1
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Ono M, Ito T, Yamaki S, Hori Y, Zhou Q, Zhao X, Muramoto S, Yamamoto R, Furuyama T, Sakata-Haga H, Hatta T, Hamaguchi T, Kato N. Spatiotemporal development of the neuronal accumulation of amyloid precursor protein and the amyloid plaque formation in the brain of 3xTg-AD mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28821. [PMID: 38596059 PMCID: PMC11002285 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The amyloid plaque is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The accumulation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the neuronal structure is assumed to lead to amyloid plaque formation through the excessive production of β-amyloid protein. To study the relationship between the neuronal accumulation of APP and amyloid plaque formation, we histologically analyzed their development in the different brain regions in 3xTg-AD mice, which express Swedish mutated APP (APPSWE) in the neurons. Observation throughout the brain revealed APPSWE-positive somata in the broad regions. Quantitative model analysis showed that the somatic accumulation of APPSWE developed firstly in the hippocampus from a very early age (<1 month) and proceeded slower in the isocortex. In line with this, the hippocampus was the first region to form amyloid plaques at the age of 9-12 months, while amyloid plaques were rarely observed in the isocortex. Females had more APPSWE-positive somata and plaques than males. Furthermore, amyloid plaques were observed in the lateral septum and pontine grey, which did not contain APPSWE-positive somata but only the APPSWE-positive fibers. These results suggested that neuronal accumulation of APPSWE, both in somatodendritic and axonal domains, is closely related to the formation of amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Ono
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Ito
- Systems Function and Morphology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamaki
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hori
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Xirun Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Shinji Muramoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takafumi Furuyama
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakata-Haga
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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Lenz M, Eichler A, Kruse P, Galanis C, Kleidonas D, Andrieux G, Boerries M, Jedlicka P, Müller U, Deller T, Vlachos A. The Amyloid Precursor Protein Regulates Synaptic Transmission at Medial Perforant Path Synapses. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5290-5304. [PMID: 37369586 PMCID: PMC10359033 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1824-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The perforant path provides the primary cortical excitatory input to the hippocampus. Because of its important role in information processing and coding, entorhinal projections to the dentate gyrus have been studied in considerable detail. Nevertheless, synaptic transmission between individual connected pairs of entorhinal stellate cells and dentate granule cells remains to be characterized. Here, we have used mouse organotypic entorhino-hippocampal tissue cultures of either sex, in which the entorhinal cortex (EC) to dentate granule cell (GC; EC-GC) projection is present, and EC-GC pairs can be studied using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. By using cultures of wild-type mice, the properties of EC-GC synapses formed by afferents from the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex were compared, and differences in short-term plasticity were identified. As the perforant path is severely affected in Alzheimer's disease, we used tissue cultures of amyloid precursor protein (APP)-deficient mice to examine the role of APP at this synapse. APP deficiency altered excitatory neurotransmission at medial perforant path synapses, which was accompanied by transcriptomic and ultrastructural changes. Moreover, presynaptic but not postsynaptic APP deletion through the local injection of Cre-expressing adeno-associated viruses in conditional APPflox/flox tissue cultures increased the neurotransmission efficacy at perforant path synapses. In summary, these data suggest a physiological role for presynaptic APP at medial perforant path synapses that may be adversely affected under altered APP processing conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hippocampus receives input from the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path. These projections to hippocampal dentate granule cells are of utmost importance for learning and memory formation. Although there is detailed knowledge about perforant path projections, the functional synaptic properties at the level of individual connected pairs of neurons are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of APP in mediating functional properties and transmission rules in individually connected neurons using paired whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and genetic tools in organotypic tissue cultures. Our results show that presynaptic APP expression limits excitatory neurotransmission via the perforant path, which could be compromised in pathologic conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lenz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Amelie Eichler
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pia Kruse
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christos Galanis
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Kleidonas
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrike Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Functional Genomics, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Chen X, He E, Su C, Zeng Y, Xu J. Huntingtin-associated protein 1-associated intracellular trafficking in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1100395. [PMID: 36824265 PMCID: PMC9941194 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1), the first identified HTT-binding partner, is highly expressed in the central nervous system, and has been found to associated with neurological diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that HAP1 functions as a component of cargo-motor molecules to bind various proteins and participates in intracellular trafficking. It is known that the failure of intracellular transport is a key contributor to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). The link between HAP1 and various NDs is supported by growing evidence. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the intracellular trafficking function of HAP1 and its involvement in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Xingxing Chen, ✉
| | - Enhao He
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chonglin Su
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Jiang Xu, ✉
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Liu Y, Liang R, Zhu D, Wang Q, Li Z, Cheng L, Ren J, Guo Y, Chai H, Wang M, Niu Q, Yang S, Bai J, Yu H, Zhang H, Qin X. Effect of the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway on the abnormal metabolism of Aβ protein induced by aluminum. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:104-114. [PMID: 36617730 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221150859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a common neurotoxic element that can exacerbate intracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. Reelin is a highly conserved extracellular glycoprotein that is involved in intracellular Aβ deposition. However, the action of Reelin on aluminum-induced Aβ deposition is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway on Aβ deposition in aluminum maltol (Al(mal)3) exposure in rat pheochromocytoma-derived cells (PC12). Our results showed that Al(mal)3 exposure decreased activity of PC12, increased expression of Aβ42, and decreased expression of Aβ40. Moreover, Al(mal)3 exposure in PC12 induced Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway-associated proteins changed, decreased expression of Reelin and Dab1, and increased expression of pdab1. Moreover, the expression of Reelin, Dab1, and Aβ40 was found to be elevated in PC12 exposed to Al(mal)3 and corticosterone compared to those exposed to Al(mal)3. Also, the expression of Reelin, Dab1, and Aβ40 was found to be depressed in PC12 exposed to Al(mal)3 and streptozotocin compared with cells exposed to Al(mal)3 alone. These results suggested that Al(mal)3 inhibits the expression of the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway, promoting Aβ deposition. Thus, our findings provided important evidence to better understand how the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway may be a potential mechanism of Aβ deposition induced by aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Doudou Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjuan Ren
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Guo
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Chai
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoulin Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Bai
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiang Qin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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5
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Grain-sized moxibustion inhibits the progression of Alzheimer disease in 5XFAD transgenic mice. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-022-1342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Ito A, Fukaya M, Okamoto H, Sakagami H. Physiological and Pathological Roles of the Cytohesin Family in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5087. [PMID: 35563476 PMCID: PMC9104363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytohesin proteins, consisting of four closely related members (cytohesins-1, -2, -3, and -4), are a subfamily of the Sec7 domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ADP ribosylation factors (Arfs), which are critical regulators of membrane trafficking and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Recent advances in molecular biological techniques and the development of a specific pharmacological inhibitor for cytohesins, SecinH3, have revealed the functional involvement of the cytohesin-Arf pathway in diverse neuronal functions from the formation of axons and dendrites, axonal pathfinding, and synaptic vesicle recycling, to pathophysiological processes including chronic pain and neurotoxicity induced by proteins related to neurodegenerative disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we review the physiological and pathological roles of the cytohesin-Arf pathway in neurons and discuss the future directions of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (A.I.); (H.O.)
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Hirotsugu Okamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (A.I.); (H.O.)
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan;
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7
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Nikkar R, Esmaeili-Bandboni A, Badrikoohi M, Babaei P. Effects of inhibiting astrocytes and BET/BRD4 chromatin reader on spatial memory and synaptic proteins in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1119-1131. [PMID: 35244824 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Communication between astrocytes and neurons has a profound effect on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astrocytes regulate homeostasis and increase synaptic plasticity in physiological situations, however, they become activated during the progression of AD. Whether or not these reactions are supportive or detrimental for the central nervous system have not been understood yet. Considering epigenetic regulation of neuroinflammatory genes by chromatin readers, particularly bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) family, here we examined the effect of chronic co-inhibition of astrocytes metabolism (with fluorocitrate) and also BRD4 (with JQ1) on cognition deficit at early stages of AD. Forty adult male Wistar rats underwent stereotaxic cannulation for inducing AD by intrahippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 (4 μg/8 μl/rat). Then animals were divided into five groups of Saline+DMSO, Aβ + saline+DMSO, Aβ + JQ1, Aβ + FC (fluorocitrate), and Aβ + JQ1 + FC and received the related treatments. Two weeks later, spatial memory was recorded by Morris Water Maze (MWM), and the levels of phosphorylated cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB), postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), synaptophysin (SYP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured in the hippocampus by western blotting and RT-qPCR. Administration of JQ1 significantly improved both acquisition and retrieval of spatial memory, which were evident by decreased escape latency and increased total time spent (TTS) in target quadrant, and significant rise in p-CREB, PSD95, and synaptophysin compared with Aβ + saline+DMSO group. In contrast, both groups receiving FC demonstrated memory decline, and reduction in p-CREB, PSD95 and synaptophysin in parallel with increase in TNF-α. Our data indicate that chronic inhibition of BRD4 significantly restores memory impaired by amyloid β partly via CREB signaling and upregulating synaptic proteins of PSD95 and synaptophysin. However, inhibition of astrocytes nullifies the memory-boosting effects of JQ1 and reduces CREB/PSD95/synaptophysin levels in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastin Nikkar
- Cellular &Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Aghil Esmaeili-Bandboni
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahshid Badrikoohi
- Cellular &Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvin Babaei
- Cellular &Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Fung TY, Iyaswamy A, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Krishnamoorthi S, Guan XJ, Zhu Z, Su CF, Liu J, Kan Y, Zhang Y, Wong HLX, Li M. Klotho an Autophagy Stimulator as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030705. [PMID: 35327507 PMCID: PMC8945569 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease; it is the most common cause of senile dementia. Klotho, a single-pass transmembrane protein primarily generated in the brain and kidney, is active in a variety of metabolic pathways involved in controlling neurodegeneration and ageing. Recently, many studies have found that the upregulation of Klotho can improve pathological cognitive deficits in an AD mice model and have demonstrated that Klotho plays a role in the induction of autophagy, a major contributing factor for AD. Despite the close association between Klotho and neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, the underlying mechanism by which Klotho contributes to AD remains poorly understood. In this paper, we will introduce the expression, location and structure of Klotho and its biological functions. Specifically, this review is devoted to the correlation of Klotho protein and the AD phenotype, such as the effect of Klotho in upregulating the amyloid-beta clearance and in inducing autophagy for the clearance of toxic proteins, by regulating the autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP). In summary, the results of multiple studies point out that targeting Klotho would be a potential therapeutic strategy in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Yan Fung
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: or (A.I.); (H.L.X.W.); (M.L.); Tel.: +852-3411-2919 (M.L.); Fax: +852-3411-2461 (M.L.)
| | - Sravan G. Sreenivasmurthy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Senthilkumar Krishnamoorthi
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
- Centre for Trans-Disciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Xin-Jie Guan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Cheng-Fu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuxuan Kan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518025, China;
| | - Hoi Leong Xavier Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: or (A.I.); (H.L.X.W.); (M.L.); Tel.: +852-3411-2919 (M.L.); Fax: +852-3411-2461 (M.L.)
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (T.Y.F.); (S.G.S.); (S.K.); (X.-J.G.); (Z.Z.); (C.-F.S.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: or (A.I.); (H.L.X.W.); (M.L.); Tel.: +852-3411-2919 (M.L.); Fax: +852-3411-2461 (M.L.)
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9
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Sharma N, Tan MA, An SSA. Phytosterols: Potential Metabolic Modulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212255. [PMID: 34830148 PMCID: PMC8618769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols constitute a class of natural products that are an important component of diet and have vast applications in foods, cosmetics, and herbal medicines. With many and diverse isolated structures in nature, they exhibit a broad range of biological and pharmacological activities. Among over 200 types of phytosterols, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were ubiquitous in many plant species, exhibiting important aspects of activities related to neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, this mini-review presented an overview of the reported studies on selected phytosterols related to neurodegenerative diseases. It covered the major phytosterols based on biosynthetic considerations, including other phytosterols with significant in vitro and in vivo biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Sharma
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Mario A. Tan
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines;
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-8755
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10
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Dementia in military and veteran populations: a review of risk factors-traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, deployment, and sleep. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:55. [PMID: 34645526 PMCID: PMC8515715 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The military population face a unique set of risk factors that may increase the risk of being diagnosed with dementia. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a higher prevalence in this group in comparison to the civilian population. By delving into the individual relationships between TBI and dementia, and PTSD and dementia, we are able to better explore dementia in the military and veteran populations. While there are some inconsistencies in results, the TBI-dementia association has become more widely accepted. Moderate-to-severe TBI has been found to increase the risk of being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. A correlation between PTSD and dementia has been established, however, whether or not it is a causal relationship remains unclear. Factors such as blast, combat and chemical exposure may occur during a deployment, along with TBI and/or PTSD diagnosis, and can impact the risk of dementia. However, there is a lack of literature exploring the direct effects of deployment on dementia risk. Sleep problems have been observed to occur in those following TBI, PTSD and deployment. Poor sleep has been associated with possible dementia risk. Although limited studies have focused on the link between sleep and dementia in military and veteran populations, sleep is a valuable factor to study due to its association and interconnection with other military/veteran factors. This review aims to inform of various risk factors to the cognitive health of military members and veterans: TBI, PTSD, deployment, and sleep.
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11
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The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094976. [PMID: 34067061 PMCID: PMC8125740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal amyloid β (Aβ) oligomer accumulation precedes the appearance of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles and is neurotoxic. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-affected brains, intraneuronal Aβ oligomers can derive from Aβ peptide production within the neuron and, also, from vicinal neurons or reactive glial cells. Calcium homeostasis dysregulation and neuronal excitability alterations are widely accepted to play a key role in Aβ neurotoxicity in AD. However, the identification of primary Aβ-target proteins, in which functional impairment initiating cytosolic calcium homeostasis dysregulation and the critical point of no return are still pending issues. The micromolar concentration of calmodulin (CaM) in neurons and its high affinity for neurotoxic Aβ peptides (dissociation constant ≈ 1 nM) highlight a novel function of CaM, i.e., the buffering of free Aβ concentrations in the low nanomolar range. In turn, the concentration of Aβ-CaM complexes within neurons will increase as a function of time after the induction of Aβ production, and free Aβ will rise sharply when accumulated Aβ exceeds all available CaM. Thus, Aβ-CaM complexation could also play a major role in neuronal calcium signaling mediated by calmodulin-binding proteins by Aβ; a point that has been overlooked until now. In this review, we address the implications of Aβ-CaM complexation in the formation of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers, in the alteration of intracellular calcium homeostasis induced by Aβ, and of dysregulation of the calcium-dependent neuronal activity and excitability induced by Aβ.
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12
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Picca A, Guerra F, Calvani R, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Landi F, Bernabei R, Romano R, Bucci C, Marzetti E. Extracellular Vesicles and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: A Pandora's Box in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601740. [PMID: 33304353 PMCID: PMC7701251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation develops as part of an innate immunity response to molecules released upon tissue injury and collectively indicated as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). While coordinating the clearance of potential harmful stimuli, promotion of tissue repair, and restoration of tissue homeostasis, a hyper-activation of such an inflammatory response may be detrimental. The complex regulatory pathways modulating DAMPs generation and trafficking are actively investigated for their potential to provide relevant insights into physiological and pathological conditions. Abnormal circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) stemming from altered endosomal-lysosomal system have also been reported in several age-related conditions, including cancer and neurodegeneration, and indicated as a promising route for therapeutic purposes. Along this pathway, mitochondria may dispose altered components to preserve organelle homeostasis. However, whether a common thread exists between DAMPs and EVs generation is yet to be clarified. A deeper understanding of the highly complex, dynamic, and variable intracellular and extracellular trafficking of DAMPs and EVs, including those of mitochondrial origin, is needed to unveil relevant pathogenic pathways and novel targets for drug development. Herein, we describe the mechanisms of generation of EVs and mitochondrial-derived vesicles along the endocytic pathway and discuss the involvement of the endosomal-lysosomal in cancer and neurodegeneration (i.e., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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13
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Picca A, Calvani R, Coelho-Junior HJ, Landi F, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Neuroinflammation: Intertwined Roads to Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080647. [PMID: 32707949 PMCID: PMC7466131 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress develops as a response to injury and reflects a breach in the cell’s antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the fine-tuning of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is crucial for preserving cell’s homeostasis. Mitochondria are a major source and an immediate target of ROS. Under different stimuli, including oxidative stress and impaired quality control, mitochondrial constituents (e.g., mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) are displaced toward intra- or extracellular compartments. However, the mechanisms responsible for mtDNA unloading remain largely unclear. While shuttling freely within the cell, mtDNA can be delivered into the extracellular compartment via either extrusion of entire nucleoids or the generation and release of extracellular vesicles. Once discarded, mtDNA may act as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and trigger an innate immune inflammatory response by binding to danger-signal receptors. Neuroinflammation is associated with a large array of neurological disorders for which mitochondrial DAMPs could represent a common thread supporting disease progression. The exploration of non-canonical pathways involved in mitochondrial quality control and neurodegeneration may unveil novel targets for the development of therapeutic agents. Here, we discuss these processes in the setting of two common neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease) and Down syndrome, the most frequent progeroid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-5559 (R.C. & R.B.); Fax: +39-06-3051-911 (R.C. & R.B.)
| | | | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-5559 (R.C. & R.B.); Fax: +39-06-3051-911 (R.C. & R.B.)
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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14
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Epilepsy and Alzheimer’s Disease: Potential mechanisms for an association. Brain Res Bull 2020; 160:107-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Picca A, Guerra F, Calvani R, Coelho-Junior HJ, Bossola M, Landi F, Bernabei R, Bucci C, Marzetti E. Generation and Release of Mitochondrial-Derived Vesicles in Health, Aging and Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051440. [PMID: 32408624 PMCID: PMC7290979 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles involved in a myriad of activities. To safeguard their vital functions, mitochondrial quality control (MQC) systems are in place to support organelle plasticity as well as physical and functional connections with other cellular compartments. In particular, mitochondrial interactions with the endosomal compartment support the shuttle of ions and metabolites across organelles, while those with lysosomes ensure the recycling of obsolete materials. The extrusion of mitochondrial components via the generation and release of mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) has recently been described. MDV trafficking is now included among MQC pathways, possibly operating via mitochondrial-lysosomal contacts. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is acknowledged as a hallmark of aging and a major pathogenic factor of multiple age-associated conditions, the analysis of MDVs and, more generally, of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is recognized as a valuable research tool. The dissection of EV trafficking may help unravel new pathophysiological pathways of aging and diseases as well as novel biomarkers to be used in research and clinical settings. Here, we discuss (1) MQC pathways with a focus on mitophagy and MDV generation; (2) changes of MQC pathways during aging and their contribution to inflamm-aging and progeroid conditions; and (3) the relevance of MQC failure to several disorders, including neurodegenerative conditions (i.e., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease) and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (F.L.); (R.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (F.L.); (R.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.B.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-5559 (R.C.); +39-0832-29-8900 (C.B.); Fax: +39-06-305-1911 (R.C.); +39-0832-29-8941 (C.B.)
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Junior
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Bossola
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (F.L.); (R.B.); (E.M.)
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (F.L.); (R.B.); (E.M.)
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (F.L.); (R.B.); (E.M.)
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.B.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-5559 (R.C.); +39-0832-29-8900 (C.B.); Fax: +39-06-305-1911 (R.C.); +39-0832-29-8941 (C.B.)
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (F.L.); (R.B.); (E.M.)
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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16
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Martini AC, Forner S, Trujillo-Estrada L, Baglietto-Vargas D, LaFerla FM. Past to Future: What Animal Models Have Taught Us About Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S365-S378. [PMID: 29504540 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) impairs memory and causes significant cognitive deficits. The disease course is prolonged, with a poor prognosis, and thus exacts an enormous economic and social burden. Over the past two decades, genetically engineered mouse models have proven indispensable for understanding AD pathogenesis, as well as for discovering new therapeutic targets. Here we highlight significant studies from our laboratory that have helped advance the AD field by elucidating key pathogenic processes operative in AD and exploring a variety of aspects of the disease which may yield novel therapeutic strategies for combatting this burdensome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments andNeurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments andNeurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments andNeurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments andNeurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments andNeurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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17
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Wang L, Ma S, Hu Z, McGuire TF, Xie XQS. Chemogenomics Systems Pharmacology Mapping of Potential Drug Targets for Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:565-575. [PMID: 30014763 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Though the death rate of initial trauma has dramatically decreased, no drug has been developed to effectively limit the progression of the secondary injury caused by TBI. TBI appears to be a predisposing risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we have conducted a research investigation of computational chemogenomics systems pharmacology (CSP) to identify potential drug targets for TBI treatment. TBI-induced transcriptional profiles were compared with those induced by genetic or chemical perturbations, including drugs in clinical trials for TBI treatment. The protein-protein interaction network of these predicted targets were then generated for further analyses. Some protein targets when perturbed, exhibit inverse transcriptional profiles in comparison with the profiles induced by TBI, and they were recognized as potential therapeutic targets for TBI. Drugs acting on these targets are predicted to have the potential for TBI treatment if they can reverse the TBI-induced transcriptional profiles that lead to secondary injury. In particular, our results indicated that TRPV4, NEUROD1, and HPRT1 were among the top therapeutic target candidates for TBI, which are congruent with literature reports. Our analyses also suggested the strong associations between TBI and AD, as perturbations on AD-related genes, such as APOE, APP, PSEN1, and MAPT, can induce similar gene expression patterns as those of TBI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first CSP-based gene expression profile analyses for predicting TBI-related drug targets, and the findings could be used to guide the design of new drugs targeting the secondary injury caused by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Wang
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shifan Ma
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ziheng Hu
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Terence Francis McGuire
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiang-Qun Sean Xie
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Departments of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Ourdev D, Schmaus A, Kar S. Kainate Receptor Activation Enhances Amyloidogenic Processing of APP in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5095-5110. [PMID: 30484111 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA) is an analogue of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate that, when injected systemically into adult rats, can trigger seizures and progressive neuronal loss in a manner that mirrors the neuropathology of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. However, biomolecular mechanisms responsible for the neuronal loss that occurs as a consequence of this treatment remains elusive. We have recently reported that toxicity induced by KA can partly be mediated by astrocyte-derived amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, which are critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, little is known how KA can influence amyloid precursor protein (APP) levels and processing in astrocytes. Thus, in the present study using human U-373 astrocytoma and rat primary astrocytes, we evaluated the role of KA on APP metabolism. Our results revealed that KA treatment increased the levels of APP and its cleaved products (α-/β-CTFs) in cultured U-373 astrocytoma and primary astrocytes, without altering the cell viability. The cellular and secretory levels of Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 were markedly increased in KA-treated astrocytes. We also demonstrated that the steady-state levels of APP-secretases were not altered but the activity of γ-secretase is enhanced in KA-treated U-373 astrocytoma. Furthermore, using selective receptor antagonists, we showed that the effects of KA is mediated by activation of kainate receptors and not NMDA or AMPA receptors. These results suggest that KA can enhance amyloidogenic processing of APP by activating its own receptor leading to increased production/secretion of Aβ-related peptides from activated astrocytes which may contribute to the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ourdev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Schmaus
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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19
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Rad SK, Arya A, Karimian H, Madhavan P, Rizwan F, Koshy S, Prabhu G. Mechanism involved in insulin resistance via accumulation of β-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles: link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:3999-4021. [PMID: 30538427 PMCID: PMC6255119 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s173970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested in several reports. Few findings suggest that T2DM has strong link in the development process of AD, and the complete mechanism is yet to be revealed. Formation of amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are two central hallmarks in the AD. APs are the dense composites of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) which accumulates around the nerve cells. Moreover, NFTs are the twisted fibers containing hyperphosphorylated tau proteins present in certain residues of Aβ that build up inside the brain cells. Certain factors contribute to the aetiogenesis of AD by regulating insulin signaling pathway in the brain and accelerating the formation of neurotoxic Aβ and NFTs via various mechanisms, including GSK3β, JNK, CamKII, CDK5, CK1, MARK4, PLK2, Syk, DYRK1A, PPP, and P70S6K. Progression to AD could be influenced by insulin signaling pathway that is affected due to T2DM. Interestingly, NFTs and APs lead to the impairment of several crucial cascades, such as synaptogenesis, neurotrophy, and apoptosis, which are regulated by insulin, cholesterol, and glucose metabolism. The investigation of the molecular cascades through insulin functions in brain contributes to probe and perceive progressions of diabetes to AD. This review elaborates the molecular insights that would help to further understand the potential mechanisms linking T2DM and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Kianpour Rad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aditya Arya
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia,
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm), Bukit Gambir, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia,
| | - Hamed Karimian
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia,
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Farzana Rizwan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Shajan Koshy
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Girish Prabhu
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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20
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Kim OY, Song J. The Role of Irisin in Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7110407. [PMID: 30388754 PMCID: PMC6262319 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory dysfunction, oxidative stress, and presence of senile plaques formed by amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in the brain. AD is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. AD has a variety of risk factors, including environmental factors, metabolic dysfunction, and genetic background. Recent research has highlighted the relationship between AD and systemic metabolic changes such as glucose and lipid imbalance and insulin resistance. Irisin, a myokine closely linked to exercise, has been associated with glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and fat browning. Recent studies have suggested that irisin is involved in the process in central nervous system (CNS) such as neurogenesis and has reported the effects of irisin on AD as one of the neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review the roles of irisin with respect to AD and suggest that irisin highlight therapeutic important roles in AD. Thus, we propose that irisin could be a potential future target for ameliorating AD pathology and preventing AD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Center for Silver-targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Human Life Research Center, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Human Life Research Center, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2706
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21
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Sánchez MP, García-Cabrero AM, Sánchez-Elexpuru G, Burgos DF, Serratosa JM. Tau-Induced Pathology in Epilepsy and Dementia: Notions from Patients and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041092. [PMID: 29621183 PMCID: PMC5979593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with dementia present epilepsy more frequently than the general population. Seizures are more common in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) than in other dementias. Missense mutations in the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) gene have been found to cause familial FTD and PSP, while the P301S mutation in MAPT has been associated with early-onset fast progressive dementia and the presence of seizures. Brains of patients with AD, LBD, FTD and PSP show hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates, amyloid-β plaques and neuropil threads. Increasing evidence suggests the existence of overlapping mechanisms related to the generation of network hyperexcitability and cognitive decline. Neuronal overexpression of tau with various mutations found in FTD with parkinsonism-linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) in mice produces epileptic activity. On the other hand, the use of certain antiepileptic drugs in animal models with AD prevents cognitive impairment. Further efforts should be made to search for plausible common targets for both conditions. Moreover, attempts should also be made to evaluate the use of drugs targeting tau and amyloid-β as suitable pharmacological interventions in epileptic disorders. The diagnosis of dementia and epilepsy in early stages of those diseases may be helpful for the initiation of treatments that could prevent the generation of epileptic activity and cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina P Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana M García-Cabrero
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Immunology and Oncology and Protein Tools Unit, Biotechnology National Center (CNB/CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gentzane Sánchez-Elexpuru
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel F Burgos
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Serratosa
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Wong SY, Tang BL. SIRT1 as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:813-825. [PMID: 27497424 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia in the aging population worldwide. SIRT1 deacetylation of histones and transcription factors impinge on multiple neuronal and non-neuronal targets, and modulates stress response, energy metabolism and cellular senescence/death pathways. Collectively, SIRT1 activity could potentially affect multiple aspects of hippocampal and cortical neuron function and survival, thus modifying disease onset and progression. In this review, the known and potential mechanisms of action of SIRT1 with regard to AD, and its potential as a therapeutic target, are discussed.
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Wang S, Yang F, Petyuk VA, Shukla AK, Monroe ME, Gritsenko MA, Rodland KD, Smith RD, Qian WJ, Gong CX, Liu T. Quantitative proteomics identifies altered O-GlcNAcylation of structural, synaptic and memory-associated proteins in Alzheimer's disease. J Pathol 2017; 243:78-88. [PMID: 28657654 DOI: 10.1002/path.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is emerging as an important factor in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, detailed molecular characterization of this important protein post-translational modification at the proteome level has been highly challenging, owing to its low stoichiometry and labile nature. Herein, we report the most comprehensive, quantitative proteomics analysis for protein O-GlcNAcylation in postmortem human brain tissues with and without AD by the use of isobaric tandem mass tag labelling, chemoenzymatic photocleavage enrichment, and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. A total of 1850 O-GlcNAc peptides covering 1094 O-GlcNAcylation sites were identified from 530 proteins in the human brain. One hundred and thirty-one O-GlcNAc peptides covering 81 proteins were altered in AD brains as compared with controls (q < 0.05). Moreover, alteration of O-GlcNAc peptide abundance could be attributed more to O-GlcNAcylation level than to protein level changes. The altered O-GlcNAcylated proteins belong to several structural and functional categories, including synaptic proteins, cytoskeleton proteins, and memory-associated proteins. These findings suggest that dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation of multiple brain proteins may be involved in the development of sporadic AD. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Anil K Shukla
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Matthew E Monroe
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Marina A Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Karin D Rodland
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Endophilin2 Interacts with GluA1 to Mediate AMPA Receptor Endocytosis Induced by Oligomeric Amyloid- β. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:8197085. [PMID: 28758034 PMCID: PMC5516760 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8197085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), as oligomeric Aβ induces loss of postsynaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) leading to cognitive deficits. The loss of postsynaptic AMPARs is mediated through the clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway, in which endophilin2 is one of the important regulatory proteins. Endophilin2, which is enriched in both the pre- and postsynaptic membrane, has previously been reported to be important for recycling of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic membrane. However, the role of endophilin2 in oligomeric Aβ-induced postsynaptic AMPAR endocytosis is not well understood. In this study, we show that endophilin2 does not affect constitutive AMPAR endocytosis. Endophilin2 knockdown, but not overexpression, resisted oligomeric Aβ-induced AMPAR dysfunction. Moreover, endophilin2 colocalized and interacted with GluA1, a subunit of AMPAR, to regulate oligomeric Aβ-induced AMPAR endocytosis. Thus, we have determined a role of endophilin2 in oligomeric Aβ-induced postsynaptic AMPAR dysfunction, indicating possible directions for preventing the loss of AMPARs in cognitive impairment and providing evidence for the clinical treatment of AD.
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25
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Tang BL. Rabs, Membrane Dynamics, and Parkinson's Disease. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1626-1633. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117597
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117456
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Traffic Through the Trans-Golgi Network and the Endosomal System Requires Collaboration Between Exomer and Clathrin Adaptors in Fission Yeast. Genetics 2016; 205:673-690. [PMID: 27974503 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.193458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its biological and medical relevance, traffic from the Golgi to the plasma membrane (PM) is one of the least understood steps of secretion. Exomer is a protein complex that mediates the trafficking of certain cargoes from the trans-Golgi network/early endosomes to the PM in budding yeast. Here, we show that in Schizosaccharomyces pombe the Cfr1 and Bch1 proteins constitute the simplest form of an exomer. Cfr1 co-immunoprecipitates with Assembly Polypeptide adaptor 1 (AP-1), AP-2, and Golgi-localized, gamma-adaptin ear domain homology, ARF-binding (GGA) subunits, and cfr1+ interacts genetically with AP-1 and GGA genes. Exomer-defective cells exhibit multiple mild defects, including alterations in the morphology of Golgi stacks and the distribution of the synaptobrevin-like Syb1 protein, carboxypeptidase missorting, and stress sensitivity. S. pombe apm1Δ cells exhibit a defect in trafficking through the early endosomes that is severely aggravated in the absence of exomer. apm1Δ cfr1Δ cells exhibit a dramatic disorganization of intracellular compartments, including massive accumulation of electron-dense tubulovesicular structures. While the trans-Golgi network/early endosomes are severely disorganized in the apm1Δ cfr1Δ strain, gga21Δ gga22Δ cfr1Δ cells exhibit a significant disturbance of the prevacuolar/vacuolar compartments. Our findings show that exomer collaborates with clathrin adaptors in trafficking through diverse cellular compartments, and that this collaboration is important to maintain their integrity. These results indicate that the effect of eliminating exomer is more pervasive than that described to date, and suggest that exomer complexes might participate in diverse steps of vesicle transport in other organisms.
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Zou J, Cai PS, Xiong CM, Ruan JL. Neuroprotective effect of peptides extracted from walnut (Juglans Sigilata Dode) proteins on Aβ25-35-induced memory impairment in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:21-30. [PMID: 26838735 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorders of the elderly, which is characterized by the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide in human brains. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by Aβ in brain are increasingly considered to be responsible for the pathogenesis of AD. The present study aimed to determine the protective effects of walnut peptides against the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ25-35 in vivo. Briefly, the AD model was induced by injecting Aβ25-35 into bilateral hippocampi of mice. The animals were treated with distilled water or walnut peptides (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, p.o.) for five consecutive weeks. Spatial learning and memory abilities of mice were investigated by Morris water maze test and step-down avoidance test. To further explore the underlying mechanisms of the neuroprotectivity of walnut peptides, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as the level of nitric oxide (NO) in the hippocampus of mice were measured by spectrophotometric method. In addition, the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in the samples were determined using ELISA. The hippocampal expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were evaluated by Western blot analysis. The results showed that walnut peptides supplementation effectively ameliorated the cognitive deficits and memory impairment of mice. Meanwhile, our study also revealed effective restoration of levels of antioxidant enzymes as well as inflammatory mediators with supplementation of walnut peptides (400 or 800 mg/kg). All the above findings suggested that walnut peptides may have a protective effect on AD by reducing inflammatory responses and modulating antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Pei-Shan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chao-Mei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jin-Lan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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28
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Khairallah MI, Kassem LA, Yassin NA, Gamal el Din MA, Zekri M, Attia M. Activation of migration of endogenous stem cells by erythropoietin as potential rescue for neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:148-57. [PMID: 26802509 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and memory loss. There is deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain and subsequent neuronal loss. Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. There is still no effective curative therapy for these patients. One promising strategy involves the stimulation of endogenous stem cells. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of erythropoietin (EPO) in neurogenesis, and proved its manipulation of the endogenous mesenchymal stem cells in model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. METHODS Forty five adult male mice were divided equally into 3 groups: Group I (control), group II (LPS untreated group): mice were injected with single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 0.8 mg/kg intraperitoneally (ip) to induce neuroinflammation, group III (EPO treated group): in addition to (LPS) mice were further injected with EPO in dose of 40 μg/kg of body weight three times weekly for 5 consecutive weeks. Groups were tested for their locomotor activity and memory using open field test and Y-maze. Cerebral specimens were subjected to histological and morphometric studies. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and mesenchymal stem cell marker CD44 were assessed using immunostaining. Gene expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was examined in brain tissue. RESULTS LPS decreased locomotor activity and percentage of correct choices in Y-maze test. Cerebral sections of LPS treated mice showed increased percentage area of dark nuclei and amyloid plaques. Multiple GFAP positive astrocytes were detected in affected cerebral sections. In addition, decrease BDNF gene expression was noted. On the other hand, EPO treated group, showed improvement in locomotor and cognitive function. Examination of the cerebral sections showed multiple neurons exhibiting less dark nuclei and less amyloid plaques in comparison to the untreated group. GFAP positive astrocytes were also reduced. Cerebral sections of the EPO treated group showed multiple branched and spindle CD44 positive cells inside and around blood vessels more than in LPS group. This immunostaining was negative in the control group. EPO administration increased BDNF gene expression. CONCLUSION This study proved that EPO provides excellent neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects in vivo model of LPS induced neuroinflammation. It enhances brain tissue regeneration via stimulation of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and their migration to the site of inflammation. EPO also up regulates cerebral BDNF expression and production, which might contributes to EPO mediated neurogenesis. It also attenuates reactive gliosis thus reduces neuroinflammation. These encouraging results obtained with the use of EPO proved that it may be a promising candidate for future clinical application and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Khairallah
- Department of Physiology, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology-German University in Cairo (GUC), Egypt.
| | - L A Kassem
- Department of Physiology, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology-German University in Cairo (GUC), Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - N A Yassin
- Department of Physiology, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology-German University in Cairo (GUC), Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M A Gamal el Din
- Department of Physiology, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology-German University in Cairo (GUC), Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M Zekri
- Department of Histology, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M Attia
- Department of Histology, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Sanuki R, Watanabe S, Sugita Y, Irie S, Kozuka T, Shimada M, Ueno S, Usukura J, Furukawa T. Protein-4.1G-Mediated Membrane Trafficking Is Essential for Correct Rod Synaptic Location in the Retina and for Normal Visual Function. Cell Rep 2015; 10:796-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the main neuropathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. However, it has become increasingly apparent that neuroinflammation plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of AD. This review summarizes the current status of neuroinflammation research related to AD, focusing on the connections between neuroinflammation and some inflammation factors in AD. Among these connections, we discuss the dysfunctional blood-brain barrier and alterations in the functional responses of microglia and astrocytes in this process. In addition, we summarize and discuss the role of intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses in astrocytes and microglia, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, nuclear factor-kappa B cascade, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma transcription factors. Finally, the dysregulation of the control and release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and classic AD pathology (amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) in AD is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China ; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
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Chater TE, Goda Y. The role of AMPA receptors in postsynaptic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:401. [PMID: 25505875 PMCID: PMC4245900 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system, excitatory glutamatergic synapses harness neurotransmission that is mediated by ion flow through α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). AMPARs, which are enriched in the postsynaptic membrane on dendritic spines, are highly dynamic, and shuttle in and out of synapses in an activity-dependent manner. Changes in their number, subunit composition, phosphorylation state, and accessory proteins can all regulate AMPARs and thus modify synaptic strength and support cellular forms of learning. Furthermore, dysregulation of AMPAR plasticity has been implicated in various pathological states and has important consequences for mental health. Here we focus on the mechanisms that control AMPAR plasticity, drawing particularly from the extensive studies on hippocampal synapses, and highlight recent advances in the field along with considerations for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukiko Goda
- RIKEN, Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Japan
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32
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McIntire LBJ, Landman N, Kang MS, Finan GM, Hwang JC, Moore AZ, Park LS, Lin CS, Kim TW. Phenotypic assays for β-amyloid in mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:956-67. [PMID: 23890013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Given the complex nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a cell-based model that recapitulates the physiological properties of the target neuronal population would be extremely valuable for discovering improved drug candidates and chemical probes to uncover disease mechanisms. We established phenotypic neuronal assays for the biogenesis and synaptic action of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) based on embryonic stem cell-derived neurons (ESNs). ESNs enriched with pyramidal neurons were robust, scalable, and amenable to a small-molecule screening assay, overcoming the apparent limitations of neuronal models derived from human pluripotent cells. Small-molecule screening of clinical compounds identified four compounds capable of reducing Aβ levels in ESNs derived from the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. Our approach is therefore highly suitable for phenotypic screening in AD drug discovery and has the potential to identify therapeutic candidates with improved efficacy and safety potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beth J McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Protective effects of testosterone on presynaptic terminals against oligomeric β-amyloid peptide in primary culture of hippocampal neurons. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:103906. [PMID: 25045655 PMCID: PMC4086619 DOI: 10.1155/2014/103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing lines of evidence support that testosterone may have neuroprotective effects. While observational studies reported an association between higher bioavailable testosterone or brain testosterone levels and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is limited understanding of the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. Previous studies demonstrated that testosterone could alleviate neurotoxicity induced by β-amyloid (Aβ), but these findings mainly focused on neuronal apoptosis. Since synaptic dysfunction and degeneration are early events during the pathogenesis of AD, we aim to investigate the effects of testosterone on oligomeric Aβ-induced synaptic changes. Our data suggested that exposure of primary cultured hippocampal neurons to oligomeric Aβ could reduce the length of neurites and decrease the expression of presynaptic proteins including synaptophysin, synaptotagmin, and synapsin-1. Aβ also disrupted synaptic vesicle recycling and protein folding machinery. Testosterone preserved the integrity of neurites and the expression of presynaptic proteins. It also attenuated Aβ-induced impairment of synaptic exocytosis. By using letrozole as an aromatase antagonist, we further demonstrated that the effects of testosterone on exocytosis were unlikely to be mediated through the estrogen receptor pathway. Furthermore, we showed that testosterone could attenuate Aβ-induced reduction of HSP70, which suggests a novel mechanism that links testosterone and its protective function on Aβ-induced synaptic damage. Taken together, our data provide further evidence on the beneficial effects of testosterone, which may be useful for future drug development for AD.
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Liu L, Chan C. The role of inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:6-15. [PMID: 24561250 PMCID: PMC4029867 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease with clinical characteristics of memory loss, dementia and cognitive impairment. Although the pathophysiologic mechanism is not fully understood, inflammation has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by the activation of glial cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that inflammasomes, which cleave precursors of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 to generate their active forms, play an important role in the inflammatory response in the CNS and in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, modulating inflammasome complex assembly and activation could be a potential strategy for suppressing inflammation in the CNS. This review aims to provide insight into the role of inflammasomes in the CNS, with respect to the pathogenesis of AD, and may provide possible clues for devising novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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Gassman A, Hao LT, Bhoite L, Bradford CL, Chien CB, Beattie CE, Manfredi JP. Small molecule suppressors of Drosophila kinesin deficiency rescue motor axon development in a zebrafish model of spinal muscular atrophy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74325. [PMID: 24023935 PMCID: PMC3762770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common inherited motor neuropathy and the leading hereditary cause of infant mortality. Currently there is no effective treatment for the disease, reflecting a need for pharmacologic interventions that restore performance of dysfunctional motor neurons or suppress the consequences of their dysfunction. In a series of assays relevant to motor neuron biology, we explored the activities of a collection of tetrahydroindoles that were reported to alter the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP). In Drosophila larvae the compounds suppressed aberrant larval locomotion due to mutations in the Khc and Klc genes, which respectively encode the heavy and light chains of kinesin-1. A representative compound of this class also suppressed the appearance of axonal swellings (alternatively termed axonal spheroids or neuritic beads) in the segmental nerves of the kinesin-deficient Drosophila larvae. Given the importance of kinesin-dependent transport for extension and maintenance of axons and their growth cones, three members of the class were tested for neurotrophic effects on isolated rat spinal motor neurons. Each compound stimulated neurite outgrowth. In addition, consistent with SMA being an axonopathy of motor neurons, the three axonotrophic compounds rescued motor axon development in a zebrafish model of SMA. The results introduce a collection of small molecules as pharmacologic suppressors of SMA-associated phenotypes and nominate specific members of the collection for development as candidate SMA therapeutics. More generally, the results reinforce the perception of SMA as an axonopathy and suggest novel approaches to treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gassman
- Sera Prognostics, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Le T. Hao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Leena Bhoite
- Technology Commercialization Office, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Chad L. Bradford
- Sera Prognostics, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Chi-Bin Chien
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Christine E. Beattie
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John P. Manfredi
- Sfida BioLogic, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Aicardi G. Age-related impairment of visual recognition memory correlates with impaired synaptic distribution of GluA2 and protein kinase Mζ in the dentate gyrus. Rejuvenation Res 2013; 15:530-3. [PMID: 22985047 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2012.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related functional alterations in the perforant path projection from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus play a major role in age-related memory impairments, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for these changes. In a recent study, young and aged monkeys were tested on the visual recognition memory test "delayed nonmatching-to-sample"; then, electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was performed in the hippocampal DG to determine the subcellular localization of the GluA2 subunit of the glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ), which promotes memory storage by regulating GluA2-containing AMPAR trafficking. The results obtained suggest that age-related deficits in visual recognition memory are coupled with impairment in PKMζ-dependent maintenance of GluA2 at the synapse. Together with previous evidences of the critical role of PKMζ in memory consolidation, these data render this enzyme an attractive potential therapeutic target for treating age-related memory decline, and support the view that the pharmacological manipulation of AMPAR trafficking in the synapses may provide new insights in the search of memory enhancers for aged individuals, including those affected by Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Aicardi
- Department of Human and General Physiology, and Interdepartmental Centre Luigi Galvani for the Study of Biophysics, Bioinformatics and Biocomplexity, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, Bologna, Italy.
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Aicardi G. Protein kinase Mζ-dependent maintenance of GluA2 at the synapse: a possible target for preventing or treating age-related memory decline? Rejuvenation Res 2013; 16:327-9. [PMID: 23679685 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related functional alterations in the perforant path projection from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus play a major role in age-related memory impairments, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for these changes. In a recent interesting study, Hara and colleagues (J Neurosci 2012;32:7336-7344) tested young and aged monkeys on the visual recognition memory test "delayed nonmatching-to-sample" (DNMS). Then they performed electron microscopy immunocytochemistry in the hippocampal DG to determine the subcellular localization of the GluA2 subunit of the glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ), which promotes memory storage by regulating GluA2-containing AMPAR trafficking. The results obtained suggest that age-related deficits in visual recognition memory are coupled with impairment in PKMζ-dependent maintenance of GluA2 at the synapse. Together with previous evidence of the critical role of PKMζ in memory consolidation, these data render this enzyme an attractive potential therapeutic target for preventing or treating age-related memory decline, and support the view that the pharmacological manipulation of AMPAR trafficking in the synapses may provide new insights in the search of memory enhancers for aged individuals, including those affected by Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Aicardi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Lee YK, Hou SW, Lee CC, Hsu CY, Huang YS, Su YC. Increased risk of dementia in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62422. [PMID: 23658727 PMCID: PMC3641064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that the risk of dementia in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is higher. However, the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and dementia has never been established. Objectives We investigated the incidences of dementia among patients with mTBI in Taiwan to evaluate if there is higher risk compared with general population. Methods We utilized a sampled National Health Insurance (NHI) claims data containing one million beneficiaries. We followed all adult beneficiaries from January 1, 2005 till December 31, 2009 to see if they had been diagnosed with dementia. We further identify patients with mTBI and compared their risk of dementia with the general population. Results We identified 28551 patients with mTBI and 692382 without. After controlled for age, gender, urbanization level, socioeconomic status, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, history of alcohol intoxication, history of ischemic stroke, history of intracranial hemorrhage and Charlson Comorbidity Index Score, the adjusted hazard ratio is 3.26 (95% Confidence interval, 2.69–3.94). Conclusions TBI is an independent significant risk factor of developing dementia even in the mild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kung Lee
- Emergency Department, Buddhist Tzu Chi Dalin General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Hou
- Emergency Department, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Lee
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center and Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Hsu
- Department of Public Heath, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sung Huang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Cheng Su
- Emergency Department, Buddhist Tzu Chi Dalin General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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39
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Kolesnikova EÉ. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Molecular Bases of Neurodegenerative Diseases. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-013-9341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Revett TJ, Baker GB, Jhamandas J, Kar S. Glutamate system, amyloid ß peptides and tau protein: functional interrelationships and relevance to Alzheimer disease pathology. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38:6-23. [PMID: 22894822 PMCID: PMC3529221 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.110190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is the most prevalent form of dementia globally and is characterized premortem by a gradual memory loss and deterioration of higher cognitive functions and postmortem by neuritic plaques containing amyloid ß peptide and neurofibrillary tangles containing phospho-tau protein. Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain and is essential to memory formation through processes such as long-term potentiation and so might be pivotal to Alzheimer disease progression. This review discusses how the glutamatergic system is impaired in Alzheimer disease and how interactions of amyloid ß and glutamate influence synaptic function, tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration. Interestingly, glutamate not only influences amyloid ß production, but also amyloid ß can alter the levels of glutamate at the synapse, indicating that small changes in the concentrations of both molecules could influence Alzheimer disease progression. Finally, we describe how the glutamate receptor antagonist, memantine, has been used in the treatment of individuals with Alzheimer disease and discuss its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Satyabrata Kar
- Correspondence to: S. Kar, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2M8;
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Willnow TE, Andersen OM. Sorting receptor SORLA – a trafficking path to avoid Alzheimer disease. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2751-60. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.125393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive proteolytic breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to neurotoxic amyloid β peptides (Aβ) by secretases in the brain is a molecular cause of Alzheimer disease (AD). According to current concepts, the complex route whereby APP moves between the secretory compartment, the cell surface and endosomes to encounter the various secretases determines its processing fate. However, the molecular mechanisms that control the intracellular trafficking of APP in neurons and their contribution to AD remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the functional elucidation of a new sorting receptor SORLA that emerges as a central regulator of trafficking and processing of APP. SORLA interacts with distinct sets of cytosolic adaptors for anterograde and retrograde movement of APP between the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes, thereby restricting delivery of the precursor to endocytic compartments that favor amyloidogenic breakdown. Defects in SORLA and its interacting adaptors result in transport defects and enhanced amyloidogenic processing of APP, and represent important risk factors for AD in patients. As discussed here, these findings uncovered a unique regulatory pathway for the control of neuronal protein transport, and provide clues as to why defects in this pathway cause neurodegenerative disease.
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42
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Yang GZ, Yang M, Lim Y, Lu JJ, Wang TH, Qi JG, Zhong JH, Zhou XF. Huntingtin associated protein 1 regulates trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein and modulates amyloid beta levels in neurons. J Neurochem 2012; 122:1010-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Cuartero Y, Mellado M, Capell A, Álvarez-Dolado M, Verges M. Retromer Regulates Postendocytic Sorting of β-Secretase in Polarized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells. Traffic 2012; 13:1393-410. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Cuartero
- Laboratory of Epithelial Cell Biology; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Valencia; Spain
| | - Maravillas Mellado
- Laboratory of Epithelial Cell Biology; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Valencia; Spain
| | - Anja Capell
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases & Adolf Butenandt Institute - Biochemistry; Ludwig Maximilians University; Munich; Germany
| | - Manuel Álvarez-Dolado
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine; Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Seville; Spain
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44
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The role of inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 20:109-26. [PMID: 22535513 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that inflammatory processes play a significant role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of astrocytes and microglia and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Vascular inflammation, mediated largely by the products of endothelial activation, is accompanied by the production and the release of a host of inflammatory factors which contribute to vascular, immune, and neuronal dysfunction. The complex interaction of these processes is still only imperfectly understood, yet as the mechanisms continue to be elucidated, targets for intervention are revealed. Although many of the studies to date on therapeutic or preventative strategies for AD have been narrowly focused on single target therapies, there is accumulating evidence to suggest that the most successful treatment strategy will likely incorporate a sequential, multifactorial approach, addressing direct neuronal support, general cardiovascular health, and interruption of deleterious inflammatory pathways.
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45
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Brunholz S, Sisodia S, Lorenzo A, Deyts C, Kins S, Morfini G. Axonal transport of APP and the spatial regulation of APP cleavage and function in neuronal cells. Exp Brain Res 2012; 217:353-64. [PMID: 21960299 PMCID: PMC3670699 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over two decades have passed since the original discovery of amyloid precursor protein (APP). While physiological function(s) of APP still remain a matter of debate, consensus exists that the proteolytic processing of this protein represents a critical event in the life of neurons and that abnormalities in this process are instrumental in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Specific molecular components involved in APP proteolysis have been identified, and their enzymatic activities characterized in great detail. As specific proteolytic fragments of APP are identified and novel physiological effects for these fragments are revealed, more obvious becomes our need to understand the spatial organization of APP proteolysis. Valuable insights on this process have been obtained through the study of non-neuronal cells. However, much less is known about the topology of APP processing in neuronal cells, which are characterized by their remarkably complex cellular architecture and extreme degree of polarization. In this review, we discuss published literature addressing various molecular mechanisms and components involved in the trafficking and subcellular distribution of APP and APP secretases in neurons. These include the relevant machinery involved in their sorting, the identity of membranous organelles in which APP is transported, and the molecular motor-based mechanisms involved in their translocation. We also review experimental evidence specifically addressing the processing of APP at the axonal compartment. Understanding neuron-specific mechanisms of APP processing would help illuminating the physiological roles of APP-derived proteolytic fragments and provide novel insights on AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Brunholz
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Sivanandam TM, Thakur MK. Traumatic brain injury: a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1376-81. [PMID: 22390915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a major global health and socio-economic problem with neurobehavioral sequelae contributing to long-term disability. It causes brain swelling, axonal injury and hypoxia, disrupts blood brain barrier function and increases inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration and leads to cognitive impairment. Epidemiological studies show that 30% of patients, who die of TBI, have Aβ plaques which are pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus TBI acts as an important epigenetic risk factor for AD. This review focuses on AD related genes which are expressed during TBI and its relevance to progression of the disease. Such understanding will help to diagnose the risk of TBI patients to develop AD and design therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamil Mani Sivanandam
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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47
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Kleschevnikov AM, Belichenko PV, Salehi A, Wu C. Discoveries in Down syndrome: moving basic science to clinical care. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 197:199-221. [PMID: 22541294 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-54299-1.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent discoveries in neurobiology of Down syndrome (DS) achieved with use of mouse genetic models and provides an overview of experimental approaches aimed at development of pharmacological restoration of cognitive function in people with this developmental disorder. Changes in structure and function of synaptic connections within the hippocampal formation of DS model mice, as well as alterations in innervations of the hippocampus by noradrenergic and cholinergic neuromodulatory systems, provided important clues for potential pharmacological treatments of cognitive disabilities in DS. Possible molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this genetic disorder have been addressed. We discuss novel mechanisms engaging misprocessing of amyloid precursor protein (App) and other proteins, through their affect on axonal transport and endosomal dysfunction, to "Alzheimer-type" neurodegenerative processes that affect cognition later in life. In conclusion, a number of therapeutic strategies have been defined that may restore cognitive function in mouse models of DS. In the juvenile and young animals, these strategists focus on restoration of synaptic plasticity, rate of adult neurogenesis, and functions of the neuromodulatory subcortical systems. Later in life, the major focus is on recuperation of misprocessed App and related proteins. It is hoped that the identification of an increasing number of potential targets for pharmacotherapy of cognitive deficits in DS will add to the momentum for creating and completing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kleschevnikov
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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48
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Qiang L, Fujita R, Yamashita T, Angulo S, Rhinn H, Rhee D, Doege C, Chau L, Aubry L, Vanti WB, Moreno H, Abeliovich A. Directed conversion of Alzheimer's disease patient skin fibroblasts into functional neurons. Cell 2011; 146:359-71. [PMID: 21816272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Directed conversion of mature human cells, as from fibroblasts to neurons, is of potential clinical utility for neurological disease modeling as well as cell therapeutics. Here, we describe the efficient generation of human-induced neuronal (hiN) cells from adult skin fibroblasts of unaffected individuals and Alzheimer's patients, using virally transduced transcription regulators and extrinsic support factors. hiN cells from unaffected individuals display morphological, electrophysiological, and gene expression profiles that typify glutamatergic forebrain neurons and are competent to integrate functionally into the rodent CNS. hiN cells from familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) patients with presenilin-1 or -2 mutations exhibit altered processing and localization of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and increased production of Aβ, relative to the source patient fibroblasts or hiN cells from unaffected individuals. Together, our findings demonstrate directed conversion of human fibroblasts to a neuronal phenotype and reveal cell type-selective pathology in hiN cells derived from FAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiang
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, and Neurology and Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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49
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Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:223-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Henley JM, Barker EA, Glebov OO. Routes, destinations and delays: recent advances in AMPA receptor trafficking. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:258-68. [PMID: 21420743 PMCID: PMC3314507 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate most fast excitatory synaptic transmission and are crucial for many aspects of brain function, including learning, memory and cognition. The number, synaptic localization and subunit composition of synaptic AMPARs are tightly regulated by network activity and by the history of activity at individual synapses. Furthermore, aberrant AMPAR trafficking is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. AMPARs therefore represent a prime target for drug development and the mechanisms that control their synaptic delivery, retention and removal are the subject of extensive research. Here, we review recent findings that have provided new insights into AMPAR trafficking and that might lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD.
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