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Chaves I, Morais FMP, Vieira C, Bartolomeu M, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A, Moura NMM. Can Porphyrin-Triphenylphosphonium Conjugates Enhance the Photosensitizer Performance Toward Bacterial Strains? ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 39008849 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) offers an alternative option for combating microbial pathogens, and in this way, addressing the challenges of growing antimicrobial resistance. In this promising and effective approach, cationic porphyrins and related macrocycles have emerged as leading photosensitizers (PS) for aPDT. In general, their preparation occurs via N-alkylation of nitrogen-based moieties with alkyl halides, which limits the ability to fine-tune the features of porphyrin-based PS. Herein, is reported that the conjugation of porphyrin macrocycles with triphenylphosphonium units created a series of effective cationic porphyrin-based PS for aPDT. The presence of positive charges at both the porphyrin macrocycle and triphenylphosphonium moieties significantly enhances the photodynamic activity of porphyrin-based PS against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Moreover, bacterial photoinactivation is achieved with a notable reduction in irradiation time, exceeding 50%, compared to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP), used as the reference and known as good PS. The improved capability of the porphyrin macrocycle to generate singlet oxygen combined with the enhanced membrane interaction promoted by the presence of triphenylphosphonium moieties represents a promising approach to developing porphyrin-based PS with enhanced photosensitizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Chaves
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Filipe M P Morais
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Maria Bartolomeu
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Nuno M M Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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da Rosa Pinheiro T, Urquhart CG, Dantas GA, Cargnelutti JF, da Silva RB, de Souza PR, de Oliveira TE, Santos RCV, Iglesias BA. In vitro antimicrobial, antibiofilm photodynamic activity, and molecular dynamic simulations of tetra-cationic porphyrinmembrane interactions against foodborne microorganisms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:248. [PMID: 38904740 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a new report on the in vitro antimicrobial photo-inactivation of foodborne microorganisms (Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) using tetra-cationic porphyrins. Isomeric tetra-cationic porphyrins (3MeTPyP, 4MeTPyP, 3PtTPyP, and 4PtTPyP) were tested, and antimicrobial activity assays were performed at specific photosensitizer concentrations under dark and white-light LED irradiation conditions. Among the tested bacterial strains, 4MeTPyP exhibited the highest efficiency, inhibiting bacterial growth within just 60 min at low concentrations (17.5 μM). The minimal inhibitory concentration of 4MeTPyP increased when reactive oxygen species scavengers were present, indicating the significant involvement of singlet oxygen species in the photooxidation mechanism. Furthermore, the checkerboard assay testing the association of 4MeTPyP showed an indifferent effect. Atomic force microscopy analyses and dynamic simulations were conducted to enhance our understanding of the interaction between this porphyrin and the strain's membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiane da Rosa Pinheiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Gonzalez Urquhart
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Aguiar Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Ricardo de Souza
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Bioinorganic and Porphyrin Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Gamito G, Monteiro CJ, Dias MC, Oliveira H, Silva AM, Faustino MAF, Silva S. Impact of Fe 3O 4-porphyrin hybrid nanoparticles on wheat: Physiological and metabolic advance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134243. [PMID: 38657506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Iron-magnetic nanoparticles (Fe-NMPs) are widely used in environmental remediation, while porphyrin-based hybrid materials anchored to silica-coated Fe3O4-nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) have been used for water disinfection purposes. To assess their safety on plants, especially concerning potential environmental release, it was investigated for the first time, the impact on plants of a silica-coated Fe3O4-NPs bearing a porphyrinic formulation (FORM) - FORM@NMP. Additionally, FORM alone and the magnetic nanoparticles without FORM anchored (NH2@NMP) were used for comparison. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was chosen as a model species and was subjected to three environmentally relevant doses during germination and tiller development through root application. Morphological, physiological, and metabolic parameters were assessed. Despite a modest biomass decrease and alterations in membrane properties, no major impairments in germination or seedling development were observed. During tiller phase, both Fe3O4-NPs increased leaf length, and photosynthesis exhibited varied impacts: both Fe3O4-NPs and FORM alone increased pigments; only Fe3O4-NPs promoted gas exchange; all treatments improved the photochemical phase. Regarding oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation decreased in FORM and FORM@NMP, yet with increased O2-• in FORM@NMP; total flavonoids decreased in NH2@NMP and antioxidant enzymes declined across all materials. Phenolic profiling revealed a generalized trend towards a decrease in flavones. In conclusion, these nanoparticles can modulate wheat physiology/metabolism without apparently inducing phytotoxicity at low doses and during short-time exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Iron-magnetic nanoparticles are widely used in environmental remediation and fertilization, besides of new applications continuously being developed, making them emerging contaminants. Soil is a major sink for these nanoparticles and their fate and potential environmental risks in ecosystems must be addressed to achieve more sustainable environmental applications. Furthermore, as the reuse of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation is being claimed, it is of major importance to disclose the impact on crops of the nanoparticles used for wastewater decontamination, such as those proposed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Gamito
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Jp Monteiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria Celeste Dias
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Helena Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur Ms Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria A F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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4
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Silva MFC, Aroso RT, Dabrowski JM, Pucelik B, Barzowska A, da Silva GJ, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM. Photodynamic inactivation of E. coli with cationic imidazolyl-porphyrin photosensitizers and their synergic combination with antimicrobial cinnamaldehyde. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1129-1142. [PMID: 38734995 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a global health concern, particularly due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a considerable challenge, and novel approaches are needed to treat bacterial infections. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microorganisms is increasingly recognized as an effective method to inactivate a broad spectrum of bacteria and overcome resistance mechanisms. This study presents the synthesis of a new cationic 5,15-di-imidazolyl porphyrin derivative and the impact of n-octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) values of this class of photosensitizers on PDI efficacy of Escherichia coli. The derivative with logP = -0.5, IP-H-OH2+, achieved a remarkable 3 log CFU reduction of E. coli at 100 nM with only 1.36 J/cm2 light dose at 415 nm, twice as effective as the second-best porphyrin IP-H-Me2+, of logP = -1.35. We relate the rapid uptake of IP-H-OH2+ by E. coli to improved PDI and the very low uptake of a fluorinated derivative, IP-H-CF32+, logP ≈ 1, to its poor performance. Combination of PDI with cinnamaldehyde, a major component of the cinnamon plant known to alter bacteria cell membranes, offered synergic inactivation of E. coli (7 log CFU reduction), using 50 nM of IP-H-OH2+ and just 1.36 J/cm2 light dose. The success of combining PDI with this natural compound broadens the scope of therapies for MDR infections that do not add drug resistance. In vivo studies on a mouse model of wound infection showed the potential of cationic 5,15-di-imidazolyl porphyrins to treat clinically relevant infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena F C Silva
- Department of Chemistry, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael T Aroso
- Department of Chemistry, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Janusz M Dabrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pucelik
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Barzowska
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela J da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis G Arnaut
- Department of Chemistry, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariette M Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Apostolidou CP, Kokotidou C, Platania V, Nikolaou V, Landrou G, Nikoloudakis E, Charalambidis G, Chatzinikolaidou M, Coutsolelos AG, Mitraki A. Antimicrobial Potency of Fmoc-Phe-Phe Dipeptide Hydrogels with Encapsulated Porphyrin Chromophores Is a Promising Alternative in Antimicrobial Resistance. Biomolecules 2024; 14:226. [PMID: 38397463 PMCID: PMC10887087 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health risk as a consequence of misuse of antibiotics. Owing to the increasing antimicrobial resistance, it became imperative to develop novel molecules and materials with antimicrobial properties. Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins are compounds which present antimicrobial properties especially after irradiation. As a consequence, porphyrinoids have recently been utilized as antimicrobial agents in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation in bacteria and other microorganisms. Herein, we report the encapsulation of porphyrins into peptide hydrogels which serve as delivery vehicles. We selected the self-assembling Fmoc-Phe-Phe dipeptide, a potent gelator, as a scaffold due to its previously reported biocompatibility and three different water-soluble porphyrins as photosensitizers. We evaluated the structural, mechanical and in vitro degradation properties of these hydrogels, their interaction with NIH3T3 mouse skin fibroblasts, and we assessed their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. We found out that the hydrogels are cytocompatible and display antimicrobial efficiency against both strains with the zinc porphyrins being more efficient. Therefore, these hydrogels present a promising alternative for combating bacterial infections in the face of growing AMR concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Pinelopi Apostolidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.P.A.); (C.K.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Kokotidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.P.A.); (C.K.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Varvara Platania
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.P.A.); (C.K.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vasilis Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece (G.L.); (E.N.); (G.C.)
| | - Georgios Landrou
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece (G.L.); (E.N.); (G.C.)
| | - Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece (G.L.); (E.N.); (G.C.)
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece (G.L.); (E.N.); (G.C.)
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.P.A.); (C.K.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece (G.L.); (E.N.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Mitraki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.P.A.); (C.K.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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Sarabando SN, Dias CJ, Vieira C, Bartolomeu M, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A, Monteiro CJP, Faustino MAF. Sulfonamide Porphyrins as Potent Photosensitizers against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): The Role of Co-Adjuvants. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052067. [PMID: 36903314 PMCID: PMC10004250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamides are a conventional class of antibiotics that are well-suited to combat infections. However, their overuse leads to antimicrobial resistance. Porphyrins and analogs have demonstrated excellent photosensitizing properties and have been used as antimicrobial agents to photoinactivate microorganisms, including multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. It is well recognized that the combination of different therapeutic agents might improve the biological outcome. In this present work, a novel meso-arylporphyrin and its Zn(II) complex functionalized with sulfonamide groups were synthesized and characterized and the antibacterial activity towards MRSA with and without the presence of the adjuvant KI was evaluated. For comparison, the studies were also extended to the corresponding sulfonated porphyrin TPP(SO3H)4. Photodynamic studies revealed that all porphyrin derivatives were effective in photoinactivating MRSA (>99.9% of reduction) at a concentration of 5.0 μM upon white light radiation with an irradiance of 25 mW cm-2 and a total light dose of 15 J cm-2. The combination of the porphyrin photosensitizers with the co-adjuvant KI during the photodynamic treatment proved to be very promising allowing a significant reduction in the treatment time and photosensitizer concentration by six times and at least five times, respectively. The combined effect observed for TPP(SO2NHEt)4 and ZnTPP(SO2NHEt)4 with KI seems to be due to the formation of reactive iodine radicals. In the photodynamic studies with TPP(SO3H)4 plus KI, the cooperative action was mainly due to the formation of free iodine (I2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia N. Sarabando
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cristina J. Dias
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Bartolomeu
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos J. P. Monteiro
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.M.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.M.); (M.A.F.F.)
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Bartolomeu M, Monteiro CJP, Fontes M, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A. Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms in different water matrices: The effect of physicochemical parameters on the treatment outcome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160427. [PMID: 36435255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater (WW) insufficiently treated for the disinfection of microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, is a source of concern and a possible generator of public health problems. Traditional disinfection methods to reduce pathogens concentration (e.g., chlorination, ozonation, UV) are expensive, unsafe, and/or sometimes ineffective, highlighting the need for new disinfection technologies. The promising results of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) treatment to eradicate microorganisms suggest the efficacy of this treatment to improve WW quality. This work aimed to assess if PDI can be successfully extended to real contexts for the microbial inactivation in WW. For the first time, PDI experiments with 9 different water matrices compositions were performed to inquire about the influence of some of their physicochemical parameters on the effectiveness of microbial inactivation. Bacterial photoinactivation was tested in freshwater, aquaculture water, and seawater samples, as well as in influents and effluents samples from domestic, industrial, and a mixture of industrial and domestic WW receiving wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Additionally, PDI assays were performed in phosphate-buffered saline isotonic solution (PBS), used as an aqueous comparative matrix. To relate the PDI disinfection efficiency with the physicochemical compositions of the different used water matrices, a series of statistical analysis were performed, in order to support our main conclusions. Overall, the results showed that PDI is an effective and promising alternative to traditionally used WW disinfection methods, with a bacterial reduction of >3.0 log CFU/mL in all the water matrices within the first hour of PDI treatment, but also that the physicochemical composition of the aqueous matrices to be PDI-disinfected must be taken into account since they seem to influence the PDI efficacy, namely the pH, with acidic pH conditions seeming to be associated to a better PDI performance in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bartolomeu
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos J P Monteiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Milton Fontes
- Águas do Centro Litoral (AdCL), 3030-410 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | | | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Urquhart CG, Pinheiro TDR, da Silva JLG, Leal DBR, Burgo TAL, Iglesias BA, Santos RCV. Antimicrobial activity of water-soluble tetra-cationic porphyrins on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 42:103266. [PMID: 36587859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents the cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, antibiofilm preliminary properties, and associated therapy with commercial drugs using water-soluble tetra-cationic porphyrins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two commercial tetra-cationic porphyrins were tested against a standard strain of P. aeruginosa 01 (PA01) in antibacterial activity assays under dark conditions and irradiated with white light for 120 min. Porphyrin 4-H2TMePor showed better antimicrobial activity and was chosen for further tests. Increased minimum inhibitory concentration was observed in the presence of reactive oxygen species, suggesting that photooxidation was mediated by the singlet oxygen production. In the time-kill curve assay, 4-H2TMePor inhibited bacterial growth in 90 min of irradiation. The checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactions. Biofilms of the standard PA01 strain and three clinical isolates were formed. The biofilm destruction assay was more efficient for PA01, significantly reducing the biofilm biomass formed compared to the positive control. The associated treatment to destroy the biofilm potentiated a significant decrease in the biofilm biomass compared to the positive control. The photosensitizer did not damage human keratinocytes or mouse fibroblasts in the cytotoxicity assays, demonstrating the safety of using 4-H2TMePor. Atomic force microscopy indicated lower adhesion force, higher cell wall deformation, and higher dissipation energy in the treated control compared to untreated PA01. Given our findings, it is evident that water-soluble tetra-cationic porphyrins have excellent antimicrobial and a preliminary antibiofilm activity against Gram-negative bacteria, proving to be a potential photosensitizer for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gonzalez Urquhart
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia (LAPEMICRO), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ticiane da Rosa Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia (LAPEMICRO), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Lucas Gutknecht da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Augusto Lima Burgo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Ibilce, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), R. Cristovao Colombo, 2265, S. J. Rio Preto, SP 15014-100, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos (LBMP), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Christ Vianna Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia (LAPEMICRO), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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9
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Ledwaba MM, Magaela NB, Ndlovu KS, Mack J, Nyokong T, Managa M. Photophysical and in vitro photoinactivation of Escherichia coli using cationic 5,10,15,20-tetra(pyridin-3-yl) porphyrin and Zn(II) derivative conjugated to graphene quantum dots. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103127. [PMID: 36162756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms may continue causing infection through the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. As a result, the efficacy of pharmaceuticals in microbial inactivation is deteriorating. The present study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of neutral and quaternized free base and Zn 5,10,15,20-tetra(pyridin-3-yl) porphyrins on Escherichia coli (E. coli), a gram-negative bacterium that causes cholecystitis, pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Conjugation of the porphyrin to graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was implemented to enhance photocatalysis and reactive oxygen species generation. Density functional theory (DFT) geometry optimizations for free base and Zn porphyrin based on the B3LYP (Becke 3-Parameter (Exchange), Lee, Yang and Parr) functional of the Gaussian09 program package and Time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations of the associated UV-visible absorption spectra are reported to analyse the electronic structure and optical properties of the porphyrins. The TD-DFT calculations showed that for both porphyrins the value of highest occupied molecular orbital (ΔHOMO) is greater than that of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ΔLUMO) which tells that there is no unusual splitting of (LUMO) orbitals which may be caused by systematic error in TD-DFT calculations. Due to the red shift in the spectrum of ZnT(3-Py)P and the ΔLUMO being higher, the HOMO-LUMO gap was expected to be lower than that of H2T(3-Py)P. The photophysical properties and Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy activities of these nanoconjugates were investigated. The highest ΦΔ was that of Q-ZnT(3-Py)P- GDQs at 0.69 with the log reduction of 9.42.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Knowledge Siyabonga Ndlovu
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Muthumuni Managa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa.
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10
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Anti-Viral Photodynamic Inactivation of T4-like Bacteriophage as a Mammalian Virus Model in Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911548. [PMID: 36232850 PMCID: PMC9570132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratorial available methods applied in plasma disinfection can induce damage in other blood components. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) represents a promising approach and is approved for plasma and platelet disinfection using non-porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs), such as methylene blue (MB). In this study, the photodynamic action of three cationic porphyrins (Tri-Py(+)-Me, Tetra-Py(+)-Me and Tetra-S-Py(+)-Me) towards viruses was evaluated under white light irradiation at an irradiance of 25 and 150 mW·cm−2, and the results were compared with the efficacy of the approved MB. None of the PSs caused hemolysis at the isotonic conditions, using a T4-like phage as a model of mammalian viruses. All porphyrins were more effective than MB in the photoinactivation of the T4-like phage in plasma. Moreover, the most efficient PS promoted a moderate inactivation rate of the T4-like phage in whole blood. Nevertheless, these porphyrins, such as MB, can be considered promising and safe PSs to photoinactivate viruses in blood plasma.
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11
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Gomes ATPC, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A. Bioluminescent Models to Evaluate the Efficiency of Light-Based Antibacterial Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:631-669. [PMID: 35505039 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of microbial resistance to antimicrobials among several common pathogenic microbial strains is an increasing problem worldwide. Thus, it is urgent to develop not only new antimicrobial therapeutics to fight microbial infections, but also new effective, rapid, and inexpensive methods to monitor the efficacy of these new therapeutics. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and antimicrobial blue light (aBL) therapy are receiving considerable attention for their antimicrobial potential and represent realistic alternatives to antibiotics. To monitor the photoinactivation process provided by aPDT and aBL, faster and more effective methods are required instead of laborious conventional plating and overnight incubation procedures. Bioluminescent microbial models are very interesting in this context. Light emission from bioluminescent microorganisms is a highly sensitive indication of their metabolic activity and can be used to monitor, in real time, the effects of antimicrobial agents and therapeutics. This chapter reviews the efforts of the scientific community concerning the development of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo bioluminescent bacterial models and their potential to evaluate the efficiency of aPDT and aBL in the inactivation of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T P C Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria A F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria G P M S Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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12
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Bartolomeu M, Oliveira C, Pereira C, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Approach in the Inactivation of Viruses in Wastewater: Influence of Alternative Adjuvants. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:767. [PMID: 34202496 PMCID: PMC8300698 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses are frequently present in marine and estuarine waters, due to poor wastewater (WW) treatments, which consequently affect water quality and human health. Chlorination, one of the most common methods used to ensure microbiological safety in tertiarily treated effluents, may lead to the formation of toxic chemical disinfection by-products on reaction with organic matter present in the effluents. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can be a promising disinfecting approach for the inactivation of pathogens, without the formation of known toxic by-products. Additionally, some studies have reported the potentiator effect on aPDT of some compounds, such as potassium iodide (KI) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In the present study, the aPDT efficiency of a PS formulation constituted of five cationic porphyrins (Form) in the inactivation of E. coli T4-like bacteriophage, a model of mammalian viruses, in different aqueous matrices with different organic matter content, was evaluated. Photoinactivation studies were performed at different concentrations of Form and in the presence of the adjuvants KI and H2O2. The results showed that the efficiency of bacteriophage photoinactivation is correlated with the Form concentration, the amount of the organic matter in WW, and the adjuvant type. Form can be an effective alternative to controlling viruses in WW, particularly if combined with H2O2, allowing to significantly reduce PS concentration and treatment time. When combined with KI, the Form is less effective in inactivating T4-like bacteriophage in WW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bartolomeu
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristiana Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
| | | | - M. Amparo F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
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13
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Buglak AA, Filatov MA, Hussain MA, Sugimoto M. Singlet oxygen generation by porphyrins and metalloporphyrins revisited: A quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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In vitro antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using tetra-cationic porphyrins against multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from canine otitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:101982. [PMID: 32890692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria have been frequently isolated from canine otitis. Photodynamic therapy using porphyrins as photosensitizing molecules is an alternative therapy against microorganisms in localized infections. Therefore, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of two tetra-cationic porphyrins (H2TMeP and ZnTMeP) against gram-positive and -negative bacteria isolated from canine otitis, as well as its putative action mechanism. For this, two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria frequently detected in cases of canine otitis (coagulase-positive and -negative staphylococci [CPS and CNS], Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis) were used in antibacterial activity assays. Each porphyrin at a non-cytotoxic dose was incubated with a fixed concentration of each bacterium and exposed to white-light irradiation for 0, 30, 60, and 90 min. Clinical isolates of CPS and CNS were photo-inactivated after 30 min of white-light exposure by both porphyrins (p < 0.05). Gram-negative bacteria were also photo-inactivated after 30 min (p < 0.05), reaching complete inactivation after 60 and 90 min of white-light irradiation by H2TMeP and ZnTMeP, respectively. Antibacterial assays using standard bacterial strains (ATCCs) demonstrated similar results to those obtained with clinical isolates, except for P. aeruginosa, which was completely inactivated by ZnTMeP at 60 min, and the absence of a significant reduction in P. mirabilis concentration when irradiated for 30 min. Similar assays were conducted using reactive oxygen species scavengers showing that the putative mechanism for bacterial inactivation is through the production of singlet oxygen species. These results indicated that H2TMeP and ZnTMeP tetra-cationic porphyrins were effective against bacteria isolated from canine otitis.
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15
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Lesar A, Mušković M, Begić G, Lončarić M, Tomić Linšak D, Malatesti N, Gobin I. Cationic Porphyrins as Effective Agents in Photodynamic Inactivation of Opportunistic Plumbing Pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155367. [PMID: 32731616 PMCID: PMC7432253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an environmental bacterium, an opportunistic premise plumbing pathogen that causes the Legionnaires’ disease. L. pneumophila presents a serious health hazard in building water systems, due to its high resistance to standard water disinfection methods. Our aim was to study the use of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) against Legionella. We investigated and compared the photobactericidal potential of five cationic dyes. We tested toluidine blue (TBO) and methylene blue (MB), and three 3-N-methylpyridylporphyrins, one tetra-cationic and two tri-cationic, one with a short (CH3) and the other with a long (C17H35) alkyl chain, against L. pneumophila in tap water and after irradiation with violet light. All tested dyes demonstrated a certain dark toxicity against L. pneumophila; porphyrins with lower minimal effective concentration (MEC) values than TBO and MB. Nanomolar MEC values, significantly lower than with TBO and MB, were obtained with all three porphyrins in PDI experiments, with amphiphilic porphyrin demonstrating the highest PDI activity. All tested dyes showed increasing PDI with longer irradiation (0–108 J/cm2), especially the two hydrophilic porphyrins. All three porphyrins caused significant changes in cell membrane permeability after irradiation and L. pneumophila, co-cultivated with Acanthamoeba castellanii after treatment with all three porphyrins and irradiation, did not recover in amoeba. We believe our results indicate the considerable potential of cationic porphyrins as effective anti-Legionella agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrija Lesar
- Bioinstitut d.o.o., R. Steinera 7, 40000 Čakovec, Croatia;
| | - Martina Mušković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Gabrijela Begić
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (G.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Martin Lončarić
- Photonics and Quantum Optics Unit, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Dijana Tomić Linšak
- Department for Health Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Nela Malatesti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-51-584-585; Fax: +385-51-584-599
| | - Ivana Gobin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (G.B.); (I.G.)
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16
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Almeida A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of COVID-19. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E320. [PMID: 32545171 PMCID: PMC7344747 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), using well known, safe and cost-effective photosensitizers, such as phenothiazines, e.g., methylene blue (MB), or porphyrins, e.g., protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX), might help to mitigate the COVID-19 either to prevent infections or to develop photoactive fabrics (e.g., masks, suits, gloves) to disinfect surfaces, air and wastewater, under artificial light and/or natural sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. Amparo F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
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17
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Photodynamic effect of novel hexa-iodinated quinono-cyanine dye on Staphylococcus aureus. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101866. [PMID: 32534248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacteria and major human pathogen which can cause a wide variety of serious infections when it enters the bloodstream or internal tissues. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) utilizing a light-activated dye (photosensitizer) is a powerful method for in vitro and in vivo eradication of S. aureus and other pathogenic bacteria. However, the development of highly efficient, long-wavelength photosensitizers showing high phototoxicity to pathogens and low dark toxicity is still challenging. AIM To develop a highly efficient, long-wavelength photosensitizer for photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus. METHOD Synthesis of the new photosensitizer, hexa-iodinated quinono-cyanine dye IQCy and investigation of the dark and light-induced toxicity of this dye compared to known photosensitizers Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and HITC towards S. aureus. RESULTS When exposed to 14.9 J/cm2 white LED light, 0.5 μM of IQCy, Ce6 and HITC inactivate, respectively, 99 %, 40 % and 30 % of S. aureus and at 0.05 μM and 27.9 J/cm2 - 71 %, 18 % and 9%, which is much better compared to Ce6 and HITC. IQCy exhibits no dark toxicity at least at 10 μM dye concentration. CONCLUSIONS IQCy demonstrates a more pronounced photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus as compared to Ce6 and HITC and can be employed for the eradication of these bacteria at lower concentration and reduced light dose.
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18
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Braz M, Salvador D, Gomes AT, Mesquita MQ, Faustino MAF, Neves MGP, Almeida A. Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on skin using a porphyrinic formulation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Photodynamic Therapy in the Inactivation of Microorganisms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040138. [PMID: 32218130 PMCID: PMC7235899 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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20
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Santos AR, da Silva AF, Batista AFP, Freitas CF, Bona E, Sereia MJ, Caetano W, Hioka N, Mikcha JMG. Application of Response Surface Methodology to Evaluate Photodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Eosin Y and 530 nm LED against Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030125. [PMID: 32192121 PMCID: PMC7148482 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PAC) is an efficient tool for inactivating microorganisms. This technique is a good approach to inactivate the foodborne microorganisms, which are responsible for one of the major public health concerns worldwide—the foodborne diseases. In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the interaction of Eosin Y (EOS) concentration and irradiation time on Staphylococcus aureus counts and a sequence of designed experiments to model the combined effect of each factor on the response. A second-order polynomial empirical model was developed to describe the relationship between EOS concentration and irradiation time. The results showed that the derived model could predict the combined influences of these factors on S. aureus counts. The agreement between predictions and experimental observations (R2adj = 0.9159, p = 0.000034) was also observed. The significant terms in the model were the linear negative effect of photosensitizer (PS) concentration, followed by the linear negative effect of irradiation time, and the quadratic negative effect of PS concentration. The highest reductions in S. aureus counts were observed when applying a light dose of 9.98 J/cm2 (498 nM of EOS and 10 min. irradiation). The ability of the evaluated model to predict the photoinactivation of S. aureus was successfully validated. Therefore, the use of RSM combined with PAC is a promising approach to inactivate foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriele R. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (A.R.S.); (J.M.G.M.)
| | - Alex F. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Andréia F. P. Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Camila F. Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil; (C.F.F.); (W.C.); (N.H.)
| | - Evandro Bona
- Department of Food, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão 87301-899—Paraná, Brazil; (E.B.)
| | - Maria J. Sereia
- Department of Food, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão 87301-899—Paraná, Brazil; (E.B.)
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil; (C.F.F.); (W.C.); (N.H.)
| | - Noburu Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil; (C.F.F.); (W.C.); (N.H.)
| | - Jane M. G. Mikcha
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.R.S.); (J.M.G.M.)
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21
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Santos AR, Silva AF, Freitas CF, Silva MV, Bona E, Nakamura CV, Hioka N, Mikcha JMG. Response surface methodology can be used to predict photoinactivation of foodborne pathogens using Rose Bengal excited by 530 nm LED. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriele R. Santos
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciência de AlimentosUniversidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Alex F. Silva
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciência da SaúdeUniversidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Camila F. Freitas
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Marcos V. Silva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Evandro Bona
- Departamento de AlimentosUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná—campus Campo Mourão Campo Mourão Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Celso V. Nakamura
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Jane M. G. Mikcha
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e BiomedicinaUniversidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá Puerto Rico Brazil
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Sousa V, Gomes ATPC, Freitas A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A. Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans in Blood Plasma and Whole Blood. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040221. [PMID: 31766190 PMCID: PMC6963715 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The few approved disinfection techniques for blood derivatives promote damage in the blood components, representing risks for the transfusion receptor. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) seems to be a promising approach for the photoinactivation of pathogens in blood, but only three photosensitizers (PSs) have been approved, methylene blue (MB) for plasma and riboflavin and amotosalen for plasma and platelets. In this study, the efficiency of the porphyrinic photosensitizer Tri-Py(+)-Me and of the porphyrinic formulation FORM was studied in the photoinactivation of Candida albicans in plasma and in whole blood and the results were compared to the ones obtained with the already approved PS MB. The results show that FORM and Tri-Py(+)-Me are promising PSs to inactivate C. albicans in plasma. Although in whole blood the inactivation rates obtained were higher than the ones obtained with MB, further improvements are required. None of these PSs had promoted hemolysis at the isotonic conditions when hemolysis was evaluated in whole blood and after the addition of treated plasma with these PSs to concentrates of red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sousa
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.T.P.C.G.); (M.A.F.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Américo Freitas
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory Avelab, Rua Cerâmica do Vouga, Aveiro 3800-011, Portugal;
| | - Maria A. F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.T.P.C.G.); (M.A.F.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.T.P.C.G.); (M.A.F.F.); (A.A.)
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23
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Huang L, Ma L, Xuan W, Zhen X, Zheng H, Chen W, Hamblin MR. Exploration of Copper-Cysteamine Nanoparticles as a New Type of Agents for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2019; 15:2142-2148. [PMID: 31462378 PMCID: PMC6731549 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2019.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper-cysteamine (Cu-Cy) nanoparticles (NPs) are a new type of sensitizers that can be activated by UV light, X-rays, microwaves and ultrasound to produce reactive oxygen species for cancer treatment. Here, for the first time, we explored Cu-Cy NPs for bacteria inactivation by treating gram-positive bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii), respectively. The results show that Cu-Cy NPs are very effective in killing gram-positive bacteria but are quite limited in killing gram-negative bacteria yet. The major killing mechanism is cell damage by singlet oxygen and Cu-Cy NPs are potential agents for bacteria inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Lun Ma
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0059, United States
| | - Weijun Xuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Clinical Medical College and Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Xiumei Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0059, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0059, United States
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02138, USA
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Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Tetracyclines: light-activated antibiotics? Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2427-2445. [PMID: 31544504 PMCID: PMC6785754 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines are well established antibiotics but show phototoxicity as a side effect. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation uses nontoxic dyes combined with harmless light to destroy microbial cells by reactive oxygen species. Tetracyclines (demeclocycline and doxycycline) can act as light-activated antibiotics by binding to bacterial cells and killing them only upon illumination. The remaining tetracyclines can prevent bacterial regrowth after illumination has ceased. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation can be potentiated by potassium iodide. Azide quenched the formation of iodine, but not hydrogen peroxide. Demeclotetracycline (but not doxycycline) iodinated tyrosine after light activation in the presence of potassium iodide. Bacteria are killed by photoactivation of tetracyclines in the absence of oxygen. Since topical tetracyclines are already used clinically, blue light activation may increase the bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard – MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa
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Caruso E, Malacarne MC, Banfi S, Gariboldi MB, Orlandi VT. Cationic diarylporphyrins: In vitro versatile anticancer and antibacterial photosensitizers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 197:111548. [PMID: 31288120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The visible light combined with photosensitizers (PSs) is exploited in both antitumoral and antimicrobial fields inducing a photo-oxidative stress within the target cells. Among the different PSs, porphyrins belong to the family of the most promising compounds to be used in clinical photodynamic applications. Although in the last years many porphyrins have been synthesised and tested, only a few reports concern the in vitro effects of the 5,15-diarylporphyrins. In this work, the activity of four 5,15-diarylporphyrins (compounds 7-10), bearing alkoxy-linked pyridinium appendixes, have been tested on cancer cell lines and against bacterial cultures. Among the synthetized PSs, compounds 7 and 9 are not symmetrically substituted porphyrins showing one cationic charge tethered at the end of one 4C or 8C carbon chains, respectively. On the other hand, compounds 8 and 10 are symmetrically substituted and show two chains of C4 and C8 carbons featuring a cationic charge at the end of both chains. The dicationic 8 and 10 were more hydrophilic than monocationic 7 and 9, outlining that the presence of two pyridinium salts have a higher impact on the solubility in the aqueous phase than the lipophilic effect exerted by the length of the alkyl chains. Furthermore, these four PSs showed a similar rate of photobleaching, irrespective of the length and number of chains and the number of positive charges. Among the eukaryotic cell lines, the SKOV3 cells were particularly sensitive to the photodynamic activity of all the tested diarylporphyrins, while the HCT116 cells were found more sensitive to PSs bearing C4 chain (7 and 8), regardless the number of cationic charges. The photo-induced killing effect of these porphyrins was also tested against two different bacterial cultures. As expected, the Gram positive Bacillus subtilis was more sensitive than the Gram negative Escherichia coli, and the dicationic porphyrin 8, bearing two C4 chains, was the most efficient on both microorganisms. In conclusion, the new compound 8 seems to be an optimal candidate to deepen as versatile anticancer and antibacterial photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy..
| | - Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Stefano Banfi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
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26
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Castro KADF, Moura NMM, Figueira F, Ferreira RI, Simões MMQ, Cavaleiro JAS, Faustino MAF, Silvestre AJD, Freire CSR, Tomé JPC, Nakagaki S, Almeida A, Neves MGPMS. New Materials Based on Cationic Porphyrins Conjugated to Chitosan or Titanium Dioxide: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2522. [PMID: 31121942 PMCID: PMC6566955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-functionalization of 5,10,15-tris(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-20-(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin tri-iodide, known as a highly efficient photosensitizer (PS) for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), in the presence of 3- or 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, afforded two new tricationic porphyrins with adequate carboxylic pending groups to be immobilized on chitosan or titanium oxide. The structural characterization of the newly obtained materials confirmed the success of the porphyrin immobilization on the solid supports. The photophysical properties and the antimicrobial photodynamic efficacy of the non-immobilized porphyrins and of the new conjugates were evaluated. The results showed that the position of the carboxyl group in the mercapto units or the absence of these substituents in the porphyrin core could modulate the action of the photosensitizer towards the bioluminescent Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacterium. The antimicrobial activity was also influenced by the interaction between the photosensitizer and the type of support (chitosan or titanium dioxide). The new cationic porphyrins and some of the materials were shown to be very stable in PBS and effective in the photoinactivation of E. coli bacterium. The physicochemical properties of TiO2 allowed the interaction of the PS with its surface, increasing the absorption profile of TiO2, which enables the use of visible light, inactivating the bacteria more efficiently than the corresponding PS immobilized on chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A D F Castro
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Nuno M M Moura
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Flávio Figueira
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rosalina I Ferreira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Mário M Q Simões
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | | | - Carmen S R Freire
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João P C Tomé
- CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, n1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Shirley Nakagaki
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-990, Brasil.
| | - A Almeida
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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27
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Vieira C, Gomes ATPC, Mesquita MQ, Moura NMM, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A. An Insight Into the Potentiation Effect of Potassium Iodide on aPDT Efficacy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2665. [PMID: 30510542 PMCID: PMC6252324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is gaining a special importance as an effective approach against multidrug-resistant strains responsible of fatal infections. The addition of potassium iodide (KI), a non-toxic salt, is recognized to increase the aPDT efficiency of some photosensitizers (PSs) on a broad-spectrum of microorganisms. As the reported cases only refer positive aPDT potentiation results, in this work we selected a broad range of porphyrinic and non-porphyrinic PSs in order to gain a more comprehensive knowledge about this aPDT potentiation by KI. For this evaluation were selected a series of meso-tetraarylporphyrins positively charged at meso positions or at β-pyrrolic positions and the non-porphyrinic dyes Methylene blue, Rose Bengal, Toluidine Blue O, Malachite Green and Crystal Violet; the assays were performed using a bioluminescent E. coli strain as a model. The results indicate that KI has also the ability to potentiate the aPDT process mediated by some of the cationic PSs [Tri-Py(+)-Me, Tetra-Py(+)-Me, Form, RB, MB, Mono-Py(+)-Me, β-ImiPhTPP, β-ImiPyTPP, and β-BrImiPyTPP] allowing a drastic reduction of the treatment time as well as of the PS concentration. However, the efficacy of some porphyrinic and non-porphyrinic PSs [Di-Py(+)-Me opp , Di-Py(+)-Me adj , Tetra-Py, TBO, CV, and MG] was not improved by the presence of the coadjuvant. For the PSs tested in this study, the ones capable to decompose the peroxyiodide into iodine (easily detectable by spectroscopy or by the visual appearance of a blue color in the presence of amylose) were the most promising ones to be used in combination with KI. Although these studies confirmed that the generation of 1O2 is an important fact in this process, the PS structure (charge number and charge position), aggregation behavior and affinity for the cell membrane are also important features to be taken in account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vieira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Nuno M. M. Moura
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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