1
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Pandya VK, Shankar SS, Sonwane BP, Rajesh S, Rathore R, Kumaran S, Kulkarni MJ. Mechanistic insights on anserine hydrolyzing activities of human carnosinases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130290. [PMID: 36529243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anserine and carnosine represent histidine-containing dipeptides that exert a pluripotent protective effect on human physiology. Anserine is known to protect against oxidative stress in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Human carnosinases (CN1 and CN2) are dipeptidases involved in the homeostasis of carnosine. In poikilothermic vertebrates, the anserinase enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing anserine. However, there is no specific anserine hydrolyzing enzyme present in humans. In this study, we have systematically investigated the anserine hydrolyzing activity of human CN1 and CN2. A targeted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) based approach was employed for studying the enzyme kinetics of CN1 and CN2 using carnosine and anserine as substrates. Surprisingly, both CN1 and CN2 can hydrolyze anserine effectively. The observed catalytic turnover rate (Vmax/[E]t) was 21.6 s-1 and 2.8 s-1 for CN1 and CN2, respectively. CN1 is almost eight-fold more efficient in hydrolyzing anserine compared to CN2, which is comparable to the efficiency of the carnosine hydrolyzing activity of CN2. The Michaelis constant (Km) value for CN1 (1.96 mM) is almost three-fold lower compared to CN2 (6.33 mM), representing higher substrate affinity for anserine-CN1 interactions. Molecular docking studies showed that anserine binds at the catalytic site of the carnosinases with an affinity similar to carnosine. Overall, the present study elucidated the inherent promiscuity of human carnosinases in hydrolyzing anserine using a sensitive LC-MS/MS approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Kumar Pandya
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India.
| | - S Shiva Shankar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Babasaheb P Sonwane
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - S Rajesh
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Rajeshwari Rathore
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sangaralingam Kumaran
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mahesh J Kulkarni
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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2
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Regazzoni L, Fumagalli L, Artasensi A, Gervasoni S, Gilardoni E, Mazzolari A, Aldini G, Vistoli G. Cyclo(His-Pro) Exerts Protective Carbonyl Quenching Effects through Its Open Histidine Containing Dipeptides. Nutrients 2022; 14:1775. [PMID: 35565743 PMCID: PMC9103439 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclo(His-Pro) (CHP) is a cyclic dipeptide which is endowed with favorable pharmacokinetic properties combined with a variety of biological activities. CHP is found in a number of protein-rich foods and dietary supplements. While being stable at physiological pH, CHP can open yielding two symmetric dipeptides (His-Pro, Pro-His), the formation of which might be particularly relevant from dietary CHP due to the gastric acidic environment. The antioxidant and protective CHP properties were repeatedly reported although the non-enzymatic mechanisms were scantly investigated. The CHP detoxifying activity towards α,β unsaturated carbonyls was never investigated in detail, although its open dipeptides might be effective as already observed for histidine containing dipeptides. Hence, this study investigated the scavenging properties of TRH, CHP and its open derivatives towards 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. The obtained results revealed that Pro-His possesses a marked activity and is more reactive than l-carnosine. As investigated by DFT calculations, the enhanced reactivity can be ascribed to the greater electrophilicity of the involved iminium intermediate. These findings emphasize that the primary amine (as seen in l-carnosine) can be replaced by secondary amines with beneficial effects on the quenching mechanisms. Serum stability of the tested peptides was also evaluated, showing that Pro-His is characterized by a greater stability than l-carnosine. Docking simulations suggested that its hydrolysis can be catalyzed by serum carnosinase. Altogether, the reported results evidence that the antioxidant CHP properties can be also due to the detoxifying activity of its open dipeptides, which might be thus responsible for the beneficial effects induced by CHP containing food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Regazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Angelica Artasensi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
- Department of Physics, Università di Cagliari, Citt. Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ettore Gilardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Angelica Mazzolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
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3
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Zhou C, Zhang Q, Lu L, Wang J, Liu D, Liu Z. Metabolomic Profiling of Amino Acids in Human Plasma Distinguishes Diabetic Kidney Disease From Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:765873. [PMID: 34912824 PMCID: PMC8666657 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.765873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a highly prevalent complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with DKD exhibit changes in plasma levels of amino acids (AAs) due to insulin resistance, reduced protein intake, and impaired renal transport of AAs. The role of AAs in distinguishing DKD from T2DM and healthy controls has yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the metabolomic profiling of AAs in the plasma of patients with DKD. Methods: We established an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to detect the plasma levels of the 20 AAs in healthy controls (n = 112), patients with T2DM (n = 101), and patients with DKD (n = 101). The key AAs associated with DKD were identified by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models with loading plots, shared and unique structures (SUS) plots, and variable importance in projection (VIP) values. The discrimination accuracies of these key AAs were then determined by analyses of receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Metabolomic profiling of plasma revealed significant alterations in levels of the 20 AAs in patients with DKD when compared to those in either patients with T2DM or healthy controls. Metabolomic profiling of the 20 AAs showed a visual separation of patients with DKD from patients with T2DM and healthy controls in OPLS-DA models. Based on loading plots, SUS plots, and VIP values in the OPLS-DA models, we identified valine and cysteine as potential contributors to the progression of DKD from patients with T2DM. Histidine was identified as a key mediator that could distinguish patients with DKD from healthy controls. Plasma levels of histidine and valine were decreased significantly in patients with DKD with a decline in kidney function, and had excellent performance in distinguishing patients with DKD from patients with T2DM and healthy controls according to ROC curves. Conclusion: Plasma levels of histidine and valine were identified as the main AAs that can distinguish patients with DKD. Our findings provide new options for the prevention, treatment, and management of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhou
- Blood Purification Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liqian Lu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongwei Liu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Blood Purification Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Spaas J, Franssen WMA, Keytsman C, Blancquaert L, Vanmierlo T, Bogie J, Broux B, Hellings N, van Horssen J, Posa DK, Hoetker D, Baba SP, Derave W, Eijnde BO. Carnosine quenches the reactive carbonyl acrolein in the central nervous system and attenuates autoimmune neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:255. [PMID: 34740381 PMCID: PMC8571880 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease driven by sustained inflammation in the central nervous system. One of the pathological hallmarks of MS is extensive free radical production. However, the subsequent generation, potential pathological role, and detoxification of different lipid peroxidation-derived reactive carbonyl species during neuroinflammation are unclear, as are the therapeutic benefits of carbonyl quenchers. Here, we investigated the reactive carbonyl acrolein and (the therapeutic effect of) acrolein quenching by carnosine during neuroinflammation. Methods The abundance and localization of acrolein was investigated in inflammatory lesions of MS patients and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. In addition, we analysed carnosine levels and acrolein quenching by endogenous and exogenous carnosine in EAE. Finally, the therapeutic effect of exogenous carnosine was assessed in vivo (EAE) and in vitro (primary mouse microglia, macrophages, astrocytes). Results Acrolein was substantially increased in inflammatory lesions of MS patients and EAE mice. Levels of the dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine), an endogenous carbonyl quencher particularly reactive towards acrolein, and the carnosine-acrolein adduct (carnosine-propanal) were ~ twofold lower within EAE spinal cord tissue. Oral carnosine treatment augmented spinal cord carnosine levels (up to > tenfold), increased carnosine-acrolein quenching, reduced acrolein-protein adduct formation, suppressed inflammatory activity, and alleviated clinical disease severity in EAE. In vivo and in vitro studies indicate that pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages generate acrolein, which can be efficiently quenched by increasing carnosine availability, resulting in suppressed inflammatory activity. Other properties of carnosine (antioxidant, nitric oxide scavenging) may also contribute to the therapeutic effects. Conclusions Our results identify carbonyl (particularly acrolein) quenching by carnosine as a therapeutic strategy to counter inflammation and macromolecular damage in MS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02306-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Spaas
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium. .,BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium. .,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wouter M A Franssen
- BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Charly Keytsman
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium.,BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Laura Blancquaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Division of Translational Neuroscience, Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bogie
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium.,BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Hellings
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium.,Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jack van Horssen
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium.,BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dheeraj Kumar Posa
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David Hoetker
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shahid P Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert O Eijnde
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium.,BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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5
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Heidenreich E, Pfeffer T, Kracke T, Mechtel N, Nawroth P, Hoffmann GF, Schmitt CP, Hell R, Poschet G, Peters V. A Novel UPLC-MS/MS Method Identifies Organ-Specific Dipeptide Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9979. [PMID: 34576148 PMCID: PMC8465603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acids have a central role in cell metabolism, and intracellular changes contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, while the role and specific organ distribution of dipeptides is largely unknown. METHOD We established a sensitive, rapid and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of 36 dipeptides. Dipeptide patterns were analyzed in brown and white adipose tissues, brain, eye, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, sciatic nerve, pancreas, spleen and thymus, serum and urine of C57BL/6N wildtype mice and related to the corresponding amino acid profiles. RESULTS A total of 30 out of the 36 investigated dipeptides were detected with organ-specific distribution patterns. Carnosine and anserine were most abundant in all organs, with the highest concentrations in muscles. In liver, Asp-Gln and Ala-Gln concentrations were high, in the spleen and thymus, Glu-Ser and Gly-Asp. In serum, dipeptide concentrations were several magnitudes lower than in organ tissues. In all organs, dipeptides with C-terminal proline (Gly-Pro and Leu-Pro) were present at higher concentrations than dipeptides with N-terminal proline (Pro-Gly and Pro-Leu). Organ-specific amino acid profiles were related to the dipeptide profile with several amino acid concentrations being related to the isomeric form of the dipeptides. Aspartate, histidine, proline and serine tissue concentrations correlated with dipeptide concentrations, when the amino acids were present at the C- but not at the N-terminus. CONCLUSION Our multi-dipeptide quantification approach demonstrates organ-specific dipeptide distribution. This method allows us to understand more about the dipeptide metabolism in disease or in healthy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heidenreich
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (N.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Tilman Pfeffer
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.K.); (G.F.H.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Tamara Kracke
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.K.); (G.F.H.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Nils Mechtel
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (N.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC) Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC) Translational Diabetes Program, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.K.); (G.F.H.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.K.); (G.F.H.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (N.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (N.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Verena Peters
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.K.); (G.F.H.); (C.P.S.)
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6
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Vistoli G, Aldini G, Fumagalli L, Dallanoce C, Angeli A, Supuran CT. Activation Effects of Carnosine- and Histidine-Containing Dipeptides on Human Carbonic Anhydrases: A Comprehensive Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051761. [PMID: 32143488 PMCID: PMC7084589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Carnosine (β-Ala-l-His) and several other histidine-containing peptides, including two N-methylated forms on the imidazole ring (l-anserine and l-balenine), two derivatives modified on the carboxyl function (carcinine and l-carnosinamide), two analogues differing in the length of the N-terminal residue (l-homocarnosine and Gly-l-His) and the N-acetyl derivatives, were investigated as activators of four isoforms of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). The four human isoforms hCA I, II, VA and IX were activated in the low to high micromolar range, with a rather complex structure activity relationship. A performed computational study allowed us to rationalize these results and to propose a binding mode of these activators within the enzyme active site. Similarly to other CA activators, the here studied peptides could find relevant pharmacological applications such as in the management of CA deficiencies, for therapy memory and enhancing cognition or for artificial tissues engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (C.T.S.); Tel.: +39-025-0319349 (G.V.); +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.); Fax: +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.); (C.D.)
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.); (C.D.)
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.); (C.D.)
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (C.T.S.); Tel.: +39-025-0319349 (G.V.); +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.); Fax: +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.)
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7
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Bisceglia F, Seghetti F, Serra M, Zusso M, Gervasoni S, Verga L, Vistoli G, Lanni C, Catanzaro M, De Lorenzi E, Belluti F. Prenylated Curcumin Analogues as Multipotent Tools To Tackle Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1420-1433. [PMID: 30556996 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is likely to be caused by copathogenic factors including aggregation of Aβ peptides into oligomers and fibrils, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. To date, no effective treatments are available, and because of the multifactorial nature of the disease, it emerges the need to act on different and simultaneous fronts. Despite the multiple biological activities ascribed to curcumin as neuroprotector, its poor bioavailability and toxicity limit the success in clinical outcomes. To tackle Alzheimer's disease on these aspects, the curcumin template was suitably modified and a small set of analogues was attained. In particular, derivative 1 turned out to be less toxic than curcumin. As evidenced by capillary electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy studies, 1 proved to inhibit the formation of large toxic Aβ oligomers, by shifting the equilibrium toward smaller nontoxic assemblies and to limit the formation of insoluble fibrils. These findings were supported by molecular docking and steered molecular dynamics simulations which confirmed the superior capacity of 1 to bind Aβ structures of different complexity. Remarkably, 1 also showed in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In summary, the curcumin-based analogue 1 emerged as multipotent compound worthy to be further investigated and exploited in the Alzheimer's disease multitarget context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bisceglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Seghetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Verga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Pathology, University of Pavia IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo Foundation, Via Forlanini 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Catanzaro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ersilia De Lorenzi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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8
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Paardekooper LM, Vos W, van den Bogaart G. Oxygen in the tumor microenvironment: effects on dendritic cell function. Oncotarget 2019; 10:883-896. [PMID: 30783517 PMCID: PMC6368231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors grow at a high speed leading to insufficient blood supply to tumor cells. This makes the tumor hypoxic, resulting in the Warburg effect and an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hypoxia and ROS affect immune cells in the tumor micro-environment, thereby affecting their immune function. Here, we review the known effects of hypoxia and ROS on the function and physiology of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs can (cross-)present tumor antigen to activate naive T cells, which play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity. ROS might enter DCs via aquaporins in the plasma membrane, diffusion across the plasma membrane or via extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by tumor cells. Hypoxia and ROS exert complex effects on DCs, and can both inhibit and activate maturation of immature DCs. Furthermore, ROS transferred by EVs and/or produced by the DC can both promote antigen (cross-)presentation through phagosomal alkalinization, which preserves antigens by inhibiting proteases, and by direct oxidative modification of proteases. Hypoxia leads to a more migratory and inflammatory DC phenotype. Lastly, hypoxia alters DCs to shift the T- cell response towards a tumor suppressive Th17 phenotype. From numerous studies, the concept is emerging that hypoxia and ROS are mutually dependent effectors on DC function in the tumor micro-environment. Understanding their precise roles and interplay is important given that an adaptive immune response is required to clear tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Paardekooper
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Vos
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Anderson EJ, Vistoli G, Katunga LA, Funai K, Regazzoni L, Monroe TB, Gilardoni E, Cannizzaro L, Colzani M, De Maddis D, Rossoni G, Canevotti R, Gagliardi S, Carini M, Aldini G. A carnosine analog mitigates metabolic disorders of obesity by reducing carbonyl stress. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5280-5293. [PMID: 30226473 DOI: 10.1172/jci94307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar- and lipid-derived aldehydes are reactive carbonyl species (RCS) frequently used as surrogate markers of oxidative stress in obesity. A pathogenic role for RCS in metabolic diseases of obesity remains controversial, however, partly because of their highly diffuse and broad reactivity and the lack of specific RCS-scavenging therapies. Naturally occurring histidine dipeptides (e.g., anserine and carnosine) show RCS reactivity, but their therapeutic potential in humans is limited by serum carnosinases. Here, we present the rational design, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of carnosinol, i.e., (2S)-2-(3-amino propanoylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanol, a derivative of carnosine with high oral bioavailability that is resistant to carnosinases. Carnosinol displayed a suitable ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) profile and was determined to have the greatest potency and selectivity toward α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (e.g., 4-hydroxynonenal, HNE, ACR) among all others reported thus far. In rodent models of diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome, carnosinol dose-dependently attenuated HNE adduct formation in liver and skeletal muscle, while simultaneously mitigating inflammation, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and steatohepatitis. These improvements in metabolic parameters with carnosinol were not due to changes in energy expenditure, physical activity, adiposity, or body weight. Collectively, our findings illustrate a pathogenic role for RCS in obesity-related metabolic disorders and provide validation for a promising new class of carbonyl-scavenging therapeutic compounds rationally derived from carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lalage A Katunga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - T Blake Monroe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ettore Gilardoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Cannizzaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Colzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo De Maddis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rossoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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10
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Protective Actions of Anserine Under Diabetic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092751. [PMID: 30217069 PMCID: PMC6164239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: In rodents, carnosine treatment improves diabetic nephropathy, whereas little is known about the role and function of anserine, the methylated form of carnosine. Methods: Antioxidant activity was measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity and oxygen stress response in human renal tubular cells (HK-2) by RT-PCR and Western-Immunoblotting. In wildtype (WT) and diabetic mice (db/db), the effect of short-term anserine treatment on blood glucose, proteinuria and vascular permeability was measured. Results: Anserine has a higher antioxidant capacity compared to carnosine (p < 0.001). In tubular cells (HK-2) stressed with 25 mM glucose or 20–100 µM hydrogen peroxide, anserine but not carnosine, increased intracellular heat shock protein (Hsp70) mRNA and protein levels. In HK-2 cells stressed with glucose, co-incubation with anserine also increased hemeoxygenase (HO-1) protein and reduced total protein carbonylation, but had no effect on cellular sirtuin-1 and thioredoxin protein concentrations. Three intravenous anserine injections every 48 h in 12-week-old db/db mice, improved blood glucose by one fifth, vascular permeability by one third, and halved proteinuria (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Anserine is a potent antioxidant and activates the intracellular Hsp70/HO-1 defense system under oxidative and glycative stress. Short-term anserine treatment in diabetic mice improves glucose homeostasis and nephropathy.
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11
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Colzani M, Regazzoni L, Criscuolo A, Baron G, Carini M, Vistoli G, Lee YM, Han SI, Aldini G, Yeum KJ. Isotopic labelling for the characterisation of HNE-sequestering agents in plant-based extracts and its application for the identification of anthocyanidins in black rice with giant embryo. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:896-906. [PMID: 30035649 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1490735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are cytotoxic molecules that originate from lipid peroxidation and sugar oxidation. Natural derivatives can be an attractive source of potential RCS scavenger. However, the lack of analytical methods to screen and identify bioactive compounds contained in complex matrices has hindered their identification. The sequestering actions of various rice extracts on RCS have been determined using ubiquitin and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) as a protein and RCS model, respectively. Black rice with giant embryo extract was found to be the most effective among various rice varieties. The identification of bioactive compounds was then carried out by an isotopic signature profile method using the characteristic isotopic ion cluster generated by the mixture of HNE: 2H5-HNE mixed at a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. An in-house database was used to obtain the structures of the possible bioactive components. The identified compounds were further confirmed as HNE sequestering agents through HPLC-UV analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Colzani
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Angela Criscuolo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Giovanna Baron
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Yoon-Mi Lee
- b Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Konkuk University , Chungju-si , South Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Han
- c National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration , Suwon-si , South Korea
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- b Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Konkuk University , Chungju-si , South Korea
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12
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Oppermann H, Schnabel L, Meixensberger J, Gaunitz F. Pyruvate attenuates the anti-neoplastic effect of carnosine independently from oxidative phosphorylation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85848-85860. [PMID: 27811375 PMCID: PMC5349879 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we analyzed whether the anti-neoplastic effect of carnosine, which inhibits glycolytic ATP production, can be antagonized by ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation fueled by pyruvate. Therefore, glioblastoma cells were cultivated in medium supplemented with glucose, galactose or pyruvate and in the presence or absence of carnosine. CPI-613 was employed to inhibit the entry of pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid cycle and 2,4-dinitrophenol to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. Energy metabolism and viability were assessed by cell based assays and histochemistry.ATP in cell lysates and dehydrogenase activity in living cells revealed a strong reduction of viability under the influence of carnosine when cells received glucose or galactose but not in the presence of pyruvate. CPI-613 and 2,4-dinitrophenol reduced viability of cells cultivated in pyruvate, but no effect was seen in the presence of glucose. No effect of carnosine on viability was observed in the presence of glucose and pyruvate even in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol or CPI-613.In conclusion, glioblastoma cells produce ATP from pyruvate via the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of a glycolytic substrate. In addition, pyruvate attenuates the anti-neoplastic effect of carnosine, even when ATP production via tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation is blocked. We also observed an inhibitory effect of carnosine on the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a stimulating effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on glycolytic ATP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Oppermann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lutz Schnabel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Meixensberger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Gaunitz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Orthogonally Protected l-Carnosine Derivatives. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Vistoli G, Pedretti A, Mazzolari A, Testa B. Approaching Pharmacological Space: Events and Components. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1800:245-274. [PMID: 29934897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7899-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With a view to introducing the concept of pharmacological space and its potential applications in investigating and predicting the toxic mechanisms of xenobiotics, this opening chapter describes the logical relations between conformational behavior, physicochemical properties and binding spaces, which are seen as the three key elements composing the pharmacological space. While the concept of conformational space is routinely used to encode molecular flexibility, the concepts of property spaces and, particularly, of binding spaces are more innovative. Indeed, their descriptors can find fruitful applications (a) in describing the dynamic adaptability a given ligand experiences when inserted into a specific environment, and (b) in parameterizing the flexibility a ligand retains when bound to a biological target. Overall, these descriptors can conveniently account for the often disregarded entropic factors and as such they prove successful when inserted in ligand- or structure-based predictive models. Notably, and although binding space parameters can clearly be derived from MD simulations, the chapter will illustrate how docking calculations, despite their static nature, are able to evaluate ligand's flexibility by analyzing several poses for each ligand. Such an approach, which represents the founding core of the binding space concept, can find various applications in which the related descriptors show an impressive enhancing effect on the statistical performances of the resulting predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Vistoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pedretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Mazzolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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15
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Peters V, Schmitt CP, Weigand T, Klingbeil K, Thiel C, van den Berg A, Calabrese V, Nawroth P, Fleming T, Forsberg E, Wagner AH, Hecker M, Vistoli G. Allosteric inhibition of carnosinase (CN1) by inducing a conformational shift. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:1102-1110. [PMID: 28776438 PMCID: PMC6009930 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1355793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, low serum carnosinase (CN1) activity protects patients with type 2 diabetes from diabetic nephropathy. We now characterized the interaction of thiol-containing compounds with CN1 cysteine residue at position 102, which is important for CN1 activity. Reduced glutathione (GSH), N-acetylcysteine and cysteine (3.2 ± 0.4, 2.0 ± 0.3, 1.6 ± 0.2 µmol/mg/h/mM; p < .05) lowered dose-dependently recombinant CN1 (rCN1) efficiency (5.2 ± 0.2 µmol/mg/h/mM) and normalized increased CN1 activity renal tissue samples of diabetic mice. Inhibition was allosteric. Substitution of rCN1 cysteine residues at position 102 (Mut1C102S) and 229 (Mut2C229S) revealed that only cysteine-102 is influenced by cysteinylation. Molecular dynamic simulation confirmed a conformational rearrangement of negatively charged residues surrounding the zinc ions causing a partial shift of the carnosine ammonium head and resulting in a less effective pose of the substrate within the catalytic cavity and decreased activity. Cysteine-compounds influence the dynamic behaviour of CN1 and therefore present a promising option for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Peters
- a Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Claus P Schmitt
- a Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Tim Weigand
- a Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Kristina Klingbeil
- a Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- a Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Antje van den Berg
- a Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- b Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Peter Nawroth
- c Department of Internal Medicine , University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- c Department of Internal Medicine , University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Elisabete Forsberg
- d The Rolf Luft Center Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- e Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- e Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- f Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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16
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Quenching activity of carnosine derivatives towards reactive carbonyl species: Focus on α−(methylglyoxal) and β−(malondialdehyde) dicarbonyls. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:487-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Mol M, Regazzoni L, Altomare A, Degani G, Carini M, Vistoli G, Aldini G. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic detoxification of 4-hydroxynonenal: Methodological aspects and biological consequences. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:328-344. [PMID: 28161307 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), an electrophilic end-product deriving from lipid peroxidation, undergoes a heterogeneous set of biotransformations including enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. The former mostly involve red-ox reactions on the HNE oxygenated functions (phase I metabolism) and GSH conjugations (phase II) while the latter are due to the HNE capacity to spontaneously condense with nucleophilic sites within endogenous molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids. The overall metabolic fate of HNE has recently attracted great interest not only because it clearly determines the HNE disposal, but especially because the generated metabolites and adducts are not inactive molecules (as initially believed) but show biological activities even more pronounced than those of the parent compound as exemplified by potent pro-inflammatory stimulus induced by GSH conjugates. Similarly, several studies revealed that the non-enzymatic reactions, initially considered as damaging processes randomly involving all endogenous nucleophilic reactants, are in fact quite selective in terms of both reactivity of the nucleophilic sites and stability of the generated adducts. Even though many formed adducts retain the expected toxic consequences, some adducts exhibit well-defined beneficial roles as documented by the protective effects of sublethal concentrations of HNE against toxic concentrations of HNE. Clearly, future investigations are required to gain a more detailed understanding of the metabolic fate of HNE as well as to identify novel targets involved in the biological activity of the HNE metabolites. These studies are and will be permitted by the continuous progress in the analytical methods for the identification and quantitation of novel HNE metabolites as well as for proteomic analyses able to offer a comprehensive picture of the HNE-induced adducted targets. On these grounds, the present review will focus on the major enzymatic and non-enzymatic HNE biotransformations discussing both the molecular mechanisms involved and the biological effects elicited. The review will also describe the most important analytical enhancements that have permitted the here discussed advancements in our understanding of the HNE metabolic fate and which will permit in a near future an even better knowledge of this enigmatic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Genny Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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18
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Vistoli G, Mantovani C, Gervasoni S, Pedretti A, Aldini G. Key factors regulating protein carbonylation by α,β unsaturated carbonyls: A structural study based on a retrospective meta-analysis. Biophys Chem 2017; 230:20-26. [PMID: 28851547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein carbonylation represents one of the most important oxidative-based modifications involving nucleophilic amino acids and affecting protein folding and function. Protein carbonylation is induced by electrophilic carbonyl species and is an highly selective process since few nucleophilic residues are carbonylated within each protein. While considering the great interest for protein carbonylation, few studies investigated the factors which render a nucleophilic residue susceptible to carbonylation. Hence, the present study is aimed to delve into the factors which modulate the reactivity of cysteine, histidine and lysine residues towards α,β unsaturated carbonyls by a retrospective analysis of the available studies which identified the adducted residues for proteins, the structure of which was resolved. Such an analysis involved different parameters including exposure, nucleophilicity, surrounding residues and capacity to attract carbonyl species (as derived by docking simulations). The obtained results allowed a meaningful clustering of the analyzed proteins suggesting that on average carbonylation selectivity increases with protein size. The comparison between adducted and unreactive residues revealed differences in all monitored parameters which are markedly more pronounced for cysteines compared to lysines and histidines. Overall, these results suggest that cysteine's carbonylation is a finely (and reasonably purposely) modulated process, while the carbonylation of lysines and histidines seems to be a fairly random event in which limited differences influence their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Vistoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pedretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
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