The laminin family

A proteomic approach supports the clinical relevance of TAT-Cx43266-283 in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain cancer. The Src inhibitor, TAT-Cx43266-283, exerts antitumor effects in in vitro and in vivo models of GBM. Because addressing the mechanism of action is essential to translate these results to a clinical setting, in this study we carried out an unbiased proteomic approach. Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry proteomics allowed the identification of 190 proteins whose abundance was modified by TAT-Cx43266-283. Our results were consistent with the inhibition of Src as the mechanism of action of TAT-Cx43266-283 and unveiled antitumor effectors, such as p120 catenin. Changes in the abundance of several proteins suggested that TAT-Cx43266-283 may also impact the brain microenvironment. Importantly, the proteins whose abundance was reduced by TAT-Cx43266-283 correlated with an improved GBM patient survival in clinical datasets and none of the proteins whose abundance was increased by TAT-Cx43266-283 correlated with shorter survival, supporting its use in clinical trials.

Mechanisms of assembly and remodelling of the extracellular matrix

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the complex meshwork of proteins and glycans that forms the scaffold that surrounds and supports cells. It exerts key roles in all aspects of metazoan physiology, from conferring physical and mechanical properties on tissues and organs to modulating cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and migration. Understanding the mechanisms that orchestrate the assembly of the ECM scaffold is thus crucial to understand ECM functions in health and disease. This Review discusses novel insights into the compositional diversity of matrisome components and the mechanisms that lead to tissue-specific assemblies and architectures tailored to support specific functions. The Review then highlights recently discovered mechanisms, including post-translational modifications and metabolic pathways such as amino acid availability and the circadian clock, that modulate ECM secretion, assembly and remodelling in homeostasis and human diseases. Last, the Review explores the potential of 'matritherapies', that is, strategies to normalize ECM composition and architecture to achieve a therapeutic benefit.

LAMB3: Central role and clinical significance in neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases

Recently, topics related to targeted gene therapy and diagnosis have become increasingly important in disease research. The progression of many diseases is associated with specific gene signaling pathways. Therefore, the identification of precise gene targets in various diseases is crucial for the development of effective treatments. Laminin subunit beta 3 (LAMB3), a component of laminin 5, functions as an adhesive protein in the extracellular matrix and plays a vital role in regulating cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle in certain diseases. Previous studies have indicated that LAMB3 is highly expressed in numerous tumorous and non-tumorous conditions, including renal fibrosis; squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, thyroid, lung, pancreatic, ovarian, colorectalr, gastric, breast, cervical, nasopharyngeal, bladder, prostate cancers; and cholangiocarcinoma. Conversely, it is underexpressed in other conditions, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, epidermolysis bullosa, and amelogenesis imperfecta. Consequently, LAMB3 may serve as a molecular diagnostic and therapeutic target for various diseases through its involvement in critical gene signaling pathways. This paper reviews the research status of LAMB3 and its role in related diseases.

Hypoxia-induced LAMB2-enriched extracellular vesicles promote peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer via the ROCK1-CAV1-Rab11 axis

Peritoneal metastasis is one of the most common risk factors contributing to the poor prognosis of gastric cancer. We previously reported that extracellular vesicles from gastric cancer cells could facilitate peritoneal metastasis. However, their impact on gastric cancer-induced peritoneal metastasis under hypoxic conditions remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate how hypoxia-resistant gastric cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles affect the peritoneal metastasis of normoxic gastric cancer cells. Proteomic analysis revealed elevated levels of Caveolin1 and Laminin β2 in hypoxia-resistant gastric cancer cells and their corresponding extracellular vesicles. Importantly, Caveolin1 was found to play a central role in mediating Laminin β2 sorting into extracellular vesicles derived from hypoxia-resistant gastric cancer cells, and subsequently, extracellular vesicle-associated Laminin β2 promoted peritoneal metastasis in normoxic gastric cancer cells by activating the AKT pathway. Further investigation confirmed that Caveolin1 activation by Rho-related Coiled-coil kinase 1-mediated phosphorylation of Y14 residue is a key factor facilitating Laminin β2 sorting into extracellular vesicles. Moreover, Y14 phosphorylated- Caveolin1 enhanced Laminin β2 sorting by activating Rab11. Finally, our study demonstrated that a combined assessment of plasma extracellular vesicle-associated Caveolin1 and extracellular vesicle-associated Laminin β2 could provide an accurate predictive tool for peritoneal metastasis occurrence in gastric cancer.

The effect of Norethisterone acetate on the uterus of albino rats: histological, histochemical and ultrastructure study

BACKGROUND

Norethisterone acetate (NETA), also known as norethindrone acetate is a progestogens medication that is widely used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders as abnormal uterine bleeding and endometriosis. There is a lack of detailed histological information regarding the effects of NETA on the uterine structure. So, the present study focuses on the uterine histological, histochemical and ultrastructure changes following the exposure to NETA in the albino rats. To do this aim, fourteen adult female albino rats were used. They were randomly divided into two equally groups: Control group and NETA treated group. Albino rats of control group were administered daily food, water and orally distilled water only, while rats of NETA treated group were administered daily orally 20 µg of NETA dissolved in 2 ml distilled water, food, and water. The experiment was continued for three weeks.

RESULTS

The findings of the present work indicated that the use of NETA has negative effects on the endometrial epithelium (proliferation, autophagy and apoptosis), glands (necrotic, apoptotic or pseudosecretory glands) and stromal and myometrial reactions (granulocytes, connective tissue remodeling, apoptosis, myocytes hypertrophy).

CONCLUSION

This work revealed that NETA has desynchronized progestogenic effect on the uterine tissues of the albino rat and thereby prevent implantation and pregnancy.

Bioactive Hydrogels Inspired by Laminin: An Emerging Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering Applications

Tissue or organ damage due to severe injuries or chronic diseases can adversely affect the quality of life. Current treatments rely on organ or tissue transplantation which has limitations including unavailability of donors, ethical issues, or immune rejection after transplantations. These limitations can be addressed by tissue regeneration which involves the development of bioactive scaffolds closely mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM). One of the major components of ECM is the laminin protein which supports several tissues associated with important organs. In this direction, peptide-based hydrogels can effectively mimic the essential characteristics of laminin. While several reports have discussed the structure of laminin, the potential of laminin-derived peptide hydrogels as effective biomaterial for tissue engineering applications is yet to be discussed. In this context, the current review focuses on the structure of laminin and its role as an essential ECM protein. Further, the potential of short peptide hydrogels in mimicking the crucial properties of laminin is proposed. The review further highlights the significance of bioactive hydrogels inspired by laminin - in addressing numerous tissue engineering applications including angiogenesis, neural, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue regeneration along with a brief outlook on the future applications of these laminin-based hydrogels.

Proteomics and Bioinformatics Identify Drug-Resistant-Related Genes with Prognostic Potential in Cholangiocarcinoma

Drug resistance is a major challenge in the treatment of advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance can aid in identifying novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve treatment efficacy. This study established 5-fluorouracil- (5-FU) and gemcitabine-resistant CCA cell lines, KKU-213FR and KKU-213GR, and utilized comparative proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins in drug-resistant cells compared to parental cells. Additionally, bioinformatics analyses were conducted to explore the biological and clinical significance of key proteins. The drug-resistant phenotypes of KKU-213FR and KKU-213GR cell lines were confirmed. In addition, these cells demonstrated increased migration and invasion abilities. Proteomics analysis identified 81 differentially expressed proteins in drug-resistant cells, primarily related to binding functions, biological regulation, and metabolic processes. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed a highly interconnected network involving MET, LAMB1, ITGA3, NOTCH2, CDH2, and NDRG1. siRNA-mediated knockdown of these genes in drug-resistant cell lines attenuated cell migration and cell invasion abilities and increased sensitivity to 5-FU and gemcitabine. The mRNA expression of these genes is upregulated in CCA patient samples and is associated with poor prognosis in gastrointestinal cancers. Furthermore, the functions of these proteins are closely related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway. These findings elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance and tumor progression in CCA, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets.

Expression of the laminin genes family and its relationship to prognosis in pancreatic carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Laminin is an extracellular matrix molecule that is the major component of the basement membrane and plays a key role in regulating various processes. However, the association between the laminin gene family and the prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma has not been systematically investigated.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The role of the laminin gene family in pancreatic cancer was evaluated using data from the TCGA database. The effects of different expressions of members of the laminin gene family on pancreatic cancer survival were compared, and their primary cellular roles were examined. The effects of different expressions of positive family genes on proliferation, metastasis, and invasion, as well as EMT and ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer, were also examined.

RESULTS

Based on univariate and multifactorial analysis of pancreatic cancer patients, LAMA3 was identified as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in pancreatic cancer. LAMA3 was found to be enriched in the actin cytoskeleton, P53 signaling pathway, adhesion molecule junctions, pentose phosphate pathway, and regulatory differences in the cell cycle and focal adhesion. Additionally, high expression of LAMA3 was found to promote cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, facilitate the EMT process, and inhibit ferroptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results identified LAMA3 was associated with the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer.

Understanding the Foreign Body Response via Single-Cell Meta-Analysis

Foreign body response (FBR) is a universal reaction to implanted biomaterial that can affect the function and longevity of the implant. A few studies have attempted to identify targets for treating FBR through the use of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), though the generalizability of these findings from an individual study may be limited. In our study, we perform a meta-analysis of scRNA-seq data from all available FBR mouse studies and integrate these data to identify gene signatures specific to FBR across different models and anatomic locations. We identify subclusters of fibroblasts and macrophages that emerge in response to foreign bodies and characterize their signaling pathways, gene ontology terms, and downstream mediators. The fibroblast subpopulations enriched in the setting of FBR demonstrated significant signaling interactions in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, with known pro-fibrotic mediators identified as top expressed genes in these FBR-derived fibroblasts. In contrast, FBR-enriched macrophage subclusters highly expressed pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory mediators downstream of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling. Cell-cell interactions were additionally interrogated using CellChat, with identification of key signaling interactions enriched between fibroblasts and macrophages in FBR. By combining multiple FBR datasets, our meta-analysis study identifies common cell-specific gene signatures enriched in foreign body reactions, providing potential therapeutic targets for patients requiring medical implants across a myriad of devices and indications.

Characterisation of extracellular vesicles in baculovirus infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells

Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is an enveloped DNA virus of the Baculoviridae family. This baculovirus is widely exploited for the biological control of insect pest species and as an expression platform to produce recombinant proteins in insect cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by all cells and are involved in key roles in many biological processes through their cargo consisting of proteins, RNA or DNA. In viral infections, EVs have been found to transfer both viral and cellular cargo that can elicit either a pro- or antiviral response in recipient cells. Here, small EVs (sEVs) released by Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) insect cells were characterised for the first time. Using S. frugiperda (SfC1B5) cells stably expressing the baculovirus gp64, the viral envelope protein GP64 was shown to be incorporated into sEVs. Sf9 cells were also transfected with a bacmid AcMNPV genome lacking p6.9 (AcΔP6.9) to prevent budded virus production. The protein content of sEVs from both mock- and AcΔP6.9-transfected cells were analysed by mass spectrometry. In addition to GP64, viral proteins Ac-F, ME-53 and viral ubiquitin were identified, as well as many host proteins including TSG101-which may be useful as a protein marker for sEVs.

Cell-Penetrating Chaperone Nuc1 for Small- and Large-Molecule Delivery Into Retinal Cells and Tissues

Purpose

There are currently no means available for the efficient delivery of recombinant proteins into retinal cells in vivo. Although cell-penetrating peptides have been somewhat effective in protein delivery to the retina, they generally require conjugation chemistry with the payload, negatively impacting function of the therapeutic protein. In this study, we developed a novel peptide (Nuc1) that acts as a chaperone for delivery of small and large molecules, including steroids, peptides, antibodies, recombinant proteins, and viruses (adeno-associated viruses [AAVs]) across biological membranes in vivo without the need for conjugation.

Methods

Nuc1 peptide was designed based on sequences known to bind heparan sulfate proteoglycans and nucleolin found on the surface of retinal cells. Nuc1 was injected into the vitreous of mice with a variety of molecules and retinas examined for uptake and function of these molecules.

Results

Nuc1 engages the process of macropynocytosis for cell entry. The delivery of functional recombinant X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein to photoreceptors via the intravitreal route of injection inhibited retinal apoptosis. Nuc1 was found to enhance the delivery of anti-VEGF antibodies delivered intravitreally or topically in models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Nuc1 enhanced delivery of decorin, facilitating significant inhibition of neovascularization and fibrosis in a model of AMD. Finally, Nuc1 was found to enhance penetration of retinal cells and tissues by AAV via both the subretinal and intravitreal routes of injection.

Conclusions

Nuc1 shows promise as a novel approach for the delivery of recombinant proteins into retinal cells in vivo.

LAMC1 attenuates neuronal apoptosis via FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The poor prognosis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is often attributed to neuronal apoptosis. Recent evidence suggests that Laminin subunit gamma 1 (LAMC1) is essential for cell survival and proliferation. However, the effects of LAMC1 on early brain injury after SAH and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The current study aimed to reveal the anti-neuronal apoptotic effect and the potential mechanism of LAMC1 in the rat and in the in vitro SAH models.

METHODS

The SAH model of Sprague-Dawley rats was established by endovascular perforation. Recombinant LAMC1 (rLAMC1) was administered intranasally 30 min after modeling. LAMC1 small interfering RNA (LAMC1 siRNA), focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-specific inhibitor Y15 and PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 were administered before SAH modeling to explore the neuroprotection mechanism of rLAMC1. HT22 cells were cultured and stimulated by oxyhemoglobin to establish an in vitro model of SAH. Subsequently, SAH grades, neurobehavioral tests, brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, western blotting, immunofluorescence, TUNEL, and Fluoro-Jade C staining were performed.

RESULTS

The expression of endogenous LAMC1 was markedly decreased after SAH, both in vitro and in vivo. rLAMC1 significantly reduced the brain water content and blood-brain barrier permeability, improved short- and long-term neurobehavior, and decreased neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, rLAMC1 treatment significantly increased the expression of p-FAK, p-PI3K, p-AKT, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-2 and decreased the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase -3. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous LAMC1 aggravated the neurological impairment, suppressed the expression of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, and upregulated the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Additionally, the administration of Y15 and LY294002 abolished the protective roles of rLAMC1. In vitro, rLAMC1 significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis, and the protective effects were also abolished by Y15 and LY294002.

CONCLUSION

Exogenous LAMC1 treatment improved neurological deficits after SAH in rats, and attenuated neuronal apoptosis in both in vitro and in vivo SAH models, at least partially through the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway.

LncRNA MAGI2-AS3-Encoded Polypeptide Restrains the Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells

Accumulating articles have reported the coding potential of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). However, only a few lncRNAs-encoded peptides have been studied. Breast cancer (BRCA) progression-related gene modules were determined by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Cell viability, proliferation, and migration capacities were assessed by Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and transwell assays. Immunofluorescence (IF) assay was implemented to observe protein expression. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) were employed to analyze MAGI2 antisense RNA 3 (MAGI2-AS3)-ORF5-interacted proteins. WGCNA identified that MEpurple and MEblack modules were significantly negatively correlated with T stage in BRCA patients. MAGI2-AS3 was screened as one of the differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs with translational potential in MEblack and MEpurple modules in BRCA. The data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) uncovered that MAGI2-AS3 abundance was significantly decreased in invasive BRCA patients, and it had high diagnostic and prognostic values. MAGI2-AS3-ORF5 notably restrained BRCA cell viability, proliferation, and migration. Mechanically, MAGI2-AS3-ORF5 might affect the progression of BRCA cells by binding to extracellular matrix (ECM)-related proteins. MAGI2-AS3-ORF5 played an anti-tumor role by inhibiting BRCA cell viability, proliferation, and migration. MAGI2-AS3-ORF5 might modulate BRCA cell migration through ECM-associated proteins.

The Tumor Stroma of Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Complex Environment That Fuels Cancer Progression

The tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex assembly of cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, plays a crucial role in driving tumor progression, shaping treatment responses, and influencing metastasis. This narrative review focuses on the cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) tumor stroma, highlighting its key constituents and their dynamic contributions. We examine how significant changes within the cSCC ECM-specifically, alterations in fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, laminins, proteoglycans, and collagens-promote cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. The cellular composition of the cSCC TME is also explored, detailing the intricate interplay of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, and various immune cell populations. These diverse players modulate tumor development, angiogenesis, and immune responses. Finally, we emphasize the TME's potential as a therapeutic target. Emerging strategies discussed in this review include harnessing the immune system (adoptive cell transfer, checkpoint blockade), hindering tumor angiogenesis, disrupting CAF activity, and manipulating ECM components. These approaches underscore the vital role that deciphering TME interactions plays in advancing cSCC therapy. Further research illuminating these complex relationships will uncover new avenues for developing more effective treatments for cSCC.

HIF-1α-mediated LAMC1 overexpression is an unfavorable predictor of prognosis for glioma patients: evidence from pan-cancer analysis and validation experiments

BACKGROUND

Laminin subunit gamma-1 (LAMC1) is a major extracellular matrix molecule involved in the tumor microenvironment. Knowledge of the biological features and clinical relevance of LAMC1 in cancers remains limited.

METHODS

We conducted comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of LAMC1 gene expression and clinical relevance in pan-cancer datasets of public databases and validated LAMC1 expression in glioma tissues and cell lines. The association and regulatory mechanism between hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and LAMC1 expression were explored.

RESULTS

LAMC1 expression in most cancers in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) including glioma was significantly higher than that in normal tissues, which had a poor prognosis and were related to various clinicopathological features. Data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas also showed high expression of LAMC1 in glioma associated with poor prognoses. In clinical glioma tissues, LAMC1 protein was highly expressed and correlated to poor overall survival. LAMC1 knockdown in Hs683 glioma cells attenuated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while overexpression of LAMC1 in U251 cells leads to the opposite trend. Most TCGA solid cancers including glioma showed enhancement of HIF-1α expression. High HIF-1α expression leads to adverse prognosis in gliomas, besides, HIF-1α expression was positively related to LAMC1. Mechanistically, HIF-1α directly upregulated LAMC1 promotor activity. Hypoxia (2% O2)-treated Hs683 and U251 cells exhibited upregulated HIF-1α and LAMC1 expression, which was significantly attenuated by HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 and accompanied by attenuated cell proliferation and invasion.

CONCLUSIONS

High expression of LAMC1 in some solid tumors including gliomas suggests a poor prognosis. The hypoxic microenvironment in gliomas activates the HIF-1α/LAMC1 signaling, thereby promoting tumor progression. Targeted intervention on the HIF-1α/LAMC1 signaling attenuates cell growth and invasion, suggesting a new strategy for glioma treatment.

A multi-ancestry GWAS of Fuchs corneal dystrophy highlights the contributions of laminins, collagen, and endothelial cell regulation

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a leading indication for corneal transplantation, but its molecular etiology remains poorly understood. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of FECD in the Million Veteran Program followed by multi-ancestry meta-analysis with the previous largest FECD GWAS, for a total of 3970 cases and 333,794 controls. We confirm the previous four loci, and identify eight novel loci: SSBP3, THSD7A, LAMB1, PIDD1, RORA, HS3ST3B1, LAMA5, and COL18A1. We further confirm the TCF4 locus in GWAS for admixed African and Hispanic/Latino ancestries and show an enrichment of European-ancestry haplotypes at TCF4 in FECD cases. Among the novel associations are low frequency missense variants in laminin genes LAMA5 and LAMB1 which, together with previously reported LAMC1, form laminin-511 (LM511). AlphaFold 2 protein modeling, validated through homology, suggests that mutations at LAMA5 and LAMB1 may destabilize LM511 by altering inter-domain interactions or extracellular matrix binding. Finally, phenome-wide association scans and colocalization analyses suggest that the TCF4 CTG18.1 trinucleotide repeat expansion leads to dysregulation of ion transport in the corneal endothelium and has pleiotropic effects on renal function.

Laminin β4 is a constituent of the cutaneous basement membrane zone and additional autoantigen of anti-p200 pemphigoid

BACKGROUND

Anti-p200 pemphigoid is a subepidermal autoimmune blistering disease (AIBD) characterized by autoantibodies against a 200 kDa protein. Laminin γ1 has been described as target antigen in 70% to 90% of patients. No diagnostic assay is widely available for anti-p200 pemphigoid, which might be due to the unclear pathogenic relevance of anti-laminin γ1 autoantibodies.

OBJECTIVE

To identify a target antigen with higher clinical and diagnostic relevance.

METHODS

Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and immunoblotting were employed for analysis of skin extracts and sera of patients with anti-p200 pemphigoid (n = 60), other AIBD (n = 33), and healthy blood donors (n = 29). To localize the new antigen in skin, cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence microscopy were performed.

RESULTS

Laminin β4 was identified as target antigen of anti-p200 pemphigoid in all analyzed patients. It was located at the level of the basement membrane zone of the skin with predominant expression in keratinocytes.

LIMITATIONS

A higher number of sera needs to be tested to verify that laminin β4 is the diagnostically relevant antigen of anti-p200 pemphigoid.

CONCLUSION

The identification of laminin β4 as an additional target antigen in anti-p200 pemphigoid will allow its differentiation from other AIBD and as such, improve the management of these rare disorders.

Laminin 511-E8, an autoantigen in IgG4-related cholangitis, contributes to cholangiocyte protection

Background & Aims

IgG4-related cholangitis (IRC) is the hepatobiliary manifestation of IgG4-related disease. Anti-laminin 511-E8 autoantibodies have been identified in its pancreatic manifestation. Laminin 511-E8 promotes endothelial barrier function, lymphocyte recruitment, and cholangiocyte differentiation. Here, we investigate anti-laminin 511-E8 autoantibody presence in IRC, and mechanisms via which laminin 511 may contribute to cholangiocyte protection.

Methods

Anti-laminin 511-E8 serum autoantibody positivity was assessed by ELISA. RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR were performed on human H69 cholangiocytes treated with recombinant laminin 511-E8. H69 cholangiocytes were subjected to shRNA knockdown targeting genes encoding laminin 511 (LAMA5, LAMB1, LAMC1) or treated with recombinant laminin 511-E8. Cholangiocellular bile acid influx was quantified radiochemically using 22,23-3H-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC). GCDC-induced apoptosis was determined by Caspase-3/7 assays. Cholangiocellular barrier function was assessed by FITC-Dextran permeability assays. Immunofluorescent staining of laminin 511 and claudin 1 was performed on extrahepatic bile duct tissue of control and anti-laminin 511-E8 positive individuals with IRC.

Results

Seven out of 52 individuals with IRC had autoantibodies against laminin 511-E8. Recombinant laminin 511-E8 led to differential expression of genes involved in secretion, barrier function, and inflammation. Knockdown of laminin 511 constituents increased toxic bile acid permeation and GCDC-induced apoptosis. Laminin 511-E8 treatment decreased toxic bile acid permeation and dose-dependently alleviated GCDC-induced apoptosis. LAMA5 and LAMC1 knockdown increased transepithelial permeability. Laminin 511-E8 treatment reduced transepithelial permeability and prevented T lymphocyte-induced barrier dysfunction. Laminin 511 and claudin 1 staining patterns appeared altered in anti-laminin 511-E8 positive individuals with IRC.

Conclusions

Laminin 511-E8 is an autoantigen in subsets of individuals with IRC. Laminin 511 enhances cholangiocellular barrier function and protects cholangiocytes against T lymphocyte-induced barrier dysfunction, toxic bile acid permeation and bile acid-induced apoptosis.

Impact and implications

A subset of patients with IgG4-related cholangitis (IRC) has autoantibodies against laminin 511-E8. In human cholangiocytes, laminin 511 protects against (T lymphocyte-induced) epithelial barrier dysfunction and hydrophobic bile acids. Laminin 511 and claudin 1 staining may be altered in extrahepatic bile ducts of patients with IRC who are anti-laminin 511-E8 positive. This makes it tempting to speculate that a decreased epithelial barrier function with attraction of immune cells and impaired bicarbonate secretion as a result of dysfunction of laminin 511 by autoantibody binding could potentially be a common systemic pathogenic mechanism in a subset of patients with IgG4-RD.

Genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer in Taiwan: A genome-wide association study

We conducted the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of prostate cancer (PCa) in Taiwan with 1844 cases and 80,709 controls. Thirteen independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reached genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10-8 ). Among these, three were distinct from previously identified loci: rs76072851 in CORO2B gene (15q23), odds ratio (OR) = 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.36-1.76, p = 5.30 × 10-11 ; rs7837051, near two long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes, PRNCR1 and PCAT2 (8q24.21), OR = 1.41 (95% CI, 1.31-1.51), p = 8.77 × 10-21 ; and rs56339048, near an lncRNA gene, CASC8 (8q24.21), OR = 1.25 (95% CI, 1.16-1.35), p = 2.14 × 10-8 . We refined the lead SNPs for two previously identified SNPs in Taiwanese: rs13255059 (near CASC8), p = 9.02 × 10-43 , and rs1456315 (inside PRNCR1), p = 4.33 × 10-42 . We confirmed 35 out of 49 GWAS-identified East Asian PCa susceptibility SNPs. In addition, we identified two SNPs more specific to Taiwanese than East Asians: rs34295433 in LAMC1 (1q25.3) and rs6853490 in PDLIM5 (4q22.3). A weighted genetic risk score (GRS) was developed using the 40 validated SNPs and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the GRS to predict PCa was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.63-0.71). These identified SNPs provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis in Taiwan and underscore the significant role of genetic susceptibility in regional differences in PCa incidence.

Interactions between Schwann cell and extracellular matrix in peripheral nerve regeneration

Peripheral nerve injuries, caused by various reasons, often lead to severe sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction or permanent disability, posing a challenging problem in regenerative medicine. Autologous nerve transplantation has been the gold standard in traditional treatments but faces numerous limitations and risk factors, such as donor area denervation, increased surgical complications, and diameter or nerve bundle mismatches. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex molecular network synthesized and released into the extracellular space by cells residing in tissues or organs. Its main components include collagen, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, etc., providing structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells, crucial for cell survival and growth. Schwann cells, as the primary glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, play various important roles. Schwann cell transplantation is considered the gold standard in cell therapy for peripheral nerve injuries, making ECM derived from Schwann cells one of the most suitable biomaterials for peripheral nerve repair. To better understand the mechanisms of Schwann cells and the ECM in peripheral nerve regeneration and their optimal application, this review provides an overview of their roles in peripheral nerve regeneration.

Squishy matters - Corneal mechanobiology in health and disease

The cornea, as a dynamic and responsive tissue, constantly interacts with mechanical forces in order to maintain its structural integrity, barrier function, transparency and refractive power. Cells within the cornea sense and respond to various mechanical forces that fundamentally regulate their morphology and fate in development, homeostasis and pathophysiology. Corneal cells also dynamically regulate their extracellular matrix (ECM) with ensuing cell-ECM crosstalk as the matrix serves as a dynamic signaling reservoir providing biophysical and biochemical cues to corneal cells. Here we provide an overview of mechanotransduction signaling pathways then delve into the recent advances in corneal mechanobiology, focusing on the interplay between mechanical forces and responses of the corneal epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells. We also identify species-specific differences in corneal biomechanics and mechanotransduction to facilitate identification of optimal animal models to study corneal wound healing, disease, and novel therapeutic interventions. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps and therapeutic opportunities in corneal mechanobiology that are pressing for the research community to address especially pertinent within the domains of limbal stem cell deficiency, keratoconus and Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. By furthering our understanding corneal mechanobiology, we can contextualize discoveries regarding corneal diseases as well as innovative treatments for them.

Downregulation of LAMB3 Altered the Carcinogenic Properties of Human Papillomavirus 16-Positive Cervical Cancer Cells

Nearly all cervical cancer cases are caused by infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types. The mechanism of cervical cell transformation is related to the powerful action of viral oncoproteins and cellular gene alterations. Transcriptomic data from cervical cancer and normal cervical cells were utilized to identify upregulated genes and their associated pathways. The laminin subunit beta-3 (LAMB3) mRNAwas overexpressed in cervical cancer and was chosen for functional analysis. The LAMB3 was predominantly expressed in the extracellular region and the plasma membrane, which play a role in protein binding and cell adhesion molecule binding, leading to cell migration and tissue development. LAMB3 was found to be implicated in the pathway in cancer and the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. LAMB3 knockdown decreased cell migration, invasion, anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cell growth and increased the number of apoptotic cells. These effects were linked to a decrease in protein levels involved in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and an increase in p53 protein. This study demonstrated that LAMB3 could promote cervical cancer cell migration, invasion and survival.

Genomic insights into the comorbidity between type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia

Multimorbidity represents an increasingly important public health challenge with far-reaching implications for health management and policy. Mental health and metabolic diseases have a well-established epidemiological association. In this study, we investigate the genetic intersection between type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia. We use Mendelian randomization to examine potential causal relationships between the two conditions and related endophenotypes. We report no compelling evidence that type 2 diabetes genetic liability potentially causally influences schizophrenia risk and vice versa. Our findings show that increased body mass index (BMI) has a protective effect against schizophrenia, in contrast to the well-known risk-increasing effect of BMI on type 2 diabetes risk. We identify evidence of colocalization of association signals for these two conditions at 11 genomic loci, six of which have opposing directions of effect for type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia. To elucidate these colocalizing signals, we integrate multi-omics data from bulk and single-cell gene expression studies, along with functional information. We identify putative effector genes and find that they are enriched for homeostasis and lipid-related pathways. We also highlight drug repurposing opportunities including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Our findings provide insights into shared biological mechanisms for type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia, highlighting common factors that influence the risk of the two conditions in opposite directions and shedding light on the complex nature of this comorbidity.

Endothelial and mural laminin-α5 contributes to neurovascular integrity maintenance

BACKGROUND

Laminin-α5, a major component of the basal lamina, is predominantly synthesized by endothelial and mural cells (pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells) in the CNS. Loss of laminin-α5 in either population fails to induce any abnormalities due to functional redundancy. Thus, the functional significance of laminin-α5 in neurovascular integrity remains unknown. Here, we hypothesize that ablation of laminin-α5 in both endothelial and mural cells increases neurovascular permeability.

METHODS

The compound knockout mice were generated by crossing laminin-α5 floxed mice with Tie2-Cre and PDGFRβ-Cre, which target endothelial cells and mural cells, respectively. Neurovascular permeability in these mutants was determined with both exogenous and endogenous tracers. Endothelial paracellular and transcellular permeability was assessed by examining the expression of tight junction proteins and transcytosis-associated proteins. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to visualize tight junction ultrastructure and endothelial caveolae vesicles. Defects in pericytes and astrocytes were investigated by examining pericyte coverage/contact and astrocyte polarity.

RESULTS

Elevated neurovascular permeability was observed in the mutants. Subsequent studies found increased Caveolin-1 and decreased major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (MFSD2A) expression, but unaltered Claudin-5 or zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression. Consistent with these results, mutant mice exhibited increased endothelial caveolae vesicle number with intact tight junction structure under TEM. Additionally, pericyte coverage and contact were also decreased in the mutant mice, while astrocyte polarity was unaffected.

CONCLUSIONS

These results strongly indicate that endothelial and mural cell-derived laminin-α5 actively maintains neurovascular integrity via the transcellular rather than paracellular mechanism.

S100a10 deficiency in neutrophils aggravates ulcerative colitis in mice

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

S100a10 is a member of the S100 family of proteins, which plays a key role in the depression and tumor metastasis. However, the role of S100a10 is unclear in ulcerative colitis.

METHODS

The effect of S100a10 was assessed using a murine ulcerative colitis model which was accompanied by parameters including body weight loss, disease activity index, histological score, colon weight and length. The quantity and role of immune cells was determined by flow cytometry and bone marrow chimeric mice. Neutrophils depletion, adoptive cell transfer and conditional knockout mice were used to ascertain which cells played the key role in ulcerative colitis. The function of neutrophils was evaluated by migration assay, phagocytosis assay, multiplex immunoassay and real-time PCR.

RESULTS

In this study, our data showed that S100a10-/- mice were prone to ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Neutrophils number increased in colon of S100a10-/- mice after dextran sodium sulfate treatment significantly. Meanwhile, adoptive transfer of neutrophils from wild type mice partially decreased the susceptibility of S100a10-/- mice to dextran sodium sulfate. There was no difference in ulcerative colitis between the groups of S100a10-/- mice without neutrophils and wild type mice. Finally, we found that S100a10-/- neutrophils had stronger function in secretion and synthesis of inflammatory factor.

CONCLUSIONS

In one word, these results suggest that S100a10 has a role in inhibiting the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis through regulation of neutrophils function.

Hindbrain boundaries as niches of neural progenitor and stem cells regulated by the extracellular matrix proteoglycan chondroitin sulphate

The interplay between neural progenitors and stem cells (NPSCs), and their extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial regulatory mechanism that determines their behavior. Nonetheless, how the ECM dictates the state of NPSCs remains elusive. The hindbrain is valuable to examine this relationship, as cells in the ventricular surface of hindbrain boundaries (HBs), which arise between any two neighboring rhombomeres, express the NPSC marker Sox2, while being surrounded with the membrane-bound ECM molecule chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG), in chick and mouse embryos. CSPG expression was used to isolate HB Sox2+ cells for RNA-sequencing, revealing their distinguished molecular properties as typical NPSCs, which express known and newly identified genes relating to stem cells, cancer, the matrisome and cell cycle. In contrast, the CSPG- non-HB cells, displayed clear neural-differentiation transcriptome. To address whether CSPG is significant for hindbrain development, its expression was manipulated in vivo and in vitro. CSPG manipulations shifted the stem versus differentiation state of HB cells, evident by their behavior and altered gene expression. These results provide further understanding of the uniqueness of hindbrain boundaries as repetitive pools of NPSCs in-between the rapidly growing rhombomeres, which rely on their microenvironment to maintain their undifferentiated state during development.

Improved immunostaining of nanostructures and cells in human brain specimens through expansion-mediated protein decrowding

Proteins are densely packed in cells and tissues, where they form complex nanostructures. Expansion microscopy (ExM) variants have been used to separate proteins from each other in preserved biospecimens, improving antibody access to epitopes. Here, we present an ExM variant, decrowding expansion pathology (dExPath), that can expand proteins away from each other in human brain pathology specimens, including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical specimens. Immunostaining of dExPath-expanded specimens reveals, with nanoscale precision, previously unobserved cellular structures, as well as more continuous patterns of staining. This enhanced molecular staining results in observation of previously invisible disease marker-positive cell populations in human glioma specimens, with potential implications for tumor aggressiveness. dExPath results in improved fluorescence signals even as it eliminates lipofuscin-associated autofluorescence. Thus, this form of expansion-mediated protein decrowding may, through improved epitope access for antibodies, render immunohistochemistry more powerful in clinical science and, perhaps, diagnosis.

ADAMTS18 deficiency associates extracellular matrix dysfunction with a higher risk of HER2-positive mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis

BACKGROUND

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer accounts for about 20% of all breast cancer cases and is correlated with a high relapse rate and poor prognosis. ADAMTS18 is proposed as an important functional tumor suppressor gene involved in multiple malignancies, including breast cancer. It functions as an extracellular matrix (ECM) modifier. However, it remains unclear whether ADAMTS18 affects mammary tumorigenesis and malignant progression through its essential ECM regulatory function.

METHODS

To elucidate the role of ADAMTS18 in HER2-positive mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo, we compared the incidence of mammary tumor and metastasis between Adamts18-knockout (MMTV)-Her2/ErbB2/Neu+ transgenic mice (i.e., Her2t/w/Adamts18-/-) and Adamts18-wildtype (MMTV)-Her2/ErbB2/Neu+ transgenic mice (i.e., Her2t/w/Adamts18+/+). The underlying mechanisms by which ADAMTS18 regulates HER2-positive tumorigenesis and metastasis were investigated by pathology, cell culture, Western blot and immunochemistry.

RESULTS

Adamts18 mRNA is mainly expressed in myoepithelial cells of the mammary duct. ADAMTS18 deficiency leads to a significantly increased incidence of mammary tumors and metastasis, as well as mammary hyperplasia in mice, over 30 months of observation. The proliferation, migration and invasion capacities of primary Her2t/w/Adamts18-/- mammary tumor cells are significantly higher than those of primary Her2t/w/Adamts18+/+ mammary tumor cells in vitro. At 30 months of age, the expression levels of laminin (LNα5), fibronectin (FN) and type I collagen (ColI) in the mammary glands of Her2t/w/Adamts18-/- mice are significantly increased, and the activities of integrin-mediated PI3K/AKT, ERK and JNK signaling pathways are enhanced.

CONCLUSIONS

ADAMTS18 deficiency leads to alterations in mammary ECM components (e.g., LNα5, FN, ColI), which are associated with a higher risk of HER2-positive mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis.

The Current State of Extracellular Matrix Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional, acellular network of diverse structural and nonstructural proteins embedded within a gel-like ground substance composed of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. The ECM serves numerous roles that vary according to the tissue in which it is situated. In the myocardium, the ECM acts as a collagen-based scaffold that mediates the transmission of contractile signals, provides means for paracrine signaling, and maintains nutritional and immunologic homeostasis. Given this spectrum, it is unsurprising that both the composition and role of the ECM has been found to be modulated in the context of cardiac pathology. Myocardial infarction (MI) provides a familiar example of this; the ECM changes in a way that is characteristic of the progressive phases of post-infarction healing. In recent years, this involvement in infarct pathophysiology has prompted a search for therapeutic targets: if ECM components facilitate healing, then their manipulation may accelerate recovery, or even reverse pre-existing damage. This possibility has been the subject of numerous efforts involving the integration of ECM-based therapies, either derived directly from biologic sources or bioengineered sources, into models of myocardial disease. In this paper, we provide a thorough review of the published literature on the use of the ECM as a novel therapy for ischemic heart disease, with a focus on biologically derived models, of both the whole ECM and the components thereof.

Single-cell transcriptome analysis of epithelial, immune, and stromal signatures and interactions in human ovarian cancer

A comprehensive investigation of ovarian cancer (OC) progression at the single-cell level is crucial for enhancing our understanding of the disease, as well as for the development of better diagnoses and treatments. Here, over half a million single-cell transcriptome data were collected from 84 OC patients across all clinical stages. Through integrative analysis, we identified heterogeneous epithelial-immune-stromal cellular compartments and their interactions in the OC microenvironment. The epithelial cells displayed clinical subtype features with functional variance. A significant increase in distinct T cell subtypes was identified including Tregs and CD8+ exhausted T cells from stage IC2. Additionally, we discovered antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), with myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAFs) exhibiting enriched extracellular matrix (ECM) functionality linked to tumor progression at stage IC2. Furthermore, the NECTIN2-TIGIT ligand-receptor pair was identified to mediate T cells communicating with epithelial, fibroblast, endothelial, and other cell types. Knock-out of NECTIN2 using CRISPR/Cas9 inhibited ovarian cancer cell (SKOV3) proliferation, and increased T cell proliferation when co-cultured. These findings shed light on the cellular compartments and functional aspects of OC, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying stage IC2 and potential therapeutic strategies for OC.

Integrinβ-1 in disorders and cancers: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets

Integrinβ-1 (ITGB1) is a crucial member of the transmembrane glycoprotein signaling receptor family and is also central to the integrin family. It forms heterodimers with other ligands, participates in intracellular signaling and controls a variety of cellular processes, such as angiogenesis and the growth of neurons; because of its role in bidirectional signaling regulation both inside and outside the membrane, ITGB1 must interact with a multitude of substances, so a variety of interfering factors can affect ITGB1 and lead to changes in its function. Over the past 20 years, many studies have confirmed a clear causal relationship between ITGB1 dysregulation and cancer development and progression in a wide range of benign diseases and solid tumor types, which may imply that ITGB1 is a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for cancer treatment that warrants further investigation. This review summarizes the biological roles of ITGB1 in benign diseases and cancers, and compiles the current status of ITGB1 function and therapy in various aspects of tumorigenesis and progression. Finally, future research directions and application prospects of ITGB1 are suggested. Video Abstract.

Molecular Mechanisms of Reelin in the Enteric Nervous System and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Depression and Antidepressant Therapy

Current pharmacological treatments for depression fail to produce adequate remission in a significant proportion of patients. Increasingly, other systems, such as the microbiome-gut-brain axis, are being looked at as putative novel avenues for depression treatment. Dysbiosis and dysregulation along this axis are highly comorbid with the severity of depression symptoms. The endogenous extracellular matrix protein reelin is present in all intestinal layers as well as in myenteric and submucosal ganglia, and its receptors are also present in the gut. Reelin secretion from subepithelial myofibroblasts regulates cellular migration along the crypt-villus axis in the small intestine and colon. Reelin brain expression is downregulated in mood and psychotic disorders, and reelin injections have fast antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression. This review seeks to discuss the roles of reelin in the gastrointestinal system and propose a putative role for reelin actions in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression, primarily reflecting on alterations in gut epithelial cell renewal and in the clustering of serotonin transporters.

Surface Modification Progress for PLGA-Based Cell Scaffolds

Poly(lactic-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biocompatible bio-scaffold material, but its own hydrophobic and electrically neutral surface limits its application as a cell scaffold. Polymer materials, mimics ECM materials, and organic material have often been used as coating materials for PLGA cell scaffolds to improve the poor cell adhesion of PLGA and enhance tissue adaptation. These coating materials can be modified on the PLGA surface via simple physical or chemical methods, and coating multiple materials can simultaneously confer different functions to the PLGA scaffold; not only does this ensure stronger cell adhesion but it also modulates cell behavior and function. This approach to coating could facilitate the production of more PLGA-based cell scaffolds. This review focuses on the PLGA surface-modified materials, methods, and applications, and will provide guidance for PLGA surface modification.

En Route to Targeted Ribosome Editing to Replenish Skin Anchor Protein LAMB3 in Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa

Severe junctional epidermolysis bullosa is a rare genetic, postpartum lethal skin disease, predominantly caused by nonsense/premature termination codon (PTC) sequence variants in LAMB3 gene. LAMB3 encodes LAMB3, the β subunit of epidermal-dermal skin anchor laminin 332. Most translational reads of a PTC mRNA deliver truncated, nonfunctional proteins, whereas an endogenous PTC readthrough mechanism produces full-length protein at minimal and insufficient levels. Conventional translational readthrough-inducing drugs amplify endogenous PTC readthrough; however, translational readthrough-inducing drugs are either proteotoxic or nonselective. Ribosome editing is a more selective and less toxic strategy. This technique identified ribosomal protein L35/uL29 (ie, RpL35) and RpL35-ligands repurposable drugs artesunate and atazanavir as molecular tools to increase production levels of full-length LAMB3. To evaluate ligand activity in living cells, we monitored artesunate and atazanavir treatment by dual luciferase reporter assays. Production levels of full-length LAMB3 increased up to 200% upon artesunate treatment, up to 150% upon atazanavir treatment, and up to 170% upon combinatorial treatment of RpL35 ligands at reduced drug dosage, with an unrelated PTC reporter being nonresponsive. Proof of bioactivity of RpL35 ligands in selective increase of full-length LAMB3 provides the basis for an alternative, targeted therapeutic route to replenish LAMB3 in severe junctional epidermolysis bullosa.

The Potential of Extracellular Matrix- and Integrin Adhesion Complex-Related Molecules for Prostate Cancer Biomarker Discovery

Prostate cancer is among the top five cancer types according to incidence and mortality. One of the main obstacles in prostate cancer management is the inability to foresee its course, which ranges from slow growth throughout years that requires minimum or no intervention to highly aggressive disease that spreads quickly and resists treatment. Therefore, it is not surprising that numerous studies have attempted to find biomarkers of prostate cancer occurrence, risk stratification, therapy response, and patient outcome. However, only a few prostate cancer biomarkers are used in clinics, which shows how difficult it is to find a novel biomarker. Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) through integrins is among the essential processes that govern its fate. Upon activation and ligation, integrins form multi-protein intracellular structures called integrin adhesion complexes (IACs). In this review article, the focus is put on the biomarker potential of the ECM- and IAC-related molecules stemming from both body fluids and prostate cancer tissue. The processes that they are involved in, such as tumor stiffening, bone turnover, and communication via exosomes, and their biomarker potential are also reviewed.

Membrane-anchored calpains - hidden regulators of growth and development beyond plants?

Calpains are modulatory proteases that modify diverse cellular substrates and play essential roles in eukaryots. The best studied are animal cytosolic calpains. Here, we focus on enigmatic membrane-anchored calpains, their structural and functional features as well as phylogenetic distribution. Based on domain composition, we identified four types of membrane-anchored calpains. Type 1 and 2 show broad phylogenetic distribution among unicellular protists and streptophytes suggesting their ancient evolutionary origin. Type 3 and 4 diversified early and are present in brown algae and oomycetes. The plant DEK1 protein is the only representative of membrane-anchored calpains that has been functionally studied. Here, we present up to date knowledge about its structural features, putative regulation, posttranslational modifications, and biological role. Finally, we discuss potential model organisms and available tools for functional studies of membrane-anchored calpains with yet unknown biological role. Mechanistic understanding of membrane-anchored calpains may provide important insights into fundamental principles of cell polarization, cell fate control, and morphogenesis beyond plants.

Upregulated LAMA3 modulates proliferation, adhesion, migration and epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition of cholangiocarcinoma cells

A poor outcome for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients is still a clinical challenge. CCA is typically recognized by the desmoplastic nature, which accounts for its malignancy. Among various extracellular matrix proteins, laminin is the most potent inducer for CCA migration. Herein, we accessed the expression profiles of laminin gene family and explored the significance of the key laminin subunit on CCA aggressiveness. Of all 11 laminin genes, LAMA3, LAMA5, LAMB3 and LAMC2 were concordantly upregulated based on the analysis of multiple public transcriptomic datasets and also overexpressed in Thai CCA cell lines and patient tissues in which LAMA3A upregulated in the highest frequency (97%) of the cases. Differential expression genes (DEGs) analysis of low and high laminin signature groups revealed LAMA3 as the sole common DEG in all investigated datasets. Restratifying CCA samples according to LAMA3 expression indicated the association of LAMA3 in the focal adhesion pathway. Silencing LAMA3 revealed that it plays important roles in CCA cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Taken together, this research signifies the roles of dysregulated ECM homeostasis in CCA malignancy and highlights, for the first time, the potential usage of LAMA3 as the diagnostic biomarker and the therapeutic target to tackle the CCA stromal.

Phenotypic features of genetically modified DMD-XKOXWT pigs

Introduction

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary neuromuscular disorder caused by mutation in the dystrophin gene (DMD) on the X chromosome. Female DMD carriers occasionally exhibit symptoms such as muscle weakness and heart failure. Here, we investigated the characteristics and representativeness of female DMD carrier (DMD-XKOXWT) pigs as a suitable disease model.

Methods

In vitro fertilization using sperm from a DMD-XKOY↔XWTXWT chimeric boar yielded DMD-XKOXWT females, which were used to generate F2 and F3 progeny, including DMD-XKOXWT females. F1-F3 piglets were genotyped and subjected to biochemical analysis for blood creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Skeletal muscle and myocardial tissue were analyzed for the expression of dystrophin and utrophin, as well as for lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration.

Results

DMD-XKOXWT pigs exhibited various characteristics common to human DMD carrier patients, namely, asymptomatic hyperCKemia, dystrophin expression patterns in the skeletal and cardiac muscles, histopathological features of skeletal muscle degeneration, myocardial lesions in adulthood, and sporadic death. Pathological abnormalities observed in the skeletal muscles in DMD-XKOXWT pigs point to a frequent incidence of pathological abnormalities in the musculoskeletal tissues of latent DMD carriers. Our findings suggest a higher risk of myocardial abnormalities in DMD carrier women than previously believed.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that DMD-XKOXWT pigs could serve as a suitable large animal model for understanding the pathogenic mechanism in DMD carriers and developing therapies for female DMD carriers.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Shark Skin Proteins

The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage in which proteins play a key role. While proteins in the skin mucus layer of various common bony fish species have been explored, the proteins of shark skin mucus remain unexplored. In this pilot study, we examine the protein composition of the skin mucus in spiny dogfish sharks and chain catsharks through mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS/MS). Overall, we identified 206 and 72 proteins in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer), respectively. Categorization showed that the proteins belonged to diverse biological processes and that most proteins were cellular albeit a significant minority were secreted, indicative of mucosal immune roles. The secreted proteins are reviewed in detail with emphasis on their immune potentials. Moreover, STRING protein-protein association network analysis showed that proteins of closely related shark species were more similar as compared to a more distantly related shark and a bony fish, although there were also significant overlaps. This study contributes to the growing field of molecular shark studies and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential human biomedical implications of shark skin mucus proteins.

Association of SLIT3 and ZNF280B Gene Polymorphisms with Wool Fiber Diameter

The SLIT3 gene encodes a secreted protein, and the ZNF280B gene is a member of the transcription factor family. Both genes have multiple biological functions. This study was conducted to investigate the association between SLIT3 and ZNF280B gene polymorphisms and wool fiber diameter and to determine potential molecular marker sites for breeding sheep with fine wool. We used Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR to type the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in the SLIT3 and ZNF280B genes within 1081 Alpine Merino sheep and associated these SNPs with wool fiber diameter. The results revealed one SNP in SLIT3 and ZNF280B, which were each related to sheep fiber diameter. The wool fiber diameters of sheep with the CC genotype in SLIT3 g.478807C>G and AA genotype in ZNF280B g.677G>A were the smallest and differed significantly from the diameters of other genotypes (p < 0.05). These results suggest potential molecular marker sites for fine-wool sheep breeding.

Artificial intelligence and the analysis of cryo-EM data provide structural insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying LN-lamininopathies

Laminins (Lm) are major components of basement membranes (BM), which polymerize to form a planar lattice on cell surface. Genetic alternations of Lm affect their oligomerization patterns and lead to failures in BM assembly manifesting in a group of human disorders collectively defined as Lm N-terminal domain lamininopathies (LN-lamininopathies). We have employed a recently determined cryo-EM structure of the Lm polymer node, the basic repeating unit of the Lm lattice, along with structure prediction and modeling to systematically analyze structures of twenty-three pathogenic Lm polymer nodes implicated in human disease. Our analysis provides the detailed mechanistic explanation how Lm mutations lead to failures in Lm polymerization underlining LN-lamininopathies. We propose the new categorization scheme of LN-lamininopathies based on the insight gained from the structural analysis. Our results can help to facilitate rational drug design aiming in the treatment of Lm deficiencies.

Genomic insights into the comorbidity between type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia

Multimorbidity represents an increasingly important public health challenge with far-reaching implications for health management and policy. Mental health and metabolic diseases have a well-established epidemiological association. In this study, we investigate the genetic intersection between type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia. We use Mendelian randomization to examine potential causal relationships between the two conditions and related endophenotypes. We report no compelling evidence that type 2 diabetes genetic liability potentially causally influences schizophrenia risk and vice versa. Our findings show that increased body mass index (BMI) has a protective effect against schizophrenia, in contrast to the well-known risk-increasing effect of BMI on type 2 diabetes risk. We identify evidence of colocalization of association signals for these two conditions at 11 genomic loci, six of which have opposing directions of effect for type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia. To elucidate these colocalizing signals, we integrate multi-omics data from bulk and single-cell gene expression studies, along with functional information. We identify high-confidence effector genes and find that they are enriched for homeostasis and lipid-related pathways. We also highlight drug repurposing opportunities including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Our findings provide insights into shared biological mechanisms for type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia, highlighting common factors that influence the risk of the two conditions in opposite directions and shedding light on the complex nature of this comorbidity.

Cellulose nanofibril matrix drives the dynamic formation of spheroids

Multicellular spheroids, which mimic the natural organ counterparts, allow the prospect of drug screening and regenerative medicine. However, their application is hampered by low processing efficiency or limited scale. This study introduces an efficient method to drive rapid multicellular spheroid formation by a cellulose nanofibril matrix. This matrix enables the facilitated growth of spheroids (within 48 h) through multiple cell assembly into size-controllable aggregates with well-organized physiological microstructure. The efficiency, dimension, and conformation of the as-formed spheroids depend on the concentration of extracellular nanofibrils, the number of assembled cells, and the heterogeneity of cell types. The above strategy allows the robust formation mechanism of compacted tumoroids and hepatocyte spheroids.

Mechanobiology: Border crosstalk protects the nucleus from stress

A new study reports that the extracellular matrix component laminin-111 shields the nucleus from actin-mediated forces by engaging the keratin cytoskeleton. Thus, matrix composition represents a means by which tissues can protect cell nuclei from mechanical damage.

Novel homozygous LAMB1 in-frame deletion in a pediatric patient with brain anomalies and cerebrovascular event

Biallelic pathogenic variants in LAMB1 have been associated with autosomal recessive lissencephaly 5 (OMIM 615191), which is characterized by brain malformations (cobblestone lissencephaly, hydrocephalus), developmental delay, and epilepsy. Pathogenic variants in LAMB1 are rare, with only 11 pathogenic variants and 11 patients reported to date. Here, we report on a 6-year-old patient from a consanguineous family with profound developmental delay, microcephaly, and a history of a perinatal cerebrovascular event. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cerebellar cystic defects, signal intensity abnormalities, and a hypoplastic corpus callosum. Trio-exome analysis revealed a homozygous in-frame deletion of Exons 23 and 24 of LAMB1 affecting 104 amino acids including the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like units 11 and 12 in Domain III. To our knowledge, this is the first reported in-frame deletion in LAMB1. Our findings broaden the clinical and molecular spectrum of LAMB1-associated syndromes.

The extracellular matrix as modifier of neuroinflammation and recovery in ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage

Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and has two major subtypes: ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), contributing to the extent of brain injury but also in its repair. Neuroinflammation is intricately linked to the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is profoundly altered after brain injury and in aging. In the early stages after ischemic stroke and ICH, immune cells are involved in the deposition and remodeling of the ECM thereby affecting processes such as blood-brain barrier and cellular integrity. ECM components regulate leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, activate a variety of immune cells, and induce the elevation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after stroke. In turn, excessive MMPs may degrade ECM into components that are pro-inflammatory and injurious. Conversely, in the later stages after stroke, several ECM molecules may contribute to tissue recovery. For example, thrombospondin-1 and biglycan may promote activity of regulatory T cells, inhibit the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, and aid regenerative processes. We highlight these roles of the ECM in ischemic stroke and ICH and discuss their potential cellular and molecular mechanisms. Finally, we discuss therapeutics that could be considered to normalize the ECM in stroke. Our goal is to spur research on the ECM in order to improve the prognosis of ischemic stroke and ICH.

Laminin 332 expression levels predict clinical outcomes and chemotherapy response in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Poor outcomes and chemotherapy resistance for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) are a challenge worldwide, and new or improved prognostic biomarkers are urgently required. Individual laminin family members have been established as cancer-associated markers, predicting patient outcomes in many cancer types, including PAAD. Here, we used multiple modalities including RNAseq and gene chip, and genomic and proteomic data to examine the relationships of all laminin genes in PAAD with clinical outcomes. These analyses identified that LAMA3, LAMB3, and LAMC2 expression levels are increased at the mRNA and protein levels in PAAD tumours with evidence of co-regulation. Increased expression of all three genes was associated with decreased promoter methylation status, TP53 mutations, and altered receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways. Clinically, high LAMA3, LAMB3, and LAMC2 transcript abundance was each related to an advanced histological grade. Moreover, high expression of these genes individually predicted poor patient survival, while a signature of combined high expression of LAMA3, LAMB3, and LAMC2 was a stronger predictor of patient outcomes than each gene alone. Interestingly, cell lines with high expression of LM332 chains were not sensitive to the commonly used PAAD chemotherapy drugs paclitaxel and gemcitabine; however, increased sensitivity was evident for erlotinib, afatinib, gefitinib, and cetuximab epidermal growth factor (EGFR) RTK inhibitors. To explore possible mechanisms, we investigated co-expressed genes, identifying eight hub genes, namely, GJB3, ITGB6, SERPINB5, GPRC5A, PLEK2, TMPRSS4, P2RY2, and TRIM29, which are co-expressed with all three of LAMA3, LAMB3, and LAMC2. Of these, only SERPINB5 provided a stronger predictive value than the laminin-encoding genes. Together, these multiple integrated analyses suggest that the combined expression of LM332 is a useful prognostic biomarker for PAAD and could help patient stratification and therapeutic selection.

Integrin α7β1 represses intestinal absorptive cell differentiation

Intestinal epithelial cell differentiation is a highly controlled and orderly process occurring in the crypt so that cells migrating out to cover the villi are already fully functional. Absorptive cell precursors, which originate from the stem cell population located in the lower third of the crypt, are subject to several cycles of amplification in the transit amplifying (TA) zone, before reaching the terminal differentiation compartment located in the upper third. There is a large body of evidence that absorptive cell differentiation is halted in the TA zone through various epigenetic, transcriptional and intracellular signalling events or mechanisms allowing the transient expansion of this cell population but how these mechanisms are themself regulated remains obscure. One clue can be found in the epithelial cell-matrix microenvironment located all along the crypt-villus axis. Indeed, a previous study from our group revealed that α5-subunit containing laminins such as lamimin-511 and 512 inhibit early stages of differentiation in Caco-2/15 cells. Among potential receptors for laminin 511/512 is the integrin α7β1, which has previously been reported to be expressed in the human intestinal crypts and in early stages of Caco-2/15 cell differentiation. In this study, the effects of knocking down ITGA7 in Caco-2/15 cells were studied using shRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 strategies. Abolition of the α7 integrin subunit resulted in a significant increase in the level of differentiation and polarization markers as well as the morphological features of intestinal cells. Activities of focal adhesion kinase and Src kinase were both reduced in α7-knockdown cells while the three major intestinal pro-differentiation factors CDX2, HNFα1 and HNF4α were overexpressed. Two epigenetic events associated with intestinal differentiation, the reduction of tri-methylated lysine 27 on histone H3 and the increase of acetylation of histone H4 were also observed in α7-knockdown cells. On the other hand, the ablation of α7 had no effect on cell proliferation. In conclusion, these data indicate that integrin α7β1 acts as a major repressor of absorptive cell terminal differentiation in the Caco-2/15 cell model and suggest that the laminin-α7β1 integrin interaction occurring in the transit amplifying zone of the adult intestine is involved in the transient halting of absorptive cell terminal differentiation.

Chromosome-level Dinobdella ferox genome provided a molecular model for its specific parasitism

BACKGROUND

Dinobdella ferox is the most frequently reported leech species parasitizing the mammalian nasal cavity. However, the molecular mechanism of this special parasitic behavior has remained largely unknown.

METHODS

PacBio long-read sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and Hi-C sequencing were employed in this study to generate a novel genome of D. ferox, which was annotated with strong certainty using bioinformatics methods. The phylogenetic and genomic alterations of D. ferox were then studied extensively alongside the genomes of other closely related species. The obligatory parasitism mechanism of D. ferox was investigated using RNA-seq and proteomics data.

RESULTS

PacBio long-read sequencing and NGS yielded an assembly of 228 Mb and contig N50 of 2.16 Mb. Along Hi-C sequencing, 96% of the sequences were anchored to nine linkage groups and a high-quality chromosome-level genome was generated. The completed genome included 19,242 protein-coding genes. For elucidating the molecular mechanism of nasal parasitism, transcriptome data were acquired from the digestive tract and front/rear ends of D. ferox. Examining secretory proteins in D. ferox saliva helped to identify intimate connections between these proteins and membrane proteins in nasal epithelial cells. These interacting proteins played important roles in extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, tight junction, focal adhesion, and adherens junction. The interaction between D. ferox and mammalian nasal epithelial cells included three major steps of pattern recognition, mucin connection and breakdown, and repair of ECM. The remodeling of ECM between epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa and epithelial cells of D. ferox may produce a stable adhesion environment for parasitism.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study represents the first-ever attempt to propose a molecular model for specific parasitism. This molecular model may serve as a practical reference for parasitism models of other species and a theoretical foundation for a molecular process of parasitism.

Systematic Review of Clinical Characteristics and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in LAMB2-Associated Disease

Introduction

Laminin subunit beta-2 (LAMB2)-associated disease, termed Pierson syndrome, presents with congenital nephrotic syndrome, ocular symptoms, and neuromuscular symptoms. In recent years, however, the widespread use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has helped to discover a variety of phenotypes associated with this disease. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review.

Methods

A literature search of patients with LAMB2 variants was conducted, and 110 patients were investigated, including 12 of our patients. For genotype-phenotype correlation analyses, the extracted data were investigated for pathogenic variant types, the severity of nephropathy, and extrarenal symptoms. Survival analyses were also performed for the onset age of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).

Results

Among all patients, 81 (78%) presented with congenital nephrotic syndrome, and 52 (55%) developed ESKD within 12 months. The median age at ESKD onset was 6.0 months. Kidney survival analysis showed that patients with biallelic truncating variants had a significantly earlier progression to ESKD than those with other variants (median age 1.2 months vs. 60.0 months, P < 0.05). Although the laminin N-terminal domain is functionally important in laminin proteins, and variants in the laminin N-terminal domain are said to result in a severe kidney phenotype such as earlier onset age and worse prognosis, there were no significant differences in onset age of nephropathy and progression to ESKD between patients with nontruncating variants located in the laminin N-terminal domain and those with variants located outside this domain.

Conclusion

This study revealed a diversity of LAMB2-associated diseases, characteristics of LAMB2 nephropathy, and genotype-phenotype correlations.