1
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Miller GT, Caiazzo TM, Joyce A. Long term investigation of formulation buffers to mitigate stability issues of conjugated critical reagents. J Immunol Methods 2024; 533:113742. [PMID: 39153729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Stability of conjugated critical reagents supporting ligand binding assays to enable biotherapeutic drug development is a universal concern. Formulation buffer employed for long-term cold storage may be key to mitigate protein aggregation issues. We investigated biophysical and functional attributes of murine mAb and human multispecific drug labeled with biotin, ruthenium, and Alexa fluor 647 frozen at -80 °C in PBS or a protein storage buffer for 3-15 months. Aggregation was observed at 4 months in mAb A-Ru (11.2%) and -Alexa (10%) in PBS followed by precipitation and reduced biological binding at 15 months. Increased aggregation in drug Ru (11.7%, 6 months) and Alexa (6.9%, 15 months) were noted but without impact on performance. There were no observations with biotin labeled reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T Miller
- Pfizer Inc., 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, MA 01810, United States of America.
| | - Teresa M Caiazzo
- Pfizer Inc. (retired), 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, MA 01810, United States of America
| | - Alison Joyce
- Pfizer Inc., 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, MA 01810, United States of America.
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2
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Zhang YY, Guo HL, Wang J, Wang WJ, Li Y, Chu CC, Wu CY, Huang J, Hu YH, Chen F. LC-MS/MS and EMIT measure the whole blood concentration of cyclosporine A: The two methods yield concordant results within the dynamic range of the latter, but the former shows broader application scenarios. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1240:124154. [PMID: 38749100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a widely used immunosuppressive drug with a narrow therapeutic index and large individual differences. Its therapeutic and toxic effects are closely related to blood drug concentrations, requiring routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). The current main methods for TDM of CsA are enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). However, few study on the method comparison of the EMIT and LC-MS/MS for the measurement of whole blood CsA concentration in children has been reported. In this study, we developed a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the determination of CsA, and 657 cases of CsA concentrations were determined from 197 pediatric patients by a routine EMIT assay and by the validated in-house LC-MS/MS method on the same batch of samples, aimed to address the aforementioned concern. Consistency between the two assays was evaluated using linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. The linear range of LC-MS/MS was 0.500-2000 ng/mL and that of the EMIT was 40-500 ng/mL, respectively. Overall, the correlation between the two methods was significant (r-value ranging from 0.8842 to 0.9441). Unsatisfactory consistency was observed in the concentrations < 40 ng/mL (r = 0.7325) and 200-500 ng/mL (r = 0.6851). Bland-Altman plot showed a mean bias of -18.0 % (±1.96 SD, -73.8 to 37.8 %) between EMIT and LC-MS/MS. For Passing-Bablok regression between EMIT and LC-MS/MS did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the two methods were closely correlated, but the CsA concentration by LC-MS/MS assay was slightly higher than that by EMIT method. Switching from the EMIT assay to the LC-MS/MS method was acceptable, and the LC-MS/MS method will receive broader application in clinical settings due to its better analytical capabilities, but the results need to be further verified in different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Li Guo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Chao Chu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Ying Wu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Lotz GP, Lutz A, Martin-Facklam M, Hansbauer A, Schick E, Moessner E, Antony M, Stuchly T, Viert M, Hosse RJ, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Klein C, Schäfer M, Ritter M, Stubenrauch KG. Characterization of anti-drug antibody responses to the T-cell engaging bispecific antibody cibisatamab to understand the impact on exposure. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1406353. [PMID: 38881900 PMCID: PMC11176492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
An appropriately designed pharmacokinetic (PK) assay that is sensitive for anti-drug antibody (ADA) impact on relevant exposure is an alternative strategy to understand the neutralizing potential of ADAs. However, guidance on how to develop such PK assays and how to confirm the functional ADA impact on exposure is missing. Here, the PK assay of a T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody, cibisatamab, was developed based on its mechanism of action (MoA). Using critical monoclonal anti-idiotypic (anti-ID) antibody positive controls as ADA surrogates, the impact on exposure was evaluated pre-clinically. In a phase I clinical trial (NCT02324257), initial data suggest that the combination of ADA and PK assays for correlation of the ADA response with cibisatamab exposure. To understand the neutralizing potential of patient-derived ADAs on drug activity, advanced ADA characterization has been performed. Structural binding analysis of ADAs to antibody domains of the drug and its impact on targeting were assessed. For this purpose, relevant patient ADA binding features were identified and compared with the specific monoclonal anti-ID antibody-positive controls. Comparable results of target binding inhibition and similar impacts on exposure suggest that the observed reduction of Cmax and Ctrough levels in patients is caused by the neutralizing potential of ADAs and allows a correlation between ADA response and loss of exposure. Therefore, the described study provides important functional aspects for the development of an appropriately designed PK assay for bispecific antibodies as an alternative option towards understanding the neutralizing ADA impact on exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor P Lotz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Achim Lutz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Meret Martin-Facklam
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andre Hansbauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Eginhard Schick
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Moessner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michael Antony
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stuchly
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Maria Viert
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ralf J Hosse
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Ritter
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Antibody Development Technologies, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Kay-Gunnar Stubenrauch
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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4
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Baratta M, Jian W, Hengel S, Kaur S, Cunliffe J, Boer J, Hughes N, Kar S, Kellie J, Kim YJ, Lassman M, Mehl J, Morgan L, Palandra J, Sarvaiya H, Zeng J, Zheng N, Wang J, Yuan L, Ji A, Kochansky C, Tao L, Huang Y, Maes E, Barbero L, Contrepois K, Ferrari L, Fu Y, Johnson J, Jones B, Kansal M, Lu Y, Post N, Shen H(H, Xue Y(YJ, Zhang Y(C, Biswas G, Cho S(J, Edmison A, Benson K, Abberley L, Azadeh M, Francis J, Garofolo F, Gupta S, Ivanova I(D, Ishii-Watabe A, Karnik S, Kassim S, Kavetska O, Keller S, Kossary E, Li W, McCush F, Mendes DN, Abhari MR, Scheibner K, Sikorski T, Staack RF, Tabler E, Tang H, Wan K, Wang YM, Whale E, Yang L, Zimmer J, Bandukwala A, Du X, Kholmanskikh O, Gijsel SKD, Wadhwa M, Xu J, Buoninfante A, Cludts I, Diebold S, Maxfield K, Mayer C, Pedras-Vasconcelos J, Abhari MR, Shubow S, Tanaka Y, Tounekti O, Verthelyi D, Wagner L. 2023 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: Deuterated Drugs; LNP; Tumor/FFPE Biopsy; Targeted Proteomics; Small Molecule Covalent Inhibitors; Chiral Bioanalysis; Remote Regulatory Assessments; Sample Reconciliation/Chain of Custody (PART 1A - Recommendations on Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography, Sample Preparation Latest Developments, Challenges, and Solutions and BMV/Regulated Bioanalysis PART 1B - Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Regulated Bioanalysis/BMV, Biomarkers/IVD/CDx/BAV, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine). Bioanalysis 2024; 16:307-364. [PMID: 38913185 PMCID: PMC11216509 DOI: 10.1080/17576180.2024.2347153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The 17th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (17th WRIB) took place in Orlando, FL, USA on June 19-23, 2023. Over 1000 professionals representing pharma/biotech companies, CROs, and multiple regulatory agencies convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 17th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week to allow an exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis of biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines.Moreover, in-depth workshops on "EU IVDR 2017/746 Implementation and impact for the Global Biomarker Community: How to Comply with this NEW Regulation" and on "US FDA/OSIS Remote Regulatory Assessments (RRAs)" were the special features of the 17th edition.As in previous years, WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international, industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules as well as gene, cell therapies and vaccines to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance, and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues.This 2023 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2023 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons.This publication covers the recommendations on Mass Spectrometry Assays, Regulated Bioanalysis/BMV (Part 1A) and Regulatory Inputs (Part 1B). Part 2 (Biomarkers, IVD/CDx, LBA and Cell-Based Assays) and Part 3 (Gene Therapy, Cell therapy, Vaccines and Biotherapeutics Immunogenicity) are published in volume 16 of Bioanalysis, issues 7 and 8 (2024), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenying Jian
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Mehl
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Naiyu Zheng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yue Huang
- AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luca Ferrari
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Yang Lu
- US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roland F Staack
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Yang
- US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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5
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Kholmanskikh O, Wang YM, Hersey S, Wadhwa M, Block K, Bandukwala A, Szapacs M, Weiner R, Awwad K, Dessy F, Downing S, Du X, Garofolo F, Harris S, Hou V, Jones J, Kar S, Kinhikar A, Li M, Mathews J, Meissen J, Sumner GO, Pan L, Sanderink G, Scully I, Stanta J, Tanaka Y, Vauleon S, Wagner L, Wang K, Zhu L, Eck S, Lin YD, Azadeh M, Decman V, Diebold S, Du X, Goihberg P, Alcaide EG, Gonneau C, Hedrick MN, Hopkins G, Kar S, Loschko J, McCausland M, Mendez L, Sehra S, Stevens E, Sun YS, Tangri S, Trampont PC, Cludts I, Dysinger M, Kavita U, Sugimoto H, Chilewski S, Grimaldi C, Jiang Y, Kamerud J, Liu S, Owen C, Palackal N, Petit-frere C, Pine S, Abhari MR, Scheibner K, Williams L, Xu T, Zhang G. 2023 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: EU IVDR 2017/746 Implementation/Impact, IVD/CDx/CLIA Approved Assays, High Dimensional Cytometry, Multiplexing Technologies, LBA Tissue Analysis, Vaccine Study Endpoints, Cell-Based Assays for Biomarkers, Cell Therapy and Vaccines ( PART 2 - Recommendations on Development & Validation of Biomarkers, IVD, CDx, Cell-Based, Flow Cytometry, Ligand-Binding and Enzyme Assays; Advanced Critical Reagents Strategies). Bioanalysis 2024; 16:179-220. [PMID: 38899739 PMCID: PMC11216500 DOI: 10.1080/17576180.2024.2340961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The 17th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (17th WRIB) took place in Orlando, FL, USA on 19-23 June 2023. Over 1000 professionals representing pharma/biotech companies, CROs, and multiple regulatory agencies convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 17th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week to allow an exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis of biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines.Moreover, in-depth workshops on "EU IVDR 2017/746 Implementation and impact for the Global Biomarker Community: How to Comply with these NEW Regulations" and on "US FDA/OSIS Remote Regulatory Assessments (RRAs)" were the special features of the 17th edition.As in previous years, WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international, industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules as well as gene, cell therapies and vaccines to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance, and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues.This 2023 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2023 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons.This publication (Part 2) covers the recommendations on Biomarkers, IVD/CDx, LBA and Cell-Based Assays. Part 1A (Mass Spectrometry Assays and Regulated Bioanalysis/BMV), P1B (Regulatory Inputs) and Part 3 (Gene Therapy, Cell therapy, Vaccines and Biotherapeutics Immunogenicity) are published in volume 16 of Bioanalysis, issues 9 and 7 (2024), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francis Dessy
- GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium
- Takeda, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kai Wang
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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6
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Getz JA, Nguy T, Dere R, Maia M. A novel biomarker assay qualification strategy for rare human matrices - a case study of biomarkers in aqueous humor. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:239-247. [PMID: 38506259 PMCID: PMC11216247 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Measuring pharmacodynamic biomarkers near the therapeutic site of action presents considerable challenges for sites with limited matrix volume or difficult access. Bioanalytical method qualification requires the use of numerous matrix samples, which is problematic for rare matrices. The aim of this study was to design and implement a streamlined, fit-for-purpose strategy for qualification of biomarker assays in rare matrices. Materials & methods: A multiplexed biomarker immunoassay was developed in human aqueous humor. Results: Our strategy was successfully implemented, providing characterization of assay performance while reducing number of samples in assay qualification. Our assay was used in clinical trial support for an ophthalmic drug candidate. Conclusion: Our results indicate this approach can be applied to other early stage drug development programs facing similar challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Getz
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trung Nguy
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Randall Dere
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio Maia
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wang X, Chang W, Khosraviani M, Phung W, Peng L, Cohen S, Andrews BT, Sun Y, Davies CW, Koerber JT, Yang J, Song A. Application of N-Terminal Site-Specific Biotin and Digoxigenin Conjugates to Clinical Anti-drug Antibody Assay Development. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:174-186. [PMID: 38050929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Biotin- and digoxigenin (DIG)-conjugated therapeutic drugs are critical reagents used for the development of anti-drug antibody (ADA) assays for the assessment of immunogenicity. The current practice of generating biotin and DIG conjugates is to label a therapeutic antibody with biotin or DIG via primary amine groups on lysine or N-terminal residues. This approach modifies lysine residues nonselectively, which can impact the ability of an ADA assay to detect those ADAs that recognize epitopes located at or near the modified lysine residue(s). The impact of the lysine modification is considered greater for therapeutic antibodies that have a limited number of lysine residues, such as the variable heavy domain of heavy chain (VHH) antibodies. In this paper, for the first time, we report the application of site-specifically conjugated biotin- and DIG-VHH reagents to clinical ADA assay development using a model molecule, VHHA. The site-specific conjugation of biotin or DIG to VHHA was achieved by using an optimized reductive alkylation approach, which enabled the majority of VHHA molecules labeled with biotin or DIG at the desirable N-terminus, thereby minimizing modification of the protein after labeling and reducing the possibility of missing detection of ADAs. Head-to-head comparison of biophysical characterization data revealed that the site-specific biotin and DIG conjugates demonstrated overall superior quality to biotin- and DIG-VHHA prepared using the conventional amine coupling method, and the performance of the ADA assay developed using site-specific biotin and DIG conjugates met all acceptance criteria. The approach described here can be applied to the production of other therapeutic-protein- or antibody-based critical reagents that are used to support ligand binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdan Wang
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wenping Chang
- Department of Peptide Therapeutics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mehraban Khosraviani
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wilson Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lingling Peng
- Department of Peptide Therapeutics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sivan Cohen
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Benjamin T Andrews
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher W Davies
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James T Koerber
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jihong Yang
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimin Song
- Department of Peptide Therapeutics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Valentine JL, Dengler A, Zhao A, Truong T, McAfee S, Hassanein M, Irvin SC, Chen J, Meng X, Yan H, Torri A, Sumner G, Andisik MD, Paccaly A, Partridge MA. Immunogenicity of Cemiplimab: Low Incidence of Antidrug Antibodies and Cut-Point Suitability Across Tumor Types. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:125-136. [PMID: 37656820 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of cemiplimab, a fully human immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody directed against programmed cell death 1, was assessed in patients across multiple tumor types. The development of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) against cemiplimab was monitored using a validated bridging immunoassay. To identify ADA-positive samples in the assay, statistically determined cut points were established by analyzing baseline clinical study samples from a mixed population of different tumor types, and this validation cut point was used to assess immunogenicity in all subsequent studies. Regulatory guidance requires that ADA assay cut points be verified for appropriateness in different patient populations. Thus, for the cemiplimab ADA assay, we evaluated whether each new oncology population was comparable with the validation population used to set the cut point. Assay responses from 2393 individual serum samples from 8 different tumor types were compared with the validation population, using established statistical methods for cut-point determination and comparison, with no significant differences observed. Across tumor types, the immunogenicity of cemiplimab was low, with an overall treatment-emergent ADA incidence rate of 1.9% and 2.5% at intravenous dose regimens of 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks and 350 mg every 3 weeks, respectively. Moreover, no neutralizing antibodies to cemiplimab were detected in patients with ADA-positive samples, and there was no observed impact of cemiplimab ADAs on pharmacokinetics. Study-specific cut points may be required in some diseases, such as immune and inflammatory diseases; however, based on this analysis, in-study cut points are not required for each new oncology disease indication for cemiplimab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Valentine
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Dengler
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - An Zhao
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany Truong
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Sean McAfee
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed Hassanein
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Susan C Irvin
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jihua Chen
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Xiao Meng
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Hong Yan
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Albert Torri
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Giane Sumner
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D Andisik
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Anne Paccaly
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Partridge
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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9
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Jentsch M, der Strate BV, Meddens M, Meddens M, Schoevers R. Assessment of biomarker stability and assay performance parameters for medical diagnosis: a case study of diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Biomark Med 2024; 18:59-68. [PMID: 38305225 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2023-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Assessing the stability profiles and assay performance of 24 biomarker assays in 32 biomarker/body fluid combinations identified as relevant for prediction of major depressive disorder. Materials & methods: Combinations were tested for stability and assay performance with ELISA at different storage and freeze-thaw conditions in pooled samples of 40 patients. Results: Stability and assay performance issues were found in almost all cases except three biomarkers in urine and three in serum. Conclusion: This study shows that, to produce reliable measurement data, assessments of stability and assay performance are essential. In development, other quality assurance parameters might be implemented to increase the level of measurement reliability by increasing assay performance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Jentsch
- Brainscan BV, Zutphenseweg 55 7418 AH Deventer, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Barry van der Strate
- University Medical Center Groningen, Research Office, Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Meddens
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marcus Meddens
- Brainscan BV, Zutphenseweg 55 7418 AH Deventer, Netherlands
| | - Robert Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral & Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
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10
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Noel JC, Lagassé D, Golding B, Sauna ZE. Emerging approaches to induce immune tolerance to therapeutic proteins. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:1028-1042. [PMID: 37903706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity affects the safety and efficacy of therapeutic proteins. This review is focused on approaches for inducing immunological tolerance to circumvent the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins in the clinic. The few immune tolerance strategies that are used in the clinic tend to be inefficient and expensive and typically involve global immunosuppression, putting patients at risk of infections. The hallmark of a desirable immune tolerance regimen is the specific alleviation of immune responses to the therapeutic protein. In the past decade, proof-of-principle studies have demonstrated that emerging technologies, including nanoparticle-based delivery of immunomodulators, cellular targeting and depletion, cellular engineering, gene therapy, and gene editing, can be leveraged to promote tolerance to therapeutic proteins. We discuss the potential of these novel approaches and the barriers that need to be overcome for translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine C Noel
- Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Lagassé
- Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Basil Golding
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zuben E Sauna
- Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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11
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Wang SA, Jorgensen JL, Hu S, Jia F, Li S, Loghavi S, Ok CY, Thakral B, Xu J, Medeiros LJ, Wang W. Validation of a 12-color flow cytometry assay for acute myeloid leukemia minimal/measurable residual disease detection. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2023; 104:356-366. [PMID: 37605812 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) by multicolor flow cytometry is a complex laboratory developed test (LDT), challenging for implementation. We share our experience in the validation of a 12-color AML MRD flow cytometry assay to meet stringent regulatory requirements. METHODS We worked under the guidelines of the CLSI HL62 publication, illustrated the details of the validation process that was tailored to uniqueness of AML MRD, and tested its clinical validity in 61 patients. The "trueness" was determined by correlating with concurrent molecular genetic testing and follow-up bone marrow examinations. RESULTS Under assay specificity, we shared the details of panel design, analysis, and criteria for interpretation and reporting. The assay accuracy was assessed by testing known positive and negative samples and correlating with molecular genetic testing and follow-up bone marrow examination. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were validated to a level between 0.01% and 0.1%, varied from the leukemia-associated immunophenotypes (LAIP) and the numbers of events obtained for analysis. Assay linearity, precision and carry over studies all met acceptable criteria. In the clinical validity test, the concordance was 93%, specificity 98% and sensitivity 83%. The most challenging aspects of the assay were the discrimination of pre-leukemic cells (persistent clonal hematopoiesis) or underlying myelodysplastic clones from AML MRD with immunophenotypic switch or subclone selection. CONCLUSION The validation met all criteria and obtained FDA IDE (investigational device exemption) approval. This study provides ample technical and professional details in setting up the AML MRD flow cytometry assay and illustrates through the example of the "fit for purpose" validation process. We also highlight the need for further characterization of abnormal blasts bearing the potential for AML relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa A Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Jorgensen
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shimin Hu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fuli Jia
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shaoying Li
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sanam Loghavi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chi Young Ok
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Beenu Thakral
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Pan L, Mora J, Walravens K, Wagner L, Hopper S, Loo L, Bettoun D, Bond S, Dessy F, Downing S, Garofolo F, Gupta S, Henderson N, Irwin C, Ishii-Watabe A, Kar S, Jawa V, Joseph J, Malvaux L, Marshall JC, McDevitt J, Mohapatra S, Seitzer J, Smith J, Solstad T, Sugimoto H, Tounekti O, Wu B, Wu Y, Xu Y, Xu J, Yamamoto T, Yang L, Torri A, Kirshner S, Maxfield K, Vasconcelos JP, Abhari MR, Verthelyi D, Brodsky E, Carrasco-Triguero M, Kamerud J, Andisik M, Baltrukonis D, Bivi N, Cludts I, Coble K, Gorovits B, Gunn GR, Gupta S, Millner AH, Joyce A, Kubiak RJ, Kumar S, Liao K, Manangeeswaran M, Partridge M, Pine S, Poetzl J, Rajadhyaksha M, Rasamoelisolo M, Richards S, Song Y, Swanson S, Thacker S, Wadhwa M, Wolf A, Zhang L, Zhou L. 2022 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: FDA Draft Guidance on Immunogenicity Information in Prescription Drug Labeling, LNP & Viral Vectors Therapeutics/Vaccines Immunogenicity, Prolongation Effect, ADA Affinity, Risk-based Approaches, NGS, qPCR, ddPCR Assays ( Part 3 - Recommendations on Gene Therapy, Cell Therapy, Vaccines Immunogenicity & Technologies; Immunogenicity & Risk Assessment of Biotherapeutics and Novel Modalities; NAb Assays Integrated Approach). Bioanalysis 2023; 15:773-814. [PMID: 37526071 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2022 16th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (WRIB) took place in Atlanta, GA, USA on September 26-30, 2022. Over 1000 professionals representing pharma/biotech companies, CROs, and multiple regulatory agencies convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 16th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on ICH M10 BMV final guideline (focused on this guideline training, interpretation, adoption and transition); mass spectrometry innovation (focused on novel technologies, novel modalities, and novel challenges); and flow cytometry bioanalysis (rising of the 3rd most common/important technology in bioanalytical labs) were the special features of the 16th edition. As in previous years, WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international, industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules as well as gene, cell therapies and vaccines to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance, and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues. This 2022 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2022 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations on Gene Therapy, Cell therapy, Vaccines and Biotherapeutics Immunogenicity. Part 1 (Mass Spectrometry and ICH M10) and Part 2 (LBA, Biomarkers/CDx and Cytometry) are published in volume 15 of Bioanalysis, issues 16 and 15 (2023), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Song
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Hickford ES, Dejager L, Yuill D, Kotian A, Shankar S, Staelens L, Ulrichts H, Lewis S, Louber J, Williams A, Le Provost GS, Cutler P. A biomarker assay validation approach tailored to the context of use and bioanalytical platform. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:757-771. [PMID: 37526064 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged by the bioanalytical and biomarker community that biomarker assay validations should be fit-for-purpose depending on the context of use. The challenge is how to consistently apply these principles in teams responsible for measuring a disparate array of biomarkers, often on multiple analytical platforms, at various stages of the drug discovery and development pipeline and across diverse biology focus areas. To drive consistency, while maintaining the necessary flexibility to allow validations to be driven by scientific rationale and taking into consideration the context of use and associated biological and (pre)analytical factors, a framework applicable across biomarker assays was developed. Herein the authors share their perspective to engage in the ongoing conversation around fit-for-purpose biomarker assay validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Hickford
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Lien Dejager
- Precision Medicine & Biomarkers, Translational Medicine, UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Daisy Yuill
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Apoorva Kotian
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Sucharita Shankar
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Ludovicus Staelens
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hans Ulrichts
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
- Employed by UCB Pharma, Belgium or UCB Biopharma UK at the time the work was undertaken
| | - Sion Lewis
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Jade Louber
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
- Employed by UCB Pharma, Belgium or UCB Biopharma UK at the time the work was undertaken
| | - Amanda Williams
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Gabrielle S Le Provost
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Paul Cutler
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
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14
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Carle K, Kellie JF, Gunn GR, Jiang Y. Determination of label efficiency and label degree of critical reagents by LC-MS and native MS. Anal Biochem 2023; 664:115033. [PMID: 36584741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.115033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Degree of labeling and label efficiency are key factors for optimal characterization of critical reagents that are used in ligand binding assays. Here, three case studies are shown demonstrating how liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized to characterize critical reagents using three unique methodologies. Critical reagent batches were prepared for LC-MS analysis by use of: 20 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) (Case 1), rapid PNGaseF (Case 2), and a mobile phase diluent (Case 3). LC-MS was run at three different MS method conditions in each troubleshooting case specific for reduced IgG, intact IgG, and native LC-MS, respectively. Specified LC-MS methods based on sample type and configuration elucidated clear MS profiles, allowing for degree of labeling and label efficiencies to be calculated. Ultimately the LC-MS analyses were fine-tuned for critical reagent characterization, and practices for analyzing similar reagents in the future can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Carle
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
| | - John F Kellie
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - George R Gunn
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
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15
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Nakayama M, Yamamoto S, Hirabayashi H. Novel Cell Quantification Method Using a Single Surrogate Calibration Curve Across Various Biological Samples. AAPS J 2023; 25:26. [PMID: 36806998 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is generally used to quantify transplanted cell therapy products in biological samples. As the matrix effects on PCR amplification and variability in DNA recovery from biological samples are well-known limitations that hinder the assay's performance, a calibration curve is conventionally established for each matrix. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is based on the endpoint assay and advantageous in avoiding matrix effects. Moreover, the use of an external control gene may correct assay fluctuations to minimize the effects caused by inconsistent DNA recovery. In this study, we aimed to establish a novel and robust ddPCR method capable of quantifying human cells across various mouse biological samples using a single surrogate calibration curve in combination with an external control gene and DNA recovery normalization. Acceptable accuracy and precision were observed for quality control samples from different tissues, indicating the excellent quantitative and versatile potential of the developed method. Furthermore, the established method enabled the evaluation of human CD8+ T cell biodistribution in immunodeficient mice. Our findings provide new insights into the use of ddPCR-based quantification methods in biodistribution studies of cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Nakayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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16
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Ewaisha R, Anderson KS. Immunogenicity of CRISPR therapeutics-Critical considerations for clinical translation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1138596. [PMID: 36873375 PMCID: PMC9978118 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1138596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR offers new hope for many patients and promises to transform the way we think of future therapies. Ensuring safety of CRISPR therapeutics is a top priority for clinical translation and specific recommendations have been recently released by the FDA. Rapid progress in the preclinical and clinical development of CRISPR therapeutics leverages years of experience with gene therapy successes and failures. Adverse events due to immunogenicity have been a major setback that has impacted the field of gene therapy. As several in vivo CRISPR clinical trials make progress, the challenge of immunogenicity remains a significant roadblock to the clinical availability and utility of CRISPR therapeutics. In this review, we examine what is currently known about the immunogenicity of CRISPR therapeutics and discuss several considerations to mitigate immunogenicity for the design of safe and clinically translatable CRISPR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Ewaisha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Newgiza, Egypt
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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17
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Fathallah AM, Oldfield P, Fiedler‐Kelly J, Ramadan A. Immunogenicity Considerations for Therapeutic Modalities Used in Rare Diseases. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62 Suppl 2:S110-S118. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Oldfield
- Scientific and Regulatory Consultant Greater Montreal Metropolitan Canada
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18
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Farrokhi V, Walsh J, Palandra J, Brodfuehrer J, Caiazzo T, Owens J, Binks M, Neelakantan S, Yong F, Dua P, Le Guiner C, Neubert H. Dystrophin and mini-dystrophin quantification by mass spectrometry in skeletal muscle for gene therapy development in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Gene Ther 2022; 29:608-615. [PMID: 34737451 PMCID: PMC9068826 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal, degenerative muscle disorder caused by mutations in the DMD gene, leading to severe reduction or absence of the protein dystrophin. Gene therapy strategies that aim to increase expression of a functional dystrophin protein (mini-dystrophin) are under investigation. The ability to accurately quantify dystrophin/mini-dystrophin is essential in assessing the level of gene transduction. We demonstrated the validation and application of a novel peptide immunoaffinity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (IA-LC-MS/MS) assay. Data showed that dystrophin expression in Becker muscular dystrophy and DMD tissues, normalized against the mean of non-dystrophic control tissues (n = 20), was 4-84.5% (mean 32%, n = 20) and 0.4-24.1% (mean 5%, n = 20), respectively. In a DMD rat model, biceps femoris tissue from dystrophin-deficient rats treated with AAV9.hCK.Hopti-Dys3978.spA, an adeno-associated virus vector containing a mini-dystrophin transgene, showed a dose-dependent increase in mini-dystrophin expression at 6 months post-dose, exceeding wildtype dystrophin levels at high doses. Validation data showed that inter- and intra-assay precision were ≤20% (≤25% at the lower limit of quantification [LLOQ]) and inter- and intra-run relative error was within ±20% (±25% at LLOQ). IA-LC-MS/MS accurately quantifies dystrophin/mini-dystrophin in human and preclinical species with sufficient sensitivity for immediate application in preclinical/clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Farrokhi
- Biomedicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Jason Walsh
- Biomedicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Joe Palandra
- Biomedicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Joanne Brodfuehrer
- Biomedicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Teresa Caiazzo
- Biomedicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Jane Owens
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael Binks
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Srividya Neelakantan
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Florence Yong
- Biostatistics, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pinky Dua
- Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer R&D UK Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Le Guiner
- Translational Gene Therapy Laboratory, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, CHU de Nantes, IRS 2 Nantes Biotech, 22 Boulevard Benoni Goulin, 44200, Nantes, France
| | - Hendrik Neubert
- Biomedicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA.
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19
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Henry SP, Arfvidsson C, Arrington J, Canadi J, Crowe D, Gupta S, Lohmann S, Massonnet B, Mytych D, Rogers T, Rogers H, Stebbins C, Stovold C, Verthelyi D, Vigil A, Xuan C, Xu Y, Yu R, Klem T. Assessment of the Immunogenicity Potential for Oligonucleotide-Based Drugs. Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 32:369-377. [PMID: 36178478 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) have characteristics of both small molecules and biologics. Although safety assessment of ONs largely follows guidelines established for small molecules, the unique characteristics of ONs often require incorporation of concepts from the safety assessment of biologics. The assessment of immunogenicity for ON therapeutics is one area where the approach is distinct from either established small molecule or biologic platforms. Information regarding immunogenicity of ONs is limited, but indicates that administration of ONs can result in antidrug antibody formation. In this study, we summarize the collective experience of the Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group in designing the immunogenicity assessment appropriate for this class of therapeutic, including advice on assay development, clinical monitoring, and evaluation of the impact of immunogenicity on exposure, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic ONs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Henry
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dave Crowe
- Disc Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sabine Lohmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Vigil
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Chi Xuan
- Alnylam, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Intellia Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosie Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Thomas Klem
- Homology Medicines, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA (formerly with Sarepta Therapeutics Headquarters, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)
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20
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Critical reagent inventory management system and web portal specifically optimized for supporting external clients. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:869-879. [PMID: 35904158 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-quality critical reagents are essential for the establishment of robust ligand binding assays to support regulated bioanalysis. To ensure consistency in assay performance over the lifetime of a project, a well-defined set of processes is needed for critical reagent life cycle management. Moreover, contract research organizations must support reagent life cycle management for diverse global clients. To address these needs, the authors designed and implemented a customized inventory management system, known as LCM+. This software solution provides external clients with efficient, secure access via a web portal to their critical reagent information, pertinent documentation and inventory tracking. Hence, the authors believe that LCM+ can serve as a useful prototype to aid the design of future inventory management systems for optimal management of critical reagents.
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Abstract
Gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccine research have led to an increased use of qPCR/ddPCR in bioanalytical laboratories. CROs are progressively undertaking the development and validation of qPCR and ddPCR assays. Currently, however, there is limited regulatory guidance for the use of qPCR and a complete lack of any regulatory guidelines for the use of the newer ddPCR to support regulated bioanalysis. Hence, the Global CRO Council in Bioanalysis (GCC) has issued this White Paper to provide; 1) a consensus on the different validation parameters required to support qPCR/ddPCR assays; 2) a harmonized approach to their validation and 3) a consistent development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for all the bioanalytical laboratories using these techniques.
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22
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Novel isoelectric target depletion (ITaD) protocol reduces the need for specific reagents for immunogenicity testing. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:725-735. [PMID: 35642540 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The development of immunogenicity assays for clinical drug candidates targeting soluble proteins is challenging when the soluble target might produce either false-positive or false-negative signals in bridging anti-drug antibody screening assays. A generic soluble target removal protocol that uses a pH-dependent depletion was evaluated. Results: An anti-drug antibody bridging assay with a pH-dependent soluble target depletion step was successfully developed. Endogenous target levels of ∼600 nM could be depleted below 8 pM. The assay was highly drug tolerant and met regulatory requirements. Conclusion: A reagent-independent target depletion protocol can be used for immunogenicity testing in the presence of a soluble target. The generic protocol circumvents common depletion or masking protocols.
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2021 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: TAb/NAb, Viral Vector CDx, Shedding Assays; CRISPR/Cas9 & CAR-T Immunogenicity; PCR & Vaccine Assay Performance; ADA Assay Comparability & Cut Point Appropriateness ( Part 3 - Recommendations on Gene Therapy, Cell Therapy, Vaccine Assays; Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics and Novel Modalities; Integrated Summary of Immunogenicity Harmonization). Bioanalysis 2022; 14:737-793. [PMID: 35578991 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 15th edition of the Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (15th WRIB) was held on 27 September to 1 October 2021. Even with a last-minute move from in-person to virtual, an overwhelmingly high number of nearly 900 professionals representing pharma and biotech companies, contract research organizations (CROs), and multiple regulatory agencies still eagerly convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 15th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on biomarker assay development and validation (BAV) (focused on clarifying the confusion created by the increased use of the term "Context of Use - COU"); mass spectrometry of proteins (therapeutic, biomarker and transgene); state-of-the-art cytometry innovation and validation; and, critical reagent and positive control generation were the special features of the 15th edition. This 2021 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2021 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations on TAb/NAb, Viral Vector CDx, Shedding Assays; CRISPR/Cas9 & CAR-T Immunogenicity; PCR & Vaccine Assay Performance; ADA Assay Comparability & Cut Point Appropriateness. Part 1A (Endogenous Compounds, Small Molecules, Complex Methods, Regulated Mass Spec of Large Molecules, Small Molecule, PoC), Part 1B (Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Bioanalysis, Biomarkers, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine) and Part 2 (ISR for Biomarkers, Liquid Biopsies, Spectral Cytometry, Inhalation/Oral & Multispecific Biotherapeutics, Accuracy/LLOQ for Flow Cytometry) are published in volume 14 of Bioanalysis, issues 9 and 10 (2022), respectively.
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2021 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: ISR for Biomarkers, Liquid Biopsies, Spectral Cytometry, Inhalation/Oral & Multispecific Biotherapeutics, Accuracy/LLOQ for Flow Cytometry ( Part 2 - Recommendations on Biomarkers/CDx Assays Development & Validation, Cytometry Validation & Innovation, Biotherapeutics PK LBA Regulated Bioanalysis, Critical Reagents & Positive Controls Generation). Bioanalysis 2022; 14:627-692. [PMID: 35578974 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 15th edition of the Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (15th WRIB) was held on 27 September to 1 October 2021. Even with a last-minute move from in-person to virtual, an overwhelmingly high number of nearly 900 professionals representing pharma and biotech companies, contract research organizations (CROs), and multiple regulatory agencies still eagerly convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 15th WRIB included three Main Workshops and seven Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on biomarker assay development and validation (BAV) (focused on clarifying the confusion created by the increased use of the term "context of use" [COU]); mass spectrometry of proteins (therapeutic, biomarker and transgene); state-of-the-art cytometry innovation and validation; and critical reagent and positive control generation were the special features of the 15th edition. This 2021 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2021 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 2) covers the recommendations on ISR for Biomarkers, Liquid Biopsies, Spectral Cytometry, Inhalation/Oral & Multispecific Biotherapeutics, Accuracy/LLOQ for Flow Cytometry. Part 1A (Endogenous Compounds, Small Molecules, Complex Methods, Regulated Mass Spec of Large Molecules, Small Molecule, PoC), Part 1B (Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Bioanalysis, Biomarkers, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine) and Part 3 (TAb/NAb, Viral Vector CDx, Shedding Assays; CRISPR/Cas9 & CAR-T Immunogenicity; PCR & Vaccine Assay Performance; ADA Assay Comparability & Cut Point Appropriateness) are published in volume 14 of Bioanalysis, issues 9 and 11 (2022), respectively.
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Fernández-Metzler C, Ackermann B, Garofolo F, Arnold ME, DeSilva B, Gu H, Laterza O, Mao Y, Rose M, Vazvaei-Smith F, Steenwyk R. Biomarker Assay Validation by Mass Spectrometry. AAPS J 2022; 24:66. [PMID: 35534647 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of discussion and publication have gone into the guidance from the scientific community and the regulatory agencies on the use and validation of pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic assays by chromatographic and ligand binding assays for the measurement of drugs and metabolites. These assay validations are well described in the FDA Guidance on Bioanalytical Methods Validation (BMV, 2018). While the BMV included biomarker assay validation, the focus was on understanding the challenges posed in validating biomarker assays and the importance of having reliable biomarker assays when used for regulatory submissions, rather than definition of the appropriate experiments to be performed. Different from PK bioanalysis, analysis of biomarkers can be challenging due to the presence of target analyte(s) in the control matrices used for calibrator and quality control sample preparation, and greater difficulty in procuring appropriate reference standards representative of the endogenous molecule. Several papers have been published offering recommendations for biomarker assay validation. The situational nature of biomarker applications necessitates fit-for-purpose (FFP) assay validation. A unifying theme for FFP analysis is that method validation requirements be consistent with the proposed context of use (COU) for any given biomarker. This communication provides specific recommendations for biomarker assay validation (BAV) by LC-MS, for both small and large molecule biomarkers. The consensus recommendations include creation of a validation plan that contains definition of the COU of the assay, use of the PK assay validation elements that support the COU, and definition of assay validation elements adapted to fit biomarker assays and the acceptance criteria for both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brad Ackermann
- Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Fabio Garofolo
- BRI - a Frontage Company, 8898 Heather St, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6P 3S8, Canada
| | - Mark E Arnold
- Labcorp Drug Development, 221 Tulip Tree Drive, Westampton, NJ, 08060-5511, USA
| | - Binodh DeSilva
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Huidong Gu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Omar Laterza
- Merck and Co Inc., 90 E Scott Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Yan Mao
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Mark Rose
- Gossamer Bio Inc., 3013 Science Park Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Rick Steenwyk
- Pfizer-Retired, 8739 N Homestead Circle, Irons, MI, 49644, USA
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Hays A, Amaravadi L, Fernandez-Metzler C, King L, Mathews J, Ni Y, Quadrini K, Tinder C, Vazvaei F, Zeng J. Is Incurred Sample Reanalysis (ISR) Applicable in Biomarker Assays? AAPS J 2022; 24:65. [PMID: 35511303 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hays
- BioAgilytix Labs, 2300 Englert Drive, Durham, NC, 27713, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Ni
- Passage Bio, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2021 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: Mass Spec of Proteins, Extracellular Vesicles, CRISPR, Chiral Assays, Oligos; Nanomedicines Bioanalysis; ICH M10 Section 7.1; Non-Liquid & Rare Matrices; Regulatory Inputs ( Part 1A - Recommendations on Endogenous Compounds, Small Molecules, Complex Methods, Regulated Mass Spec of Large Molecules, Small Molecule, PoC & Part 1B - Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Bioanalysis, Biomarkers, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine). Bioanalysis 2022; 14:505-580. [PMID: 35578993 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The 15th edition of the Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (15th WRIB) was held on 27 September to 1 October 2021. Even with a last-minute move from in-person to virtual, an overwhelmingly high number of nearly 900 professionals representing pharma and biotech companies, contract research organizations (CROs), and multiple regulatory agencies still eagerly convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 15th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on biomarker assay development and validation (BAV) (focused on clarifying the confusion created by the increased use of the term "Context of Use - COU"); mass spectrometry of proteins (therapeutic, biomarker and transgene); state-of-the-art cytometry innovation and validation; and, critical reagent and positive control generation were the special features of the 15th edition. This 2021 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2021 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 1A) covers the recommendations on Endogenous Compounds, Small Molecules, Complex Methods, Regulated Mass Spec of Large Molecules, Small Molecule, PoC. Part 1B covers the Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Bioanalysis, Biomarkers, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine. Part 2 (ISR for Biomarkers, Liquid Biopsies, Spectral Cytometry, Inhalation/Oral & Multispecific Biotherapeutics, Accuracy/LLOQ for Flow Cytometry) and Part 3 (TAb/NAb, Viral Vector CDx, Shedding Assays; CRISPR/Cas9 & CAR-T Immunogenicity; PCR & Vaccine Assay Performance; ADA Assay Comparabil ity & Cut Point Appropriateness) are published in volume 14 of Bioanalysis, issues 10 and 11 (2022), respectively.
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Serelli-Lee V, Ito K, Koibuchi A, Tanigawa T, Ueno T, Matsushima N, Imai Y. A State-of-the-Art Roadmap for Biomarker-Driven Drug Development in the Era of Personalized Therapies. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050669. [PMID: 35629092 PMCID: PMC9143954 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in biotechnology have enabled us to assay human tissue and cells to a depth and resolution that was never possible before, redefining what we know as the “biomarker”, and how we define a “disease”. This comes along with the shift of focus from a “one-drug-fits-all” to a “personalized approach”, placing the drug development industry in a highly dynamic landscape, having to navigate such disruptive trends. In response to this, innovative clinical trial designs have been key in realizing biomarker-driven drug development. Regulatory approvals of cancer genome sequencing panels and associated targeted therapies has brought personalized medicines to the clinic. Increasing availability of sophisticated biotechnologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) has also led to a massive outflux of real-world genomic data. This review summarizes the current state of biomarker-driven drug development and highlights examples showing the utility and importance of the application of real-world data in the process. We also propose that all stakeholders in drug development should (1) be conscious of and efficiently utilize real-world evidence and (2) re-vamp the way the industry approaches drug development in this era of personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Serelli-Lee
- Clinical Evaluation Sub-Committee, Medicinal Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceuticals Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan; (A.K.); (T.T.); (T.U.); (N.M.)
- Eli Lilly Japan K.K., 5-1-28 Isogamidori, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0086, Japan
- Correspondence: (V.S.-L.); (Y.I.)
| | - Kazumi Ito
- Clinical Evaluation Sub-Committee, Medicinal Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceuticals Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan; (A.K.); (T.T.); (T.U.); (N.M.)
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan;
| | - Akira Koibuchi
- Clinical Evaluation Sub-Committee, Medicinal Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceuticals Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan; (A.K.); (T.T.); (T.U.); (N.M.)
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8411, Japan
| | - Takahiko Tanigawa
- Clinical Evaluation Sub-Committee, Medicinal Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceuticals Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan; (A.K.); (T.T.); (T.U.); (N.M.)
- Bayer Yakuhin Ltd., 2-4-9, Umeda, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0001, Japan
| | - Takayo Ueno
- Clinical Evaluation Sub-Committee, Medicinal Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceuticals Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan; (A.K.); (T.T.); (T.U.); (N.M.)
- Bristol Myers Squibb K.K., 6-5-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-1334, Japan
| | - Nobuko Matsushima
- Clinical Evaluation Sub-Committee, Medicinal Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceuticals Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan; (A.K.); (T.T.); (T.U.); (N.M.)
- Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., 3-5-2, Nishikanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0065, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Imai
- Clinical Evaluation Sub-Committee, Medicinal Evaluation Committee, Japan Pharmaceuticals Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan; (A.K.); (T.T.); (T.U.); (N.M.)
- Bristol Myers Squibb K.K., 6-5-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-1334, Japan
- Correspondence: (V.S.-L.); (Y.I.)
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Comparison of three parallelism assessment methods of biomarker quantification by LC-MS/MS: a case study of the bioanalysis of creatinine in human urine samples. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:279-287. [PMID: 35188423 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Currently, no regulatory guidelines are available for parallelism assessment for LC-MS biomarker quantification. Spike recovery, standard addition and dilutional linearity are recommended with no mention of the implications of applying these approaches. Results: Here, using human urine creatinine, the authors compared spike recovery and standard addition in LC-MS biomarker quantification, and evaluated a new hybrid approach: parallelism QCs. The authors drew different conclusions based on which approach was used (<15% cutoff). Conclusion: Current recommended approaches may lead to different conclusions and are not equivalent and interchangeable. The authors recommend that standard addition should be the universal 'go-to' method for LC-MS biomarker parallelism assessment; parallelism QCs, which consider the total concentration as the theoretical value, can be used if the authentic matrix is limited.
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Abstract
Gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccine research have led to an increased need to perform cellular immunity testing in a regulated environment to ensure the safety and efficacy of these treatments. The most common method for the measurement of cellular immunity has been Enzyme-Linked Immunospot assays. However, there is a lack of regulatory guidance available discussing the recommendations for developing and validating these types of assays. Hence, the Global CRO Council has issued this white paper to provide a consensus on the different validation parameters required to support Enzyme-Linked Immunospot assays and a harmonized and consistent approach to Enzyme-Linked Immunospot validation among contract research organizations.
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Mathews J, Amaravadi L, Eck S, Stevenson L, Wang YMC, Devanarayan V, Allinson J, Lundsten K, Gunsior M, Ni YG, Pepin MO, Gagnon A, Sheldon C, Trampont PC, Litwin V. Best practices for the development and fit-for-purpose validation of biomarker methods: a conference report. AAPS OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41120-021-00050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis conference report summarized a full-day workshop, “best practices for the development and fit-for-purpose validation of biomarker methods,” which was held prior to the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) PharmSci360 Congress, San Antonio, TX, November 2019. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together thought leaders in biomarker assay development in order to identify which assay parameters and key statistical measures need to be considered when developing a biomarker assay. A diverse group of more than 40 scientists participated in the workshop. The workshop and subsequent working dinner stimulated robust discussion. While a consensus on best practices was not achieved, some common themes and major points to consider for biomarker assay development have been identified and agreed on. The focus of this conference report is to summarize the presentations and discussions which occurred at the workshop. Biomarker assay validation is a complex and an evolving area with discussions ongoing.
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Chen N, Sun K, Chemuturi NV, Cho H, Xia CQ. The Perspective of DMPK on Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Therapy: Past Learning, Current Support, and Future Contribution. AAPS J 2022; 24:31. [PMID: 35102450 PMCID: PMC8817103 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the recent success of gene therapy modalities and the growing number of cell and gene-based therapies in clinical development across many different therapeutic areas, it is evident that this evolving field holds great promise for the unmet medical needs of patients. The recent approvals of Luxturna® and Zolgensma® prove that recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based gene therapy is a transformative modality that enables curative treatment for genetic disorders. Over the last decade, Takeda has accumulated significant experience with rAAV-based gene therapies, especially in the early stage of development. In this review, based on the learnings from Takeda and publicly available information, we aim to provide a guiding perspective on Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) substantial role in advancing therapeutic gene therapy modalities from nonclinical research to clinical development, in particular the characterization of gene therapy product biodistribution, elimination (shedding), immunogenicity assessment, multiple platform bioanalytical assays, and first-in-human (FIH) dose projection strategies. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Chen
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
| | - Kefeng Sun
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Nagendra Venkata Chemuturi
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Hyelim Cho
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Cindy Q Xia
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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Patel S, Ramnoruth N, Wehr P, Rossjohn J, Reid HH, Campbell K, Nel HJ, Thomas R. Evaluation of a fit-for-purpose assay to monitor antigen-specific functional CD4+ T-cell subpopulations in rheumatoid arthritis using flow cytometry-based peptide-MHC class-II tetramer staining. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 207:72-83. [PMID: 35020859 PMCID: PMC8802177 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells can serve as a response biomarker in non-clinical or clinical immunotherapy studies in autoimmune disease. There are protocols with optimized multimer staining methods to detect peptide (p)MHCII+ CD4+ T cells, and some qualified and validated protocols for pMHCI+ CD8+ T cells. However, no protocol is fully or partially qualified to enumerate and characterize antigen-specific pMHCII+ CD4+ T cells from patient samples. Implementing such an assay requires a desired level of specificity and precision, in terms of assay repeatability and reproducibility. In transgenic type II collagen (CII)-immunized HLA-DR1/DR4 humanized mouse models of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), CII259-273-specific T cells dominantly expand. Therefore antigen-specific T cells recognizing this epitope presented by rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated risk HLA-DR allomorphs are of interest to understand disease progression and responses to immunotherapy in RA patients. Using HLA-DRB1∗04:01 or ∗01:01-collagen type II (CII)259-273 tetramers, we evaluated parameters influencing precision and reproducibility of an optimized flow cytometry-based method for antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and eight specific subpopulations with and without tetramer positivity. We evaluated specificity, precision, and reproducibility for research environments and non-regulated laboratories. The assay has excellent overall precision with %CV<25% for intra-assay repeatability, inter-analyst precision, and inter-assay reproducibility. The precision of the assay correlated negatively with the cell viability after thawing, indicating that post-thaw viability is a critical parameter for reproducibility. This assay is suitable for longitudinal analysis of treatment response and disease activity outcome in RA patients, and adaptable for translational or immunotherapy clinical trial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Patel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nishta Ramnoruth
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pascale Wehr
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Campbell
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hendrik J Nel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Critical reagents for ligand-binding assays: process development methodologies to enable high-quality reagents. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:117-135. [PMID: 35019733 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of biotherapeutics require pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) and immunogenicity assays that are frequently in a ligand-binding assay (LBA) format. Conjugated critical reagents for LBAs are generated conjugation of the biotherapeutic drug or anti-drug molecule with a label. Since conjugated critical reagent quality impacts LBA performance, control of the generation process is essential. Our perspective is that process development methodologies should be integrated into critical reagent production to understand the impact of conjugation reactions, purification techniques and formulation conditions on the quality of the reagent. In this article, case studies highlight our approach to developing process conditions for different molecular classes of critical reagents including antibodies and a peptide. This development approach can be applied to the generation of future conjugated critical reagents.
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Simple method to determine the concentration and incorporation ratio of ruthenium-labeled antibodies. Bioanalysis 2021; 14:19-28. [PMID: 34809489 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Ruthenium-labeled antibodies are commonly used detection reagents in bioanalysis assays and must be characterized to ensure quality. The aim of this work was to develop a method to determine the concentration and incorporation ratio (the degree of labeling [DOL]) of ruthenium-labeled antibodies by UV/VIS spectroscopy. Materials & methods: Free SULFO-TAG compound was scanned using UV/VIS and showed an absorbance peak at 292 nm. In contrast, antibodies demonstrate UV absorbance at 280 nm. After experimentally determining the extinction coefficients at 280 and 292 nm of free ruthenium and antibody, we generated a formula based on the Beer-Lambert law that calculates both concentration and DOL of these ruthenium-labeled antibodies. Conclusion: The concentration and DOL values determined by our method were comparable to those determined from bicinchoninic acid and LC/MS for the same reagents. This method creates a faster and more accessible reagent characterization process that uses far less reagent than the more traditional alternatives.
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Abstract
Multiparametric flow cytometry is a powerful cellular analysis tool used in various stages of drug development. In adoptive cell therapies, the flow cytometry methods are used for the evaluation of advanced cellular products during manufacturing and to monitor cellular kinetics after infusion. In this report, we discussed the bioanalytical method development challenges to monitor cellular kinetics in CAR-T cell therapies. These method development challenges include procuring positive control samples for the development of the method, flow cytometry panel design, LLOQ, prestain sample stability, staining reagents and data analysis.
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Sun L, Wu H, Pan B, Wang B, Guo W. Evaluation and validation of a novel 10-color flow cytometer. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23834. [PMID: 34636443 PMCID: PMC8605138 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flow cytometry is a powerful technique that provides information regarding cell properties. In this study, we evaluated the analytical performance of a new flow cytometer, the 10‐color BD FACSLyricTM, which could help doctors obtain reliable test results prior to clinical research. Methods We used SpheroTM Rainbow Calibration Particles and the SpheroTM Nano Fluorescent Particle Size Standard Kit to validate the fluorescence sensitivity and linearity. The Beckman Coulter IMMUNO‐TROL Cell was used as the quality control to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of surface markers detected by the flow cytometer. Furthermore, BD Calibrate APC Beads and CS&T Research Beads were applied to calculate the carry‐over contamination rate and assess the instrument stability. Results A linear regression equation between the molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome and fluorescence detection limit showed a good linear fit (R2 > 0.99). The minimum bead size detected by side scatter was 0.22 μm. The coefficient of variation percentage of each fluorescence channel was below 2%, and the carry‐over contamination rate of the cytometer was under 0.2%. After running the BD FACSLyricTM cytometer continuously for 8 h, the median fluorescence index of particles remained close to that at the time of cytometer startup. Conclusions The 10‐color BD FACSLyricTM cytometer showed good performance in the evaluation performed in this study and may be trusted to provide accurate results for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baishen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wusong Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Effectively utilizing the Sponsor Contract Research Organization interaction for successful implementation of critical flow cytometry in the clinic. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1617-1625. [PMID: 34601974 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As the number of therapeutic modalities expand, and the field of scientific research evolves toward finding treatment solutions for complex and rare disease, an ability to demonstrate efficacy through biomarker end points in clinical development studies is becoming increasingly important. Implementing flow cytometry in a clinical setting is challenging and many sponsor organizations take a hybrid approach, developing complex analytical methods internally before identifying and forming partnerships with contract research organizations to conduct the formal analytical method validation and sample bioanalysis. Ensuring that these interactions are effective is critical to the delivery of high-quality, impactful clinical data. This paper provides a review of the recommendations, challenges and solutions for the implementation of decision-making flow cytometry end points effectively utilizing the Sponsor Contract Research Organization interaction.
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Ji X, Lee YJ, Eyster T, Parrillo A, Galosy S, Ao Z, Patel P, Zhu Y. Characterization of cell cycle and apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture using flow cytometry for bioprocess monitoring. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 38:e3211. [PMID: 34549552 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are by far the most important mammalian cell lines used for producing antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. It is critical to fully understand their physiological conditions during a bioprocess in order to achieve the highest productivity and the desired product quality. Flow cytometry technology possesses unique advantages for measuring multiple cellular attributes for a given cell and examining changes in cell culture heterogeneity over time that can be used as metrics for enhanced process understanding and control strategy. Flow cytometry-based assays were utilized to examine the progression of cell cycle and apoptosis in three case studies using different antibody-producing CHO cell lines in both fed-batch and perfusion bioprocesses. In our case studies, we found that G0/G1 phase distribution and early apoptosis accumulation responded to subtle changes in culture conditions, such as pH shifting or momentary glucose depletion. In a perfusion process, flow cytometry provided an insightful understanding of the cell physiological status under a hypothermic condition. More importantly, these changes in cell cycle and apoptosis were not detected by a routine trypan blue exclusion-based cell counting and viability measurement. In summary, integration of flow cytometry into bioprocesses as a process analytical technology tool can be beneficial for establishing optimum process conditions and process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Ji
- Biopharm Process Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Young Je Lee
- Biopharm Process Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tom Eyster
- Biopharm Process Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexis Parrillo
- Biopharm Process Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sybille Galosy
- Biopharm Process Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhaohui Ao
- Biopharm Process Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pramthesh Patel
- Biopharm Process Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Biopharm Process Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Baatartsogt N, Kashiwakura Y, Hayakawa M, Kamoshita N, Hiramoto T, Mizukami H, Ohmori T. A sensitive and reproducible cell-based assay via secNanoLuc to detect neutralizing antibody against adeno-associated virus vector capsid. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 22:162-171. [PMID: 34485602 PMCID: PMC8397836 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most gene therapy clinical trials that systemically administered adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector enrolled only patients without anti-AAV-neutralizing antibodies. However, laboratory tests to measure neutralizing antibodies varied among clinical trials and have not been standardized. In this study, we attempted to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of a cell-based assay to detect neutralizing antibodies and to determine the detection threshold to predict treatment efficacy. Application of the secreted type of NanoLuc and AAV receptor-expressing cells reduced the multiplicity of infection (MOI) for AAV transduction and improved the sensitivity to detect neutralizing antibodies with a low coefficient of variation, whereas the detection threshold could not be improved by the reduction of MOI to <100. After human immunoglobulin administration into mice at various doses, treatment with high-dose AAV8 vector enabled evasion of the inhibitory effect of neutralizing antibodies. Conversely, gene transduction was slightly influenced in the mice treated with low-dose AAV8 vector, even when neutralizing antibodies were determined to be negative in the assay. In conclusion, we developed a reliable and sensitive cell-based assay to measure neutralizing antibodies against AAV and found that the appropriate MOI to detect marginal neutralizing antibodies was 100. Other factors, including noninhibitory antibodies, marginally influence in vivo transduction at low vector doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemekhbayar Baatartsogt
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yuji Kashiwakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Morisada Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Kamoshita
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ohmori
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Patton KS, Harrison MT, Long BR, Lau K, Holcomb J, Owen R, Kasprzyk T, Janetzki S, Zoog SJ, Vettermann C. Monitoring cell-mediated immune responses in AAV gene therapy clinical trials using a validated IFN-γ ELISpot method. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 22:183-195. [PMID: 34485604 PMCID: PMC8399379 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies have recently shown promise as a novel treatment for hereditary diseases. Due to the viral origin of the vector capsid, however, cellular immune response may be elicited that could eliminate transduced target cells. To monitor cellular immune responses in clinical trials, we optimized and bioanalytically validated a sensitive, robust, and reliable interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. For method performance validation, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with peptides derived from AAV5 capsid proteins and the encoded transgene product, human blood clotting factor VIII (FVIII), in addition to positive controls, such as peptides from the 65-kDa phosphoprotein of cytomegalovirus. We statistically assessed the limit of detection and confirmatory cutpoint, evaluated precision and linearity, and confirmed specificity using HIV peptides. Robustness parameter ranges and sample stability periods were established. The validated IFN-γ ELISpot assay was then implemented in an AAV5-FVIII gene therapy clinical trial. Cellular immune responses against the AAV5 capsid were observed in most participants as soon as 2 weeks following dose administration; only limited responses against the transgene product were detected. These data underscore the value of using validated methods for monitoring cellular immunity in AAV gene therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Patton
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - M. Travis Harrison
- Immunology, Precision for Medicine, 2686 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Brian R. Long
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Kelly Lau
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Jennifer Holcomb
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Rachel Owen
- Immunology, Precision for Medicine, 2686 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Theresa Kasprzyk
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Sylvia Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, 555 North Avenue, Suite 25-S, Fort Lee, NJ 07024, USA
| | - Stephen J. Zoog
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Christian Vettermann
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
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Why is it important to develop a critical reagent management strategy? Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1025-1027. [PMID: 34100298 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Lot-to-lot reproducibility, stability and life cycle management of antibody reagents for flow cytometry. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:745-759. [PMID: 34009005 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of biopharmaceuticals, gene and cell therapies in development has seen a growing use of flow cytometry to measure biomarkers, generate pharmacokinetic data, assess immunogenicity and investigate target engagement. The importance of these data types and their inclusion in regulatory submissions mean that flow cytometry analyses are now expected to demonstrate robust performance and comply with both regulatory and scientific recommendations during their validation and subsequent use in sample analysis. The control of the 'critical reagents' commonly used in flow cytometry presents some specific challenges, particularly when an assay is required for use over a long period of time across different phases of a drug development program, or where it is deployed in complex, multisite clinical studies. This paper highlights some key challenges in flow cytometry reagent management with some of the strategies employed to control and monitor flow cytometry critical reagents.
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44
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The impact of ligand binding based assays critical reagent characterization and storage. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:797-805. [PMID: 34002637 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological critical reagents are the foundation of many bioanalytical methods and often chemically modified or conjugated with various chemical tags. As such, the quality and performance of these methods are inherently tied to the quality and stability of critical reagents. This article will outline recommendations for conjugated critical reagent development and characterization. Examples of the impact of regent quality will be discussed for the two common bioanalytical assays in support of drug development for biotherapeutics. Finally, a brief discussion of conjugated reagent stability and recommendations for storage and testing will be presented.
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45
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Calibrator material selection: a key criteria during biomarker assay method development. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:787-796. [PMID: 33960820 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarker assay method development is a multistep rigorous process and calibrant material selection is integral to ensuring the quality of such assays. However, the impact of selection of calibrator material may often get overlooked. In this article, we highlight three case studies where biomarker calibrant material selection was deemed an essential criterion for consideration. Through these case studies we highlight challenges faced, steps taken and discuss the impact on assay-related decision-making. We also provide additional perspectives for selection and characterization of calibrant proteins in the setting of an evolving biomarker context of use.
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46
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Current and effective strategies for critical reagent characterization, storage, stability, retesting and life cycle management for ligand-binding assays and flow cytometry. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:737-740. [PMID: 34037426 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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47
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Critical reagents: evolution of WRIB recommendations on critical reagents. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:741-743. [PMID: 33890504 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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48
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Critical reagent generation, characterization, handling and storage workflows: impact on ligand binding assays. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:847-860. [PMID: 33890503 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The foundation of pharmacokinetics and antidrug antibodies assay robustness relies on the use of high-quality reagents. Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest within the pharmaceutical industry, as well as regulators, on defining best practices and scientific approaches for generation, characterization and handling of critical reagents. In this review, we will discuss current knowledge and practices on critical reagent workflows and state-of-the-art approaches for characterization, generation, stability and storage and how each of these steps can impact ligand-binding assay robustness.
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Increasing robustness, reliability and storage stability of critical reagents by freeze-drying. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:829-840. [PMID: 33890493 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Stabilization of critical reagents by freeze-drying would facilitate storage and transportation at ambient temperatures, and simultaneously enable constant reagent performance for long-term bioanalytical support throughout drug development. Freeze-drying as a generic process for stable performance and storage of critical reagents was investigated by establishing an universal formulation buffer and lyophilization process. Results: Using a storage-labile model protein, formulation buffers were evaluated to preserve reagent integrity during the freeze-drying process, and to retain functional performance after temperature stress. Application to critical reagents used in pharmacokinetics and anti-drug antibodies assays demonstrated stable functional performance of the reagents after 11 month at +40°C. Conclusion: Stabilization and storage of critical assay reagents by freeze-drying is an attractive alternative to traditional deep freezing.
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50
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Critical reagents in flow cytometry, instrumentation and application in drug discovery development. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:841-846. [PMID: 33890498 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometer is a powerful cellular analysis tool consists of three main components; fluidics, optics and electronics. Flow cytometry methods have been used in all stages of drug development as like ligand binding assays (LBA). Both LBA and flow cytometry methods require specific interaction between the critical reagents and the analytes. Antibodies and their conjugates, viable dyes and permeabilizing buffer are the main critical reagents in flow cytometry methods. Similarly, antibodies, engineered proteins and their conjugates are the main critical reagents in LBA. The main difference between the two methods is the lack of true reference standards for flow cytometry cellular analysis.
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