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Kim HJ, Moon JH, Chung SW, Abraham I. The role of cytokines and Indolamine-2.3 dioxygenase in experiencing a psycho-neurological symptom cluster in hematological cancer patients: IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, kynurenine, and tryptophan. J Psychosom Res 2023; 173:111455. [PMID: 37586292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined (a) whether there are a subgroup of cancer patients experiencing the selected psycho-neurological symptoms as a cluster (depression, cognitive impairment, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and pain); (b) whether demographic and clinical characteristics and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha) are associated with subgroup membership; and (c) whether the activity of indolamine-2.3 dioxygenase(IDO) is associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine activity and psycho-neurological symptom cluster experience. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study where 149 hematologic patients were recruited from a university hospital and 65 healthy volunteers provided control data. Latent profile analyses were conducted to identify subgroups at two time points: the last day of chemotherapy and 1 week after chemotherapy completion. Influencing factors of subgroup membership were examined by logistic regression. RESULTS A substantial number of patients (33%, 34% at each time point) experienced the selected psycho-neurological symptoms as a cluster. Older age and elevated IL-1α and IL-6 were associated with experiencing the psycho-neurological symptom cluster. IDO activity was higher in the patients experiencing psycho-neurological symptom cluster; and was positively associated with IL-6. Symptom severity, IL-1α, IL-6, and IDO activity were all significantly higher in cancer patients than in the healthy controls. The findings were preserved across time points. CONCLUSIONS The activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their cross-talk with IDO may be a common biological mechanism, underlying a psycho-neurological symptom cluster experience. The novel approaches for symptom assessment and management can be developed by assessing multiple psycho-neurological symptoms as a cluster and by targeting their common biological pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ju Kim
- College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Deagu, South Korea
| | - Su Wol Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Ivo Abraham
- Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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DeSouza NR, Quaranto D, Carnazza M, Jarboe T, Tiwari RK, Geliebter J. Interactome of Long Non-Coding RNAs: Transcriptomic Expression Patterns and Shaping Cancer Cell Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9914. [PMID: 37373059 PMCID: PMC10298192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA biology has gained extensive recognition in the last two decades due to the identification of novel transcriptomic elements and molecular functions. Cancer arises, in part, due to the accumulation of mutations that greatly contribute to genomic instability. However, the identification of differential gene expression patterns of wild-type loci has exceeded the boundaries of mutational study and has significantly contributed to the identification of molecular mechanisms that drive carcinogenic transformation. Non-coding RNA molecules have provided a novel avenue of exploration, providing additional routes for evaluating genomic and epigenomic regulation. Of particular focus, long non-coding RNA molecule expression has been demonstrated to govern and direct cellular activity, thus evidencing a correlation between aberrant long non-coding RNA expression and the pathological transformation of cells. lncRNA classification, structure, function, and therapeutic utilization have expanded cancer studies and molecular targeting, and understanding the lncRNA interactome aids in defining the unique transcriptomic signatures of cancer cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. DeSouza
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Danielle Quaranto
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Michelle Carnazza
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Tara Jarboe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Raj K. Tiwari
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jan Geliebter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10591, USA
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Starska-Kowarska K. The Role of Different Immunocompetent Cell Populations in the Pathogenesis of Head and Neck Cancer-Regulatory Mechanisms of Pro- and Anti-Cancer Activity and Their Impact on Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1642. [PMID: 36980527 PMCID: PMC10046400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most aggressive and heterogeneous groups of human neoplasms. HNSCC is characterized by high morbidity, accounting for 3% of all cancers, and high mortality with ~1.5% of all cancer deaths. It was the most common cancer worldwide in 2020, according to the latest GLOBOCAN data, representing the seventh most prevalent human malignancy. Despite great advances in surgical techniques and the application of modern combinations and cytotoxic therapies, HNSCC remains a leading cause of death worldwide with a low overall survival rate not exceeding 40-60% of the patient population. The most common causes of death in patients are its frequent nodal metastases and local neoplastic recurrences, as well as the relatively low response to treatment and severe drug resistance. Much evidence suggests that the tumour microenvironment (TME), tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and circulating various subpopulations of immunocompetent cells, such regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs), cytotoxic CD3+CD8+ T cells (CTLs) and CD3+CD4+ T helper type 1/2/9/17 (Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17) lymphocytes, T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and CD56dim/CD16bright activated natural killer cells (NK), carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumour-associated neutrophils (N1/N2 TANs), as well as tumour-associated macrophages (M1/M2 phenotype TAMs) can affect initiation, progression and spread of HNSCC and determine the response to immunotherapy. Rapid advances in the field of immuno-oncology and the constantly growing knowledge of the immunosuppressive mechanisms and effects of tumour cancer have allowed for the use of effective and personalized immunotherapy as a first-line therapeutic procedure or an essential component of a combination therapy for primary, relapsed and metastatic HNSCC. This review presents the latest reports and molecular studies regarding the anti-tumour role of selected subpopulations of immunocompetent cells in the pathogenesis of HNSCC, including HPV+ve (HPV+) and HPV-ve (HPV-) tumours. The article focuses on the crucial regulatory mechanisms of pro- and anti-tumour activity, key genetic or epigenetic changes that favour tumour immune escape, and the strategies that the tumour employs to avoid recognition by immunocompetent cells, as well as resistance mechanisms to T and NK cell-based immunotherapy in HNSCC. The present review also provides an overview of the pre- and clinical early trials (I/II phase) and phase-III clinical trials published in this arena, which highlight the unprecedented effectiveness and limitations of immunotherapy in HNSCC, and the emerging issues facing the field of HNSCC immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starska-Kowarska
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; ; Tel.: +48-604-541-412
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EnelMed Center Expert, Drewnowska 58, 91-001 Lodz, Poland
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Zhou R, Guo T, Li J. Research progress on the antitumor effects of astragaloside IV. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 938:175449. [PMID: 36473596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important and effective components of Astragalus membranaceus is astragaloside IV (AS-IV), which can exert anti-tumor effects through various pathways. For instance, AS-IV exerts an anti-tumor effect by acting at the cellular level, regulating the phenotype switch of tumor-associated macrophages, or inhibiting the development of tumor cells. Furthermore, AS-IV inhibits tumor cell progression by enhancing its sensitivity to antitumor drugs or reversing the drug resistance of tumor cells. This article reviews the different mechanisms of AS-IV inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, proliferation, and invasion of tumor cells, inducing apoptosis and improving the sensitivity of anti-tumor drugs. This review summarizes recent progress in the current research into AS-IV anti-tumor effect and provides insight on the next anti-tumor research of AS-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Tiankang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Junliang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; The First School of Clinical Medical, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730030, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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Fluorine-18-Labeled PET Radiotracers for Imaging Tryptophan Uptake and Metabolism: a Systematic Review. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:805-819. [PMID: 31512038 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to its metabolism via the serotonin and kynurenine pathways, tryptophan plays a key role in multiple disease processes including cancer. Imaging tryptophan uptake and metabolism in vivo can be achieved with tryptophan derivative positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers. While human studies with such tracers have been confined to C-11-labeled compounds, preclinical development of F-18-labeled tryptophan-based radiotracers has surged in recent years. We performed a systematic review of studies reporting on such F-18-labeled tryptophan tracers to summarize and compare their biological characteristics and their potential for tumor imaging, with a particular focus on key enzymes of the kynurenine pathway (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [IDO] and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase [TDO]), which play an important role in tumoral immune resistance. From a PubMed search, English language articles including data on the preparation and radiochemical and/or biological characteristics of F-18-labeled tryptophan derivative radiotracers were reviewed. A total of 19 original papers included data on 15 unique radiotracers, the majority of which were synthesized with an adequate radiochemical yield. Automated synthesis was reported for 1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan, the most extensively evaluated tracer thus far. Biodistribution studies showed high uptake in the pancreas, while the L-type amino acid transporter was the dominant transport mechanism for most of the reviewed tracers. Tracers tested for tumor uptake showed accumulation in tumor cell lines in vitro and in xenografts in vivo, often with favorable tumor-to-background uptake ratios in comparison with clinically used F-18-labeled radiotracers. Five tracers showed promise for imaging IDO activity, including 1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan and a F-18-labeled analog of alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan tested clinically in previous studies. Two radiotracers were metabolized by TDO but showed defluorination in vivo. In summary, most F-18-labeled tryptophan derivative PET tracers share common transport mechanisms and biodistribution characteristics. Several reported tracers could be candidates for further testing and validation toward PET imaging applications in a variety of human diseases.
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Discovery of novel IDO1 inhibitors via structure-based virtual screening and biological assays. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:679-694. [PMID: 33905074 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-containing enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in catabolism of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway, which plays a pivotal role in the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. IDO1 has been proven to be an attractive target for many diseases, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, etc. In this study, docking-based virtual screening and bioassays were conducted to identify novel inhibitors of IDO1. The cellular assay demonstrated that 24 compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activity against IDO1 at micromolar level, including 8 compounds with IC50 values below 10 μM and the most potent one (compound 1) with IC50 of 1.18 ± 0.04 μM. Further lead optimization based on similarity searching strategy led to the discovery of compound 28 as an excellent inhibitor with IC50 of 0.27 ± 0.02 μM. Then, the structure-activity relationship of compounds 1, 2, 8 and 14 analogues is discussed. The interaction modes of two compounds against IDO1 were further explored through a Python Based Metal Center Parameter Builder (MCPB.py) molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energy calculation and electrostatic potential analysis. The novel IDO1 inhibitors of compound 1 and its analogues could be considered as promising scaffold for further development of IDO1 inhibitors.
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Singh T, Goel RK. Epilepsy Associated Depression: An Update on Current Scenario, Suggested Mechanisms, and Opportunities. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1305-1321. [PMID: 33665775 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most frequent psychiatric comorbidities associated with epilepsy having a major impact on the patient's quality of life. Several screening tools are available to identify and follow up psychiatric disorders in epilepsy. Out of various psychiatric disorders, people with epilepsy (PWE) are at greater risk of developing depression. This bidirectional relationship further hinders pharmacotherapy of comorbid depression in PWE as some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) worsen associated depression and coadministration of existing antidepressants (ADs) to alleviate comorbid depression has been reported to worsen seizures. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are first choice of ADs and are considered safe in PWE, but there are no high-quality evidences. Similar to observations in people with depression, PWE also showed pharmacoresistant to available SSRI/SNRIs, which further complicates the disease prognosis. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials are necessary to report efficacy and safety of available ADs in PWE. We should also move beyond ADs, and therefore, we reviewed common pathological mechanisms such as neuroinflammation, dysregulated hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, altered neurogenesis, and altered tryptophan metabolism responsible for coexistent relationship of epilepsy and depression. Based on these common pertinent pathways involved in the genesis of epilepsy and depression, we suggested novel targets and therapeutic approaches for safe management of comorbid depression in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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8
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Kinzel O, Steeneck C, Anderhub S, Hornberger M, Pinto S, Morschhaeuser B, Albers M, Sonnek C, Wang Y, Mallinger A, Czekańska M, Hoffmann T. Discovery of highly potent heme-displacing IDO1 inhibitors based on a spirofused bicyclic scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 33:127738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Fan QZ, Zhou J, Zhu YB, He LJ, Miao DD, Zhang SP, Liu XP, Zhang C. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase 1 (IDO1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) dual inhibitor. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104401. [PMID: 33113415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the Trp-Kyn pathway is an attractive approach for cancer immunotherapy. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes are reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulators that are involved in the tumor cell growth and survival processes. The 4-phenylimidazole scaffold is well-established as useful for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibition, while piperlongumine (PL) and its derivatives have been reported to be inhibitors of TrxR. To take advantage of both immunotherapy and TrxR inhibition, we designed a first-generation dual IDO1 and TrxR inhibitor (ZC0101) using the structural combination of 4-phenylimidazole and PL scaffolds. ZC0101 exhibited better dual inhibition against IDO1 and TrxR in vitro and in cell enzyme assays than the uncombined forms of 4-phenylimidazole and PL. It also showed antiproliferative activity in various cancer cell lines, and a selective killing effect between normal and cancer cells. Furthermore, ZC0101 effectively induced apoptosis and ROS accumulation in cancer cells. Knockdown of TrxR1 and IDO1 expression induced cellular enzyme inhibition and ROS accumulation effects during ZC0101 treatment, but only reduced TrxR1 expression was able to improve ZC0101's antiproliferation effect. This proof-of-concept study provides a novel strategy for cancer treatment. ZC0101 represents a promising lead compound for the development of novel antitumor agents that can also be used as a valuable probe to clarify the relationships and mechanisms of cancer immunotherapy and ROS modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhu Fan
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Yi-Bao Zhu
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Lian-Jun He
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Dong-Dong Miao
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Sheng-Peng Zhang
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Center of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China.
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Feng X, Liao D, Liu D, Ping A, Li Z, Bian J. Development of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond: A Recent Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15115-15139. [PMID: 33215494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has received increasing attention due to its immunosuppressive function in connection with various diseases, including cancer. A recent increase in the understanding of IDO1 has significantly contributed to the discovery of numerous novel inhibitors, but the latest clinical outcomes raised questions and have indicated a future direction of IDO1 inhibition for therapeutic approaches. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of IDO1, discussing the latest advances in understanding the IDO1 structure and mechanism, an overview of recent IDO1 inhibitor discoveries and potential therapeutic applications to provide helpful information for medicinal chemists investigating IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - An Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
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Wang S, Wu J, Shen H, Wang J. The prognostic value of IDO expression in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:471. [PMID: 32456621 PMCID: PMC7249624 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of tryptophan into kynurenine. It is considered to be an immunosuppressive molecule that plays an important role in the development of tumors. However, the association between IDO and solid tumor prognosis remains unclear. Herein, we retrieved relevant published literature and analyzed the association between IDO expression and prognosis in solid tumors. Methods Studies related to IDO expression and tumor prognosis were retrieved using PMC, EMbase and web of science database. Overall survival (OS), time to tumor progression (TTP) and other data in each study were extracted. Hazard ratio (HR) was used for analysis and calculation, while heterogeneity and publication bias between studies were also analyzed. Results A total of 31 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, high expression of IDO was significantly associated with poor OS (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.52–2.43, P < 0.001) and TTP (HR 2.25 95% CI 1.58–3.22, P < 0.001). However, there was significant heterogeneity between studies on OS (I2 = 81.1%, P < 0.001) and TTP (I2 = 54.8%, P = 0.007). Subgroup analysis showed lower heterogeneity among prospective studies, studies of the same tumor type, and studies with follow-up periods longer than 45 months. Conclusions The high expression of IDO was significantly associated with the poor prognosis of solid tumors, suggesting that it can be used as a biomarker for tumor prognosis and as a potential target for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Han Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Junjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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Mammoli A, Coletti A, Ballarotto M, Riccio A, Carotti A, Grohmann U, Camaioni E, Macchiarulo A. New Insights from Crystallographic Data: Diversity of Structural Motifs and Molecular Recognition Properties between Groups of IDO1 Structures. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:891-899. [PMID: 32190988 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A large number of crystallographic structures of IDO1 in different ligand-bound and -unbound states have been disclosed over the last decade. Yet, only a few of them have been exploited for structure-based drug design (SBDD) campaigns. In this study, we analyzed the structural motifs and molecular-recognition properties of three groups of IDO1 structures: 1) structures containing the heme group and inhibitors in the catalytic site; 2) heme-free structures of IDO1; 3) substrate-bound structures of IDO1. The results suggest that unrelated conformations of the enzyme have been solved with different ligand-induced changes of secondary motifs that localize even in regions remote from the catalytic site. Moreover, the study identified an uncharted region of molecular-recognition space covered by IDO1 binding sites that could guide the selection of diverse structures for additional SBDD studies aimed at the identification of novel lead compounds with differentiated chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mammoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini n. 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Ballarotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Riccio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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Shang K, Wang Z, Hu Y, Huang Y, Yuan K, Yu Y. Gene silencing of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibits lung cancer growth by suppressing T-cell exhaustion. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3827-3838. [PMID: 32382333 PMCID: PMC7202272 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), which degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan, exerts immunosuppressive functions and serves a crucial role in multiple types tumor progression, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma. Recent studies have reported that T-cell exhaustion is increased during tumor progression, which impairs the antitumor immune response. However, the association between IDO1 and T-cell exhaustion during tumor progression remains unknown. The present study evaluated the effect of IDO1 on T-cell exhaustion in lung cancer mice. The present study demonstrated that IDO1 knockdown by small interfering RNA in the LLC cell line inhibited T-cell exhaustion. Furthermore, the role of IDO1 in T-cell exhaustion during lung cancer progression was determined in an in vivo mouse model using IDO1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). The results demonstrated that inhibition of IDO1 activity by shRNA administration in vivo significantly delayed the onset and growth of tumors. In addition, the expression levels of the inhibitory receptors programmed death-1 (PD-1) and B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) were increased in T-cells from the lung tumor-bearing mice, whereas interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in serum were decreased compared with the control mice. However, no difference in the absolute number of T cells was observed, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, IDO1 knockdown by shRNA inhibited T-cell exhaustion in lung tumor-bearing mice, which was characterized by decreased expression of PD-1 and BTLA on T cells. By contrast, IL-2 and TNF-α levels in serum were increased in IDO1-shRNA-treated mice. By using a shRNA approach, the present study demonstrated that IDO1 activity may be involved in tumor growth, and that IDO1 silencing may inhibit tumor progression by impeding the process of T-cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yinying Hu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yanqin Huang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Keng Yuan
- Department of Immunology, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yanrong Yu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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14
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Yan J, Liu Q, Du W, Qu C, Song Z, Li J, Zhang J, Chen G. Synthesis and Properties of Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Polyacrylic Surfactants. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In order to expand the application range of surfactants, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (OTAC) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) were used as raw materials to synthesize octadecyl trimethyl ammonium polyacrylic (OTAP). The molar ratios of OTAC to polyacrylic acid monomer were 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. The synthesized compounds were named as OTAP-1, OTAP-2, OTAP-3. The obtained research results show that the best foaming ability was achieved with OTAP-1, and the best foam stability with OTAP-2. When the concentration was 2.0 g/L, the order of the emulsifying ability was: OTAP-1 > OTAP-2 > OTAP-3; when the concentration was 4.0 g/L, the emulsifying ability order was OTAP-2 > OTAP-3 > OTAP-1. OTAP-1 had a corrosion inhibition capacity of up to 85.11 %, and OTAP-2 and OTAP-3 had a sustained release rate of 81.06 % and 72.82 %, respectively. OTAP-3 had a good effect on scale inhibition, and the scale inhibition rate was 65.01 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yan
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields , Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065 , China
| | - Qiaona Liu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields , Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065 , China
| | - Weichao Du
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields , Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control , CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing, 102206 , China
| | - Chengtun Qu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields , Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control , CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing, 102206 , China
| | - Zhifei Song
- School of Civil Engineering , North China University of Technology, Beijing , China
| | - Jinling Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields , Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065 , China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields , Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065 , China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields , Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control , CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing, 102206 , China
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15
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Ge X, Zhao Y, Chen C, Wang J, Sun L. Cancer Immunotherapies Targeting Tumor-Associated Regulatory T Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:11033-11044. [PMID: 31997881 PMCID: PMC6917600 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s231052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important effectors in the tumor microenvironment (TME), acting as accomplices in the promotion of tumor progression. Currently, the importance of removing the immunosuppressive activity in the TME has received its due attention, and Tregs have been focused on. The cytokine-receptor axes are among the essential signaling pathways in immunocytes, and tumor-associated Tregs are no exception. Therefore, manipulating cytokine-receptor pathways may be a promising effective strategy for treating various malignancies. Here, we summarize the classification, immunosuppressive mechanisms, existing immunotherapies, and potential biomarkers related to tumor-infiltrating Tregs to guide the development of effective cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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16
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Discovery and Characterisation of Dual Inhibitors of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase (TDO2) and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Using Virtual Screening. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234346. [PMID: 31795096 PMCID: PMC6930675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers express tryptophan catabolising enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) to produce immunosuppressive tryptophan metabolites that undermine patients’ immune systems, leading to poor disease outcomes. Both enzymes are validated targets for cancer immunotherapy but there is a paucity of potent TDO2 and dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitors. To identify novel dual IDO1/TDO2 scaffolds, 3D shape similarity and pharmacophore in silico screening was conducted using TDO2 as a model for both systems. The obtained hits were tested in cancer cell lines expressing mainly IDO1 (SKOV3—ovarian), predominantly TDO2 (A172—brain), and both IDO1 and TDO2 (BT549—breast). Three virtual screening hits were confirmed as inhibitors (TD12, TD18 and TD34). Dose response experiments showed that TD34 is the most potent inhibitor capable of blocking both IDO1 and TDO2 activity, with the IC50 value for BT549 at 3.42 µM. This work identified new scaffolds able to inhibit both IDO1 and TDO2, thus enriching the collection of dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitors and providing chemical matter for potential development into future anticancer drugs.
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17
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Greco FA, Albini E, Coletti A, Dolciami D, Carotti A, Orabona C, Grohmann U, Macchiarulo A. Tracking Hidden Binding Pockets Along the Molecular Recognition Path ofl‐Trp to Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase 1. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:2084-2092. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco A. Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Elisa Albini
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia P.le Gambuli 06132 Perugia Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia P.le Gambuli 06132 Perugia Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia P.le Gambuli 06132 Perugia Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
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18
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Current Perspectives in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101472. [PMID: 31575023 PMCID: PMC6826426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different immunotherapeutic approaches have proved to be of significant clinical value to many patients with different types of advanced cancer. However, we need more precise immunotherapies and predictive biomarkers to increase the successful response rates. The advent of next generation sequencing technologies and their applications in immuno-oncology has helped us tremendously towards this aim. We are now moving towards the realization of personalized medicine, thus, significantly increasing our expectations for a more successful management of the disease. Here, we discuss the current immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer, including immune checkpoint blockade with an emphasis on anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies. We also analyze a growing list of other co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory markers and emphasize the mechanism of action of the principal pathway for each of these, as well as on drugs that either have been FDA-approved or are under clinical investigation. We further discuss recent advances in other immunotherapies, including cytokine therapy, adoptive cell transfer therapy and therapeutic vaccines. We finally discuss the modulation of gut microbiota composition and response to immunotherapy, as well as how tumor-intrinsic factors and immunological processes influence the mutational and epigenetic landscape of progressing tumors and response to immunotherapy but also how immunotherapeutic intervention influences the landscape of cancer neoepitopes and tumor immunoediting.
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19
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Bai Z, Huang H, Chen J, Zhang X, Ding Y. Identification of novel imidazoles as IDO1 inhibitors through microwave‐assisted one‐pot multicomponent reactions. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900165. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhizheng Bai
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Huidan Huang
- College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Jiangsu Pharmaceutical Research Institute Jiangsu China
| | - Yimei Ding
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
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20
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Park A, Yang Y, Lee Y, Kim MS, Park YJ, Jung H, Kim TD, Lee HG, Choi I, Yoon SR. Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Thyroid Cancer Cells Suppresses Natural Killer Cell Function by Inhibiting NKG2D and NKp46 Expression via STAT Signaling Pathways. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060842. [PMID: 31212870 PMCID: PMC6617210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key players in the immune system. They use receptors on their cell surface to identify target cells. However, to escape being killed by the immune system, cancer cells such as thyroid cancer cells, use various methods to suppress the function of NK cells. Thus, this study aims to elucidate how thyroid cancer cells downregulate NK cell function in a co-culture system. We found that thyroid cancer cells suppress NK cell cytotoxicity and inhibit the expression of activating receptors, such as NKG2D and NKp46, by regulating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Also, thyroid cancer cells produce kynurenine using IDO, which causes NK cell dysfunction. Kynurenine enters NK cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) on the surfaces of the NK cells, which decreases NK cell function and NK receptor expression via the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT3 pathways. In addition, STAT1 and STAT3 directly regulated the expression of NKG2D and NKp46 receptors by binding to the promoter region. Conclusively, NK cell function may be impaired in thyroid cancer patients by IDO-induced kynurenine production. This implies that IDO can be used as a target for thyroid cancer therapeutics aiming at improving NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arum Park
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Yunjeong Yang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Yunhee Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Mi Sun Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
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21
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Wang H, Xia Y, Yu J, Guan H, Wu Z, Ban D, Wang M. Expression of New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 and its association with Foxp3 and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in microenvironment of nonsmall cell lung cancer. HLA 2019; 94:39-48. [PMID: 30953385 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and fatal cancer worldwide. The traditional treatments including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy are not satisfactory because of severe side effects and/or relapse. Genetically engineered T-cell-based immunotherapy for malignant cancer shows promise in recent clinical trials. T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells targeting New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) have been employed in a number of clinical trials for late stage melanoma, synovial sarcoma, multiple myeloma and other malignancies. Owing to the significant efficacy and controllable side effect, NY-ESO-1 has been considered as one of the most ideal TCR-engineered T cell therapy (TCR-T) cell target for solid tumors, including nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the incidence of NY-ESO-1 expression and its relationship with immunosuppressive microenvironment of NSCLC are largely unclear. In this study, we analyzed the expression of NY-ESO-1 and two key immune regulators, Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), in 156 NSCLC specimens by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that NY-ESO-1 positive rate is 28.1% (44/156) and significantly higher in distal metastasis (P = 0.012) and late stage (P = 0.019) NSCLC patients. In addition, we found that NY-ESO-1 expression was positively associated with Foxp3 level but not IDO. These findings implied the potential role of NY-ESO-1 in tumor immune escape of NSCLC and indicated the requirement to remove Treg cells in TCR-T cell therapy for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaming Yu
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Guan
- Pathology Department, Shenzhen Second Peoples' Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dongcheng Ban
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Berger G, Marloye M, Lawler SE. Pharmacological Modulation of the STING Pathway for Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:412-427. [PMID: 30885429 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy in recent years has shown the potential to revolutionize the treatment of cancer. Unleashing antitumor T cell responses via immune checkpoint blockade has led to remarkable responses in previously untreatable tumors. The master regulator of interferon-mediated antiviral responses - stimulator of interferon genes (STING) - has now emerged as a critical mediator of innate immune sensing of cancer, and is a promising target for local immunostimulation, promoting intratumoral inflammation, and facilitating antitumor T cell responses. Pharmacological activation of the STING pathway can lead to T cell-mediated tumor regression in preclinical tumor models, and novel STING activating small molecules are now being tested in clinical trials. Here we will introduce the STING pathway and review the current state of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Berger
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mickaël Marloye
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Chen Y, Jia Y, Song W, Zhang L. Therapeutic Potential of Nitrogen Mustard Based Hybrid Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1453. [PMID: 30618747 PMCID: PMC6304445 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As medicine advances, cancer is still among one of the major health problems, posing significant threats to human health. New anticancer agents features with novel scaffolds and/or unique mechanisms of action are highly desirable for the treatment of cancers, especially those highly aggressive and drug-resistant ones. Nitrogen mustard has been widely used as an anticancer drug since the discovery of its antitumor effect in the 1942. However, the lack of selectivity to cancer cells restricts the wide usage of a mass of nitrogen mustard agents to achieve further clinical significance. Discovery of antitumor hybrids using nitrogen mustards as key functional groups has exhibited enormous potential in the drug development. Introduction of nitrogen mustards resulted in improvement in the activity, selectivity, targetability, safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of corresponding lead compounds or agents. Herein, the recently developed nitrogen mustard based hybrids have been introduced in the cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yuping Jia
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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24
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Boros FA, Klivényi P, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a novel therapeutic target for Huntington’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:39-51. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1549231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A. Boros
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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25
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Hashemzadeh N, Adibkia K, Barar J. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase inhibitors in immunochemotherapy of breast cancer: challenges and opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:1-3. [PMID: 30788254 PMCID: PMC6378097 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2019.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of macromolecular immunotherapy agent into the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a challenging issue. In the TME, cancer cells exploit indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), as a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the L-tryptophan (Trp) through the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, which could negatively regulate the activity of T cells. Thus, Trp/Kyn pathway, can be targeted with novel treatment modalities such as IDO1 inhibitor to benefit patients with aggressive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastran Hashemzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Students' Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Maity P, Reddy VVR, Mohan J, Korapati S, Narayana H, Cherupally N, Chandrasekaran S, Ramachandran R, Sfouggatakis C, Eastgate MD, Simmons EM, Vaidyanathan R. Development of a Scalable Synthesis of BMS-978587 Featuring a Stereospecific Suzuki Coupling of a Cyclopropane Carboxylic Acid. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prantik Maity
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore-560099, India
| | - V. V. Ramana Reddy
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore-560099, India
| | - Jayaraj Mohan
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore-560099, India
| | - Satish Korapati
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore-560099, India
| | - Harishkumar Narayana
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore-560099, India
| | - Nagesh Cherupally
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore-560099, India
| | - Sathishkumar Chandrasekaran
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore-560099, India
| | - Ravikumar Ramachandran
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore-560099, India
| | - Chris Sfouggatakis
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D. Eastgate
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Rajappa Vaidyanathan
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore-560099, India
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27
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Alahdal M, Xing Y, Tang T, Liang J. 1-Methyl-D-tryptophan Reduces Tumor CD133 + cells, Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κβp65 while Enhances Lymphocytes NF-κβ2, STAT3, and STAT4 Pathways in Murine Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9869. [PMID: 29959375 PMCID: PMC6026162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Methyl-D-tryptophan (1-MT) is extensively utilized in preclinical trials to deplete indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase (IDO) activity and kynurenine pathway. Since IDO related signaling pathways aren’t well understood, some clinical reports affirmed IDO inhibiting therapeutic significance. Therefore, we did use direct tumor autologous antigens vaccination and 1-MT without chemotherapy to explore biological mechanisms and immunomodulations of 1-MT that motivate antitumor responses. However, DCs antigen-uptake capability, anti-tumor efficiency, intra-tumor and intracellular cytokines were assessed. Besides, CD133+ cells viability and tumor biomarkers were investigated. Splenocytes responses and their signaling pathways such TLRs 2 to 9, NF-κβ1-2, Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β were dissected. Results evinced that a regimen of 1-MT and TAAs significantly reduced CSC CD133 + viability inside tumor microenvironment, besides increasing tumor cells necrosis and apoptosis. Expression of TGF-β, IDO, RANTES, and PDL-1 was also significantly reduced. Interestingly, 1-MT enhanced lymphocytes TLR2, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 pathways. It motivated lymphocytes’ NF-κβ2, STAT3, and STAT4 pathways, while reduced tumors’ NF-κβp65 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. We found that periphery and intra-tumor Treg cells were significantly decreased. In conclusion, depletion of indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase activity evidenced IDO relation with tumor stem cells proliferation pathways. Furthermore, 1-MT supports immunotherapeutic vaccines susceptibility and tumor specific targeting by reducing tumorgensis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Alahdal
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Ability of Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Medical Laboratory department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Al Hudaydah, Yemen
| | - Yun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Ability of Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Ability of Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Ability of Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Bo L, Guojun T, Li G. An Expanded Neuroimmunomodulation Axis: sCD83-Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Kynurenine Pathway and Updates of Kynurenine Pathway in Neurologic Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1363. [PMID: 29963055 PMCID: PMC6013554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurologic diseases are related to autoimmune dysfunction and a variety of molecules or reaction pathways are involved in the regulation of immune function of the nervous system. Soluble CD83 (sCD83) is the soluble form of CD83, a specific marker of mature dendritic cell, which has recently been shown to have an immunomodulatory effect. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO; corresponding enzyme intrahepatic, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, TDO), a rate-limiting enzyme of extrahepatic tryptophan kynurenine pathway (KP) participates in the immunoregulation through a variety of mechanisms solely or with the synergy of sCD83, and the imbalances of metabolites of KP were associated with immune dysfunction. With the complement of sCD83 to IDO-KP, a previously known immunomodulatory axis, this review focused on an expanded neuroimmunomodulation axis: sCD83-IDO-KP and its involvement in nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tan Guojun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Pei X, Wang X, Li H. LncRNA SNHG1 regulates the differentiation of Treg cells and affects the immune escape of breast cancer via regulating miR-448/IDO. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:24-30. [PMID: 29886172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of lncRNA SNHG1 in the immune escape of breast cancer (BC). METHODS SNHG1, miR-448 and IL-10 levels were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The protein levels of IDO and Foxp3 were measured by Western blot. SNHG1 and miR-448 interaction was tested by RIP assay and RNA pull-down assay. MiR-448 and IDO interaction was observed by luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Compared with CD4+T cells, miR-448 expression in CD4+ TIL cells was decreased, while the expression of SNHG1, IDO, IL-10 and Foxp3 were increased. Moreover, SNHG1 directly contacted with miR-448, which could negatively regulate IDO. In cells treated with siRNA-SNHG and miR-448 inhibitor, interference SNHG1 up-regulated miR-448 expression and down-regulated IDO expression, while miR-448 inhibitor reversed this effect. In addition, miR-448 inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of siRNA-SNHG1 on Treg cell differentiation, and siRNA-SNHG1 could reduce tumor volume and down-regulated the expressions of SNHG1, IL-10, IDO and Foxp3. CONCLUSION Interference SNHG1 could inhibit the differentiation of Treg cells by promoting miR-448 expression and reducing IDO level, thereby impeding the immune escape of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Pei
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixiang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Huang X, Pan Z, Doligalski ML, Xiao X, Ruiz E, Budzevich MM, Tian H. Evaluation of radiofluorinated carboximidamides as potential IDO-targeted PET tracers for cancer imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46900-46914. [PMID: 28159919 PMCID: PMC5564531 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IDO1 is an enzyme catalyzing the initial and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. IDO1 expression could suppress immune responses by blocking T-lymphocyte proliferation locally, suggesting a role of IDO in the regulation of immune responses. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of radiofluorinated carboximidamides as selective PET radioligands for IDO1. Specific binding correlated with IDO1 expression as measured through in vitro, microPET experiments. Specific accumulation of the new radiotracer [18F]IDO49 was observed in IDO1-expressing tumors and confirmed by Western blot and IHC analyses. These results suggest that [18F]IDO49 has substantial potential as an imaging agent that targets IDO1 in tumors, and therefore may be utilized as a companion diagnostic for IDO1 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huang
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhongjie Pan
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Vascular Medicine, Tianjin Union Medicine Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael L Doligalski
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Epifanio Ruiz
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mikalai M Budzevich
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Weng T, Qiu X, Wang J, Li Z, Bian J. Recent discovery of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors targeting cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:656-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fang K, Dong G, Wang H, He S, Wu S, Wang W, Sheng C. Improving the Potency of Cancer Immunotherapy by Dual Targeting of IDO1 and DNA. ChemMedChem 2017; 13:30-36. [PMID: 29205945 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the first exploration of a dual-targeting drug design strategy to improve the efficacy of small-molecule cancer immunotherapy. New hybrids of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors and DNA alkylating nitrogen mustards that respectively target IDO1 and DNA were rationally designed. As the first-in-class examples of such molecules, they were found to exhibit significantly enhanced anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo with low toxicity. This proof-of-concept study has established a critical step toward the development of a novel and effective immunotherapy for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shipeng He
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
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33
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Fragment-based approach to identify IDO1 inhibitor building blocks. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Binding properties of different categories of IDO1 inhibitors: a microscale thermophoresis study. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1327-1338. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Inhibition of IDO1 is a strategy pursued in the immune-oncology pipeline for the development of novel anticancer therapies. At odds with an ever-increasing number of inhibitors being disclosed in the literature and patent applications, only very few compounds have hitherto advanced in clinical settings. Materials & methods: We have used MicroScale Thermophoresis analysis and docking calculations to assess on a quantitative basis the binding properties of distinct categories of inhibitors to IDO1. Results: Results shed further light on hidden molecular aspects governing the recognition by the enzyme of compounds with different mechanism of inhibition. Conclusion: Results pinpoint specific binding features of distinct inhibitors to IDO1 that offer clues for the design of next-generation inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Coletti A, Greco FA, Dolciami D, Camaioni E, Sardella R, Pallotta MT, Volpi C, Orabona C, Grohmann U, Macchiarulo A. Advances in indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 medicinal chemistry. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1378-1392. [PMID: 30108849 PMCID: PMC6072487 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) mediates multiple immunoregulatory processes including the induction of regulatory T cell differentiation and activation, suppression of T cell immune responses and inhibition of dendritic cell function, which impair immune recognition of cancer cells and promote tumor growth. On this basis, this enzyme is widely recognized as a valuable drug target for the development of immunotherapeutic small molecules in oncology. Although medicinal chemistry has made a substantial contribution to the discovery of numerous chemical classes of potent IDO1 inhibitors in the past 20 years, only very few compounds have progressed in clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of structure-function relationships of the enzyme, and discuss structure-activity relationships of selected classes of inhibitors that have shaped the hitherto few successes of IDO1 medicinal chemistry. An outlook opinion is also given on trends in the design of next generation inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Francesco Antonio Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
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Connor AA, Denroche RE, Jang GH, Timms L, Kalimuthu SN, Selander I, McPherson T, Wilson GW, Chan-Seng-Yue MA, Borozan I, Ferretti V, Grant RC, Lungu IM, Costello E, Greenhalf W, Palmer D, Ghaneh P, Neoptolemos JP, Buchler M, Petersen G, Thayer S, Hollingsworth MA, Sherker A, Durocher D, Dhani N, Hedley D, Serra S, Pollett A, Roehrl MHA, Bavi P, Bartlett JMS, Cleary S, Wilson JM, Alexandrov LB, Moore M, Wouters BG, McPherson JD, Notta F, Stein LD, Gallinger S. Association of Distinct Mutational Signatures With Correlates of Increased Immune Activity in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3:774-783. [PMID: 27768182 PMCID: PMC5824324 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Outcomes for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain poor. Advances in next-generation sequencing provide a route to therapeutic approaches, and integrating DNA and RNA analysis with clinicopathologic data may be a crucial step toward personalized treatment strategies for this disease. OBJECTIVE To classify PDAC according to distinct mutational processes, and explore their clinical significance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a retrospective cohort study of resected PDAC, using cases collected between 2008 and 2015 as part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium. The discovery cohort comprised 160 PDAC cases from 154 patients (148 primary; 12 metastases) that underwent tumor enrichment prior to whole-genome and RNA sequencing. The replication cohort comprised 95 primary PDAC cases that underwent whole-genome sequencing and expression microarray on bulk biospecimens. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Somatic mutations accumulate from sequence-specific processes creating signatures detectable by DNA sequencing. Using nonnegative matrix factorization, we measured the contribution of each signature to carcinogenesis, and used hierarchical clustering to subtype each cohort. We examined expression of antitumor immunity genes across subtypes to uncover biomarkers predictive of response to systemic therapies. RESULTS The discovery cohort was 53% male (n = 79) and had a median age of 67 (interquartile range, 58-74) years. The replication cohort was 50% male (n = 48) and had a median age of 68 (interquartile range, 60-75) years. Five predominant mutational subtypes were identified that clustered PDAC into 4 major subtypes: age related, double-strand break repair, mismatch repair, and 1 with unknown etiology (signature 8). These were replicated and validated. Signatures were faithfully propagated from primaries to matched metastases, implying their stability during carcinogenesis. Twelve of 27 (45%) double-strand break repair cases lacked germline or somatic events in canonical homologous recombination genes-BRCA1, BRCA2, or PALB2. Double-strand break repair and mismatch repair subtypes were associated with increased expression of antitumor immunity, including activation of CD8-positive T lymphocytes (GZMA and PRF1) and overexpression of regulatory molecules (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, programmed cell death 1, and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1), corresponding to higher frequency of somatic mutations and tumor-specific neoantigens. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Signature-based subtyping may guide personalized therapy of PDAC in the context of biomarker-driven prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton A Connor
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert E Denroche
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Informatics and Bio-computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gun Ho Jang
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Informatics and Bio-computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada5Department of Statistical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee Timms
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada6Genome Technologies Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sangeetha N Kalimuthu
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iris Selander
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Treasa McPherson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gavin W Wilson
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Informatics and Bio-computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle A Chan-Seng-Yue
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivan Borozan
- Informatics and Bio-computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Ferretti
- Informatics and Bio-computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert C Grant
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilinca M Lungu
- Transformative Pathology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Thayer
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alana Sherker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada13Molecular Genetics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Durocher
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada13Molecular Genetics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neesha Dhani
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hedley
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefano Serra
- Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Pollett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada15Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael H A Roehrl
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada15Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada16Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada17Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada18BioSpecimen Sciences Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prashant Bavi
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John M S Bartlett
- Transformative Pathology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Cleary
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie M Wilson
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T-6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico20Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Malcolm Moore
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradly G Wouters
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John D McPherson
- Genome Technologies Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada17Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lincoln D Stein
- Informatics and Bio-computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada13Molecular Genetics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zulfiqar B, Mahroo A, Nasir K, Farooq RK, Jalal N, Rashid MU, Asghar K. Nanomedicine and cancer immunotherapy: focus on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:463-476. [PMID: 28176942 PMCID: PMC5268369 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine application in cancer immunotherapy is currently one of the most challenging areas in cancer therapeutic intervention. Innovative solutions have been provided by nanotechnology to deliver cytotoxic agents to the cancer cells partially affecting the healthy cells of the body during the process. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery is an emerging approach to stimulate the immune responses against cancer. The inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a pivotal area of research in cancer immunotherapy. IDO is a heme-containing immunosuppressive enzyme, which is responsible for the degradation of tryptophan while increasing the concentration of kynurenine metabolites. Various preclinical studies showed that IDO inhibition in certain diseases may result in significant therapeutic effects. Here, we provide a review of the natural and synthetic inhibitors of IDO. These inhibitors are classified according to their source, inhibitory concentrations, the chemical structure, and the mechanism of action. Tumor-targeted chemotherapy is an advanced technique and has more advantages as compared to the conventional chemotherapy. Search for more efficient and less toxic nanoparticles in conjunction with compounds to inhibit IDO is still an area of interest for several research groups worldwide, especially revealing to be an extensive and a promising area in cancer therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zulfiqar
- Healthcare Biotechnology Department, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad
| | - Amnah Mahroo
- Healthcare Biotechnology Department, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad
| | - Kaenat Nasir
- Healthcare Biotechnology Department, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad
| | - Rai Khalid Farooq
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Jalal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Usman Rashid
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Asghar
- Healthcare Biotechnology Department, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad; Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
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Fang K, Wu S, Dong G, Wu Y, Chen S, Liu J, Wang W, Sheng C. Discovery of IDO1 and DNA dual targeting antitumor agents. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9992-9995. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02529g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of small molecules for cancer immunotherapy is highly challenging and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) represents a promising target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Fang
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
| | - Shanchao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Shuqiang Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Jianhe Liu
- Department of Urology
- Xinhua Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
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Qian S, He T, Wang W, He Y, Zhang M, Yang L, Li G, Wang Z. Discovery and preliminary structure–activity relationship of 1H-indazoles with promising indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibition properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6194-6205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Herbel C, Patsoukis N, Bardhan K, Seth P, Weaver JD, Boussiotis VA. Clinical significance of T cell metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:29. [PMID: 27510264 PMCID: PMC4980327 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of normal cells to cancer is accompanied with changes in their metabolism. During this conversion, cell metabolism undergoes a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, also known as Warburg effect, which is a hallmark for cancer cell metabolism. In cancer cells, glycolysis functions in parallel with the TCA cycle and other metabolic pathways to enhance biosynthetic processes and thus support proliferation and growth. Similar metabolic features are observed in T cells during activation but, in contrast to cancer, metabolic transitions in T cells are part of a physiological process. Currently, there is intense interest in understanding the cause and effect relationship between metabolic reprogramming and T cell differentiation. After the recent success of cancer immunotherapy, the crosstalk between immune system and cancer has come to the forefront of clinical and basic research. One of the key goals is to delineate how metabolic alterations of cancer influence metabolism-regulated function and differentiation of tumor resident T cells and how such effects might be altered by immunotherapy. Here, we review the unique metabolic features of cancer, the implications of cancer metabolism on T cell metabolic reprogramming during antigen encounters, and the translational prospective of harnessing metabolism in cancer and T cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Herbel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kankana Bardhan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Dana 513, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Jessica D Weaver
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Dana 513, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Greco FA, Bournique A, Coletti A, Custodi C, Dolciami D, Carotti A, Macchiarulo A. Docking Studies and Molecular Dynamic Simulations Reveal Different Features of IDO1 Structure. Mol Inform 2016; 35:449-59. [PMID: 27546049 PMCID: PMC5215573 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201501038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has attracted a great deal of attention being recognized as key regulator of immunosuppressive pathways in the tumor immuno‐editing process. Several classes of inhibitors have been developed as potential anticancer agents, but only few of them have advanced in clinical trials. Hence, the quest of novel potent and selective inhibitors of the enzyme is still active and mostly pursued by structure‐based drug design strategies based on early and more recent crystal structures of IDO1. Combining docking studies and molecular dynamic simulations, in this work we have comparatively investigated the structural features of each crystal structure of IDO1. The results pinpoint different features in specific crystal structures of the enzyme that may benefit the medicinal chemistry arena aiding the design of novel potent and selective inhibitors of IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Antonio Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Answald Bournique
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Custodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy, .
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Abstract. Drug Metab Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1191843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Choi JM, Park WS, Song KY, Lee HJ, Jung BH. Development of simultaneous analysis of tryptophan metabolites in serum and gastric juice - an investigation towards establishing a biomarker test for gastric cancer diagnosis. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1963-1974. [PMID: 27240299 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate changes in tryptophan metabolism and discover diagnostic biomarkers for gastric cancer, a quantitative method was developed for tryptophan and its seven metabolites (indole-3-lactic acid, anthranilic acid, serotonin, nicotinic acid, kynurenic acid, kynurenine and 3-indoxyl sulfate) in both human serum and gastric juice using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Serum and gastric juice were prepared with a simple protein precipitation using aqueous 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. As a result, it was found that the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism was activated in gastric cancer and that the metabolic ratio of kynurenine/tryptophan, which reflects the enzyme activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, was associated with the observed metabolic changes. Finally, the investigation of tryptophan metabolites, especially kynurenic acid, in serum and gastric juice might serve as biomarkers for gastric cancer. The findings in this study provide critical information of tryptophan metabolism which can be applied to a serum-based diagnostic test for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Choi
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyo Young Song
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwa Jeong Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hwa Jung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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44
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Glenthøj A, Ørskov AD, Hansen JW, Hadrup SR, O'Connell C, Grønbæk K. Immune Mechanisms in Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060944. [PMID: 27314337 PMCID: PMC4926477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a spectrum of diseases, characterized by debilitating cytopenias and a propensity of developing acute myeloid leukemia. Comprehensive sequencing efforts have revealed a range of mutations characteristic, but not specific, of MDS. Epidemiologically, autoimmune diseases are common in patients with MDS, fueling hypotheses of common etiological mechanisms. Both innate and adaptive immune pathways are overly active in the hematopoietic niche of MDS. Although supportive care, growth factors, and hypomethylating agents are the mainstay of MDS treatment, some patients—especially younger low-risk patients with HLA-DR15 tissue type—demonstrate impressive response rates after immunosuppressive therapy. This is in contrast to higher-risk MDS patients, where several immune activating treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, are in the pipeline. Thus, the dual role of immune mechanisms in MDS is challenging, and rigorous translational studies are needed to establish the value of immune manipulation as a treatment of MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Glenthøj
- Epi-/Genome Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Due Ørskov
- Epi-/Genome Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Werner Hansen
- Epi-/Genome Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark.
| | - Casey O'Connell
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Stand up to Cancer Epigenetics Dream Team, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Kirsten Grønbæk
- Epi-/Genome Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
- Stand up to Cancer Epigenetics Dream Team, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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45
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Chiotellis A, Müller Herde A, Rössler SL, Brekalo A, Gedeonova E, Mu L, Keller C, Schibli R, Krämer SD, Ametamey SM. Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation of 5-Hydroxy-2-[18F]fluoroalkyl-tryptophan Analogues as Potential PET Radiotracers for Tumor Imaging. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5324-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Chiotellis
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Simon L. Rössler
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ante Brekalo
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Erika Gedeonova
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Department of Nuclear
Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D. Krämer
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Simon M. Ametamey
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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Kim SB, Choi JY, Uyangaa E, Patil AM, Hossain FMA, Hur J, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Eo SK. Blockage of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulates Japanese encephalitis via enhancement of type I/II IFN innate and adaptive T-cell responses. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:79. [PMID: 27090635 PMCID: PMC4835894 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE), a leading cause of viral encephalitis, is characterized by extensive neuroinflammation following infection with neurotropic JE virus (JEV). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been identified as an enzyme associated with immunoregulatory function. Although the regulatory role of IDO in viral replication has been postulated, the in vivo role of IDO activity has not been fully addressed in neurotropic virus-caused encephalitis. Methods Mice in which IDO activity was inhibited by genetic ablation or using a specific inhibitor were examined for mortality and clinical signs after infection. Neuroinflammation was evaluated by central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of leukocytes and cytokine expression. IDO expression, viral burden, JEV-specific T-cell, and type I/II interferon (IFN-I/II) innate responses were also analyzed. Results Elevated expression of IDO activity in myeloid and neuron cells of the lymphoid and CNS tissues was closely associated with clinical signs of JE. Furthermore, inhibition of IDO activity enhanced resistance to JE, reduced the viral burden in lymphoid and CNS tissues, and resulted in early and increased CNS infiltration by Ly-6Chi monocytes, NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cells. JE amelioration in IDO-ablated mice was also associated with enhanced NK and JEV-specific T-cell responses. More interestingly, IDO ablation induced rapid enhancement of type I IFN (IFN-I) innate responses in CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), including conventional and plasmacytoid DCs, following JEV infection. This enhanced IFN-I innate response in IDO-ablated CD11c+ DCs was coupled with strong induction of PRRs (RIG-I, MDA5), transcription factors (IRF7, STAT1), and antiviral ISG genes (Mx1, Mx2, ISG49, ISG54, ISG56). IDO ablation also enhanced the IFN-I innate response in neuron cells, which may delay the spread of virus in the CNS. Finally, we identified that IDO ablation in myeloid cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) dominantly contributed to JE amelioration and that HSC-derived leukocytes played a key role in the enhanced IFN-I innate responses in the IDO-ablated environment. Conclusions Inhibition of IDO activity ameliorated JE via enhancement of antiviral IFN-I/II innate and adaptive T-cell responses and increased CNS infiltration of peripheral leukocytes. Therefore, our data provide valuable insight into the use of IDO inhibition by specific inhibitors as a promising tool for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies against viral encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - John-Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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The role of microenvironment and immunity in drug response in leukemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:414-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Weinmann H. Cancer Immunotherapy: Selected Targets and Small-Molecule Modulators. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:450-66. [PMID: 26836578 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant amount of excitement in the scientific community around cancer immunotherapy, as this approach has renewed hope for many cancer patients owing to some recent successes in the clinic. Currently available immuno-oncology therapeutics under clinical development and on the market are mostly biologics (antibodies, proteins, engineered cells, and oncolytic viruses). However, modulation of the immune system with small molecules offers several advantages that may be complementary and potentially synergistic to the use of large biologicals. Therefore, the discovery and development of novel small-molecule modulators is a rapidly growing research area for medicinal chemists working in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a brief introduction into recent trends related to selected targets and pathways for cancer immunotherapy and their small-molecule pharmacological modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Weinmann
- Bayer Pharma AG, Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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49
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Wurz GT, Kao CJ, DeGregorio MW. Novel cancer antigens for personalized immunotherapies: latest evidence and clinical potential. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2016; 8:4-31. [PMID: 26753003 DOI: 10.1177/1758834015615514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint modulators such as ipilimumab, which targets cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and the recently approved agents nivolumab and pembrolizumab, which target programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), has stimulated renewed enthusiasm for anticancer immunotherapy, which was heralded by Science as 'Breakthrough of the Year' in 2013. As the potential of cancer immunotherapy has been recognized since the 1890s when William Coley showed that bacterial products could be beneficial in cancer patients, leveraging the immune system in the treatment of cancer is certainly not a new concept; however, earlier attempts to develop effective therapeutic vaccines and antibodies against solid tumors, for example, melanoma, frequently met with failure due in part to self-tolerance and the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Increased knowledge of the mechanisms through which cancer evades the immune system and the identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and negative immune checkpoint regulators have led to the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies targeting specific tumor antigens and immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. This review first discusses the established targets of currently approved cancer immunotherapies and then focuses on investigational cancer antigens and their clinical potential. Because of the highly heterogeneous nature of tumors, effective anticancer immunotherapy-based treatment regimens will likely require a personalized combination of therapeutic vaccines, antibodies and chemotherapy that fit the specific biology of a patient's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Wurz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Chiao-Jung Kao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael W DeGregorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, 4501 X Street Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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50
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Balti M, Miller SA, Efrit ML, Leadbeater NE. An approach to the synthesis of 4-aryl and 5-aryl substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones employing flow processing. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15488c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A route to substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones is reported, flow processing and supported reagents being used to facilitate synthesis and product isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monaem Balti
- Université Tunis El Manar
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Heterocyclic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science of Tunis
- Department of Chemistry
- 1060 Tunis
| | | | - Mohamed Lotfi Efrit
- Université Tunis El Manar
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Heterocyclic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science of Tunis
- Department of Chemistry
- 1060 Tunis
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