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Duan X, Subbiah V, Agar OT, Barrow CJ, Ashokkumar M, Dunshea FR, Suleria HAR. Optimizing extraction methods by a comprehensive experimental approach and characterizing polyphenol compositions of Ecklonia radiata. Food Chem 2024; 455:139926. [PMID: 38833868 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Brown seaweed Ecklonia radiata harbors valuable polyphenols, notably phlorotannins, prized for their health benefits. This study optimized phlorotannin extraction via conventional solvent extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods, utilizing variable concentrations of ethanol. Employing fractional factorial designs, key variables were identified. Steepest ascent/descent method and central composite rotatable designs refined optimal conditions, enhancing phlorotannin and polyphenol yields, and antioxidant capacities. Under optimized conditions, phlorotannin contents reached 2.366 ± 0.01 and 2.596 ± 0.04 PGE mg/g, total polyphenol contents peaked at 10.223 ± 0.03 and 10.836 ± 0.02 GAE mg/g. Robust antioxidant activity was observed: DPPH and OH radical scavenging capacities measured 27.891 ± 0.06 and 17.441 ± 0.08 TE mg/g, and 37.498 ± 1.12 and 49.391 ± 0.82 TE mg/g, respectively. Reducing power capacities surged to 9.016 ± 0.02 and 28.110 ± 0.10 TE mg/g. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses revealed enriched antioxidant compounds. Variations in polyphenol profiles were noted, potentially influencing antioxidant capacity nuances. This study illuminated the potential of E. radiata potential as a polyphenol source and offers optimized extraction methods poised to benefit various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Duan
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vigasini Subbiah
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Osman Tuncay Agar
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | | | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hafiz A R Suleria
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia.
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Sobolev PD, Burnakova NA, Beloborodova NV, Revelsky AI, Pautova AK. Analysis of 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic Acid and Other Diagnostically Important Metabolites of α-Amino Acids in Human Blood Serum Using a Validated and Sensitive Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method. Metabolites 2023; 13:1128. [PMID: 37999224 PMCID: PMC10673366 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The profile of and dynamic concentration changes in tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan metabolites in blood are of great interest since they could be considered potential biomarkers of different disorders. Some aromatic metabolites, such as 4-hydroxyphenyllactic, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, phenyllactic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids have previously demonstrated their diagnostic significance in critically ill patients and patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome. In this study, a sensitive method, including serum protein precipitation with methanol and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) detection, was developed and validated for six phenyl- and five indole-containing acids in human serum. The liquid-liquid extraction was also examined, but it demonstrated unsatisfactory results based on analyte recoveries and the matrix effect. However, the recoveries for all analytes reached 100% and matrix effects were not observed using protein precipitation. This made it possible to use deionized water as a blank matrix. The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs) were from 0.02 to 0.25 μmol/L. The validated method was used for the analysis of serum samples of healthy volunteers (n = 48) to reveal the reference values of the target analytes. The concentrations of the most clinically significant metabolite 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, which were revealed using UPLC-MS/MS and a previously developed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, were completely comparable. The proposed UPLC-MS/MS protocol can be used in the routine clinical practice of medical centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel D. Sobolev
- Exacte Labs Bioanalytical Laboratory, 20-2 Nauchny Proezd, 117246 Moscow, Russia; (P.D.S.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Natalia A. Burnakova
- Exacte Labs Bioanalytical Laboratory, 20-2 Nauchny Proezd, 117246 Moscow, Russia; (P.D.S.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Natalia V. Beloborodova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25-2 Petrovka Str., 107031 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander I. Revelsky
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alisa K. Pautova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25-2 Petrovka Str., 107031 Moscow, Russia;
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Le Sayec M, Carregosa D, Khalifa K, de Lucia C, Aarsland D, Santos CN, Rodriguez-Mateos A. Identification and quantification of (poly)phenol and methylxanthine metabolites in human cerebrospinal fluid: evidence of their ability to cross the BBB. Food Funct 2023; 14:8893-8902. [PMID: 37701930 PMCID: PMC10544810 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01913f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that dietary (poly)phenols and methylxanthines have neuroprotective effects; however, little is known about whether they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exert direct effects on the brain. We investigated the presence of (poly)phenol and methylxanthine metabolites in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 90 individuals at risk of dementia using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and predicted their mechanism of transport across the BBB using in silico modelling techniques. A total of 123 and 127 metabolites were detected in CSF and plasma, respectively. In silico analysis suggests that 5 of the 20 metabolites quantified in CSF can cross the BBB by passive diffusion, while at least 9 metabolites require the aid of cell transporters to cross the BBB. Our results showed that (poly)phenols and methylxanthines are bioavailable, can cross the BBB via passive diffusion or transport carriers, and can reach brain tissues to exert neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Le Sayec
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Diogo Carregosa
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Khadija Khalifa
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Chiara de Lucia
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cláudia N Santos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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Polyphenols and Small Phenolic Acids as Cellular Metabolic Regulators. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4152-4166. [PMID: 36135197 PMCID: PMC9498149 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols and representative small phenolic acids and molecules derived from larger constituents are dietary antioxidants from fruits, vegetables and largely other plant-based sources that have ability to scavenge free radicals. What is often neglected in polyphenol metabolism is bioavailability and the role of the gut microbiota (GMB), which has an essential role in health and disease and participates in co-metabolism with the host. The composition of the gut microbiota is in constant flux and is modified by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including antibiotics. Dietary or other factors are key modulators of the host gut milieu. In this review, we explore the role of polyphenols and select phenolic compounds as metabolic or intrinsic biochemistry regulators and explore this relationship in the context of the microbiota–gut–target organ axis in health and disease.
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Fisicaro F, Lanza G, Pennisi M, Vagli C, Cantone M, Falzone L, Pennisi G, Ferri R, Bella R. Daily mocha coffee intake and psycho-cognitive status in non-demented non-smokers subjects with subcortical ischaemic vascular disease. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:821-828. [PMID: 35285390 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coffee intake has been recently associated with better cognition and mood in mild vascular cognitive impairment (mVCI). As tobacco can reduce the caffeine half-life, we excluded smokers from the original sample. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Stroop Colour-Word Interference Test (Stroop), activities of daily living (ADL0) and instrumental ADL were the outcome measures. Significant differences were observed in higher consumption groups (moderate intake for HDRS; high intake for MMSE and Stroop) compared to the other groups, as well as in age and education. With age, education and coffee used as independent predictors, and HDRS, Stroop and MMSE as dependent variables, a correlation was found between age and both MMSE and Stroop, as well as between education and MMSE and between HDRS and Stroop; coffee intake negatively correlated with HDRS and Stroop. Higher coffee consumption was associated with better psycho-cognitive status among non-smokers with mVCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgery Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Vagli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Department of Neurology, Sant'Elia Hospital, ASP Caltanissetta, Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pennisi
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgery Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Yang H, Wang Z, Shi S, Yu Q, Liu M, Zhang Z. Identification of cerebrospinal fluid metabolites as biomarkers for neurobrucellosis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6996-7010. [PMID: 35249459 PMCID: PMC8974019 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2037954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurobrucellosis is the most morbid form in brucellosis disease. Metabolomics is an emerging method which intends to explore the global alterations of various metabolites in samples. We aimed to identify metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as biomarkers that were potentially unique for neurobrucellosis. CSF samples from 25 neurobrucellosis patients and 25 normal controls (uninfected patients with hydrocephalus) were collected for metabolite detection using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach. Inflammatory cytokines in CSF were measured with Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The base peak chromatogram in CSF samples showed that small-molecule metabolites were well separated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis exhibited the examined samples were arranged in two main clusters in accordance with their group. Projection to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) revealed there was a noticeable separation between neurobrucellosis and normal groups. Orthogonal Partial Least-Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) could responsibly illuminate the differences between neurobrucellosis and normal controls. Neurobrucellosis showed a total of 155 differentiated metabolites. Prominent potential biomarkers including 30 metabolites were then selected out, regarded as more capable of distinguishing neurobrucellosis. TNF-α and IL-6 in CSF were remarkably increased in neurobrucellosis. We presented the heatmaps and correlation analyses among the identified 30 potential biomarkers. In conclusion, this study showed that CSF metabolomics based on LC-MS could distinguish neurobrucellosis patients from normal controls. Our data offered perspectives for diagnosis and treatment for neurobrucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inner Mongolia Cancer Hospital & Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhenfei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inner Mongolia Cancer Hospital & Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shujun Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inner Mongolia Cancer Hospital & Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhelin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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4-Hydroxyphenyllactic Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Possible Marker of Post-Neurosurgical Meningitis: Retrospective Study. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030399. [PMID: 35330399 PMCID: PMC8955909 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new potential biomarkers for the diagnostics of post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis is required because of the difficulties in its early verification using results of the routine laboratory and biochemical analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The goal of the study was to determine the contents of the aromatic metabolites and biomarkers in the CSF samples of the post-neurosurgical patients (n = 82) and their potential diagnostical significance for the evaluation of the risk of post-neurosurgical meningitis. Patients with signs of post-neurosurgical meningitis (n = 30) had lower median values of glucose and higher values of cell count, neutrophils, lactate, protein, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid (p-HPhLA), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) than patients without signs of post-neurosurgical meningitis (n = 52). ROC analysis for IL-6 and p-HPhLA resulted in 0.785 and 0.734 values of the area under the ROC curve, with sensitivity 96.30 and 66.67%; specificity 54.17 and 82.69%, respectively. IL-6 should be considered as a non-specific biomarker, in contrast to the microbial metabolite p-HPhLA. If the concentration of p-HPhLA was more or equal to 0.9 µmol/L, the risk of bacterial complications was 9.6 times higher. p-HPhLA is a promising marker for the prognosis of post-neurosurgical meningitis, and its determination on a larger group of post-neurosurgical patients can subsequently prove its diagnostic significance for the verification of CNS infections.
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Jaskiw GE, Xu D, Obrenovich ME, Donskey CJ. Small phenolic and indolic gut-dependent molecules in the primate central nervous system: levels vs. bioactivity. Metabolomics 2022; 18:8. [PMID: 34989922 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A rapidly growing body of data documents associations between disease of the brain and small molecules generated by gut-microbiota (GMB). While such metabolites can affect brain function through a variety of mechanisms, the most direct action would be on the central nervous system (CNS) itself. OBJECTIVE Identify indolic and phenolic GMB-dependent small molecules that reach bioactive concentrations in primate CNS. METHODS We conducted a PubMed search for metabolomic studies of the primate CNS [brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] and then selected for phenolic or indolic metabolites that (i) had been quantified, (ii) were GMB-dependent. For each chemical we then conducted a search for studies of bioactivity conducted in vitro in human cells of any kind or in CNS cells from the mouse or rat. RESULTS 36 metabolites of interests were identified in primate CNS through targeted metabolomics. Quantification was available for 31/36 and in vitro bioactivity for 23/36. The reported CNS range for 8 metabolites 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid [caffeic acid], 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-acetamido-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid [N-acetyltryptophan], 1H-indol-3-yl hydrogen sulfate [indoxyl-3-sulfate] overlapped with a bioactive concentration. However, the number and quality of relevant studies of CNS neurochemistry as well as of bioactivity were highly limited. Structural isomers, multiple metabolites and potential confounders were inadequately considered. CONCLUSION The potential direct bioactivity of GMB-derived indolic and phenolic molecules on primate CNS remains largely unknown. The field requires additional strategies to identify and prioritize screening of the most promising small molecules that enter the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Jaskiw
- Psychiatry Service 116(A), Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS), 10701 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Dongyan Xu
- Psychiatry Service 116(A), Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS), 10701 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark E Obrenovich
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VANEOHS, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Research Service, VANEOHS, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Curtis J Donskey
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VANEOHS, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Molina JD, Avila S, Rubio G, López-Muñoz F. Metabolomic connections between schizophrenia, antipsychotic drugs and metabolic syndrome: A variety of players. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:4049-4061. [PMID: 34348619 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210804110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of schizophrenia lacks of reliable medical diagnostic tests and robust biomarkers applied to clinical practice. Schizophrenic patients undergoing treatment with antipsychotics suffer a reduced life expectancy due to metabolic disarrangements that co-exist with their mental illness and predispose them to develop metabolic syndrome, also exacerbated by medication. Metabolomics is an emerging and potent technology able to accelerate this biomedical research. <P> Aim: This review focus on a detailed vision of the molecular mechanisms involved both in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome, based on innovative metabolites that consistently change in nascent metabolic syndrome, drug-naïve, first episode psychosis and/or schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. <P> Main lines: Supported by metabolomic approaches, although not exclusively, noteworthy variations are reported mainly through serum samples of patients and controls in several scenes: 1) alterations in fatty acids, inflammatory response indicators, amino acids and biogenic amines, biometals and gut microbiota metabolites (schizophrenia); 2) alterations in metabolites involved in carbohydrate and gut microbiota metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress (metabolic syndrome), some of them shared with the schizophrenia scene; 3) alterations of cytokines secreted by adipose tissue, phosphatidylcholines, acylcarnitines, Sirtuin 1, orexin-A and changes in microbiota composition (antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome). <P> Conclusion: Novel insights into the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and metabolic side-effects associated to its antipsychotic treatment, represent an urgent request for scientifics and clinicians. Leptin, carnitines, adiponectin, insulin or interleukin-6 represent some examples of candidate biomarkers. Cutting-edge technologies like metabolomics have the power of strengthen research for achieving preventive, diagnostic and therapeutical solutions for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Molina
- Clinical Management Area of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Psychiatric Service, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid. Spain
| | - Sonia Avila
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid. Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Clinical Management Area of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Psychiatric Service, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid. Spain
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Metabolomics Technologies for the Identification and Quantification of Dietary Phenolic Compound Metabolites: An Overview. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060846. [PMID: 34070614 PMCID: PMC8229076 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for natural products with properties that may protect against or slow down chronic and degenerative diseases (e.g., cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions), phenolic compounds (PC) with benefits for human health have been identified. The biological effects of PC in vivo depend on their bioavailability, intestinal absorption, metabolism, and interaction with target tissues. The identification of phenolic compounds metabolites (PCM), in biological samples, after food ingestion rich in PC is a first step to understand the overall effect on human health. However, their wide range of physicochemical properties, levels of abundance, and lack of reference standards, renders its identification and quantification a challenging task for existing analytical platforms. The most frequent approaches to metabolomics analysis combine mass spectrometry and NMR, parallel technologies that provide an overview of the metabolome and high-power compound elucidation. In this scenario, the aim of this review is to summarize the pre-analytical separation processes for plasma and urine samples and the technologies applied in quantitative and qualitative analysis of PCM. Additionally, a comparison of targeted and non-targeted approaches is presented, not available in previous reviews, which may be useful for future metabolomics studies of PCM.
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Dietary Phenolic Acids and Their Major Food Sources Are Associated with Cognitive Status in Older Italian Adults. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050700. [PMID: 33946636 PMCID: PMC8145289 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life expectancy is increasing along with the rising prevalence of cognitive disorders. Among the factors that may contribute to their prevalence, modifiable risk factors such as diet may be of primary importance. Unarguably, plant-based diets rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, showed their potential in decreasing risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate whether exposure to components of plant-based diets, namely phenolic acids, may affect cognitive status in older Italian adults. METHODS The demographic, lifestyle and dietary habits of a sample of individuals living in southern Italy were analyzed. Dietary intake was assessed through food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Data on the phenolic acids content in foods were estimated using the Phenol-Explorer database. Cognitive status was evaluated using The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations. RESULTS The mean intake of phenolic acids was 346.6 mg/d. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, individuals in the highest quartile of total phenolic acid intake were less likely to have impaired cognitive status (OR = 0.36 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.92)); similarly, the analysis for subclasses of phenolic acids showed the beneficial effect toward cognitive status of greater intake of hydroxycinnamic acids (OR = 0.35 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.91)). Among individual compounds, only higher intake of caffeic acid was inversely associated with impaired cognitive status (OR = 0.32 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.93)); notably, the association with ferulic acid intake was significant only when adjusting for background characteristics, and not for adherence to the Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that greater intakes of dietary phenolic acids were significantly inversely associated with impaired cognition, emphasizing the possible role of phenolic acids in the prevention of cognitive disorders.
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12
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El-Ansary A, Chirumbolo S, Bhat RS, Dadar M, Ibrahim EM, Bjørklund G. The Role of Lipidomics in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 24:31-48. [PMID: 31691195 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-019-00430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome commonly diagnosed in early childhood; it is usually characterized by impairment in reciprocal communication and speech, repetitive behaviors, and social withdrawal with loss in communication skills. Its development may be affected by a variety of environmental and genetic factors. Trained physicians diagnose and evaluate the severity of ASD based on clinical evaluations of observed behaviors. As such, this approach is inevitably dependent on the expertise and subjective assessment of those administering the clinical evaluations. There is a need to identify objective biological markers associated with diagnosis or clinical severity of the disorder. Several important issues and concerns exist regarding the diagnostic competence of the many abnormal plasma metabolites produced in the different biochemical pathways evaluated in individuals with ASD. The search for high-performing bio-analytes to diagnose and follow-up ASD development is still a major target in medicine. Dysregulation in the oxidative stress response and proinflammatory processes are major etiological causes of ASD pathogenesis. Furthermore, dicarboxylic acid metabolites, cholesterol-related metabolites, phospholipid-related metabolites, and lipid transporters and mediators are impaired in different pathological conditions that have a role in the ASD etiology. A mechanism may exist by which pro-oxidant environmental stressors and abnormal metabolites regulate clinical manifestations and development of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Eiman M Ibrahim
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
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Liu Y, Xu F, Liu S, Liu G, Yang X, Gao W, Fan K, Zhao H, Ma J. Significance of gastrointestinal tract in the therapeutic mechanisms of exercise in depression: Synchronism between brain and intestine through GBA. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:109971. [PMID: 32445660 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have made considerable progress in elucidating psychological and exercise correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, as the largest immune organ, far less is known about the role of gastrointestinal (GI) tract in the therapeutic mechanisms of exercise in MDD. In addition to the sites of the digestive tract that absorb nutrients, the GI tract also serves as a protective barrier against organisms. Inflammation and other consequences caused by disrupted GI barrier integrity are considered to be one of the mechanisms of depression, and the gut-brain axis (GBA) plays a critical role in this process. In this work, we observed the depression-like behaviors, intestinal barrier, central and peripheral inflammation, and related neurotransmitters through exercise intervention in the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model, aiming to clarify the mechanisms of exercise to improve depression through GBA. Our results revealed that, following increased expressions of pro-inflammatory factors in intestine of CUMS mice, the levels of pro-inflammatory factors were all significantly raised in serum and brain simultaneously. Further, glial cells were activated in visceral nervous system and its related brain regions at the same time, accompanied by lower expression of occludin in CUMS mice. Importantly, our findings provide the first evidence that eight weeks of running exercise effectively inhibited neuro-immune interactions along gut-brain-axis and contributed obvious improvement of intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB). Finally, multivariate analysis putatively highlighted the role of exercise-induced IEB protection on depression treatment. We hope that our findings could warrant further study of therapeutic mechanisms of exercise in depression, specifically in disentangling the roles of intestinal function and IEB protection, and for developing more targeted clinical depression interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Fenghua Xu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Army Medical Center of PLA affiliated with Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenting Gao
- Institute of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Henan Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianmei Ma
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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14
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Pautova AK, Khesina ZB, Litvinova TN, Revelsky AI, Beloborodova NV. Metabolic profiling of aromatic compounds in cerebrospinal fluid of neurosurgical patients using microextraction by packed sorbent and liquid-liquid extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4969. [PMID: 32845527 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to the quantitative analysis of aromatic metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid samples of neurosurgical patients based on microextraction by packed sorbent coupled with derivatization and GC-MS was developed. Analytical characteristics such as recoveries (40-90%), limit of detection (0.1-0.3 μm) and limit of quantitation (0.4-0.7 μm) values, accuracy (<±20%), precision (<20%) and linear correlations (R2 ≥ 0.99) over a 0.4-10 μm range of concentrations demonstrated that microextraction by packed sorbent provides results for the quantitative analysis of target compounds comparable with those for liquid-liquid extraction. Similar results were achieved using 40 μl of sample for microextraction by packed sorbent instead of 200 μl for liquid-liquid extraction. Benzoic, 3-phenylpropionic, 3-phenyllactic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic, homovanillic and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acids were found in cerebrospinal fluid samples (n = 138) of neurosurgical patients in lower concentrations than in serum samples (n = 110) of critically ill patients. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples taken at the same time from neurosurgical patients (n = 5) revealed similar results for patients without infection and multidirectional results for patients with central nervous system infection. Our preliminary results demonstrate the necessity of further evaluating the aromatic compound profile in cerebrospinal fluid for its subsequent verification for potential diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa K Pautova
- Laboratory of Human Metabolism in Critical States, Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoya B Khesina
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Litvinova
- Laboratory of Human Metabolism in Critical States, Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander I Revelsky
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Beloborodova
- Laboratory of Human Metabolism in Critical States, Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Obrenovich M, Tabrez S, Siddiqui B, McCloskey B, Perry G. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis-Heart Shunt Part II: Prosaic Foods and the Brain-Heart Connection in Alzheimer Disease. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E493. [PMID: 32244373 PMCID: PMC7232206 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a strong cerebrovascular component to brain aging, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia. Foods, common drugs, and the polyphenolic compounds contained in wine modulate health both directly and through the gut microbiota. This observation and novel findings centered on nutrition, biochemistry, and metabolism, as well as the newer insights we gain into the microbiota-gut-brain axis, now lead us to propose a shunt to this classic triad, which involves the heart and cerebrovascular systems. The French paradox and prosaic foods, as they relate to the microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodegenerative diseases, are discussed in this manuscript, which is the second part of a two-part series of concept papers addressing the notion that the microbiota and host liver metabolism all play roles in brain and heart health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Obrenovich
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland, Department of Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- The Gilgamesh Foundation for Medical Science and Research, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA;
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bushra Siddiqui
- North East Ohio College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA;
| | - Benjamin McCloskey
- The Gilgamesh Foundation for Medical Science and Research, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA;
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
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16
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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Heart Shunt Part I: The French Paradox, Heart Disease and the Microbiota. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040490. [PMID: 32235574 PMCID: PMC7232195 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that a vegetarian and polyphenol-rich diet, including fruits, vegetables, teas, juices, wine, indigestible fiber and whole grains, provide health-promoting phytochemicals and phytonutrients that are beneficial for the heart and brain. What is not well-characterized is the affect these foods have when co-metabolized within our dynamic gut and its colonizing flora. The concept of a heart shunt within the microbiota-gut-brain axis underscores the close association between brain and heart health and the so-called “French paradox” offers clues for understanding neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Moreover, oxidation-redox reactions and redox properties of so-called brain and heart-protective foods are underappreciated as to their enhanced or deleterious mechanisms of action. Focusing on prodromal stages, and common mechanisms underlying heart, cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, we may unmask and understanding the means to better treat these related diseases.
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17
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Obrenovich ME, Jaskiw GE, Mana TSC, Bennett CP, Cadnum J, Donskey CJ. Urinary Metabolites of Green Tea as Potential Markers of Colonization Resistance to Pathogenic Gut Bacteria in Mice. Pathog Immun 2019; 4:271-293. [PMID: 31773068 PMCID: PMC6863553 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v4i2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiome (GMB) generates numerous chemicals that are absorbed systemically and excreted in urine. Antibiotics can disrupt the GMB ecosystem and weaken its resistance to colonization by enteric pathogens such as Clostridium difficile. If the changes in GMB composition and metabolism are sufficiently large, they can be reflected in the urinary metabo-lome. Characterizing these changes could provide a potentially valuable biomarker of the status of the GMB. While preliminary studies suggest such a possibility, the high level of data variance presents a challenge to translational applications. Since many GMB-generated chemicals are derived from the biotransformation of plant-derived dietary polyphenols, administering an oral precursor challenge should amplify GMB-dependent changes in urinary metabolites. Methods A course of antibiotics (clindamycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, or aztreonam) was administered SC daily (days 1 and 2) to mice receiving polyphenol-rich green tea in drinking water. Urine was collected at baseline as well as days 3, 7, and 11. Levels of pyrogallol and pyrocatechol, two phenolic molecules unequivocally GMB-dependent in humans but that had not been similarly examined in mice, were quantified. Results In confirmation of our hypothesis, differential changes in murine urinary pyrogallol levels identified the treatments (clindamycin, piperacillin/tazobactam) previously associated with a weakening of colonization resistance to Clostridium difficile. The changes in pyrocatechol levels did not withstand corrections for multiple comparisons. Conclusions In the mouse, urinary pyrogallol and, in all likelihood, pyrocatechol levels, are GMB-dependent and, in combination with precursor challenge, deserve further consideration as potential metabolomic biomarkers for the health and dysbiotic vulnerability of the GMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Obrenovich
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service; Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS); Cleveland, Ohio.,Research Service; VANEOHS; Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry; University of Toledo; Toledo, Ohio
| | - George E Jaskiw
- Psychiatry Service; VANEOHS; Cleveland, Ohio.,School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Curtis J Donskey
- School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, Ohio.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center; VANEOHS; Cleveland, Ohio
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18
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Jaskiw GE, Obrenovich ME, Donskey CJ. The phenolic interactome and gut microbiota: opportunities and challenges in developing applications for schizophrenia and autism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1471-1489. [PMID: 31197432 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder have long been associated with elevated levels of various small phenolic molecules (SPMs). In turn, the gut microbiota (GMB) has been implicated in the kinetics of many of these analytes. Unfortunately, research into the possible relevance of GMB-mediated SPMs to neuropsychiatry continues to be limited by heterogeneous study design, numerous sources of variance and technical challenges. Some SPMs have multiple structural isomers and most have conjugates. Without specialized approaches, SPMs can be incorrectly assigned or inaccurately quantified. In addition, SPM levels can be affected by dietary polyphenol or protein consumption and by various medications and diseases. Nonetheless, heterotypical excretion of various SPMs in association with schizophrenia or autism continues to be reported in independent samples. Recent studies in human cerebrospinal fluid demonstrate the presence of many SPMs A large number of these are bioactive in experimental models. Whether such mechanisms are relevant to the human brain in health or disease is not known. Systematic metabolomic and microbiome studies of well-characterized populations, an appreciation of multiple confounds, and implementation of standardized approaches across platforms and sites are needed to delineate the potential utility of the phenolic interactome in neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Jaskiw
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Mark E Obrenovich
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Curtis J Donskey
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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19
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Jones L, Kumar J, Mistry A, Sankar Chittoor Mana T, Perry G, Reddy VP, Obrenovich M. The Transformative Possibilities of the Microbiota and Mycobiota for Health, Disease, Aging, and Technological Innovation. Biomedicines 2019; 7:E24. [PMID: 30925795 PMCID: PMC6631383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is extremely important for the health of the host across its lifespan.Recent studies have elucidated connections between the gut microbiota and neurological diseaseand disorders such as depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism, and a host of otherbrain illnesses. Dysbiosis of the normal gut flora can have negative consequences for humans,especially throughout key periods during our lifespan as the gut microbes change with age in bothphenotype and number of bacterial species. Neurologic diseases, mental disorders, and euthymicstates are influenced by alterations in the metabolites produced by gut microbial milieu. Weintroduce a new concept, namely, the mycobiota and microbiota-gut-brain neuroendocrine axis anddiscuss co-metabolism with emphasis on means to influence or correct disruptions to normal gutflora throughout the lifespan from early development to old age. These changes involveinflammation and involve the permeability of barriers, such as the intestine blood barrier, the blood⁻brain barrier, and others. The mycobiota and microbiota⁻gut⁻brain axis offer new research horizonsand represents a great potential target for new therapeutics, including approaches based aroundinflammatory disruptive process, genetically engineered drug delivery systems, diseased cellculling "kill switches", phage-like therapies, medicinal chemistry, or microbial parabiosis to namea few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jones
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jessica Kumar
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Adil Mistry
- Departments of Engineering and Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | | | - George Perry
- Distinguished University Chair in Neurobiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - V Prakash Reddy
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MI, 65409, USA.
| | - Mark Obrenovich
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Departments of Engineering and Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- MD and CSO, the Gilgamesh Foundation.org, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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20
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Fattorusso A, Di Genova L, Dell'Isola GB, Mencaroni E, Esposito S. Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2019; 11:E521. [PMID: 30823414 PMCID: PMC6471505 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an emerging interest in the possible role of the gut microbiota as a co-factor in the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), as many studies have highlighted the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain (the so-called "gut-brain axis"). Accumulating evidence has shown a link between alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and both gastrointestinal and neurobehavioural symptoms in children with ASD. The aim of this narrative review was to analyse the current knowledge about dysbiosis and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in ASD and assess the current evidence for the role of probiotics and other non-pharmacological approaches in the treatment of children with ASD. Analysis of the literature showed that gut dysbiosis in ASD has been widely demonstrated; however, there is no single distinctive profile of the composition of the microbiota in people with ASD. Gut dysbiosis could contribute to the low-grade systemic inflammatory state reported in patients with GI comorbidities. The administration of probiotics (mostly a mixture of Bifidobacteria, Streptococci and Lactobacilli) is the most promising treatment for neurobehavioural symptoms and bowel dysfunction, but clinical trials are still limited and heterogeneous. Well-designed, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials are required to validate the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of ASD and to identify the appropriate strains, dose, and timing of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Fattorusso
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Di Genova
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Battista Dell'Isola
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Mencaroni
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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21
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Obrenovich MEM. Leaky Gut, Leaky Brain? Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040107. [PMID: 30340384 PMCID: PMC6313445 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
'Leaky gut' syndrome, long-associated with celiac disease, has attracted much attention in recent years and for decades, was widely known in complementary/alternative medicine circles. It is often described as an increase in the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, which could allow bacteria, toxic digestive metabolites, bacterial toxins, and small molecules to 'leak' into the bloodstream. Nervous system involvement with celiac disease is know to occur even at subclinical levels. Gluten and gluten sensitivity are considered to trigger this syndrome in individuals genetically predisposed to celiac disease. However, the incidence of celiac disease in the general population is quite low. Nevertheless, increased public interest in gluten sensitivity has contributed to expanded food labels stating 'gluten-free' and the proliferation of gluten-free products, which further drives gluten-free lifestyle changes by individuals without frank celiac disease. Moreover, systemic inflammation is associated with celiac disease, depression, and psychiatric comorbidities. This mini-review focuses on the possible neurophysiological basis of leaky gut; leaky brain disease; and the microbiota's contribution to inflammation, gastrointestinal, and blood-brain barrier integrity, in order to build a case for possible mechanisms that could foster further 'leaky' syndromes. We ask whether a gluten-free diet is important for anyone or only those with celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E M Obrenovich
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- The Gilgamesh Foundation for Medical Science and Research, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA.
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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