo Jin
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wanhai Xu
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Srisawasdi P, Rodcharoen P, Vanavanan S, Chittamma A, Sukasem C, Na Nakorn C, Dejthevaporn C, Kroll MH. Association of CETP Gene Variants with Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Among Thai Patients Treated with Statin. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:1-13. [PMID: 33447072 PMCID: PMC7802592 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s278671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Patients treated with statins for dyslipidemia may still have a residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). To determine whether genetic variants in the cholesteryl ester transport protein (CETP), rs3764261 (C>A), rs708272 (G>A), and rs12149545 (G>A) affect ASCVD risk, we studied the association of these variants with dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients. Patients and Methods We included 299 adult Thai patients treated with a statin (95 men and 204 women). Genotyping was performed by conducting a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction-based analysis. We used logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders of age, body mass index, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and statin dosage to analyze the association between CETP variants and atherogenic lipoprotein patterns. Results CETP polymorphisms of rs3764261 and rs708272, but not rs12149545, were significantly associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apoA-I, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-C, and large LDL (LDL1-C) levels as well as mean LDL particle size (all p < 0.020). However, no significant difference was observed in total cholesterol, LDL-C, or apoB levels by CETP variants. Regardless of sex, the combination of rs3764261 (CC genotype) and rs708272 (GG or GA genotypes) showed a stronger association with atherogenic dyslipidemia, including features of decreased HDL-C, elevated triglycerides, and LDL subclass pattern B (odds ratio [OR] = 2.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78–5.02) compared with the single variant rs3764261 (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.27–3.50) or rs708272 (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.29–3.49). Conclusion The polymorphisms of CETP rs3764261 (CC genotype) and rs708272 (GG and GA genotypes) may have a higher susceptibility to atherogenic dyslipidemia. Testing for CETP rs3764261 and rs708272 may serve as a surrogate marker for lipid management in statin-treated patients, which may help individualize treatment for reducing the residual risk of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpen Srisawasdi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Punyanuch Rodcharoen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somlak Vanavanan
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Chittamma
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalitpon Na Nakorn
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charungthai Dejthevaporn
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Martin H Kroll
- Quest Diagnostics, Secaucus, NJ 07094, United States of America
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Sohrevardi SM, Nasab FS, Mirjalili MR, Bagherniya M, Tafti AD, Jarrahzadeh MH, Azarpazhooh MR, Saeidmanesh M, Banach M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Effect of atorvastatin on delirium status of patients in the intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:1423-1428. [PMID: 34522273 PMCID: PMC8425261 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.89330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delirium is one of the most prevalent complications in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, which is related to worse clinical outcomes including a longer ICU stay, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, higher mortality rates and increased risk of cognitive impairment. Observational studies have suggested that statins might have a positive effect on delirium status of hospitalized patients. To date, there has been no trial assessing the effect of atorvastatin on delirium status in critically ill patients. Thus, the aim of the current study was to determine the efficacy of atorvastatin on delirium status of patients in the ICU. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind and controlled trial, a total of 90 patients in the general ICU who had delirium for at least 2 days were randomly divided into atorvastatin (40 mg/day) (n = 40) and control (n = 50) groups. Delirium status of the patients was determined twice a day at 10:00 a.m. and 18:00 p.m. using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). RESULTS Administration 40 mg/day of atorvastatin significantly reduced the mean RASS score and increased delirium-free days at both morning and afternoon time points compared to the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Administration of atorvastatin had a significant positive effect on delirium status in patients admitted to the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Sohrevardi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Shojaei Nasab
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Silences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mirjalili
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arefeh Dehghani Tafti
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Jarrahzadeh
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Xu B, Muramatsu T, Inazawa J. Suppression of MET Signaling Mediated by Pitavastatin and Capmatinib Inhibits Oral and Esophageal Cancer Cell Growth. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:585-597. [PMID: 33443139 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing knowledge on oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC and ESCC), specific medicines against both have not yet been developed. Here, we aimed to find novel anticancer drugs through functional cell-based screening of an FDA-approved drug library against OSCC and ESCC. Pitavastatin, an HMGCR inhibitor, emerged as an anticancer drug that inhibits tumor growth by downregulating AKT and ERK signals in OSCC and ESCC cells. One of the mechanisms by which pitavastatin inhibits cell growth might be the suppression of MET signaling through immature MET due to dysfunction of the Golgi apparatus. Moreover, the sensitivity of tumor growth to pitavastatin might be correlated with GGPS1 expression levels. In vivo therapeutic models revealed that the combination of pitavastatin with capmatinib, a MET-specific inhibitor, dramatically reduced tumor growth. Our findings suggest that GGPS1 expression could be a biomarker in cancer therapy with pitavastatin, and the combination of pitavastatin with capmatinib might be a promising therapeutic strategy in OSCC and ESCC. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides new insight into the mechanism of pitavastatin as an anticancer drug and suggests that the combination of pitavastatin with capmatinib is a useful therapeutic strategy in OSCC and ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Laboratory for Integrated Research Projects on Intractable Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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