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Bulger EA, McDevitt TC, Bruneau BG. CDX2 dose-dependently influences the gene regulatory network underlying human extraembryonic mesoderm development. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060323. [PMID: 38451093 PMCID: PMC10979512 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of Cdx2 in vivo leads to stunted development of the allantois, an extraembryonic mesoderm-derived structure critical for nutrient delivery and waste removal in the early embryo. Here, we investigate how CDX2 dose-dependently influences the gene regulatory network underlying extraembryonic mesoderm development. By engineering human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) consisting of wild-type (WT), heterozygous (CDX2-Het), and homozygous null CDX2 (CDX2-KO) genotypes, differentiating these cells in a 2D gastruloid model, and subjecting these cells to single-nucleus RNA and ATAC sequencing, we identify several pathways that are dose-dependently regulated by CDX2 including VEGF and non-canonical WNT. snATAC-seq reveals that CDX2-Het cells retain a WT-like chromatin accessibility profile, suggesting accessibility alone is not sufficient to drive this variability in gene expression. Because the loss of CDX2 or TBXT phenocopy one another in vivo, we compared differentially expressed genes in our CDX2-KO to those from TBXT-KO hiPSCs differentiated in an analogous experiment. This comparison identifies several communally misregulated genes that are critical for cytoskeletal integrity and tissue permeability. Together, these results clarify how CDX2 dose-dependently regulates gene expression in the extraembryonic mesoderm and reveal pathways that may underlie the defects in vascular development and allantoic elongation seen in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bulger
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Todd C. McDevitt
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Benoit G. Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Bulger EA, McDevitt TC, Bruneau BG. CDX2 dose-dependently influences the gene regulatory network underlying human extraembryonic mesoderm development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.25.577277. [PMID: 38328098 PMCID: PMC10849648 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.577277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Proper regulation of gene dosage is critical for the development of the early embryo and the extraembryonic tissues that support it. Specifically, loss of Cdx2 in vivo leads to stunted development of the allantois, an extraembryonic mesoderm-derived structure critical for nutrient delivery and waste removal in the early embryo. In this study, we investigate how CDX2 dose-dependently influences the gene regulatory network underlying extraembryonic mesoderm development. We generate an allelic series for CDX2 in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) consisting of WT, heterozygous, and homozygous null CDX2 genotypes, differentiate these cells in a 2D gastruloid model, and subject these cells to multiomic single nucleus RNA and ATAC sequencing. We identify several genes that CDX2 dose-dependently regulate cytoskeletal integrity and adhesiveness in the extraembryonic mesoderm population, including regulators of the VEGF, canonical WNT, and non-canonical WNT signaling pathways. Despite these dose-dependent gene expression patterns, snATAC-seq reveals that heterozygous CDX2 expression is capable of inducing a WT-like chromatin accessibility profile, suggesting accessibility is not sufficient to drive gene expression when the CDX2 dosage is reduced. Finally, because the loss of CDX2 or TBXT phenocopy one another in vivo, we compare differentially expressed genes in our CDX2 knock-out model to those from TBXT knock-out hiPSCs differentiated in an analogous experiment. This comparison identifies several communally misregulated genes that are critical for cytoskeletal integrity and tissue permeability, including ANK3 and ANGPT1. Together, these results clarify how CDX2 dose-dependently regulates gene expression in the extraembryonic mesoderm and suggest these genes may underlie the defects in vascular development and allantoic elongation seen in the absence or reduction of CDX2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bulger
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Todd C. McDevitt
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Benoit G. Bruneau
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco
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3
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Bartold M, Ivanovski S. Biological processes and factors involved in soft and hard tissue healing. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38243683 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and iterative process involving myriad cellular and biologic processes that are highly regulated to allow satisfactory repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. This review is intended to be an introductory chapter in a volume focusing on the use of platelet concentrates for tissue regeneration. In order to fully appreciate the clinical utility of these preparations, a sound understanding of the processes and factors involved in soft and hard tissue healing. This encompasses an appreciation of the cellular and biological mediators of both soft and hard tissues in general as well as specific consideration of the periodontal tissues. In light of good advances in this basic knowledge, there have been improvements in clinical strategies and therapeutic management of wound repair and regeneration. The use of platelet concentrates for tissue regeneration offers one such strategy and is based on the principles of cellular and biologic principles of wound repair discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bartold
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Messingschlager M, Bartel-Steinbach M, Mackowiak SD, Denkena J, Bieg M, Klös M, Seegebarth A, Straff W, Süring K, Ishaque N, Eils R, Lehmann I, Lermen D, Trump S. Genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing identifies epigenetic perturbations in the upper airways under long-term exposure to moderate levels of ambient air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116413. [PMID: 37343754 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
While the link between exposure to high levels of ambient particulate matter (PM) and increased incidences of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is widely recognized, recent epidemiological studies have shown that low PM concentrations are equally associated with adverse health effects. As DNA methylation is one of the main mechanisms by which cells regulate and stabilize gene expression, changes in the methylome could constitute early indicators of dysregulated signaling pathways. So far, little is known about PM-associated DNA methylation changes in the upper airways, the first point of contact between airborne pollutants and the human body. Here, we focused on cells of the upper respiratory tract and assessed their genome-wide DNA methylation pattern to explore exposure-associated early regulatory changes. Using a mobile epidemiological laboratory, nasal lavage samples were collected from a cohort of 60 adults that lived in districts with records of low (Simmerath) or moderate (Stuttgart) PM10 levels in Germany. PM10 concentrations were verified by particle measurements on the days of the sample collection and genome-wide DNA methylation was determined by enzymatic methyl sequencing at single-base resolution. We identified 231 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between moderately and lowly PM10 exposed individuals. A high proportion of DMRs overlapped with regulatory elements, and DMR target genes were involved in pathways regulating cellular redox homeostasis and immune response. In addition, we found distinct changes in DNA methylation of the HOXA gene cluster whose methylation levels have previously been linked to air pollution exposure but also to carcinogenesis in several instances. The findings of this study suggest that regulatory changes in upper airway cells occur at PM10 levels below current European thresholds, some of which may be involved in the development of air pollution-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marey Messingschlager
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Bartel-Steinbach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Josef-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Sebastian D Mackowiak
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Denkena
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Bieg
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Klös
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Seegebarth
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Straff
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Süring
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Naveed Ishaque
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Health Data Science Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital and BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina Lehmann
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
| | - Dominik Lermen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Josef-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Saskia Trump
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Parella K, Moody K, Wortel D, Colegrove H, Elser JA. HOXA3 accelerates wound healing in diabetic and aged non-diabetic mammals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9923. [PMID: 37337031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are characterized by a persistent, hyper-inflammatory environment that prevents progression to regenerative wound closure. Such chronic wounds are especially common in diabetic patients, often requiring distal limb amputation, but occur in non-diabetic, elderly patients as well. Induced expression of HoxA3, a member of the Homeobox family of body patterning and master regulatory transcription factors, has been shown to accelerate wound closure in diabetic mice when applied topically as a plasmid encased in a hydrogel. We now provide independent replication of those foundational in vivo diabetic wound closure studies, observing 16% faster healing (3.3 mm wounds vs 3.9 mm wounds at Day 9 post original injury of 6 mm diameter) under treatment with observable microscopic benefits. We then expand upon these findings with minimal dose threshold estimation of 1 μg HoxA3 plasmid delivered topically at a weekly interval. Furthermore, we observed similarities in natural wound healing rates between aged non-diabetic mice and young diabetic mice, which provided motivation to test topical HoxA3 plasmid in aged non-diabetic mice. We observed that HoxA3 treatment achieved complete wound closure (0 mm diameter) at 2 weeks whereas untreated wounds were only 50% closed (3 mm wound diameter). We did not observe any gross adverse effects macroscopically or via histology in these short studies. Whether as a plasmid or future alternative modality, topical HoxA3 is an attractive translational candidate for chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Parella
- Ichor Life Sciences Inc, Lafayette, USA
- Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA
| | - K Moody
- Ichor Life Sciences Inc, Lafayette, USA
- Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA
| | - D Wortel
- Ichor Life Sciences Inc, Lafayette, USA
- Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA
| | | | - J A Elser
- Ship of Theseus LLC, Philadelphia, USA.
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Enniatin B and beauvericin affect intestinal cell function and hematological processes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after acute exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113557. [PMID: 36526092 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unintentional use of mold-infested plant-based feed ingredients are sources of mycotoxins in fish feeds. The presence of the emerging mycotoxins ENNB and BEA in Norwegian commercial fish feeds and plant-based feed ingredients has raised concerns regarding the health effects on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar). Atlantic salmon pre-smolts were exposed to non-lethal doses of BEA and ENNB (ctrl, 50 and 500 μg/kg feed for 12 h), after which total RNA sequencing of the intestine and liver was carried out to evaluate gut health and identify possible hepatological changes after acute dietary exposure. ENNB and BEA did not trigger acute toxicity, however ENNB caused the onset of pathways linked to acute intestinal inflammation and BEA exposures caused the onset of hepatic hematological disruption. The prevalence and concentration of ENNB found in today's commercial feed could affect the fish health if consumed over a longer time-period.
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7
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Xie HM, Bernt KM. HOXA Amplification Defines a Genetically Distinct Subset of Angiosarcomas. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081124. [PMID: 36009018 PMCID: PMC9406048 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcoma is a rare, devastating malignancy with few curative options for disseminated disease. We analyzed a recently published genomic data set of 48 angiosarcomas and noticed recurrent amplifications of HOXA-cluster genes in 33% of patients. HOXA genes are master regulators of embryonic vascular development and adult neovascularization, which provides a molecular rationale to suspect that amplified HOXA genes act as oncogenes in angiosarcoma. HOXA amplifications typically affected multiple pro-angiogenic HOXA genes and co-occurred with amplifications of CD36 and KDR, whereas the overall mutation rate in these tumors was relatively low. HOXA amplifications were found most commonly in angiosarcomas located in the breast and were rare in angiosarcomas arising in sun-exposed areas on the head, neck, face and scalp. Our data suggest that HOXA-amplified angiosarcoma is a distinct molecular subgroup. Efforts to develop therapies targeting oncogenic HOX gene expression in AML and other sarcomas may have relevance for HOXA-amplified angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo M. Xie
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, CTRB 3064, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Health Informatics (DBHI), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathrin M. Bernt
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, CTRB 3064, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-370-3171
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Kokotović T, Lenartowicz EM, Langeslag M, Ciotu CI, Fell CW, Scaramuzza A, Fischer MJM, Kress M, Penninger JM, Nagy V. Transcription factor mesenchyme homeobox protein 2 (MEOX2) modulates nociceptor function. FEBS J 2022; 289:3457-3476. [PMID: 35029322 PMCID: PMC9306780 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchyme homeobox protein 2 (MEOX2) is a transcription factor involved in mesoderm differentiation, including development of bones, muscles, vasculature and dermatomes. We have previously identified dysregulation of MEOX2 in fibroblasts from Congenital Insensitivity to Pain patients, and confirmed that btn, the Drosophila homologue of MEOX2, plays a role in nocifensive responses to noxious heat stimuli. To determine the importance of MEOX2 in the mammalian peripheral nervous system, we used a Meox2 heterozygous (Meox2+/−) mouse model to characterise its function in the sensory nervous system, and more specifically, in nociception. MEOX2 is expressed in the mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord, and localises in the nuclei of a subset of sensory neurons. Functional studies of the mouse model, including behavioural, cellular and electrophysiological analyses, showed altered nociception encompassing impaired action potential initiation upon depolarisation. Mechanistically, we noted decreased expression of Scn9a and Scn11a genes encoding Nav1.7 and Nav1.9 voltage‐gated sodium channels respectively, that are crucial in subthreshold amplification and action potential initiation in nociceptors. Further transcriptomic analyses of Meox2+/− DRG revealed downregulation of a specific subset of genes including those previously associated with pain perception, such as PENK and NPY. Based on these observations, we propose a novel role of MEOX2 in primary afferent nociceptor neurons for the maintenance of a transcriptional programme required for proper perception of acute and inflammatory noxious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Kokotović
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases Vienna Austria
- CeMM‐Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | | | - Michiel Langeslag
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics Institute of Physiology Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
- Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) University of Innsbruck Austria
- Department of Pharmacology Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Cosmin I. Ciotu
- Institute of Physiology Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Christopher W. Fell
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases Vienna Austria
- CeMM‐Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Angelica Scaramuzza
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases Vienna Austria
| | | | - Michaela Kress
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics Institute of Physiology Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Josef M. Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences VBC – Vienna BioCenter Campus Vienna Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics Life Science Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Vanja Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases Vienna Austria
- CeMM‐Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Austria
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Kaur G, Narayanan G, Garg D, Sachdev A, Matai I. Biomaterials-Based Regenerative Strategies for Skin Tissue Wound Healing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2069-2106. [PMID: 35451829 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin tissue wound healing proceeds through four major stages, including hematoma formation, inflammation, and neo-tissue formation, and culminates with tissue remodeling. These four steps significantly overlap with each other and are aided by various factors such as cells, cytokines (both anti- and pro-inflammatory), and growth factors that aid in the neo-tissue formation. In all these stages, advanced biomaterials provide several functional advantages, such as removing wound exudates, providing cover, transporting oxygen to the wound site, and preventing infection from microbes. In addition, advanced biomaterials serve as vehicles to carry proteins/drug molecules/growth factors and/or antimicrobial agents to the target wound site. In this review, we report recent advancements in biomaterials-based regenerative strategies that augment the skin tissue wound healing process. In conjunction with other medical sciences, designing nanoengineered biomaterials is gaining significant attention for providing numerous functionalities to trigger wound repair. In this regard, we highlight the advent of nanomaterial-based constructs for wound healing, especially those that are being evaluated in clinical settings. Herein, we also emphasize the competence and versatility of the three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique for advanced wound management. Finally, we discuss the challenges and clinical perspective of various biomaterial-based wound dressings, along with prospective future directions. With regenerative strategies that utilize a cocktail of cell sources, antimicrobial agents, drugs, and/or growth factors, it is expected that significant patient-specific strategies will be developed in the near future, resulting in complete wound healing with no scar tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurvinder Kaur
- Materials Science and Sensor Applications, Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Ganesh Narayanan
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Deepa Garg
- Materials Science and Sensor Applications, Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Abhay Sachdev
- Materials Science and Sensor Applications, Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Ishita Matai
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Amity University Punjab, Mohali 140306, India
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Mulley JF. Regulation of posterior Hox genes by sex steroids explains vertebral variation in inbred mouse strains. J Anat 2022; 240:735-745. [PMID: 34747015 PMCID: PMC8930804 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of elegant embryo transfer experiments in the 1950s demonstrated that the uterine environment could alter vertebral patterning in inbred mouse strains. In the intervening decades, attention has tended to focus on the technical achievements involved and neglected the underlying biological question: how can genetically homogenous individuals have a heterogenous number of vertebrae? Here I revisit these experiments and, with the benefit of knowledge of the molecular-level processes of vertebral patterning gained over the intervening decades, suggest a novel hypothesis for homeotic transformation of the last lumbar vertebra to the adjacent sacral type through regulation of Hox genes by sex steroids. Hox genes are involved in both axial patterning and development of male and female reproductive systems and have been shown to be sensitive to sex steroids in vitro and in vivo. Regulation of these genes by sex steroids and resulting alterations to vertebral patterning may hint at a deep evolutionary link between the ribless lumbar region of mammals and the switch from egg-laying to embryo implantation. An appreciation of the impact of sex steroids on Hox genes may explain some puzzling aspects of human disease, and highlights the spine as a neglected target for in utero exposure to endocrine disruptors.
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11
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A Systematic Review on HOX Genes as Potential Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: An Emerging Role of HOXB9. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413429. [PMID: 34948228 PMCID: PMC8707253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that Homeobox (HOX) genes are important in carcinogenesis, and their dysregulation has been linked with metastatic potential and poor prognosis. This review (PROSPERO-CRD42020190953) aims to systematically investigate the role of HOX genes as biomarkers in CRC and the impact of their modulation on tumour growth and progression. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched for eligible studies exploring two research questions: (a) the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of HOX dysregulation in patients with CRC and (b) the functional role of HOX genes in CRC progression. Twenty-five studies enrolling 3003 CRC patients, showed that aberrant expression of HOX proteins was significantly related to tumour depth, nodal invasion, distant metastases, advanced stage and poor prognosis. A post-hoc meta-analysis on HOXB9 showed that its overexpression was significantly associated with the presence of distant metastases (pooled OR 4.14, 95% CI 1.64–10.43, I2 = 0%, p = 0.003). Twenty-two preclinical studies showed that HOX proteins are crucially related to tumour growth and metastatic potential by affecting cell proliferation and altering the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition modulators. In conclusion, HOX proteins may play vital roles in CRC progression and are associated with overall survival. HOXB9 may be a critical transcription factor in CRC.
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Wang MQ, Yin QY, Chen YR, Zhu SL. Diagnostic and prognostic value of HOXC family members in gastric cancer. Future Oncol 2021; 17:4907-4923. [PMID: 34751593 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: HOX clusters encode proteins that play pivotal roles in regulating transcription factors and many other proteins during embryogenesis. However, little is known about the diagnostic and prognostic values of HOXC family members in gastric cancer (GC). Materials and methods: The authors evaluated the data in patients with GC based on bioinformatics analysis. Results: HOXC6/8/9/10/11/13 were overexpressed in GC and associated with a poor prognosis. HOXC4/5 were downregulated in GC tissues. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that they have high diagnostic value. In addition, HOXC4/5/6/9/10/11/13 were negatively correlated with DNA methylation level. The gene set enrichment analysis results implied that they play essential roles in multiple biological processes underlying tumorigenesis. Conclusion: HOXC family members are potential targets for diagnosis and may work as prognostic biomarkers of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Qian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi-Yun Yin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi-Ru Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sen-Lin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Abstract
Causal mediation analysis is a useful tool for epidemiologic research, but it has been criticized for relying on a "cross-world" independence assumption that counterfactual outcome and mediator values are independent even in causal worlds where the exposure assignments for the outcome and mediator differ. This assumption is empirically difficult to verify and problematic to justify based on background knowledge. In the present article, we aim to assist the applied researcher in understanding this assumption. Synthesizing what is known about the cross-world independence assumption, we discuss the relationship between assumptions for causal mediation analyses, causal models, and nonparametric identification of natural direct and indirect effects. In particular, we give a practical example of an applied setting where the cross-world independence assumption is violated even without any post-treatment confounding. Further, we review possible alternatives to the cross-world independence assumption, including the use of bounds that avoid the assumption altogether. Finally, we carry out a numeric study in which the cross-world independence assumption is violated to assess the ensuing bias in estimating natural direct and indirect effects. We conclude with recommendations for carrying out causal mediation analyses.
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14
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Hahn JM, McFarland KL, Combs KA, Anness MC, Supp DM. Analysis of HOX gene expression and the effects of HOXA9 overexpression in fibroblasts derived from keloid lesions and normal skin. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:777-791. [PMID: 33811779 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are fibroproliferative lesions resulting from an abnormal wound healing process due to pathological mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. Keloids tend to occur more frequently in anterior versus posterior body regions (e.g., ears, face, upper torso); this has been attributed to higher skin tension in those areas, although this has not yet been conclusively proven. Previous studies reported reduced expression of multiple homeobox (HOX) genes in keloid versus normal fibroblasts, suggesting a role for HOX genes in keloid pathology. However, HOX genes are differentially expressed along the anterior-posterior axis. Hypothetically, differential HOX expression may be due to differences in body sites, as matched donor sites are often unavailable for keloids and normal skin. To better understand the basis for differential HOX gene expression in cells from keloids compared with normal skin, we compared HOXA7, HOXA9, HOXC8 and HOXC11 expression in keloid and normal skin-derived fibroblasts from various body sites. When keloid (N = 20) and normal (N = 12) fibroblast cell strains were evaluated, expression of HOXA7, HOXA9 and HOXC8 was significantly lower in keloid versus normal fibroblasts. However, HOX gene expression was lower in fibroblasts from more anterior versus posterior body sites. When keloid and normal cells from similar body sites were compared, differential HOX expression was not observed. To investigate the phenotypic relevance of HOX expression, HOXA9 was overexpressed in keloid and normal fibroblasts. HOXA9 overexpression did not affect proliferation but significantly reduced fibroblast migration and altered gene expression. The results suggest that differential HOX expression may be due to differences in positional identity between keloid and normal fibroblasts. However, HOX genes can potentially regulate fibroblast phenotype, suggesting that differential HOX gene expression may play a role in keloid development in anterior body sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hahn
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin L McFarland
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly A Combs
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Meridith C Anness
- Women in Science and Engineering Program and Undergraduate Program in Medical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Dorothy M Supp
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Scientific Staff, Shriners Children's Ohio, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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15
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Maintenance of Cell Fate by the Polycomb Group Gene Sex Combs Extra Enables a Partial Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4459-4471. [PMID: 33051260 PMCID: PMC7718746 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing by Polycomb group (PcG) complexes can promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness and is associated with malignancy of solid cancers. Here we report a role for Drosophila PcG repression in a partial EMT event that occurs during wing disc eversion, an early event during metamorphosis. In a screen for genes required for eversion we identified the PcG genes Sex combs extra (Sce) and Sex combs midleg (Scm). Depletion of Sce or Scm resulted in internalized wings and thoracic clefts, and loss of Sce inhibited the EMT of the peripodial epithelium and basement membrane breakdown, ex vivo. Targeted DamID (TaDa) using Dam-Pol II showed that Sce knockdown caused a genomic transcriptional response consistent with a shift toward a more stable epithelial fate. Surprisingly only 17 genes were significantly upregulated in Sce-depleted cells, including Abd-B, abd-A, caudal, and nubbin. Each of these loci were enriched for Dam-Pc binding. Of the four genes, only Abd-B was robustly upregulated in cells lacking Sce expression. RNAi knockdown of all four genes could partly suppress the Sce RNAi eversion phenotype, though Abd-B had the strongest effect. Our results suggest that in the absence of continued PcG repression peripodial cells express genes such as Abd-B, which promote epithelial state and thereby disrupt eversion. Our results emphasize the important role that PcG suppression can play in maintaining cell states required for morphogenetic events throughout development and suggest that PcG repression of Hox genes may affect epithelial traits that could contribute to metastasis.
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16
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Dritsoula A, Kislikova M, Oomatia A, Webster AP, Beck S, Ponticos M, Lindsey B, Norman J, Wheeler DC, Oates T, Caplin B. "Epigenome-wide methylation profile of chronic kidney disease-derived arterial DNA uncovers novel pathways in disease-associated cardiovascular pathology.". Epigenetics 2020; 16:718-728. [PMID: 32930636 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1819666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) related cardiovascular disease (CVD) is characterized by vascular remodelling with well-established structural and functional changes in the vascular wall such as arterial stiffness, matrix deposition, and calcification. These phenotypic changes resemble pathology seen in ageing, and are likely to be mediated by sustained alterations in gene expression, which may be caused by epigenetic changes such as tissue-specific DNA methylation. We aimed to investigate tissue specific changes in DNA methylation that occur in CKD-related CVD. Genome-wide DNA methylation changes were examined in bisulphite converted genomic DNA isolated from the vascular media of CKD and healthy arteries. Methylation-specific PCR was used to validate the array data, and the association between DNA methylation and gene and protein expression was examined. The DNA methylation age was compared to the chronological age in both cases and controls. Three hundred and nineteen differentially methylated regions (DMR) were identified spread across the genome. Pathway analysis revealed that DMRs associated with genes were involved in embryonic and vascular development, and signalling pathways such as TGFβ and FGF. Expression of top differentially methylated gene HOXA5 showed a significant negative correlation with DNA methylation. Interestingly, DNA methylation age and chronological age were highly correlated, but there was no evidence of accelerated age-related DNA methylation in the arteries of CKD patients. In conclusion, we demonstrated that differential DNA methylation in the arterial tissue of CKD patients represents a potential mediator of arterial pathology and may be used to uncover novel pathways in the genesis of CKD-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Dritsoula
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | - Maria Kislikova
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Amin Oomatia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | - Amy P Webster
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Markella Ponticos
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | - Ben Lindsey
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jill Norman
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | - David C Wheeler
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | - Thomas Oates
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK.,Departments of Nephrology and General Medicine, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ben Caplin
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
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17
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Ma H, Su L, He X, Miao J. Loss of HMBOX1 promotes LPS-induced apoptosis and inhibits LPS-induced autophagy of vascular endothelial cells in mouse. Apoptosis 2020; 24:946-957. [PMID: 31583496 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that Homeobox containing 1 (HMBOX1), essential for the survival of vascular endothelial cells (VECs), was involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Knockdown of HMBOX1 promoted apoptosis and inhibited autophagy through regulating intracellular free zinc level in cultured VECs. In current study, in order to investigate the roles of HMBOX1 in vivo and in endothelium, we generated a knockout (KO) mouse for HMBOX1 by using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) technology. Herein, we reported that the protein level of HMBOX1 was gradually increased during mouse development. The HMBOX1 KO mouse was viable and fertile. There existed no differences in apoptosis and autophagy of aortic endothelial cells between wild type and KO mouse. Whereas, loss of HMBOX1 promoted apoptosis and inhibited autophagy of aortic endothelial cells under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in mouse. We also demonstrated that HMBOX1 deletion had no influence on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, overexpression or knockdown of HMBOX1 failed to regulate multiple pro-apoptotic genes expression in vitro. In conclusion, HMBOX1 participated in the functional maintenance of mouse aortic endothelial cells, the aortic endothelial cells of HMBOX1 KO mouse showed increased apoptosis and decreased autophagy with LPS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- HanLin Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoYing He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - JunYing Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Sadeghi Z, Kenyon JD, Richardson B, Khalifa AO, Cartwright M, Conroy B, Caplan A, Cameron MJ, Hijaz A. Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Incontinent Rat Injured Urethra. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:792-810. [PMID: 32614683 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periurethral human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) injections are associated with functional improvement in animal models of postpartum stress urinary incontinence (SUI). However, limited data exist on the role of hMSCs in modulating gene expression in tissue repair after urethral injury. To this end, we quantified temporal gene expression modulation in hMSCs, and in injured rat urethral tissue, using RNA-seq in an animal model of SUI, over a 3-day period following urethral injury, and local hMSC injection. We injected PKH fluorescent-labeled hMSC into the periurethral space of rats following a 4 h vaginal distention (VD) (three rats per time point). Control rats underwent VD injury only, and all animals were euthanized at 12, 24, 36, 72 h postinjury. Rat urethral and vaginal tissues were frozen and sectioned. Fluorescent labeled hMSCs were distinguished from adjacent, unlabeled rat urethral tissue. RNA was prepared from hMSCs and urethral tissue obtained by laser dissection of frozen tissue sections and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) over 72 h were evaluated using a two-group t-test (p < 0.05). Our transcriptional analyses identified candidate genes involved in tissue injury that were broadly sorted by injury and exposure to hMSC throughout the first 72 h of acute phase of injury. DEGs in treated urethra, compared with untreated urethra, were functionally associated with tissue repair, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and oxidative stress suppression. DEGs included a variety of cytokines, extracellular matrix stabilization and regeneration genes, cytokine signaling modification, cell cycle regulation, muscle differentiation, and stabilization. Moreover, our results revealed DEG changes in hMSCs (PKH-labeled) harvested from injured urethra. The expressions are related to DNA damage repair, transcription activation, stem cell regulation, cell survival, apoptosis, self-renewal, cell proliferation, migration, and injury response. Impact statement Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) affects nearly half of women over 40, resulting in reduced quality of life and increased health care cost. Development of SUI is multifactorial and strongly associated with vaginal delivery. While stem cell therapy in animal models of SUI and limited preliminary clinical trials demonstrate functional improvement of SUI, the role of stem cell therapy in modulating tissue repair is unclear impeding advanced clinical trials. Our work provides a new understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms with which human mesenchymal stem cells improve acute injury repair thus guiding the development of cell-based therapies for women with nonacute established SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhina Sadeghi
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Urology Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan D Kenyon
- Biology Department, Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ahmad O Khalifa
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Urology Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Menoufia University Faculty of Medicine, Urology, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Michael Cartwright
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Britt Conroy
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Urology Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Arnold Caplan
- Biology Department, Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark J Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adonis Hijaz
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Urology Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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19
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Souilhol C, Gauci I, Feng S, Tardajos Ayllon B, Mahmoud M, Canham L, Fragiadaki M, Serbanovic-Canic J, Ridger V, Evans PC. Homeobox B9 integrates bone morphogenic protein 4 with inflammation at atheroprone sites. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1300-1310. [PMID: 31504243 PMCID: PMC7243277 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis develops near branches and bends of arteries that are exposed to disturbed blood flow which exerts low wall shear stress (WSS). These mechanical conditions alter endothelial cells (EC) by priming them for inflammation and by inducing turnover. Homeobox (Hox) genes are developmental genes involved in the patterning of embryos along their anterior-posterior and proximal-distal axes. Here we identified Hox genes that are regulated by WSS and investigated their functions in adult arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS EC were isolated from inner (low WSS) and outer (high WSS) regions of the porcine aorta and the expression of Hox genes was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Several Hox genes (HoxA10, HoxB4, HoxB7, HoxB9, HoxD8, HoxD9) were significantly enriched at the low WSS compared to the high WSS region. Similarly, studies of cultured human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) or porcine aortic EC revealed that the expression of multiple Hox genes (HoxA10, HoxB9, HoxD8, HoxD9) was enhanced under low (4 dyn/cm2) compared to high (13 dyn/cm2) WSS conditions. Gene silencing studies identified Hox genes (HoxB9, HoxD8, HoxD9) that are positive regulators of inflammatory molecule expression in EC exposed to low WSS, and others (HoxB9, HoxB7, HoxB4) that regulated EC turnover. We subsequently focused on HoxB9 because it was strongly up-regulated by low WSS and, uniquely, was a driver of both inflammation and proliferation. At a mechanistic level, we demonstrate using cultured EC and murine models that bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) is an upstream regulator of HoxB9 which elicits inflammation via induction of numerous inflammatory mediators including TNF and downstream NF-κB activation. Moreover, the BMP4-HoxB9-TNF pathway was potentiated by hypercholesterolaemic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Low WSS induces multiple Hox genes that control the activation state and turnover of EC. Notably, low WSS activates a BMP4-HoxB9-TNF signalling pathway to initiate focal arterial inflammation, thereby demonstrating integration of the BMP and Hox systems in vascular pathophysiology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/physiopathology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Regional Blood Flow
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Mechanical
- Sus scrofa
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Ismael Gauci
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Shuang Feng
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Blanca Tardajos Ayllon
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Marwa Mahmoud
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Lindsay Canham
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Jovana Serbanovic-Canic
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Paul Charles Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, INSIGNEO Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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20
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Expression profiles of the internal jugular and saphenous veins: Focus on hemostasis genes. Thromb Res 2020; 191:113-124. [PMID: 32438216 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Venous bed specificity could contribute to differential vulnerability to thrombus formation, and is potentially reflected in mRNA profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray-based transcriptome analysis in wall and valve specimens from internal jugular (IJV) and saphenous (SV) veins collected during IJV surgical reconstruction in patients with impaired brain outflow. Multiplex antigenic assay in paired jugular and peripheral plasma samples. RESULTS Most of the top differentially expressed transcripts have been previously associated with both vascular and neurological disorders. Large expression differences of HOX genes, organ patterning regulators, pinpointed the vein positional identity. The "complement and coagulation cascade" emerged among enriched pathways. In IJV, upregulation of genes for coagulation inhibitors (TFPI, PROS1), activated protein C pathway receptors (THBD, PROCR), fibrinolysis activators (PLAT, PLAUR), and downregulation of the fibrinolysis inhibitor (SERPINE1) and of contact/amplification pathway genes (F11, F12), would be compatible with a thromboprotective profile in respect to SV. Further, in SV valve the prothrombinase complex genes (F5, F2) were up-regulated and the VWF showed the highest expression. Differential expression of several VWF regulators (ABO, ST3GAL4, SCARA5, CLEC4M) was also observed. Among other differentially expressed hemostasis-related genes, heparanase (HPSE)/heparanase inhibitor (HPSE2) were up-/down-regulated in IJV, which might support procoagulant features and disease conditions. The jugular plasma levels of several proteins, encoded by differentially expressed genes, were lower and highly correlated with peripheral levels. CONCLUSIONS The IJV and SV rely on differential expression of many hemostasis and hemostasis-related genes to balance local hemostasis, potentially related to differences in vulnerability to thrombosis.
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21
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Umasuthan N, Xue X, Caballero-Solares A, Kumar S, Westcott JD, Chen Z, Fast MD, Skugor S, Nowak BF, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Transcriptomic Profiling in Fins of Atlantic Salmon Parasitized with Sea Lice: Evidence for an Early Imbalance Between Chalimus-Induced Immunomodulation and the Host's Defense Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2417. [PMID: 32244468 PMCID: PMC7177938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic sea lice (e.g., Lepeophtheirus salmonis) cause costly outbreaks in salmon farming. Molecular insights into parasite-induced host responses will provide the basis for improved management strategies. We investigated the early transcriptomic responses in pelvic fins of Atlantic salmon parasitized with chalimus I stage sea lice. Fin samples collected from non-infected (i.e. pre-infected) control (PRE) and at chalimus-attachment sites (ATT) and adjacent to chalimus-attachment sites (ADJ) from infected fish were used in profiling global gene expression using 44 K microarrays. We identified 6568 differentially expressed probes (DEPs, FDR < 5%) that included 1928 shared DEPs between ATT and ADJ compared to PRE. The ATT versus ADJ comparison revealed 90 DEPs, all of which were upregulated in ATT samples. Gene ontology/pathway term network analyses revealed profound changes in physiological processes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, tissue repair/remodeling and wound healing, immunity and defense, chemotaxis and signaling, antiviral response, and redox homeostasis in infected fins. The QPCR analysis of 37 microarray-identified transcripts representing these functional themes served to confirm the microarray results with a significant positive correlation (p < 0.0001). Most immune/defense-relevant transcripts were downregulated in both ATT and ADJ sites compared to PRE, suggesting that chalimus exerts immunosuppressive effects in the salmon's fins. The comparison between ATT and ADJ sites demonstrated the upregulation of a suite of immune-relevant transcripts, evidencing the salmon's attempt to mount an anti-lice response. We hypothesize that an imbalance between immunomodulation caused by chalimus during the early phase of infection and weak defense response manifested by Atlantic salmon makes it a susceptible host for L. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Jillian D. Westcott
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada; (J.D.W.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada; (J.D.W.); (Z.C.)
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition, Cargill, Sea Lice Research Center (SLRC), Hanaveien 17, 4327 Sandnes, Norway;
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston 7250, TAS, Australia;
| | - Richard G. Taylor
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, 10383 165th Avenue NW, Elk River, MN 55330, USA;
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
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22
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Wang L, Yao J, Yu T, Zhang D, Qiao X, Yao Z, Wu X, Zhang L, Boström KI, Yao Y. Homeobox D3, A Novel Link Between Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Signaling. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2030-2041. [PMID: 32061928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several signaling pathways contribute to endothelial-mesenchymal transitions and vascular calcification, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling. The transcription factor homeobox D3 (Hoxd3) is known to regulate an invasive endothelial phenotype, and the aim of the study is to determine if HOXD3 modulates BMP and TGFβ signaling in the endothelium. METHODS AND RESEARCH We report that the endothelium with high BMP activity due to the loss of BMP inhibitor matrix Gla protein (MGP) shows induction of Hoxd3. HOXD3 is part of a BMP-triggered cascade. When activated by BMP9, activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 1 induces HOXD3 expression. Hoxd3 promoter is a direct target of phosphorylated (p) SMAD1, a mediator of BMP signaling. High BMP activity further results in enhanced TGFβ signaling due to induction of TGFβ1 and its receptor, ALK5. This is mediated by HOXD3, which directly targets the Tgfb1 promoter. Finally, TGFβ1 and BMP9 stimulate the expression of MGP, which limits the enhanced ALK1 induction by counteracting BMP4. The cascade of BMP9-HOXD3-TGFβ also affects Notch signaling and angiogenesis through induction of Notch ligand Jagged 2 and suppression of Notch ligand delta-like 4 (Dll4). CONCLUSION The results suggest that HOXD3 is a novel link between BMP9/ALK1 and TGFβ1/ALK5 signaling. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE BMP and TGFβ signaling are instrumental in vascular disease such as vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. This study demonstrated a novel type of cross talk between endothelial BMP and TGFβ signaling as mediated by HOXD3. The results provide a possible therapeutic approach to control dysfunctional BMP and TGFβ signaling by regulating HOXD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Tongtong Yu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA; Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Daoqin Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Xiaojing Qiao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Zehao Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA; College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA; The Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA.
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23
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Nakato R, Wada Y, Nakaki R, Nagae G, Katou Y, Tsutsumi S, Nakajima N, Fukuhara H, Iguchi A, Kohro T, Kanki Y, Saito Y, Kobayashi M, Izumi-Taguchi A, Osato N, Tatsuno K, Kamio A, Hayashi-Takanaka Y, Wada H, Ohta S, Aikawa M, Nakajima H, Nakamura M, McGee RC, Heppner KW, Kawakatsu T, Genno M, Yanase H, Kume H, Senbonmatsu T, Homma Y, Nishimura S, Mitsuyama T, Aburatani H, Kimura H, Shirahige K. Comprehensive epigenome characterization reveals diverse transcriptional regulation across human vascular endothelial cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:77. [PMID: 31856914 PMCID: PMC6921469 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cells (ECs) make up the innermost layer throughout the entire vasculature. Their phenotypes and physiological functions are initially regulated by developmental signals and extracellular stimuli. The underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the diverse phenotypes of ECs from different organs are not well understood. Results To characterize the transcriptomic and epigenomic landscape in the vascular system, we cataloged gene expression and active histone marks in nine types of human ECs (generating 148 genome-wide datasets) and carried out a comprehensive analysis with chromatin interaction data. We developed a robust procedure for comparative epigenome analysis that circumvents variations at the level of the individual and technical noise derived from sample preparation under various conditions. Through this approach, we identified 3765 EC-specific enhancers, some of which were associated with disease-associated genetic variations. We also identified various candidate marker genes for each EC type. We found that the nine EC types can be divided into two subgroups, corresponding to those with upper-body origins and lower-body origins, based on their epigenomic landscape. Epigenomic variations were highly correlated with gene expression patterns, but also provided unique information. Most of the deferentially expressed genes and enhancers were cooperatively enriched in more than one EC type, suggesting that the distinct combinations of multiple genes play key roles in the diverse phenotypes across EC types. Notably, many homeobox genes were differentially expressed across EC types, and their expression was correlated with the relative position of each organ in the body. This reflects the developmental origins of ECs and their roles in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and wound healing. Conclusions This comprehensive analysis of epigenome characterization of EC types reveals diverse transcriptional regulation across human vascular systems. These datasets provide a valuable resource for understanding the vascular system and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichiro Nakato
- Laboratory of Computational Genomics, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Youichiro Wada
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan. .,Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
| | - Ryo Nakaki
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yuki Katou
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tsutsumi
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Natsu Nakajima
- Laboratory of Computational Genomics, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Takahide Kohro
- Department of Clinical Informatics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kanki
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yutaka Saito
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan.,Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mika Kobayashi
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Osato
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kenji Tatsuno
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Asuka Kamio
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayashi-Takanaka
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiromi Wada
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Brain Attack Center, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, 720-0825, Japan
| | - Shinzo Ohta
- Brain Attack Center, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, 720-0825, Japan
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- The Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology and the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Nakajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | | | | | - Tatsuo Kawakatsu
- Bio-Medical Department, Kurabo Industries Ltd., Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-0823, Japan
| | - Michiru Genno
- Bio-Medical Department, Kurabo Industries Ltd., Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-0823, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yanase
- Bio-Medical Department, Kurabo Industries Ltd., Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-0823, Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takaaki Senbonmatsu
- Department of Cardiology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nishimura
- Department of Cardiology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Toutai Mitsuyama
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan. .,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan. .,Laboratory of Functional Nuclear Imaging, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED-CREST), AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan. .,Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
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24
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The Role of the HOXA Gene Family in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080621. [PMID: 31426381 PMCID: PMC6723066 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The HOXA gene family is associated with various cancer types. However, the role of HOXA genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have not been comprehensively studied. We compared the transcriptional expression, survival data, and network analysis of HOXA-associated signaling pathways in patients with AML using the ONCOMINE, GEPIA, LinkedOmics, cBioPortal, and Metascape databases. We observed that HOXA2-10 mRNA expression levels were significantly upregulated in AML and that high HOXA1-10 expression was associated with poor AML patient prognosis. The HOXA genes were altered in ~18% of the AML samples, either in terms of amplification, deep deletion, or elevated mRNA expression. The following pathways were modulated by HOXA gene upregulation: GO:0048706: embryonic skeletal system development; R-HSA-5617472: activation of HOX genes in anterior hindbrain development during early embryogenesis; GO:0060216: definitive hemopoiesis; hsa05202: transcriptional mis-regulation in cancer; and GO:0045638: negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation, and they were significantly regulated due to alterations affecting the HOXA genes. This study identified HOXA3-10 genes as potential AML therapeutic targets and prognostic markers.
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25
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Lambert M, Alioui M, Jambon S, Depauw S, Van Seuningen I, David-Cordonnier MH. Direct and Indirect Targeting of HOXA9 Transcription Factor in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060837. [PMID: 31213012 PMCID: PMC6627208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
HOXA9 (Homeobox A9) is a homeotic transcription factor known for more than two decades to be associated with leukemia. The expression of HOXA9 homeoprotein is associated with anterior-posterior patterning during embryonic development, and its expression is then abolished in most adult cells, with the exception of hematopoietic progenitor cells. The oncogenic function of HOXA9 was first assessed in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), particularly in the mixed-phenotype associated lineage leukemia (MPAL) subtype. HOXA9 expression in AML is associated with aggressiveness and a poor prognosis. Since then, HOXA9 has been involved in other hematopoietic malignancies and an increasing number of solid tumors. Despite this, HOXA9 was for a long time not targeted to treat cancer, mainly since, as a transcription factor, it belongs to a class of protein long considered to be an "undruggable" target; however, things have now evolved. The aim of the present review is to focus on the different aspects of HOXA9 targeting that could be achieved through multiple ways: (1) indirectly, through the inhibition of its expression, a strategy acting principally at the epigenetic level; or (2) directly, through the inhibition of its transcription factor function by acting at either the protein/protein interaction or the protein/DNA interaction interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lambert
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Meryem Alioui
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Samy Jambon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Sabine Depauw
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, F-59045 Lille, France.
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26
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Tachon G, Masliantsev K, Rivet P, Petropoulos C, Godet J, Milin S, Wager M, Guichet PO, Karayan-Tapon L. Prognostic significance of MEOX2 in gliomas. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:774-786. [PMID: 30659268 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common malignant primary tumors in the central nervous system and have variable predictive clinical courses. Glioblastoma, the most aggressive form of glioma, is a complex disease with unsatisfactory therapeutic solutions and a very poor prognosis. Some processes at stake in gliomagenesis have been discovered but little is known about the role of homeobox genes, even though they are highly expressed in gliomas, particularly in glioblastoma. Among them, the transcription factor Mesenchyme Homeobox 2 (MEOX2) had previously been associated with malignant progression and clinical prognosis in lung cancer and hepatocarcinoma but never studied in glioma. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical significance of MEOX2 in gliomas. We assessed the expression of MEOX2 according to IDH1/2 molecular profile and patient survival among three different public datasets: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), The Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and the US National Cancer Institute Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (Rembrandt). We then evaluated the prognostic significance of MEOX2 protein expression on 112 glioma clinical samples including; 56 IDH1 wildtype glioblastomas, 7 IDH1 wild-type lower grade gliomas, 49 IDH1 mutated lower grade gliomas. Survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method followed by uni/multivariate analyses. We demonstrated that MEOX2 was one of the transcription factors most closely associated with overall survival in glioma. Moreover, MEOX2 expression was associated with IDH1/2 wildtype molecular subtype and was significantly correlated with overall survival of all gliomas and, more interestingly, in lower grade glioma. To conclude, our results may be the first to provide insight into the clinical significance of MEOX2 in gliomas, which is a factor closely related to patient outcome. MEOX2 could constitute an interesting prognostic biomarker, especially for lower grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Tachon
- Inserm U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, F-86073, France.,Université de Poitiers, F-86073, Poitiers, France.,CHU de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, Poitiers, F-86022, France
| | - Konstantin Masliantsev
- Inserm U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, F-86073, France.,Université de Poitiers, F-86073, Poitiers, France.,CHU de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, Poitiers, F-86022, France
| | - Pierre Rivet
- CHU de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, Poitiers, F-86022, France
| | - Christos Petropoulos
- Inserm U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, F-86073, France.,Université de Poitiers, F-86073, Poitiers, France.,CHU de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, Poitiers, F-86022, France
| | - Julie Godet
- CHU de Poitiers, Service d'Anatomo-Cytopathologie, Poitiers, F-86021, France
| | - Serge Milin
- CHU de Poitiers, Service d'Anatomo-Cytopathologie, Poitiers, F-86021, France
| | - Michel Wager
- Inserm U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, F-86073, France.,Université de Poitiers, F-86073, Poitiers, France.,CHU de Poitiers, Service de Neurochirurgie, Poitiers, F-86021, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Guichet
- Inserm U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, F-86073, France. .,Université de Poitiers, F-86073, Poitiers, France. .,CHU de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, Poitiers, F-86022, France.
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Inserm U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, F-86073, France. .,Université de Poitiers, F-86073, Poitiers, France. .,CHU de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, Poitiers, F-86022, France.
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Primon M, Hunter KD, Pandha HS, Morgan R. Kinase Regulation of HOX Transcription Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040508. [PMID: 30974835 PMCID: PMC6521248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The HOX genes are a group of homeodomain-containing transcription factors that play important regulatory roles in early development, including the establishment of cell and tissue identity. HOX expression is generally reduced in adult cells but is frequently re-established as an early event in tumour formation and supports an oncogenic phenotype. HOX transcription factors are also involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair, along with normal adult physiological process including stem cell renewal. There have been extensive studies on the mechanism by which HOX proteins regulate transcription, with particular emphasis on their interaction with cofactors such as Pre-B-cell Leukaemia Homeobox (PBX) and Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 (MEIS). However, significantly less is known of how the activity of HOX proteins is regulated. There is growing evidence that phosphorylation may play an important role in this context, and in this review, we draw together a number of important studies published over the last 20 years, and discuss the relevance of phosphorylation in the regulation and function of HOX proteins in development, evolution, cell cycle regulation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Primon
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Keith D Hunter
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Hardev S Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Richard Morgan
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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28
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Recent Advances on Relationship Between Inorganic Phosphate and Pathologic Calcification: Is Calcification After Breast Augmentation with Fat Grafting Correlated with Locally Increased Concentration of Inorganic Phosphate? Aesthetic Plast Surg 2019; 43:243-252. [PMID: 30552471 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-018-1285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathologic calcification has frequently occurred after breast augmentation with fat grafting as well as other conditions such as breast cancer, trauma, myocardial infarction, arteriosclerosis and even after reduction mammoplasty. Inorganic phosphate, correlated with fat metabolism, is an important factor that induces pathologic calcification such as vascular calcification. METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed with the keywords: calcification, inorganic phosphate, fat. Studies related to the process of pathologic calcification, correlation between inorganic phosphate and pathologic calcification, between inorganic phosphate and fat metabolism in pathologic calcification were collected. RESULTS Various mechanisms were referred to in pathologic calcification among which inorganic phosphate played an important role. Inorganic phosphate could be liberated, under the effect of various enzymes, in the process of fat metabolism. The authors hypothesized that a large-scale necrotizing zone, which could occur in fat grafting with large amounts per cannula, might provide a high-phosphate environment which might contribute to differentiation of surrounding cells such as stem cells or regenerated vessel cells into osteoblast-like cells that induce pathologic calcification. CONCLUSION Inorganic phosphate, which was correlated with fat metabolism, played a significant role in pathologic calcification. We firstly hypothesize that calcification after fat grafting may be related to locally increasing concentrations of phosphate in a necrotizing zone. Further research should be conducted to verify this hypothesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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29
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Nigro C, Leone A, Longo M, Prevenzano I, Fleming TH, Nicolò A, Parrillo L, Spinelli R, Formisano P, Nawroth PP, Beguinot F, Miele C. Methylglyoxal accumulation de-regulates HoxA5 expression, thereby impairing angiogenesis in glyoxalase 1 knock-down mouse aortic endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:73-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Downes NL, Laham-Karam N, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S. Differential but Complementary HIF1α and HIF2α Transcriptional Regulation. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1735-1745. [PMID: 29843956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective vascular regeneration could provide therapeutic benefit for multiple pathologies, especially in chronic peripheral artery disease (PAD) and myocardial ischemia. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) mediate the cellular transcriptional response to hypoxia and regulate multiple processes that are required for angiogenesis to ultimately restore perfusion and oxygen supply. In endothelial cells, both HIF1α and HIF2α are known to contribute to this role; however, the extent and individual roles of each of these HIFα remain unclear. To characterize the individual roles of HIFα, we sequenced the transcriptional outputs of stabilized forms of HIF1α and HIF2α, where they regulated 701 and 1,454 genes, respectively. HIF1α transcription primarily regulated metabolic reprogramming, whereas HIF2α exerted a larger role in regulating angiogenic extracellular signaling, guidance cues, and extracellular matrix remodeling factors. Furthermore, HIF2α almost exclusively regulated a large and diverse subset of transcription factors and coregulators that contribute to its diverse roles in hypoxia. Further understanding of how HIFs regulate cellular processes in hypoxia and angiogenesis could offer new avenues to modulate physiological angiogenesis to enhance revascularisation in ischemic conditions and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Downes
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Heart Centre and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Morgan R, El-Tanani M, Hunter KD, Harrington KJ, Pandha HS. Targeting HOX/PBX dimers in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32322-32331. [PMID: 28423659 PMCID: PMC5458287 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The HOX and PBX gene families encode transcription factors that have key roles in establishing the identity of cells and tissues in early development. Over the last 20 years it has become apparent that they are also dysregulated in a wide range of solid and haematological malignancies and have a predominantly pro-oncogenic function. A key mode of transcriptional regulation by HOX and PBX proteins is through their interaction as a heterodimer or larger complex that enhances their binding affinity and specificity for DNA, and there is growing evidence that this interaction is a potential therapeutic target in malignancies that include prostate, breast, renal, ovarian and lung cancer, melanoma, myeloma, and acute myeloid leukaemia. This review summarizes the roles of HOX and PBX genes in cancer and assesses the therapeutic potential of HOX/PBX dimer inhibition, including the availability of biomarkers for its application in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morgan
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, UK
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, UK
| | - Keith D Hunter
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Hardev S Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Tumorigenicity of Ewing sarcoma is critically dependent on the trithorax proteins MLL1 and menin. Oncotarget 2018; 8:458-471. [PMID: 27888797 PMCID: PMC5352134 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental transcription programs are epigenetically regulated by the competing actions of polycomb and trithorax (TrxG) protein complexes, which repress and activate genes, respectively. Ewing sarcoma is a developmental tumor that is associated with widespread de-regulation of developmental transcription programs, including HOX programs. Posterior HOXD genes are abnormally over-expressed by Ewing sarcoma and HOXD13, in particular, contributes to the tumorigenic phenotype. In MLL1 fusion-driven leukemia, aberrant activation of HOXA genes is epigenetically mediated by the TrxG complex and HOXA gene expression and leukemogenesis are critically dependent on the protein-protein interaction between the TrxG proteins MLL1 and menin. Based on these data, we investigated whether posterior HOXD gene activation and Ewing sarcoma tumorigenicity are similarly mediated by and dependent on MLL1 and/or menin. Our findings demonstrate that Ewing sarcomas express high levels of both MLL1 and menin and that continued expression of both proteins is required for maintenance of tumorigenicity. In addition, exposure of Ewing sarcoma cells to MI-503, an inhibitor of the MLL1-menin protein-protein interaction developed for MLL1-fusion driven leukemia, leads to loss of tumorigenicity and down-regulated expression of the posterior HOXD gene cluster. Together these data demonstrate an essential role for MLL1 and menin in mediating tumor maintenance and posterior HOXD gene activation in Ewing sarcoma. A critical dependency of these tumors on the MLL1-menin interaction presents a potentially novel therapeutic target.
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Ramanathan A, Srijaya TC, Sukumaran P, Zain RB, Abu Kasim NH. Homeobox genes and tooth development: Understanding the biological pathways and applications in regenerative dental science. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 85:23-39. [PMID: 29031235 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Homeobox genes are a group of conserved class of transcription factors that function as key regulators during the embryonic developmental processes. They act as master regulator for developmental genes, which involves coordinated actions of various auto and cross-regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the expression pattern of homeobox genes in relation to the tooth development and various signaling pathways or molecules contributing to the specific actions of these genes in the regulation of odontogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search was undertaken using combination of keywords e.g. Homeobox genes, tooth development, dental diseases, stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, gene control region was used as search terms in PubMed and Web of Science and relevant full text articles and abstract were retrieved that were written in English. A manual hand search in text books were also carried out. Articles related to homeobox genes in dentistry and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine of odontogenesis were selected. RESULTS The possible perspective of stem cells technology in odontogenesis and subsequent analysis of gene correction pertaining to dental disorders through the possibility of induced pluripotent stem cells technology is also inferred. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the promising role of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine on odontogenesis, which can generate a new ray of hope in the field of dental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ramanathan
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Prema Sukumaran
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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34
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Challenges in endometriosis miRNA studies — From tissue heterogeneity to disease specific miRNAs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2282-2292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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35
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Hou X, Snarski P, Higashi Y, Yoshida T, Jurkevich A, Delafontaine P, Sukhanov S. Nuclear complex of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and DNA repair enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I protect smooth muscle cells against oxidant-induced cell death. FASEB J 2017; 31:3179-3192. [PMID: 28404743 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601082r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque destabilization is the major determinant of most acute coronary events. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) death contributes to plaque destabilization. Here, we describe a novel antiapoptotic mechanism in vascular SMCs that involves interaction of nuclear glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Ape1), the major oxidized DNA repair enzyme. GAPDH down-regulation potentiated H2O2-induced DNA damage and SMC apoptosis. Conversely, GAPDH overexpression decreased DNA damage and protected SMCs against apoptosis. Ape1 down-regulation reversed the resistance of GAPDH-overexpressing cells to DNA damage and apoptosis, which indicated that Ape1 is indispensable for GAPDH-dependent protective effects. GAPDH bound Ape1 in the SMC nucleus, and blocking (or oxidation) of GAPDH active site cysteines suppressed GAPDH/Ape1 interaction and potentiated apoptosis. GAPDH up-regulated Ape1 via a transcription factor homeobox protein Hox-A5-dependent mechanism. GAPDH levels were reduced in atherosclerotic plaque SMCs, and this effect correlated with oxidative stress and SMC apoptosis. Thus, we demonstrated that nuclear GAPDH/Ape1 interaction preserved Ape1 activity, reduced DNA damage, and prevented SMC apoptosis. Suppression of SMC apoptosis by maintenance of nuclear GAPDH/Ape1 interactions may be a novel therapy to increase atherosclerotic plaque stability.-Hou, X., Snarski, P., Higashi, Y., Yoshida, T., Jurkevich, A., Delafontaine, P., Sukhanov, S. Nuclear complex of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and DNA repair enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I protect smooth muscle cells against oxidant-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Hou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander Jurkevich
- Molecular Cytology Core, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrick Delafontaine
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA; .,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Li Y, Li H, Xie N, Chen R, Lee AR, Slater D, Lye S, Dong X. HoxA10 and HoxA11 Regulate the Expression of Contraction-Associated Proteins and Contribute to Regionalized Myometrium Phenotypes in Women. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:44-50. [PMID: 28372536 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117699706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A relaxed fundus (FUN) and a contracted lower uterine segment (LUS) of human myometrium are required for maintaining pregnancy. How this regional myometrium function is regulated remains unclear. We have previously reported that the homeobox protein A13 (HoxA13) is highly expressed in the LUS and can enhance the expression of contraction-associated proteins (CAPs). Here, we show that in contrast to HoxA13, HoxA10 and HoxA11 genes are expressed at significantly higher levels in myometrium tissues and primary myocytes from the FUN. When introduced exogenously into a human myometrial cell line, HoxA10 and HoxA11 suppress the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of several CAP genes including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, connexin 43 (Cx43), and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2). Consistently, enhanced HoxA10 and HoxA11 expressions strongly inhibited IL-1β and Cx43 protein levels. We further confirmed that higher expression of HoxA10 and HoxA11 genes in primary myocytes from the FUN compared to that from the LUS was associated with lower expression of IL-1β, IL-6, Cox2, and Cx43 genes. We conclude that the expression patterns of HoxA10, HoxA11, and HoxA13 and their actions in regulating CAP genes in FUN and LUS create regionalized myometrium phenotypes in women that may be important to control regionalized myometrium contractility for maintaining pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Li
- 1 Department of Urologic Sciences, The Vancouver prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Haolong Li
- 1 Department of Urologic Sciences, The Vancouver prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ning Xie
- 1 Department of Urologic Sciences, The Vancouver prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- 1 Department of Urologic Sciences, The Vancouver prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ahn Rhi Lee
- 1 Department of Urologic Sciences, The Vancouver prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Donna Slater
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stephen Lye
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- 1 Department of Urologic Sciences, The Vancouver prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Liang Y, Tsoi LC, Xing X, Beamer MA, Swindell WR, Sarkar MK, Berthier CC, Stuart PE, Harms PW, Nair RP, Elder JT, Voorhees JJ, Kahlenberg JM, Gudjonsson JE. A gene network regulated by the transcription factor VGLL3 as a promoter of sex-biased autoimmune diseases. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:152-160. [PMID: 27992404 PMCID: PMC5289297 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect 7.5% of the US population, and they are among the leading causes of death and disability. A notable feature of many autoimmune diseases is their greater prevalence in females than in males, but the underlying mechanisms of this have remained unclear. Through the use of high-resolution global transcriptome analyses, we demonstrated a female-biased molecular signature associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disease and linked this to extensive sex-dependent co-expression networks. This signature was independent of biological age and sex-hormone regulation and was regulated by the transcription factor VGLL3, which also had a strong female-biased expression. On a genome-wide level, VGLL3-regulated genes had a strong association with multiple autoimmune diseases, including lupus, scleroderma and Sjögren's syndrome, and had a prominent transcriptomic overlap with inflammatory processes in cutaneous lupus. These results identified a VGLL3-regulated network as a previously unknown inflammatory pathway that promotes female-biased autoimmunity. They demonstrate the importance of studying immunological processes in females and males separately and suggest new avenues for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria A Beamer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William R Swindell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mrinal K Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Celine C Berthier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Philip E Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rajan P Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John J Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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38
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Yagi LH, Watanuki LM, Isaac C, Gemperli R, Nakamura YM, Ladeira PRS. Human fetal wound healing: a review of molecular and cellular aspects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-016-1201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3861-85. [PMID: 27180275 PMCID: PMC5021733 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 822] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly restore the integrity of a broken skin barrier is critical and is the ultimate goal of therapies for hard-to-heal-ulcers. Unfortunately effective treatments to enhance healing and reduce scarring are still lacking. A deeper understanding of the physiology of normal repair and of the pathology of delayed healing is a prerequisite for the development of more effective therapeutic interventions. Transition from the inflammatory to the proliferative phase is a key step during healing and accumulating evidence associates a compromised transition with wound healing disorders. Thus, targeting factors that impact this phase transition may offer a rationale for therapeutic development. This review summarizes mechanisms regulating the inflammation-proliferation transition at cellular and molecular levels. We propose that identification of such mechanisms will reveal promising targets for development of more effective therapies.
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40
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Rezsohazy R, Saurin AJ, Maurel-Zaffran C, Graba Y. Cellular and molecular insights into Hox protein action. Development 2016; 142:1212-27. [PMID: 25804734 DOI: 10.1242/dev.109785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hox genes encode homeodomain transcription factors that control morphogenesis and have established functions in development and evolution. Hox proteins have remained enigmatic with regard to the molecular mechanisms that endow them with specific and diverse functions, and to the cellular functions that they control. Here, we review recent examples of Hox-controlled cellular functions that highlight their versatile and highly context-dependent activity. This provides the setting to discuss how Hox proteins control morphogenesis and organogenesis. We then summarise the molecular modalities underlying Hox protein function, in particular in light of current models of transcription factor function. Finally, we discuss how functional divergence between Hox proteins might be achieved to give rise to the many facets of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Rezsohazy
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Saurin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille 13288, Cedex 09, France
| | | | - Yacine Graba
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille 13288, Cedex 09, France
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41
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Pelttari K, Barbero A, Martin I. A potential role of homeobox transcription factors in osteoarthritis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:254. [PMID: 26605300 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.09.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
When a healthy joint progressively becomes osteoarthritic, the structures of the affected cartilage, bone and synovia undergo an initial phase of rearrangement. The exact molecular and cellular events occurring in this early osteoarthritic transition phase still remain elusive. Homeobox (Hox) genes encode for transcription factors that typically regulate limb morphogenesis and skeletal formation during development. More recently they were shown to be required for tissue remodelling and homeostasis in adults and to be modulated in a variety of pathologies. Here we present and discuss the hypothesis that dysregulation of specific Hox genes is associated with the onset and development of osteoarthritis (OA). Discovering mechanisms modulating Hox gene expression could not only provide important information in understanding OA pathology and its initiation, but also help to identify biomarkers reflecting the state of early OA. This knowledge would allow anticipating the time window for clinical treatment of the affected cartilage and assist in the development of innovative strategies to restore joint homeostasis, e.g., by cell or gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Pelttari
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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42
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Podolak-Popinigis J, Górnikiewicz B, Ronowicz A, Sachadyn P. Transcriptome profiling reveals distinctive traits of retinol metabolism and neonatal parallels in the MRL/MpJ mouse. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:926. [PMID: 26572684 PMCID: PMC4647819 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The MRL/MpJ mouse is a laboratory inbred strain known for regenerative abilities which are manifested by scarless closure of ear pinna punch holes. Enhanced healing responses have been reported in other organs. A remarkable feature of the strain is that the adult MRL/MpJ mouse retains several embryonic biochemical characteristics, including increased expression of stem cell markers. Results We explored the transcriptome of the MRL/MpJ mouse in the heart, liver, spleen, bone marrow and ears. We used two reference strains, thus increasing the chances to discover the genes responsible for the exceptional properties of the regenerative strain. We revealed several distinctive characteristics of gene expression patterns in the MRL/MpJ mouse, including the repression of immune response genes, the up-regulation of those associated with retinol metabolism and PPAR signalling, as well as differences in expression of the genes engaged in wounding response. Another crucial finding is that the gene expression patterns in the adult MRL/MpJ mouse and murine neonates share a number of parallels, which are also related to immune and wounding response, PPAR pathway, and retinol metabolism. Conclusions Our results indicate the significance of retinol signalling and neonatal transcriptomic relics as the distinguishing features of the MRL/MpJ mouse. The possibility that retinoids could act as key regulatory molecules in this regeneration model brings important implications for regenerative medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2075-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Podolak-Popinigis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Górnikiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowicz
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Visconti RP, Awgulewitsch A. Topographic patterns of vascular disease: HOX proteins as determining factors? World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:65-70. [PMID: 26322165 PMCID: PMC4549770 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i3.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Steadily increasing evidence supports the idea that genetic diversities in the vascular bed are, in addition to hemodynamic influences, a major contributing factor in determining region-specific cardiovascular disease susceptibility. Members of the phylogenetically highly conserved Hox gene family of developmental regulators have to be viewed as prime candidates for determining these regional genetic differences in the vasculature. During embryonic patterning, the regionally distinct and precisely choreographed expression patterns of HOX transcription factors are essential for the correct specification of positional identities. Apparently, these topographic patterns are to some degree retained in certain adult tissues, including the circulatory system. While an understanding of the functional significance of these localized Hox activities in adult blood vessels is only beginning to emerge, an argument can be made for a role of Hox genes in the maintenance of vessel wall homeostasis and functional integrity on the one hand, and in regulating the development and progression of regionally restricted vascular pathologies, on the other. Initial functional studies in animal models, as well as data from clinical studies provide some level of support for this view. The data suggest that putative genetic regulatory networks of Hox-dependent cardiovascular disease processes include genes of diverse functional categories (extracellular matrix remodeling, transmembrane signaling, cell cycle control, inflammatory response, transcriptional control, etc.), as potential targets in both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, as well as cell populations residing in the adventitia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Visconti
- Richard P Visconti, Alexander Awgulewitsch, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Alexander Awgulewitsch
- Richard P Visconti, Alexander Awgulewitsch, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
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44
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Beebe-Dimmer JL, Hathcock M, Yee C, Okoth LA, Ewing CM, Isaacs WB, Cooney KA, Thibodeau SN. The HOXB13 G84E Mutation Is Associated with an Increased Risk for Prostate Cancer and Other Malignancies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1366-72. [PMID: 26108461 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rare nonconservative substitution (G84E) in the HOXB13 gene has been shown to be associated with risk of prostate cancer. DNA samples from male patients included in the Mayo Clinic Biobank (MCB) were genotyped to determine the frequency of the G84E mutation and its association with various cancers. METHODS Subjects were genotyped using a custom TaqMan (Applied Biosystems) assay for G84E (rs138213197). In addition to donating a blood specimen, all MCB participants completed a baseline questionnaire to collect information on medical history and family history of cancer. RESULTS Forty-nine of 9,012 male patients were carriers of G84E (0.5%). Thirty-one percent (n = 2,595) of participants had been diagnosed with cancer, including 51.1% of G84E carriers compared with just 30.6% of noncarriers (P = 0.004). G84E was most frequently observed among men with prostate cancer compared with men without cancer (P < 0.0001). However, the mutation was also more commonly observed in men with bladder cancer (P = 0.06) and leukemia (P = 0.01). G84E carriers were more likely to have a positive family history of prostate cancer in a first-degree relative compared to noncarriers (36.2% vs. 16.0%, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the association between the HOXB13 G84E variant and prostate cancer and suggests a novel association between G84E and leukemia and a suggestive association with bladder cancer. Future investigation is warranted to confirm these associations in order to improve our understanding of the role of germline HOXB13 mutations in human cancer. IMPACT The associations between HOXB13 and prostate, leukemia, and bladder suggest that this gene is important in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - Matthew Hathcock
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cecilia Yee
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Linda A Okoth
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan. University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charles M Ewing
- Department of Urology, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen A Cooney
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan. University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Fork C, Gu L, Hitzel J, Josipovic I, Hu J, SzeKa Wong M, Ponomareva Y, Albert M, Schmitz SU, Uchida S, Fleming I, Helin K, Steinhilber D, Leisegang MS, Brandes RP. Epigenetic Regulation of Angiogenesis by JARID1B-Induced Repression of HOXA5. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1645-52. [PMID: 26023081 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altering endothelial biology through epigenetic modifiers is an attractive novel concept, which is, however, just in its beginnings. We therefore set out to identify chromatin modifiers important for endothelial gene expression and contributing to angiogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS To identify chromatin modifying enzymes in endothelial cells, histone demethylases were screened by microarray and polymerase chain reaction. The histone 3 lysine 4 demethylase JARID1B was identified as a highly expressed enzyme at the mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of JARID1B by shRNA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells attenuated cell migration, angiogenic sprouting, and tube formation. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition and overexpression of a catalytic inactive JARID1B mutant reduced the angiogenic capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. To identify the in vivo relevance of JARID1B in the vascular system, Jarid1b knockout mice were studied. As global knockout results in increased mortality and developmental defects, tamoxifen-inducible and endothelial-specific knockout mice were generated. Acute knockout of Jarid1b attenuated retinal angiogenesis and endothelial sprout outgrowth from aortic segments. To identify the underlying mechanism, a microarray experiment was performed, which led to the identification of the antiangiogenic transcription factor HOXA5 to be suppressed by JARID1B. Importantly, downregulation or inhibition of JARID1B, but not of JARID1A and JARID1C, induced HOXA5 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Consistently, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that JARID1B occupies and reduces the histone 3 lysine 4 methylation levels at the HOXA5 promoter, demonstrating a direct function of JARID1B in endothelial HOXA5 gene regulation. CONCLUSIONS JARID1B, by suppressing HOXA5, maintains the endothelial angiogenic capacity in a demethylase-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fork
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.).
| | - Lunda Gu
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Juliane Hitzel
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Ivana Josipovic
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Jiong Hu
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Michael SzeKa Wong
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Yuliya Ponomareva
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Mareike Albert
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Sandra U Schmitz
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Kristian Helin
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Matthias S Leisegang
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Institutes of Vascular Signalling (J.H., I.F.) and Cardiovascular Regeneration (Y.P., S.U.), Centre for Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES (D.S.), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), Centre for Epigenetics (M.A., S.U.S., K.H.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany (C.F., L.G., J.H., I.J., M.S.W., Y.P., S.U., I.F., M.S.L., R.P.B.)
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46
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Scarlett K, Pattabiraman V, Barnett P, Liu D, Anderson LM. The proangiogenic effect of iroquois homeobox transcription factor Irx3 in human microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6303-15. [PMID: 25512384 PMCID: PMC4358267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a dynamic process required for embryonic development. However, postnatal vascular growth is characteristic of multiple disease states. Despite insights into the multistep process in which adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, and their receptors work in concert to form new vessels from the preexisting vasculature, there remains a lack of insight of the nuclear transcriptional mechanisms that occur within endothelial cells (ECs) in response to VEGF. Iroquois homeobox gene 3 (Irx3) is a transcription factor of the Iroquois family of homeobox genes. Irx homeodomain transcription factors are involved in the patterning and development of several tissues. Irx3 is known for its role during embryogenesis in multiple organisms. However, the expression and function of Irx3 in human postnatal vasculature remains to be investigated. Here we show that Irx3 is expressed in human microvascular endothelial cells, and expression is elevated by VEGF stimulation. Genetic Irx3 gain and loss of function studies in human microvascular endothelial cells resulted in the modulation of EC migration during wound healing, chemotaxis and invasion, and tubulogenesis. Additionally, we observed increased delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) expression, which suggests an increase in EC tip cell population. Finally, siRNA screening studies revealed that transient knockdown of Hey1, a downstream Notch signaling mediator, resulted in increased Irx3 expression in response to VEGF treatment. Strategies to pharmacologically regulate Irx3 function in adult endothelial cells may provide new therapies for angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petrina Barnett
- the Cancer Center for Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314
| | - Dong Liu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310 and
| | - Leonard M Anderson
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310 and
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47
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Matsuda R, Hosono C, Saigo K, Samakovlis C. The intersection of the extrinsic hedgehog and WNT/wingless signals with the intrinsic Hox code underpins branching pattern and tube shape diversity in the drosophila airways. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004929. [PMID: 25615601 PMCID: PMC4304712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tubular networks of the Drosophila respiratory system and our vasculature show distinct branching patterns and tube shapes in different body regions. These local variations are crucial for organ function and organismal fitness. Organotypic patterns and tube geometries in branched networks are typically controlled by variations of extrinsic signaling but the impact of intrinsic factors on branch patterns and shapes is not well explored. Here, we show that the intersection of extrinsic hedgehog(hh) and WNT/wingless (wg) signaling with the tube-intrinsic Hox code of distinct segments specifies the tube pattern and shape of the Drosophila airways. In the cephalic part of the airways, hh signaling induces expression of the transcription factor (TF) knirps (kni) in the anterior dorsal trunk (DTa1). kni represses the expression of another TF spalt major (salm), making DTa1 a narrow and long tube. In DTa branches of more posterior metameres, Bithorax Complex (BX-C) Hox genes autonomously divert hh signaling from inducing kni, thereby allowing DTa branches to develop as salm-dependent thick and short tubes. Moreover, the differential expression of BX-C genes is partly responsible for the anterior-to-posterior gradual increase of the DT tube diameter through regulating the expression level of Salm, a transcriptional target of WNT/wg signaling. Thus, our results highlight how tube intrinsic differential competence can diversify tube morphology without changing availabilities of extrinsic factors. Tubes are common structural elements of many internal organs,
facilitating fluid flow and material exchange. To meet the local needs of diverse tissues, the branching patterns and tube shapes vary regionally. Diametric tapering and specialized branch targeting to the brain represent two common examples of variations with organismal benefits in the Drosophila airways and our vascular system. Several extrinsic signals instruct tube diversifications but the impact of intrinsic factors remains underexplored. Here, we show that the local, tube-intrinsic Hox code instructs the pattern and shape of the dorsal trunk (DT), the main Drosophila airway. In the cephalic part (DT1), where Bithorax Complex (BX-C) Hox genes are not expressed, the extrinsic Hedgehog signal is epistatic to WNT/Wingless signals. Hedgehog instructs anterior DT1 cells to take a long and narrow tube fate targeting the brain. In more posterior metameres, BX-C genes make the extrinsic WNT/Wingless signals epistatic over Hedgehog. There, WNT/Wingless instruct all DT cells to take the thick and short tube fate. Moreover, BX-C genes modulate the outputs of WNT/wingless signaling, making the DT tubes thicker in more posterior metameres. We provide a model for how intrinsic factors modify extrinsic signaling to control regional tube morphologies in a network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chie Hosono
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaoru Saigo
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- ECCPS, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lee JT, Choi SY, Kim HL, Kim JY, Lee HJ, Kwon TG. Comparison of gene expression between mandibular and iliac bone-derived cells. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:1223-33. [PMID: 25366872 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in gene expression between the human mandibular and iliac bone-derived cells (BCs) for better understanding of the site-specific characteristics of bones. METHODS Primary cells were obtained from mandibular and iliac bones from six healthy, elderly donors. To investigate site-specific differences, gene expression profile of mandibular and iliac BC from the same donors were compared via cDNA microarray analysis. RESULTS A comparison of the gene expression profiles revealed that 82 genes were significantly upregulated and 66 genes were downregulated with 1.5 fold or greater in mandibular versus iliac BCs. The most significantly differentially regulated genes were associated with skeletal system development or morphogenesis (SIX1, MSX1, MSX2, HAND2, PRRX1, OSR2, HOX gene family, PITX2). Especially, upregulated genes in mandibular BC were related with tooth morphogenesis, originated from the ectomesenchyme. Microarray analysis revealed that Msx1 was 2.03-fold and Msx2 was 1.99-fold upregulated in mandibular versus iliac BCs (both p < 0.01). Furthermore, in mandibular BCs, all members of the HOX gene family that were analyzed were downregulated (p < 0.01) and osteopontin was also downregulated by 2.84-fold (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Site-specific differences between jaw and long bones can be explained by the differences in gene expression patterns. Our results suggest that bone cell-derived cells maintain the genetic characteristics of their embryological origin. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study revealed fundamental differences in gene expression between the mandibular and iliac bone in humans. These differences could be important for understanding jaw bone-specific development of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tae Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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GHK and DNA: resetting the human genome to health. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:151479. [PMID: 25302294 PMCID: PMC4180391 DOI: 10.1155/2014/151479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During human aging there is an increase in the activity of inflammatory, cancer promoting, and tissue destructive genes plus a decrease in the activity of regenerative and reparative genes. The human blood tripeptide GHK possesses many positive effects but declines with age. It improves wound healing and tissue regeneration (skin, hair follicles, stomach and intestinal linings, and boney tissue), increases collagen and glycosaminoglycans, stimulates synthesis of decorin, increases angiogenesis, and nerve outgrowth, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and increases cellular stemness and the secretion of trophic factors by mesenchymal stem cells. Recently, GHK has been found to reset genes of diseased cells from patients with cancer or COPD to a more healthy state. Cancer cells reset their programmed cell death system while COPD patients' cells shut down tissue destructive genes and stimulate repair and remodeling activities. In this paper, we discuss GHK's effect on genes that suppress fibrinogen synthesis, the insulin/insulin-like system, and cancer growth plus activation of genes that increase the ubiquitin-proteasome system, DNA repair, antioxidant systems, and healing by the TGF beta superfamily. A variety of methods and dosages to effectively use GHK to reset genes to a healthier state are also discussed.
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50
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Murthi P, Abumaree M, Kalionis B. Analysis of homeobox gene action may reveal novel angiogenic pathways in normal placental vasculature and in clinical pregnancy disorders associated with abnormal placental angiogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:133. [PMID: 24926269 PMCID: PMC4045154 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes are essential for both the development of the blood and lymphatic vascular systems, as well as for their maintenance in the adult. Homeobox genes comprise an important family of transcription factors, which are characterized by a well conserved DNA binding motif; the homeodomain. The specificity of the homeodomain allows the transcription factor to bind to the promoter regions of batteries of target genes and thereby regulates their expression. Target genes identified for homeodomain proteins have been shown to control fundamental cell processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We and others have reported that homeobox genes are expressed in the placental vasculature, but our knowledge of their downstream target genes is limited. This review highlights the importance of studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which homeobox genes and their downstream targets may regulate important vascular cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and endothelial tube formation, which are essential for placental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. A better understanding of the molecular targets of homeobox genes may lead to new therapies for aberrant angiogenesis associated with clinically important pregnancy pathologies, including fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Murthi
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; NorthWest Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohamed Abumaree
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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