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Cheng HS, Chong YK, Lim EKY, Lee XY, Pang QY, Novera W, Marvalim C, Lee JXT, Ang BT, Tang C, Tan NS. Dual p38MAPK and MEK inhibition disrupts adaptive chemoresistance in mesenchymal glioblastoma to temozolomide. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:1247-1261. [PMID: 38366847 PMCID: PMC11226874 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision treatment of glioblastoma is increasingly focused on molecular subtyping, with the mesenchymal subtype particularly resistant to temozolomide. Here, we aim to develop a targeted therapy for temozolomide resensitization in the mesenchymal subtype. METHODS We integrated kinomic profiles and kinase inhibitor screens from patient-derived proneural and mesenchymal glioma-propagating cells and public clinical datasets to identify key protein kinases implicated in temozolomide resistance. RNAseq, apoptosis assays, and comet assays were used to examine the role of p38MAPK signaling and adaptive chemoresistance in mesenchymal cells. The efficacy of dual p38MAPK and MEK/ERK inhibition using ralimetinib (selective orally active p38MAPK inhibitor; phase I/II for glioblastoma) and binimetinib (approved MEK1/2 inhibitor for melanoma; phase II for high-grade glioma) in primary and recurrent mesenchymal tumors was evaluated using an intracranial patient-derived tumor xenograft model, focusing on survival analysis. RESULTS Our transcriptomic-kinomic integrative analysis revealed p38MAPK as the prime target whose gene signature enables patient stratification based on their molecular subtypes and provides prognostic value. Repurposed p38MAPK inhibitors synergize favorably with temozolomide to promote intracellular retention of temozolomide and exacerbate DNA damage. Mesenchymal cells exhibit adaptive chemoresistance to p38MAPK inhibition through a pH-/calcium-mediated MEK/ERK pathway. Dual p38MAPK and MEK inhibition effectively maintain temozolomide sensitivity in primary and recurrent intracranial mesenchymal glioblastoma xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Temozolomide resistance in mesenchymal glioblastoma is associated with p38MAPK activation. Adaptive chemoresistance in p38MAPK-resistant cells is mediated by MEK/ERK signaling. Adjuvant therapy with dual p38MAPK and MEK inhibition prolongs temozolomide sensitivity, which can be developed into a precision therapy for the mesenchymal subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuk Kien Chong
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eldeen Kai Yi Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Yi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing You Pang
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wisna Novera
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charlie Marvalim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeannie Xue Ting Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beng Ti Ang
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carol Tang
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Tribe AKW, Peng L, Teesdale-Spittle PH, McConnell MJ. BCL6 is a context-dependent mediator of the glioblastoma response to irradiation therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:131782. [PMID: 38734343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a rapidly fatal brain cancer that does not respond to therapy. Previous research showed that the transcriptional repressor protein BCL6 is upregulated by chemo and radiotherapy in glioblastoma, and inhibition of BCL6 enhances the effectiveness of these therapies. Therefore, BCL6 is a promising target to improve the efficacy of current glioblastoma treatment. BCL6 acts as a transcriptional repressor in germinal centre B cells and as an oncogene in lymphoma and other cancers. However, in glioblastoma, BCL6 induced by therapy may not be able to repress transcription. Using a BCL6 inhibitor, the whole proteome response to irradiation was compared with and without BCL6 activity. Acute high dose irradiation caused BCL6 to switch from repressing the DNA damage response to promoting stress response signalling. Rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins (RIME) enabled comparison of BCL6 partner proteins between untreated and irradiated glioblastoma cells. BCL6 was associated with transcriptional coregulators in untreated glioblastoma including the known partner NCOR2. However, this association was lost in response to acute irradiation, where BCL6 unexpectedly associated with synaptic and plasma membrane proteins. These results reveal the activity of BCL6 under therapy-induced stress is context-dependent, and potentially altered by the intensity of that stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K W Tribe
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Paul H Teesdale-Spittle
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
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3
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He J, Huang C, Guo Y, Deng R, Li L, Chen R, Wang Y, Huang J, Zheng J, Zhao X, Yu J. PTEN-mediated dephosphorylation of 53BP1 confers cellular resistance to DNA damage in cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:580-605. [PMID: 38060346 PMCID: PMC10920079 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) repair for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is critical for maintaining genome stability and conferring the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy. Nuclear PTEN which contains both phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and protein phosphatase plays a key role in HR repair, but the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. We find that SUMOylated PTEN promotes HR repair but represses nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair by directly dephosphorylating TP53-binding protein 1 (53BP1). During DNA damage responses (DDR), tumor suppressor ARF (p14ARF) was phosphorylated and then interacted efficiently with PTEN, thus promoting PTEN SUMOylation as an atypical SUMO E3 ligase. Interestingly, SUMOylated PTEN was subsequently recruited to the chromatin at DSB sites. This was because SUMO1 that was conjugated to PTEN was recognized and bound by the SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) of breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1), which has been located to the core of 53BP1 foci on chromatin during S/G2 stage. Furthermore, these chromatin-loaded PTEN directly and specifically dephosphorylated phosphothreonine-543 (pT543) of 53BP1, resulting in the dissociation of the 53BP1 complex, which facilitated DNA end resection and ongoing HR repair. SUMOylation-site-mutated PTENK254R mice also showed decreased DNA damage repair in vivo. Blocking the PTEN SUMOylation pathway with either a SUMOylation inhibitor or a p14ARF(2-13) peptide sensitized tumor cells to chemotherapy. Our study therefore provides a new mechanistic understanding of PTEN in HR repair and clinical intervention of chemoresistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Caihu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Yanmin Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Junke Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
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Ng GYQ, Loh ZWL, Fann DY, Mallilankaraman K, Arumugam TV, Hande MP. Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Pathways in Metabolic Diseases. Genome Integr 2024; 15:e20230003. [PMID: 38770527 PMCID: PMC11102075 DOI: 10.14293/genint.14.1.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Physiological processes that govern the normal functioning of mammalian cells are regulated by a myriad of signalling pathways. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases constitute one of the major signalling arms and have been broadly classified into four groups that include extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK5. Each signalling cascade is governed by a wide array of external and cellular stimuli, which play a critical part in mammalian cells in the regulation of various key responses, such as mitogenic growth, differentiation, stress responses, as well as inflammation. This evolutionarily conserved MAP kinase signalling arm is also important for metabolic maintenance, which is tightly coordinated via complicated mechanisms that include the intricate interaction of scaffold proteins, recognition through cognate motifs, action of phosphatases, distinct subcellular localisation, and even post-translational modifications. Aberration in the signalling pathway itself or their regulation has been implicated in the disruption of metabolic homeostasis, which provides a pathophysiological foundation in the development of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is an umbrella term that usually includes a group of closely associated metabolic diseases such as hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension. These risk factors exacerbate the development of obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and hepatic diseases, which have accounted for an increase in the worldwide morbidity and mortality rate. This review aims to summarise recent findings that have implicated MAP kinase signalling in the development of metabolic diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic targets of this pathway to be investigated further for the attenuation of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Yong Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zachary Wai-Loon Loh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Y. Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Brown-Burke F, Hwang I, Sloan S, Hinterschied C, Helmig-Mason J, Long M, Chan WK, Prouty A, Chung JH, Zhang Y, Singh S, Youssef Y, Bhagwat N, Chen Z, Chen-Kiang S, Di Liberto M, Elemento O, Sehgal L, Alinari L, Vaddi K, Scherle P, Lapalombella R, Paik J, Baiocchi RA. PRMT5 inhibition drives therapeutic vulnerability to combination treatment with BCL-2 inhibition in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood Adv 2023; 7:6211-6224. [PMID: 37327122 PMCID: PMC10582835 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023009906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an incurable B-cell malignancy that comprises up to 6% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas diagnosed annually and is associated with a poor prognosis. The average overall survival of patients with MCL is 5 years, and for most patients who progress on targeted agents, survival remains at a dismal 3 to 8 months. There is a major unmet need to identify new therapeutic approaches that are well tolerated to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life. The protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) enzyme is overexpressed in MCL and promotes growth and survival. Inhibition of PRMT5 drives antitumor activity in MCL cell lines and preclinical murine models. PRMT5 inhibition reduced the activity of prosurvival AKT signaling, which led to the nuclear translocation of FOXO1 and modulation of its transcriptional activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing identified multiple proapoptotic BCL-2 family members as FOXO1-bound genomic loci. We identified BAX as a direct transcriptional target of FOXO1 and demonstrated its critical role in the synergy observed between the selective PRMT5 inhibitor, PRT382, and the BCL-2 inhibitor, venetoclax. Single-agent and combination treatments were performed in 9 MCL lines. Loewe synergy scores showed significant levels of synergy in most MCL lines tested. Preclinical, in vivo evaluation of this strategy in multiple MCL models showed therapeutic synergy with combination venetoclax/PRT382 treatment with an increased survival advantage in 2 patient-derived xenograft models (P ≤ .0001, P ≤ .0001). Our results provide mechanistic rationale for the combination of PRMT5 inhibition and venetoclax to treat patients with MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Brown-Burke
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Inah Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Shelby Sloan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Claire Hinterschied
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - JoBeth Helmig-Mason
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mackenzie Long
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Wing Keung Chan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alexander Prouty
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ji-Hyun Chung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Satishkumar Singh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Youssef Youssef
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Zhengming Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Selina Chen-Kiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Maurizio Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lalit Sehgal
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lapo Alinari
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Rosa Lapalombella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jihye Paik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Robert A. Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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6
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Chen H, Hu Y, Zhuang Z, Wang D, Ye Z, Jing J, Cheng X. Advancements and Obstacles of PARP Inhibitors in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5114. [PMID: 37958290 PMCID: PMC10647262 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common and aggressive cancer of the digestive system, exhibiting high aggressiveness and significant heterogeneity. Despite advancements in improving survival rates over the past few decades, GC continues to carry a worrisome prognosis and notable mortality. As a result, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches to address GC. Recent targeted sequencing studies have revealed frequent mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway genes in many GC patients. These mutations lead to an increased reliance on poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) for DNA repair, making PARP inhibitors (PARPi) a promising treatment option for GC. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the rationale and development of PARPi, highlighting its progress and challenges in both preclinical and clinical research for treating GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (H.C.); (Y.H.); (D.W.)
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Yangchan Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (H.C.); (Y.H.); (D.W.)
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Zirui Zhuang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Hangzhou 310024, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (H.C.); (Y.H.); (D.W.)
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Zu Ye
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Ji Jing
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
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Corrales-Guerrero S, Cui T, Castro-Aceituno V, Yang L, Nair S, Feng H, Venere M, Yoon S, DeWees T, Shen C, Williams TM. Inhibition of RRM2 radiosensitizes glioblastoma and uncovers synthetic lethality in combination with targeting CHK1. Cancer Lett 2023; 570:216308. [PMID: 37482342 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. Radioresistance largely contributes to poor clinical outcomes in GBM patients. We targeted ribonucleotide reductase subunit 2 (RRM2) with triapine to radiosensitize GBM. We found RRM2 is associated with increasing tumor grade, is overexpressed in GBM over lower grade gliomas and normal tissue, and is associated with worse survival. We found silencing or inhibition of RRM2 by siRNA or triapine sensitized GBM cells to ionizing radiation (IR) and delayed resolution of IR-induced γ-H2AX nuclear foci. In vivo, triapine and IR reduced tumor growth and increased mouse survival. Intriguingly, triapine led to RRM2 upregulation and CHK1 activation, suggesting a CHK1-dependent RRM2 upregulation following RRM2 inhibition. Consistently, silencing or inhibition of CHK1 with rabusertib abolished the triapine-induced RRM2 upregulation. Accordingly, combining rabusertib and triapine resulted in synthetic lethality in GBM cells. Collectively, our results suggest RRM2 is a promising therapeutic target for GBM, and targeting RRM2 with triapine sensitizes GBM cells to radiation and independently induces synthetic lethality of GBM cells with CHK1 inhibition. Our findings suggest combining triapine with radiation or rabusertib may improve therapeutic outcomes in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Corrales-Guerrero
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tiantian Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sindhu Nair
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Haihua Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Monica Venere
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Todd DeWees
- Division of Biostatistics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Changxian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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8
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Li J, Wang S, He Q, Lin F, Tao C, Ding Y, Wang J, Zhao J, Wang W. High ECM2 Expression Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome and Promotes the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasiveness of Glioma. Brain Sci 2023; 13:851. [PMID: 37371331 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioma is the most prevalent and fatal intracranial malignant tumor. Extracellular matrix protein 2 (ECM2) has rarely been studied in gliomas. Therefore, we explored the role of ECM2 in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs). METHODS The RNA-seq and clinicopathology data were obtained from the TCGA database. The immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was used to verify the expression of ECM2. Functional enrichment analyses, immune-related analyses, drug sensitivity, and mutation profile analyses were further conducted. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier curves were utilized for survival analyses, while four external datasets were used to validate the prognostic role of ECM2. Furthermore, qRT-PCR, CCK-8, wound healing, and transwell assays were performed to confirm the function of ECM2 in gliomas. RESULTS The study found a significant upregulation of ECM2 expression with increasing glioma grades and a significant association between ECM2 expression and tumor immune infiltration. Cox regression verified the prognostic role of ECM2 in LGG patients (HR = 1.656, 95%CI = 1.055-2.600, p = 0.028). High ECM2 expression was significantly associated with poor outcome (p < 0.001). Four external datasets validated its prognostic value. After the knockdown of ECM2, the functional experiments showed a significant decrease in proliferation, migration, and invasion in glioma cell lines. CONCLUSION The study suggested the potential of ECM2 as a novel immune-associated prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Qiheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Fa Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Chuming Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yaowei Ding
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing 100070, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing 100070, China
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9
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Müller A, Weyerhäuser P, Berte N, Jonin F, Lyubarskyy B, Sprang B, Kantelhardt SR, Salinas G, Opitz L, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Giese A, Kim EL. Concurrent Activation of Both Survival-Promoting and Death-Inducing Signaling by Chloroquine in Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Implications for Potential Risks and Benefits of Using Chloroquine as Radiosensitizer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091290. [PMID: 37174691 PMCID: PMC10177603 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomotropic agent chloroquine was shown to sensitize non-stem glioblastoma cells to radiation in vitro with p53-dependent apoptosis implicated as one of the underlying mechanisms. The in vivo outcomes of chloroquine or its effects on glioblastoma stem cells have not been previously addressed. This study undertakes a combinatorial approach encompassing in vitro, in vivo and in silico investigations to address the relationship between chloroquine-mediated radiosensitization and p53 status in glioblastoma stem cells. Our findings reveal that chloroquine elicits antagonistic impacts on signaling pathways involved in the regulation of cell fate via both transcription-dependent and transcription-independent mechanisms. Evidence is provided that transcriptional impacts of chloroquine are primarily determined by p53 with chloroquine-mediated activation of pro-survival mevalonate and p21-DREAM pathways being the dominant response in the background of wild type p53. Non-transcriptional effects of chloroquine are conserved and converge on key cell fate regulators ATM, HIPK2 and AKT in glioblastoma stem cells irrespective of their p53 status. Our findings indicate that pro-survival responses elicited by chloroquine predominate in the context of wild type p53 and are diminished in cells with transcriptionally impaired p53. We conclude that p53 is an important determinant of the balance between pro-survival and pro-death impacts of chloroquine and propose that p53 functional status should be taken into consideration when evaluating the efficacy of glioblastoma radiosensitization by chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Weyerhäuser
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nancy Berte
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fitriasari Jonin
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bogdan Lyubarskyy
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Sprang
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Rainer Kantelhardt
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Centre, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alf Giese
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ella L Kim
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Burko P, D’Amico G, Miltykh I, Scalia F, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJL, Giglia G, Cappello F, Caruso Bavisotto C. Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054883. [PMID: 36902314 PMCID: PMC10003080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor that is very aggressive, resistant to treatment, and characterized by a high degree of anaplasia and proliferation. Routine treatment includes ablative surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, GMB rapidly relapses and develops radioresistance. Here, we briefly review the mechanisms underpinning radioresistance and discuss research to stop it and install anti-tumor defenses. Factors that participate in radioresistance are varied and include stem cells, tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment, hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, the chaperone system, non-coding RNAs, DNA repair, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). We direct our attention toward EVs because they are emerging as promising candidates as diagnostic and prognostication tools and as the basis for developing nanodevices for delivering anti-cancer agents directly into the tumor mass. EVs are relatively easy to obtain and manipulate to endow them with the desired anti-cancer properties and to administer them using minimally invasive procedures. Thus, isolating EVs from a GBM patient, supplying them with the necessary anti-cancer agent and the capability of recognizing a specified tissue-cell target, and reinjecting them into the original donor appears, at this time, as a reachable objective of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Burko
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa D’Amico
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilia Miltykh
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Medicine, Penza State University, 440026 Penza, Russia
| | - Federica Scalia
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto J. L. Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giglia
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0916553501
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11
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Guo X, Jiao H, Cao L, Meng F. Biological implications and clinical potential of invasion and migration related miRNAs in glioma. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:989029. [DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.989029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors and are highly aggressive. Invasion and migration are the main causes of poor prognosis and treatment resistance in gliomas. As migration and invasion occur, patient survival and prognosis decline dramatically. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding 21–23 nucleotides involved in regulating the malignant phenotype of gliomas, including migration and invasion. Numerous studies have demonstrated the mechanism and function of some miRNAs in glioma migration and invasion. However, the biological and clinical significance (including diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy) of glioma migration and invasion-related miRNAs have not been systematically discussed. This paper reviews the progress of miRNAs-mediated migration and invasion studies in glioma and discusses the clinical value of migration and invasion-related miRNAs as potential biomarkers or targeted therapies for glioma. In addition, these findings are expected to translate into future directions and challenges for clinical applications. Although many biomarkers and their biological roles in glioma invasion and migration have been identified, none have been specific so far, and further exploration of clinical treatment is still in progress; therefore, we aimed to further identify specific markers that may guide clinical treatment and improve the quality of patient survival.
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12
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Rajput M, Mishra D, Kumar K, Singh RP. Silibinin Radiosensitizes EGF Receptor-knockdown Prostate Cancer Cells by Attenuating DNA Repair Pathways. J Cancer Prev 2022; 27:170-181. [PMID: 36258717 PMCID: PMC9537578 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2022.27.3.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of radioresistance in prostate cancer (PCa) cells is a major obstacle in cancer therapy and contributes to the relapse of the disease. EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling plays an important role in the development of radioresistance. Herein, we have assessed the modulatory effects of silibinin on radiation-induced resistance via DNA repair pathways in EGFR-knockdown DU145 cells. shRNA-based silencing of EGFR was done in radioresistant human PCa DU145 cells and effects of ionizing radiation (IR) and silibinin were assessed using clonogenic and trypan blue assays. Furthermore, radiosensitizing effects of silibinin on PCa in context with EGFR were analyzed using flow cytometry, comet assay, and immunoblotting. Silibinin decreased the colony formation ability with an increased death of DU145 cells exposed to IR (5 Gray), with a concomitant decrease in Rad51 protein expression. Silibinin (25 μM) augmented the IR-induced cytotoxic effect in EGFR-knockdown PCa cells, along with induction of G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Further, we studied homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways in silibinin-induced DNA double-strand breaks in EGFR-knockdown DU145 cells. Silibinin down-regulated the expression of Rad51 and DNA-dependent protein kinase proteins without any considerable effect on Ku70 and Ku80 in IR-exposed EGFR-knockdown PCa cells. The pro-survival signaling proteins, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, phospho-Akt and phospho-STAT3 were decreased by silibinin in EGFR-deficient PCa cells. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of silibinin-induced radiosensitization of PCa cells by targeting DNA repair pathways, HR and NHEJ, and suppressing the pro-survival signaling pathways, ERK1/2, Akt and STAT3, in EGFR-knockdown PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Rajput
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepali Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P. Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India,Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India,Correspondence to Rana P. Singh, E-mail: , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-7044
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13
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Erichsen L, Adjaye J. Crosstalk between age accumulated DNA-damage and the SIRT1-AKT-GSK3ß axis in urine derived renal progenitor cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8179-8204. [PMID: 36170022 PMCID: PMC9648809 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The aging process is manifested by a multitude of inter-linked biological processes. These processes contribute to genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, de-regulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. The mammalian ortholog of the yeast silent information regulator (Sir2) SIRT1 is a NAD+-dependent class III histone deacetylase and has been recognized to be involved in many of the forementioned processes. Furthermore, the physiological activity of several Sirtuin family members has been connected to the regulation of life span of lower organisms (Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster) as well as mammals. In the present study, we provide evidence that SIX2-positive urine derived renal progenitor cells-UdRPCs isolated directly from human urine show typical hallmarks of aging. This includes the subsequent transcriptional downregulation of SIRT1 and its downstream targets AKT and GSK3ß with increased donor age. This transcriptional downregulation is accompanied by an increase in DNA damage and transcriptional levels of several cell cycle inhibitors such as P16. We provide evidence that the renal progenitor transcription factor SIX2 binds to the coding sequence of SIRT1. Furthermore, we show that the SIRT1 promoter region is methylation sensitive and becomes methylated during aging, dividing them into SIRT1-high and -low expressing UdRPCs. Our results highlight the importance of SIRT1 in DNA damage repair recognition in UdRPCs and the control of differentiation by regulating the activation of GSK3β through AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Erichsen
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine- University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine- University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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14
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Xie S, Hong Z, Li Y, Wang J, Wang J, Li S, Liu Y. RNF216 Alleviates Radiation-Induced Apoptosis and DNA Damage Through Regulating Ubiquitination-Mediated Degradation of p53 in Glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4703-4717. [PMID: 35594003 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal subtype of glioma, characterized by uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation, extensive infiltration, and therapeutic resistance. Ring finger protein 216 (RNF216) is a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase aberrantly expressed in multiple human cancers. Tumor protein 53 (p53) is a transcription factor that acts as a tumor suppressor. This study aimed to compare the RNF216 expression in GBM tissues and normal peritumoral tissues and to examine the effects of RNF216 overexpression/knockdown on tumorigenesis, radioresistance, and the p53 pathway in GBM. The results showed that RNF216 was overexpressed in GBM tissues and cell lines, and high RNF216 expression was related to a poor prognosis. RNF216 overexpression promoted GBM cell growth and inhibited apoptosis, while RNF216 knockdown impaired GBM cell growth and enhanced cell death. RNF216 was also highly expressed in recurrent GBM tissues compared with paired primary tumors. The upregulation of RNF216 not only facilitated GBM cell growth but also protected cells against X-ray irradiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage, while RNF216 knockdown exerted opposite effects. Moreover, the implantation of GBM cells with RNF216 silencing suppressed tumorigenesis and increased radiosensitivity of mice bearing GBM xenografts. Further analysis revealed that RNF216 overexpression reduced the stability of p53 protein via ubiquitination and negatively regulated the p53 pathway, while RNF216 knockdown preserved the p53 protein. In conclusion, RNF216 effectively attenuated radiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage in GBM via inducing ubiquitination-mediated degradation of p53. These findings suggest the potential therapeutic use of RNF216 inhibition for tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwang Xie
- Department of Neurovascular Intervention, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurovascular Intervention, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurovascular Intervention, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Junyong Wang
- Department of Neurovascular Intervention, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurovascular Intervention, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Shaoquan Li
- Department of Neurovascular Intervention, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yongchang Liu
- Department of Neurovascular Intervention, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China.
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15
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Ouellette MM, Zhou S, Yan Y. Cell Signaling Pathways That Promote Radioresistance of Cancer Cells. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030656. [PMID: 35328212 PMCID: PMC8947583 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a standard treatment for solid tumors and about 50% of patients with cancer, including pediatric cancer, receive RT. While RT has significantly improved the overall survival and quality of life of cancer patients, its efficacy has still been markedly limited by radioresistance in a significant number of cancer patients (intrinsic or acquired), resulting in failure of the RT control of the disease. Radiation eradicates cancer cells mainly by causing DNA damage. However, radiation also concomitantly activates multiple prosurvival signaling pathways, which include those mediated by ATM, ATR, AKT, ERK, and NF-κB that promote DNA damage checkpoint activation/DNA repair, autophagy induction, and/or inhibition of apoptosis. Furthermore, emerging data support the role of YAP signaling in promoting the intrinsic radioresistance of cancer cells, which occurs through its activation of the transcription of many essential genes that support cell survival, DNA repair, proliferation, and the stemness of cancer stem cells. Together, these signaling pathways protect cancer cells by reducing the magnitude of radiation-induced cytotoxicity and promoting radioresistance. Thus, targeting these prosurvival signaling pathways could potentially improve the radiosensitivity of cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the contribution of these pathways to the radioresistance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M. Ouellette
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Sumin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Shi Q, Shi QN, Xu JW, Wang HY, Li YJ, Zhang XX, Fu YH, Tian RH, Jiang R, Liu CC, Sun C. rs9390123 and rs9399451 influence the DNA repair capacity of lung cancer by regulating PEX3 and PHACTR2‑AS1 expression instead of PHACTR2. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:59. [PMID: 35059740 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a common cancer type, and has the highest mortality rate in the world. A genome‑wide association study suggests that the genetic marker rs9390123 is significantly associated with DNA repair capacity (DRC) in lung cancer. Analysis of the data derived from the 1000 Genomes Project indicated that there is another single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs9399451, in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs9390123 in Caucasian individuals, thus suggesting that this SNP could be associated with DRC. However, the causal SNP and mechanism of DRC remain unclear. In the present study, dual luciferase assay results indicated that both SNPs are functional in lung cells. Through chromosome conformation capture, an enhancer containing the two functional SNPs was observed to bind the promoter of peroxisomal biogenesis factor 3 and phosphatase and actin regulator 2 antisense RNA 1 (PHACTR2‑AS1). Knockdown of PHACTR2‑AS1 could significantly influence lung cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and wound healing, which verified that PHACTR2‑AS1 is a novel oncogene for lung cancer. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation, the transcription factor POU class 2 homeobox 1 (POU2F1) was identified to bind to the surrounding segments of these two SNPs, and their interaction was investigated. The present study identified the mechanism via which rs9390123 and rs9399451 could influence DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Na Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jie Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hang Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Hui Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Ru Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Chun Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Chang Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
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17
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Sule A, Golding SE, Ahmad SF, Watson J, Ahmed MH, Kellogg GE, Bernas T, Koebley S, Reed JC, Povirk LF, Valerie K. ATM phosphorylates PP2A subunit A resulting in nuclear export and spatiotemporal regulation of the DNA damage response. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:603. [PMID: 36434396 PMCID: PMC9700600 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a serine-threonine protein kinase and important regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR). One critical ATM target is the structural subunit A (PR65-S401) of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), known to regulate diverse cellular processes such as mitosis and cell growth as well as dephosphorylating many proteins during the recovery from the DDR. We generated mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing PR65-WT, -S401A (cannot be phosphorylated), and -S401D (phospho-mimetic) transgenes. Significantly, S401 mutants exhibited extensive chromosomal aberrations, impaired DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and underwent increased mitotic catastrophe after radiation. Both S401A and the S401D cells showed impaired DSB repair (nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination repair) and exhibited delayed DNA damage recovery, which was reflected in reduced radiation survival. Furthermore, S401D cells displayed increased ERK and AKT signaling resulting in enhanced growth rate further underscoring the multiple roles ATM-PP2A signaling plays in regulating prosurvival responses. Time-lapse video and cellular localization experiments showed that PR65 was exported to the cytoplasm after radiation by CRM1, a nuclear export protein, in line with the very rapid pleiotropic effects observed. A putative nuclear export sequence (NES) close to S401 was identified and when mutated resulted in aberrant PR65 shuttling. Our study demonstrates that the phosphorylation of a single, critical PR65 amino acid (S401) by ATM fundamentally controls the DDR, and balances DSB repair quality, cell survival and growth by spatiotemporal PR65 nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling mediated by the nuclear export receptor CRM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Sule
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0058, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Sarah E Golding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0058, USA
| | - Syed F Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0058, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - James Watson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0058, USA
| | - Mostafa H Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Glen E Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Tytus Bernas
- Department of Anatomy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Sean Koebley
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jason C Reed
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Lawrence F Povirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0058, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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18
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Belyashova AS, Galkin MV, Antipina NA, Pavlova GV, Golanov AV. Cell cultures in assessing radioresistance of glioblastomas. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEIROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2022; 86:126-132. [PMID: 36252203 DOI: 10.17116/neiro202286051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, no modern methods of treatment allow overcoming malignant potential of glial neoplasms and significant increase of survival. Analysis of glioblastoma radioresistance using cancer cell cultures is one of the perspective directions, as radiotherapy is standard and available treatment method for these neoplasms. This review summarizes current studies identifying many factors of radioresistance of glial tumors, such as hypoxia, microenvironment and metabolic features of tumor, stem cells, internal heterogeneity of tumor, microRNA, features of cell cycle, DNA damage and reparation. We obtained data on involvement of various molecular pathways in development of radioresistance such as MEK/ERK, c-MYC, PI3K/Akt, PTEN, Wnt, JAK/STAT, Notch, etc. Changes in activity of RAD51 APC, FZD1, LEF1, TCF4, WISP1, p53 and many others are determined in radioresistant cells. Further study of radioresistance pathways will allow development of specific target aptamers and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M V Galkin
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - G V Pavlova
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Golanov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Maksoud S. The Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Glioma: Analysis Emphasizing the Main Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies Identified in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3252-3269. [PMID: 33665742 PMCID: PMC8260465 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas constitute the most frequent tumors of the brain. High-grade gliomas are characterized by a poor prognosis caused by a set of attributes making treatment difficult, such as heterogeneity and cell infiltration. Additionally, there is a subgroup of glioma cells with properties similar to those of stem cells responsible for tumor recurrence after treatment. Since proteasomal degradation regulates multiple cellular processes, any mutation causing disturbances in the function or expression of its elements can lead to various disorders such as cancer. Several studies have focused on protein degradation modulation as a mechanism of glioma control. The ubiquitin proteasome system is the main mechanism of cellular proteolysis that regulates different events, intervening in pathological processes with exacerbating or suppressive effects on diseases. This review analyzes the role of proteasomal degradation in gliomas, emphasizing the elements of this system that modulate different cellular mechanisms in tumors and discussing the potential of distinct compounds controlling brain tumorigenesis through the proteasomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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20
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Demirbağ-Sarikaya S, Çakir H, Gözüaçik D, Akkoç Y. Crosstalk between autophagy and DNA repair systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 45:235-252. [PMID: 34377049 PMCID: PMC8313936 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2103-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and DNA repair are two essential biological mechanisms that maintain cellular homeostasis. Impairment of these mechanisms was associated with several pathologies such as premature aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Intrinsic or extrinsic stress stimuli (e.g., reactive oxygen species or ionizing radiation) cause DNA damage. As a biological stress response, autophagy is activated following insults that threaten DNA integrity. Hence, in collaboration with DNA damage repair and response mechanisms, autophagy contributes to the maintenance of genomic stability and integrity. Yet, connections and interactions between these two systems are not fully understood. In this review article, current status of the associations and crosstalk between autophagy and DNA repair systems is documented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hatice Çakir
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Devrim Gözüaçik
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, İstanbul Turkey.,Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul Turkey.,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul Turkey
| | - Yunus Akkoç
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul Turkey
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21
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhou D, Wang K, Wang X, Wang X, Jiang Y, Zhao M, Yu R, Zhou X. Radiation-induced YAP activation confers glioma radioresistance via promoting FGF2 transcription and DNA damage repair. Oncogene 2021; 40:4580-4591. [PMID: 34127812 PMCID: PMC8266683 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is a well-known effective non-surgical treatment for malignant gliomas, the therapeutic efficacy is severely limited due to the radioresistance of tumor cells. Previously, we demonstrated that Yes-associated protein (YAP) promotes glioma malignant progression. However, whether YAP plays a role in radioresistance and its potential value in cancer treatment are still unclear. In this study, we found that high YAP expression is associated with poor prognosis in malignant glioma patients undergoing radiotherapy. Research in immortalized cell lines and primary cells from GBM patients revealed that YAP exhibited a radioresistant effect on gliomas via promoting DNA damage repair. Mechanistically, after radiation, YAP was translocated into the nucleus, where it promoted the expression and secretion of FGF2, leading to MAPK-ERK pathway activation. FGF2 is a novel target gene of YAP. Inhibition of YAP-FGF2-MAPK signaling sensitizes gliomas to radiotherapy and prolongs the survival of intracranial cell-derived and patient-derived xenograft models. These results suggest that YAP-FGF2-MAPK is a key mechanism of radioresistance and is an actionable target for improving radiotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding Zhou
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiuping Zhou
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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22
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Han G, Ling R, Sun C, Wang X, Zhou Y, Yu L, Liu S. HMGB1 knockdown increases the radiosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by regulating the expression of molecules involved in DNA repair. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:503. [PMID: 33986864 PMCID: PMC8114541 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective therapeutic strategy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, acquired radioresistance of cancer cells leads to radiotherapy failure. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of the effect of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) on the radiation sensitivity of ESCC. Small interfering RNA (si) transfection was used to generate three groups of TE-1 cells (TE-1, negative control and TE-1+siHMGB1), and the protein expression levels of HMGB1 in TE-1 cells were detected by western blotting. These groups of TE-1 cells were irradiated with different doses (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy) of X-rays after transfection. Subsequently, the viability of TE-1 cells was detected using an MTT assay, and the survival fraction of TE-1 cells was observed using a colony formation assay. The apoptotic rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and levels of phosphorylated (p)-histone H2AX at S139 (p-γH2AX) of the cells were detected by flow cytometry. The alterations in mRNA expression levels of nicotinamide adenine nucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)1 and NOX5 were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, while the changes in protein levels of caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, p-p38, p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK were detected by western blotting. The results revealed that HMGB1 knockdown significantly decreased cell viability, and the apoptosis rate of TE-1 cells transfected with siHMGB1 combined with radiation treatment was increased compared with that in cells with either siHMGB1 transfection or radiation treatment alone. HMGB1 knockdown increased nicotinamide adenine nucleotide phosphate oxidase-mediated ROS production and induced DNA damage via the MAPK signaling pathway, which may promote apoptosis and radiosensitivity after radiation in TE-1 cells. In conclusion, targeting HMGB1 may represent a promising strategy to increase the efficacy of radiation therapy for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohu Han
- Department of Oncology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ling
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Changchun Sun
- Department of Oncology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Lijiang Yu
- Department of Oncology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
| | - Shenzha Liu
- Department of Oncology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
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23
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Stringer-Reasor EM, May JE, Olariu E, Caterinicchia V, Li Y, Chen D, Della Manna DL, Rocque GB, Vaklavas C, Falkson CI, Nabell LM, Acosta EP, Forero-Torres A, Yang ES. An open-label, pilot study of veliparib and lapatinib in patients with metastatic, triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:30. [PMID: 33663560 PMCID: PMC7934554 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have been approved for cancer patients with germline BRCA1/2 (gBRCA1/2) mutations, and efforts to expand the utility of PARPi beyond BRCA1/2 are ongoing. In preclinical models of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with intact DNA repair, we have previously shown an induced synthetic lethality with combined EGFR inhibition and PARPi. Here, we report the safety and clinical activity of lapatinib and veliparib in patients with metastatic TNBC. METHODS A first-in-human, pilot study of lapatinib and veliparib was conducted in metastatic TNBC (NCT02158507). The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints were objective response rates and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Gene expression analysis of pre-treatment tumor biopsies was performed. Key eligibility included TNBC patients with measurable disease and prior anthracycline-based and taxane chemotherapy. Patients with gBRCA1/2 mutations were excluded. RESULTS Twenty patients were enrolled, of which 17 were evaluable for response. The median number of prior therapies in the metastatic setting was 1 (range 0-2). Fifty percent of patients were Caucasian, 45% African-American, and 5% Hispanic. Of evaluable patients, 4 demonstrated a partial response and 2 had stable disease. There were no dose-limiting toxicities. Most AEs were limited to grade 1 or 2 and no drug-drug interactions noted. Exploratory gene expression analysis suggested baseline DNA repair pathway score was lower and baseline immunogenicity was higher in the responders compared to non-responders. CONCLUSIONS Lapatinib plus veliparib therapy has a manageable safety profile and promising antitumor activity in advanced TNBC. Further investigation of dual therapy with EGFR inhibition and PARP inhibition is needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02158507 . Registered on 12 September 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Stringer-Reasor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jori E May
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eva Olariu
- Department of Medicine, Brookwood Baptist Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Valerie Caterinicchia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Deborah L Della Manna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gabrielle B Rocque
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christos Vaklavas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Carla I Falkson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lisle M Nabell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edward P Acosta
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andres Forero-Torres
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1700 6th Avenue South, HSROC Suite 2232 (176F), Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
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24
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Lee KY, Dutta A. Chk1 promotes non-homologous end joining in G1 through direct phosphorylation of ASF1A. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108680. [PMID: 33503415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-cycle phase is a major determinant of repair pathway choice at DNA double strand breaks, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), or homologous recombination (HR). Chk1 responds to genotoxic stress in S/G2 phase, but here, we report a role of Chk1 in directly promoting NHEJ repair in G1 phase. ASF1A is a histone chaperone, but it promotes NHEJ through a pathway independent of its histone-chaperone activity. Chk1 activated by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase on DNA breaks in G1 promotes NHEJ through direct phosphorylation of ASF1A at Ser-166. ASF1A phosphorylated at Ser-166 interacts with the repair protein MDC1 and thus enhances MDC1's interaction with ATM and the stable localization of ATM at DNA breaks. Chk1 deficiency suppresses all steps downstream of MDC1 following a DNA break in G1, namely histone ubiquitination, 53BP1 localization to the DNA break, and NHEJ. Thus, ASF1A phosphorylation by Chk1 is essential for DNA break repair by NHEJ in G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, South Korea
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
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25
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Taher MM, Dairi G, Butt EM, Al-Quthami K, Al-Khalidi H, Jastania RA, Nageeti TH, Bogari NM, Athar M, Al-Allaf FA, Valerie K. EGFRvIII expression and isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in patients with glioma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:384. [PMID: 33193845 PMCID: PMC7656109 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular pathology and personalized medicine are still being evolved in Saudi Arabia, and genetic testing for the detection of mutations as cancer markers have not been established in the diagnostics laboratories in Saudi Arabia. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2) mutations and epidermal growth factor receptor variant (EGFRv)III transcript expression in Saudi Arabian patients with glioma. Out of 117 brain tumors tested by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR for EGFRvIII, 41 cases tested positive. In the glioblastoma (GBM) category, 28/55 tumors were positive, in astrocytoma tumors 5/22, and in oligodendrogliomas 4/13 cases were positive respectively. EGFRvIII transcript was sequenced by capillary electrophoresis to demonstrate the presence of EGFRvIII-specific junction where exons 2–7 were deleted. In the present study 106 tumors were sequenced for IDH1 exon-4 mutations using the capillary sequencing method. The most common substitution missense mutation c.395G>A was found in 16 tumors. In the case of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, a novel missense mutation in c.472C>T was detected in IDH2 gene. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), 74 tumors were sequenced for the IDH1 gene, and a total of 8 missense variants were identified in 36 tumors in a population of Saudi Arabia. The missense mutation (c.395G>A) was detected in 29/36 of tumors. A novel intronic mutation in c.414+9T>A was found in 13 cases in the IDH1 gene. In addition, one case exhibited a novel synonymous mutation in c.369A>G. Eleven tumors were found to have compound mutations in the IDH1 gene. In IDH2 gene, out of a total of 16 variants found in 6 out of 45 tumors, nine were missense, five were synonymous and one was intronic. This is the first report from Saudi Arabian laboratories analyzing glioma tumors for EGFRvIII expression, and the first study from Saudi Arabia to analyze IDH mutations in gliomas using the capillary and NGS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohiuddin M Taher
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghida Dairi
- Medicine and Medical Sciences Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ejaz Muhammad Butt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Histopathology Division, Al-Noor Specialty Hospital, Makkah 24242, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al-Quthami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Histopathology Division, Al-Noor Specialty Hospital, Makkah 24242, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Al-Khalidi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raid A Jastania
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani H Nageeti
- Radiation Oncology Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neda M Bogari
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Al-Allaf
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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26
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Targeted CRISPR screening identifies PRMT5 as synthetic lethality combinatorial target with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28068-28079. [PMID: 33097661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009899117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most challenging cancers to treat. Due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease and lack of curative treatment modalities, the 5-y survival rate of PDAC patients is one of the lowest of any cancer type. The recurrent genetic alterations in PDAC are yet to be targeted. Therefore, identification of effective drug combinations is desperately needed. Here, we performed an in vivo CRISPR screen in an orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model to identify gene targets whose inhibition creates synergistic tumor growth inhibition with gemcitabine (Gem), a first- or second-line chemotherapeutic agent for PDAC treatment. The approach revealed protein arginine methyltransferase gene 5 (PRMT5) as an effective druggable candidate whose inhibition creates synergistic vulnerability of PDAC cells to Gem. Genetic depletion and pharmacological inhibition indicate that loss of PRMT5 activity synergistically enhances Gem cytotoxicity due to the accumulation of excessive DNA damage. At the molecular level, we show that inhibition of PRMT5 results in RPA depletion and impaired homology-directed DNA repair (HDR) activity. The combination (Gem + PRMT5 inhibition) creates conditional lethality and synergistic reduction of PDAC tumors in vivo. The findings demonstrate that unbiased genetic screenings combined with a clinically relevant model system is a practical approach in identifying synthetic lethal drug combinations for cancer treatment.
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27
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Compter I, Eekers DBP, Hoeben A, Rouschop KMA, Reymen B, Ackermans L, Beckervordersantforth J, Bauer NJC, Anten MM, Wesseling P, Postma AA, De Ruysscher D, Lambin P. Chloroquine combined with concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a phase IB trial. Autophagy 2020; 17:2604-2612. [PMID: 32866424 PMCID: PMC8496728 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1816343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of glioblastoma xenografts with chloroquine results in macroautophagy/autophagy inhibition, resulting in a reduction of tumor hypoxia and sensitization to radiation. Preclinical data show that EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma may benefit most from chloroquine because of autophagy dependency. This study is the first to explore the safety, pharmacokinetics and maximum tolerated dose of chloroquine in combination with radiotherapy and concurrent daily temozolomide in patients with a newly diagnosed glioblastoma. This study is a single-center, open-label, dose-finding phase I trial. Patients received oral chloroquine daily starting one week before the course of chemoradiation (temozolomide 75 mg/m2/d) until the end of radiotherapy (59.4 Gy/33 fractions). Thirteen patients were included in the study (n = 6: 200 mg, n = 3: 300 mg, n = 4: 400 mg chloroquine). A total of 44 adverse events, possibly related to chloroquine, were registered including electrocardiogram QTc prolongation, irreversible blurred vision and nausea/vomiting resulting in cessation of temozolomide or delay of adjuvant cycles. The maximum tolerated dose was 200 mg chloroquine. Median overall survival was 16 months (range 2–32). Median survival was 11.5 months for EGFRvIII- patients and 20 months for EGFRvIII+ patients. A daily dose of 200 mg chloroquine was determined to be the maximum tolerated dose when combined with radiotherapy and concurrent temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Favorable toxicity and promising overall survival support further clinical studies. Abbreviations: AE: adverse events; CQ: chloroquine; DLT: dose-limiting toxicities; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; GBM: glioblastoma; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; IDH1/2: isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1/2; MTD: maximum tolerated dose; CTC: National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria; MGMT: O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; OS: overall survival; po qd: per os quaque die; SAE: serious adverse events; TMZ: temozolomide; WHO: World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Compter
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle B P Eekers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Hoeben
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper M A Rouschop
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Reymen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Ackermans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Noel J C Bauer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M Anten
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alida A Postma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School for Mental Health and Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School for Mental Health and Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,The D-Lab & the M-lab, Dpt of Precision Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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28
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Zeng L, Boggs DH, Xing C, Zhang Z, Anderson JC, Wajapeyee N, Veale C, Bredel M, Shi LZ, Bonner JA, Willey CD, Yang ES. Combining PARP and DNA-PK Inhibitors With Irradiation Inhibits HPV-Negative Head and Neck Cancer Squamous Carcinoma Growth. Front Genet 2020; 11:1036. [PMID: 33133138 PMCID: PMC7511754 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel targeted agents to inhibit DNA repair pathways to sensitize tumors to irradiation (IR) are being investigated as an alternative to chemoradiation for locally advanced human papilloma virus negative (HPV-negative) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Two well-characterized targets that, when inhibited, exhibit potent IR sensitization are PARP1 and DNA-PKcs. However, their cooperation in sensitizing HPV-negative HNSCC to IR remains to be explored given that PARP1 and DNA-PkCS bind to unresected stalled DNA replication forks and cooperate to recruit XRCC1 to facilitate double-strand break repair. Here, we show that the combination of the DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 and the PARP inhibitor olaparib significantly decrease proliferation (61–78%) compared to no reduction with either agent alone (p < 0.001) in both SCC1 and SCC6 cell lines. Adding IR to the combination further decreased cell proliferation (91–92%, p < 0.001) in SCC1 and SCC6. Similar results were observed using long-term colony formation assays [dose enhancement ratio (DER) 2.3–3.2 at 4Gy, p < 0.05]. Reduced cell survival was attributed to increased apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Kinomic analysis using tyrosine (PTK) and serine/threonine (STK) arrays reveals that combination treatment results in the most potent inhibition of kinases involved in the CDK and ERK pathways compared to either agent alone. In vivo, a significant delay of tumor growth was observed in UM-SCC1 xenografts receiving IR with olaparib and/or NU7441, which was similar to the cisplatin-IR group. Both regimens were less toxic than cisplatin-IR as assessed by loss of mouse body weight. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the combination of NU7441 and olaparib with IR enhances HPV-negative HNSCC inhibition in both cell culture and in mice, suggesting a potential innovative combination for effectively treating patients with HPV-negative HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Drexell Hunter Boggs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Chuan Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joshua C Anderson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Chris Veale
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Markus Bredel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lewis Z Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James A Bonner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christopher D Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Ali MY, Oliva CR, Noman ASM, Allen BG, Goswami PC, Zakharia Y, Monga V, Spitz DR, Buatti JM, Griguer CE. Radioresistance in Glioblastoma and the Development of Radiosensitizers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2511. [PMID: 32899427 PMCID: PMC7564557 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a common and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). Unfortunately, some GBMs are relatively radioresistant and patients have worse outcomes after radiation treatment. The mechanisms underlying intrinsic radioresistance in GBM has been rigorously investigated over the past several years, but the complex interaction of the cellular molecules and signaling pathways involved in radioresistance remains incompletely defined. A clinically effective radiosensitizer that overcomes radioresistance has yet to be identified. In this review, we discuss the current status of radiation treatment in GBM, including advances in imaging techniques that have facilitated more accurate diagnosis, and the identified mechanisms of GBM radioresistance. In addition, we provide a summary of the candidate GBM radiosensitizers being investigated, including an update of subjects enrolled in clinical trials. Overall, this review highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms of GBM radioresistance to facilitate the development of effective radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousuf Ali
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.R.O.); (B.G.A.); (P.C.G.); (D.R.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Claudia R. Oliva
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.R.O.); (B.G.A.); (P.C.G.); (D.R.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Abu Shadat M. Noman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh;
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Bryan G. Allen
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.R.O.); (B.G.A.); (P.C.G.); (D.R.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Prabhat C. Goswami
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.R.O.); (B.G.A.); (P.C.G.); (D.R.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (Y.Z.); (V.M.)
| | - Varun Monga
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (Y.Z.); (V.M.)
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.R.O.); (B.G.A.); (P.C.G.); (D.R.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - John M. Buatti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Corinne E. Griguer
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.R.O.); (B.G.A.); (P.C.G.); (D.R.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
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Begg K, Tavassoli M. Inside the hypoxic tumour: reprogramming of the DDR and radioresistance. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:77. [PMID: 32864165 PMCID: PMC7434912 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic tumour is a chaotic landscape of struggle and adaption. Against the adversity of oxygen starvation, hypoxic cancer cells initiate a reprogramming of transcriptional activities, allowing for survival, metastasis and treatment failure. This makes hypoxia a crucial feature of aggressive tumours. Its importance, to cancer and other diseases, was recognised by the award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research contributing to our understanding of the cellular response to oxygen deprivation. For cancers with limited treatment options, for example those that rely heavily on radiotherapy, the results of hypoxic adaption are particularly restrictive to treatment success. A fundamental aspect of this hypoxic reprogramming with direct relevance to radioresistance, is the alteration to the DNA damage response, a complex set of intermingling processes that guide the cell (for good or for bad) towards DNA repair or cell death. These alterations, compounded by the fact that oxygen is required to induce damage to DNA during radiotherapy, means that hypoxia represents a persistent obstacle in the treatment of many solid tumours. Considerable research has been done to reverse, correct or diminish hypoxia's power over successful treatment. Though many clinical trials have been performed or are ongoing, particularly in the context of imaging studies and biomarker discovery, this research has yet to inform clinical practice. Indeed, the only hypoxia intervention incorporated into standard of care is the use of the hypoxia-activated prodrug Nimorazole, for head and neck cancer patients in Denmark. Decades of research have allowed us to build a picture of the shift in the DNA repair capabilities of hypoxic cancer cells. A literature consensus tells us that key signal transducers of this response are upregulated, where repair proteins are downregulated. However, a complete understanding of how these alterations lead to radioresistance is yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryn Begg
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Centre for Host Microbiome Interaction, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Mahvash Tavassoli
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Centre for Host Microbiome Interaction, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, London, SE1 1UL UK
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Zai W, Chen W, Han Y, Wu Z, Fan J, Zhang X, Luan J, Tang S, Jin X, Fu X, Gao H, Ju D, Liu H. Targeting PARP and autophagy evoked synergistic lethality in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:345-357. [PMID: 31175354 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, has limited efficient therapeutic options. Here, we first demonstrated that simultaneously targeting poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and autophagy could evoke striking synergistic lethality in HCC cells. Specifically, we found that the PARP inhibitor Niraparib induced cytotoxicity accompanied by significant autophagy formation and autophagic flux in HCC cells. Further experiments showed that Niraparib induced suppression of the Akt/mTOR pathway and activation of the Erk1/2 cascade, two typical signaling pathways related to autophagy. In addition, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species was triggered, which was involved in Niraparib-induced autophagy. Blocking autophagy by chloroquine (CQ) in combination with Niraparib further enhanced cytotoxicity, induced apoptosis and inhibited colony formation in HCC cells. Synergistic inhibition was also observed in Huh7 xenografts in vivo. Mechanistically, we showed that autophagy inhibition abrogated Niraparib-induced cell-cycle arrest and checkpoint activation. Cotreatment with CQ and Niraparib promoted the formation of γ-H2AX foci while inhibiting the recruitment of the homologous recombination repair protein RAD51 to double-strand break sites. Thus, the present study developed a novel promising strategy for the management of HCC in the clinic and highlighted a potential approach to expand the application of PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zimei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jingyun Luan
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Tang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Fu
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Gao
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Targeting Rad51 as a strategy for the treatment of melanoma cells resistant to MAPK pathway inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:581. [PMID: 32719412 PMCID: PMC7385107 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rad51 is an essential factor of the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway and therefore plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability. We show that RAD51 and other homologous recombination repair genes are overexpressed in metastatic melanoma cell lines and in melanoma patient samples, which correlates with reduced survival of melanoma patients. In addition, Rad51 expression in melanoma cells was regulated on a transcriptional level by the MAPK signaling pathway with Elk1 as the main downstream transcriptional effector. Most strikingly, melanoma cells which developed resistance towards MAPK inhibitors could be efficiently targeted by Rad51 inhibitors similar to their sensitive counterparts, leading to DNA damage, G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, the treatment of MAPK inhibitor resistant cells with Rad51 inhibitors enhances the susceptibility of these cells for MAPK inhibitor treatment in vitro and in vivo. These data indicate that Rad51 plays a critical role in the survival of metastatic melanoma cells and is a promising target for the therapy of melanoma irrespective of its MAPK inhibitor resistance status.
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33
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Maidarti M, Clarkson YL, McLaughlin M, Anderson RA, Telfer EE. Inhibition of PTEN activates bovine non-growing follicles in vitro but increases DNA damage and reduces DNA repair response. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:297-307. [PMID: 30521029 PMCID: PMC6343469 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does ovarian follicle activation by phosphatase homologue of chromosome-10 (PTEN) inhibition affect DNA damage and repair in bovine oocytes and granulosa cells? SUMMARY ANSWER PTEN inhibition promotes bovine non-growing follicle activation but results in increased DNA damage and impaired DNA repair capacity in ovarian follicles in vitro. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Inhibition of PTEN is known to activate primordial follicles but may compromise further developmental potential. In breast cancer cells, PTEN inhibition represses nuclear translocation of breast cancer susceptibility 1 (BRCA1) and Rad51; this impairs DNA repair resulting in an accumulation of damaged DNA, which contributes to cell senescence. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Bovine ovarian tissue fragments were exposed to control medium alone or containing either 1 or 10 μM bpv(HOpic), a pharmacological inhibitor of PTEN, in vitro for 24 h. A sub-group of tissue fragments were collected for Western blot analysis after bpv(HOpic) exposure. The remainder were incubated in control medium for a further 5 days and then analysed histologically and by immunohistochemistry to detect DNA damage and repair pathways. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Bovine ovaries were obtained from abattoir-slaughtered heifers. Tissue fragments were exposed to either control medium alone or medium containing either 1 μM or 10 μM bpv(HOpic) for 24 h. Tissue fragments collected after 24 h were subjected to Akt quantification by Western blotting (six to nine fragments per group per experiment). Follicle stage and morphology were classified in remaining fragments. Immunohistochemical analysis included nuclear exclusion of FOXO3 as a marker of follicle activation, γH2AX as a marker of DNA damage, meiotic recombination 11 (MRE11), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), Rad51, breast cancer susceptibility 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer susceptibility 2 (BRCA2) as DNA repair factors. A total of 29 550 follicles from three independent experiments were analysed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Tissue fragments exposed to bpv(HOpic) had increased Akt phosphorylation at serine 473 (pAkt/Akt ratio, 2.25- and 6.23-fold higher in 1 and 10 μM bpv(HOpic) respectively compared to control, P < 0.05). These tissue fragments contained a significantly higher proportion of growing follicles compared to control (78.6% in 1 μM and 88.7% in 10 μM versus 70.5% in control; P < 0.001). The proportion of morphologically healthy follicles did not differ significantly between 1 μM bpv(HOpic) and control (P < 0.001) but follicle health was lower in 10 μM compared to 1 μM and control in all follicle types (P < 0.05). DNA damage in oocytes, indicated by expression of γH2AX, increased following exposure to 1 μM bpv(HOpic) (non-growing, 83%; primary follicles, 76%) and 10 μM (non-growing, 77%; primary, 84%) compared to control (non-growing, 30% and primary, 59%) (P < 0.05 for all groups). A significant reduction in expression of DNA repair proteins MRE11, ATM and Rad51 was observed in oocytes of non-growing and primary follicles of treatment groups (primary follicles in controls versus 10 μM bpv(HOpic): MRE, 68% versus 47%; ATM, 47% versus 18%; Rad51, 48% versus 24%), P < 0.05 for all groups. Higher dose bpv(HOpic) also resulted in lower expression of BRCA1 compared to control and 1 μM bpv(HOpic) (P < 0.001) in non-growing and primary follicles. BRCA2 expression was increased in oocytes of primary follicles in 1 μM bpv(HOpic) (36%) compared to control (20%, P = 0.010) with a marked decrease in 10 μM (1%, P ≤ 0.001). Granulosa cells of primary and secondary follicles in bpv(HOpic) groups showed more DNA damage compared to control (P < 0.05). However, bpv(HOpic) did not impact granulosa cell DNA repair capacity in secondary follicles, but BRCA1 declined significantly in higher dose bpv(HOpic). LARGE-SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study focuses on non-growing follicle activation after 6 days culture and may not reflect DNA damage and repair capacity in later stages of oocyte and follicle growth. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In vitro activation of follicle growth may compromise the bidirectional signalling between oocyte and granulosa cells necessary for optimal oocyte and follicle health. This large animal model may be useful in optimising follicle activation protocols with a view to transfer for clinical application. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by Indonesia endowment fund for education. No competing interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Maidarti
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Cell Biology and Genes and Development Group, CDBS Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne L Clarkson
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genes and Development Group, CDBS Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marie McLaughlin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genes and Development Group, CDBS Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evelyn E Telfer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genes and Development Group, CDBS Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Lu Y, Liu B, Liu Y, Yu X, Cheng G. Dual effects of active ERK in cancer: A potential target for enhancing radiosensitivity. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:993-1000. [PMID: 32724338 PMCID: PMC7377092 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is an important cancer treatment approach. However, radioresistance eventually occurs, resulting in poor outcomes in patients with cancer. Radioresistance is associated with multiple signaling pathways, particularly pro-survival signaling pathways. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade is an important signaling pathway that initiates several cellular processes and is regulated by various stimuli, including IR. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the pro-survival effects of active ERK, activation of ERK has also been associated with cell death, indicating that radiosensitization may occur by ERK stimulation. In this context, the present review describes the associations between ERK signaling, cancer and IR, and discusses the association between ERK and its pro-survival function in cancer cells, including stimuli, molecular mechanisms, clinical use of inhibitors and underlying limitations. Additionally, the present review introduces the view that active ERK may induce cell death, and describes the potential factors associated with this process. This review describes the various outcomes induced by active ERK to prompt future studies to aim to enhance radiosensitivity in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Baocai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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The limitations of targeting MEK signalling in Glioblastoma therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7401. [PMID: 32366879 PMCID: PMC7198577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a highly aggressive, difficult to treat brain tumour. Successful treatment, consisting of maximal safe tumour de-bulking, followed by radiotherapy and treatment with the alkylating agent Temozolomide (TMZ), can extend patient survival to approximately 15 months. Combination treatments based on the inhibition of the PI3K pathway, which is the most frequently activated signalling cascade in GB, have so far only shown limited therapeutic success. Here, we use the clinically approved MEK inhibitor Trametinib to investigate its potential use in managing GB. Trametinib has a strong anti-proliferative effect on established GB cell lines, stem cell-like cells and their differentiated progeny and while it does not enhance anti-proliferative and cell death-inducing properties of the standard treatment, i.e. exposure to radiation or TMZ, neither does MEK inhibition block their effectiveness. However, upon MEK inhibition some cell populations appear to favour cell-substrate interactions in a sprouting assay and become more invasive in the Chorioallantoic Membrane assay, which assesses cell penetration into an organic membrane. While this increased invasion can be modulated by additional inhibition of the PI3K signalling cascade, there is no apparent benefit of blocking MEK compared to targeting PI3K.
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A review of predictive, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for brain tumours: towards personalised and targeted cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIOTHERAPY IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s1460396919000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Brain tumours are relatively rare disease but present a large medical challenge as there is currently no method for early detection of the tumour and are typically not diagnosed until patients have progressed to symptomatic stage which significantly decreases chances of survival and also minimises treatment efficacy. However, if brain cancers can be diagnosed at early stages and also if clinicians have the potential to prospectively identify patients likely to respond to specific treatments, then there is a very high potential to increase patients’ treatment efficacy and survival. In recent years, there have been several investigations to identify biomarkers for brain cancer risk assessment, early detection and diagnosis, the likelihood of identifying which group of patients will benefit from a particular treatment and monitoring patient response to treatment.Materials and methods:This paper reports on a review of 21 current clinical and emerging biomarkers used in risk assessment, screening for early detection and diagnosis, and monitoring the response of treatment of brain cancers.Conclusion:Understanding biomarkers, molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways can potentially lead to personalised and targeted treatment via therapeutic targeting of specific genetic aberrant pathways which play key roles in malignant brain tumour formation. The future holds promising for the use of biomarker analysis as a major factor for personalised and targeted brain cancer treatment, since biomarkers have the potential to measure early disease detection and diagnosis, the risk of disease development and progression, improved patient stratification for various treatment paradigms, provide accurate information of patient response to a specific treatment and inform clinicians about the likely outcome of a brain cancer diagnosis independent of the treatment received.
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Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by PX-866 suppresses temozolomide-induced autophagy and promotes apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Mol Med 2019; 25:49. [PMID: 31726966 PMCID: PMC6854621 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temozolomide (TMZ) is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent used to treat glioblastoma (GBM), which causes significant DNA damage to highly proliferative cells. Our observations have added to accumulating evidence that TMZ induces stress-responsive cellular programs known to promote cell survival, including autophagy. As such, targeting these survival pathways may represent new vulnerabilities of GBM after treatment with TMZ. Methods Using the T98G human glioma cell line, we assessed the molecular signaling associated with TMZ treatment, the cellular consequences of using the pan-PI3K inhibitor PX-866, and performed clonogenic assays to determine the effect sequential treatment of TMZ and PX-866 had on colony formation. Additionally, we also use subcutaneous GBM patient derived xenograft (PDX) tumors to show relative LC3 protein expression and correlations between survival pathways and molecular markers which dictate clinical responsiveness to TMZ. Results Here, we report that TMZ can induce autophagic flux in T98G glioma cells. GBM patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors treated with TMZ also display an increase in the autophagosome marker LC3 II. Additionally, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) expression correlates with PI3K/AKT activity, suggesting that patients with inherent resistance to TMZ (MGMT-high) would benefit from PI3K/AKT inhibitors in addition to TMZ. Accordingly, we have identified that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant pan-PI3K inhibitor, PX-866, is an early-stage inhibitor of autophagic flux, while maintaining its ability to inhibit PI3K/AKT signaling in glioma cells. Lastly, due to the induction of autophagic flux by TMZ, we provide evidence for sequential treatment of TMZ followed by PX-866, rather than combined co-treatment, as a means to shut down autophagy-induced survival in GBM cells and to enhance apoptosis. Conclusions The understanding of how TMZ induces survival pathways, such as autophagy, may offer new therapeutic vulnerabilities and opportunities to use sequential inhibition of alternate pro-survival pathways that regulate autophagy. As such, identification of additional ways to inhibit TMZ-induced autophagy could enhance the efficacy of TMZ.
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Ouellette MM, Yan Y. Radiation‐activated prosurvival signaling pathways in cancer cells. PRECISION RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pro6.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michel M. Ouellette
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA
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Biological Rationale for Targeting MEK/ERK Pathways in Anti-Cancer Therapy and to Potentiate Tumour Responses to Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102530. [PMID: 31126017 PMCID: PMC6567863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ERK1 and ERK2 (ERKs), two extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2), are evolutionary-conserved and ubiquitous serine-threonine kinases involved in regulating cell signalling in normal and pathological tissues. The expression levels of these kinases are almost always different, with ERK2 being the more prominent. ERK1/2 activation is fundamental for the development and progression of cancer. Since their discovery, much research has been dedicated to their role in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway signalling and in their activation by mitogens and mutated RAF or RAS in cancer cells. In order to gain a better understanding of the role of ERK1/2 in MAPK pathway signalling, many studies have been aimed at characterizing ERK1/2 splicing isoforms, mutants, substrates and partners. In this review, we highlight the differences between ERK1 and ERK2 without completely discarding the hypothesis that ERK1 and ERK2 exhibit functional redundancy. The main goal of this review is to shed light on the role of ERK1/2 in targeted therapy and radiotherapy and highlight the importance of identifying ERK inhibitors that may overcome acquired resistance. This is a highly relevant therapeutic issue that needs to be addressed to combat tumours that rely on constitutively active RAF and RAS mutants and the MAPK pathway.
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Eustace NJ, Anderson JC, Langford CP, Trummell HQ, Hicks PH, Jarboe JS, Mobley JA, Hjelmeland AB, Hackney JR, Pedersen RT, Cosby K, Gillespie GY, Bonner JA, Willey CD. Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate effector domain phosphorylation regulates the growth and radiation sensitization of glioblastoma. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:2039-2053. [PMID: 30942445 PMCID: PMC6521926 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma harbors frequent alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) that dysregulate phospholipid signaling driven tumor proliferation and therapeutic resistance. Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) is a 32 kDa intrinsically unstructured protein containing a polybasic (+13) effector domain (ED), which regulates its electrostatic sequestration of phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2), and its binding to phosphatidylserine, calcium/calmodulin, filamentous actin, while also serving as a nuclear localization sequence. MARCKS ED is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) kinases; however, the impact of MARCKS on glioblastoma growth and radiation sensitivity remains undetermined. In the present study, using a tetracycline-inducible system in PTEN-null U87 cells, we demonstrate that MARCKS overexpression suppresses growth and enhances radiation sensitivity in vivo. A new image cytometer, Xcyto10, was utilized to quantify differences in MARCKS ED phosphorylation on localization and its association with filamentous actin. The overexpression of the non-phosphorylatable ED mutant exerted growth-suppressive and radiation-sensitizing effects, while the pseudo-phosphorylated ED mutant exhibited an enhanced colony formation and clonogenic survival ability. The identification of MARCKS protein-protein interactions using co-immunoprecipitation coupled with tandem mass spectrometry revealed novel MARCKS-associated proteins, including importin-β and ku70. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that the determination of the MARCKS ED phosphorylation status is essential to understanding the impact of MARCKS on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Eustace
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joshua C Anderson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Catherine P Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hoa Q Trummell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Patricia H Hicks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - John S Jarboe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - James R Hackney
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Kadia Cosby
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - James A Bonner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Christopher D Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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41
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Toulany M. Targeting DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways to Improve Radiotherapy Response. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010025. [PMID: 30621219 PMCID: PMC6356315 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of cancer patients receive radiotherapy as a part of their cancer treatment. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered as the most lethal form of DNA damage and a primary cause of cell death and are induced by ionizing radiation (IR) during radiotherapy. Many malignant cells carry multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations that may interfere with essential DSB repair pathways. Additionally, exposure to IR induces the activation of a multicomponent signal transduction network known as DNA damage response (DDR). DDR initiates cell cycle checkpoints and induces DSB repair in the nucleus by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). The canonical DSB repair pathways function in both normal and tumor cells. Thus, normal-tissue toxicity may limit the targeting of the components of these two pathways as a therapeutic approach in combination with radiotherapy. The DSB repair pathways are also stimulated through cytoplasmic signaling pathways. These signaling cascades are often upregulated in tumor cells harboring mutations or the overexpression of certain cellular oncogenes, e.g., receptor tyrosine kinases, PIK3CA and RAS. Targeting such cytoplasmic signaling pathways seems to be a more specific approach to blocking DSB repair in tumor cells. In this review, a brief overview of cytoplasmic signaling pathways that have been reported to stimulate DSB repair is provided. The state of the art of targeting these pathways will be discussed. A greater understanding of the underlying signaling pathways involved in DSB repair may provide valuable insights that will help to design new strategies to improve treatment outcomes in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Toulany
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Leith JT, Mousa SA, Hercbergs A, Lin HY, Davis PJ. Radioresistance of cancer cells, integrin αvβ3 and thyroid hormone. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37069-37075. [PMID: 30651936 PMCID: PMC6319341 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance is a substantial barrier to success in cancer management. A number of molecular mechanisms support radioresistance. We have shown experimentally that the thyroid hormone analogue receptor on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3 may modulate the state of radiosensitivity of tumor cells. Specifically, tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a derivative of L-thyroxine (T4), can reduce radioresistance in cancer cells. In this review, we list a number of intrinsic signal transduction molecules and other host factors that have been reported to support/induce radioresistance in cancer cells and that are also subject to control by T4 through actions primarily initiated at integrin αvβ3. Additional preclinical evidence is needed to support these radioresistance-relevant actions of thyroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Leith
- Rhode Island Nuclear Science Center, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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43
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The Importance of the Right Framework: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway and the Scaffolding Protein PTPIP51. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103282. [PMID: 30360441 PMCID: PMC6213971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51) regulates and interconnects signaling pathways, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and an abundance of different others, e.g., Akt signaling, NF-κB signaling, and the communication between different cell organelles. PTPIP51 acts as a scaffold protein for signaling proteins, e.g., Raf-1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2), as well as for other scaffold proteins, e.g., 14-3-3 proteins. These interactions are governed by the phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues of PTPIP51. The phosphorylation status is finely tuned by receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, Her2), non-receptor tyrosine kinases (c-Src) and the phosphatase protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). This review addresses various diseases which display at least one alteration in these enzymes regulating PTPIP51-interactions. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge of the MAPK-related interactome of PTPIP51 for several tumor entities and metabolic disorders.
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44
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Rupp M, Mouhri ZS, Williams C, Jean-Claude BJ. Molecular analysis of the dual targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor and the O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase with a double arm hybrid molecule. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35041-35055. [PMID: 30416678 PMCID: PMC6205551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been associated with induction of DNA repair genes (e.g. XRCC1, ERCC1) and resistance to radiation and genotoxic drugs. However, our previous work showed that EGFR inhibition did not affect O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)-mediated resistance. In order to block uncoupled events associated with EGFR and MGMT, we designed MR30, a single molecule termed “combi-molecule” that contains a quinazoline arm targeted to EGFR and an O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) moiety to block MGMT. Molecular analysis of the mechanism of action of its two arms showed that: (a) it could block EGFR phosphorylation, (b) down-regulate the RAF-MAPK and the PI3K-AKT pathways, and (c) covalently modify MGMT through S-benzylation, as confirmed by MALDI analysis of a direct binding assay with isolated MGMT, (d) it induced a dose-dependent down-regulation of MGMT in lung and melanoma cells. The pleiotropic mechanism of action of MR30 culminated into strong growth inhibition (IC50: 0.018-6.02 μM), with superior activity when compared with an equimolar combination of gefitinib (a clinical EGFR inhibitor) and O6-BG (a known MGMT inhibitor). Pulse exposure experiments were required to attenuate the contribution of EGFR inhibition to the strong potency of MR30, thereby allowing to achieve the dose level required to sensitize cells to temozolomide (TMZ). Indeed, MR30 significantly sensitized EGFR-MGMT co-expressing cells to TMZ (p<0.05-0.0001). The results in toto suggest that MR30 is the first prototype of agents that may be used against tumours addicted to EGFR and to sensitize resistant tumours co-expressing EGFR and MGMT to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rupp
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center/Glen Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Zhor Senhaji Mouhri
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center/Glen Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Christopher Williams
- Scientific Support, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, QC, H3A 2R7, Canada
| | - Bertrand J Jean-Claude
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center/Glen Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
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45
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Karlin J, Allen J, Ahmad SF, Hughes G, Sheridan V, Odedra R, Farrington P, Cadogan EB, Riches LC, Garcia-Trinidad A, Thomason AG, Patel B, Vincent J, Lau A, Pike KG, Hunt TA, Sule A, Valerie NCK, Biddlestone-Thorpe L, Kahn J, Beckta JM, Mukhopadhyay N, Barlaam B, Degorce SL, Kettle J, Colclough N, Wilson J, Smith A, Barrett IP, Zheng L, Zhang T, Wang Y, Chen K, Pass M, Durant ST, Valerie K. Orally Bioavailable and Blood-Brain Barrier-Penetrating ATM Inhibitor (AZ32) Radiosensitizes Intracranial Gliomas in Mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1637-1647. [PMID: 29769307 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) during radiotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) may improve tumor control by short-circuiting the response to radiation-induced DNA damage. A major impediment for clinical implementation is that current inhibitors have limited central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability; thus, the goal was to identify ATM inhibitors (ATMi) with improved CNS penetration. Drug screens and refinement of lead compounds identified AZ31 and AZ32. The compounds were then tested in vivo for efficacy and impact on tumor and healthy brain. Both AZ31 and AZ32 blocked the DNA damage response and radiosensitized GBM cells in vitro AZ32, with enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, was highly efficient in vivo as radiosensitizer in syngeneic and human, orthotopic mouse glioma model compared with AZ31. Furthermore, human glioma cell lines expressing mutant p53 or having checkpoint-defective mutations were particularly sensitive to ATMi radiosensitization. The mechanism for this p53 effect involves a propensity to undergo mitotic catastrophe relative to cells with wild-type p53. In vivo, apoptosis was >6-fold higher in tumor relative to healthy brain after exposure to AZ32 and low-dose radiation. AZ32 is the first ATMi with oral bioavailability shown to radiosensitize glioma and improve survival in orthotopic mouse models. These findings support the development of a clinical-grade, BBB-penetrating ATMi for the treatment of GBM. Importantly, because many GBMs have defective p53 signaling, the use of an ATMi concurrent with standard radiotherapy is expected to be cancer-specific, increase the therapeutic ratio, and maintain full therapeutic effect at lower radiation doses. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(8); 1637-47. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Karlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jasmine Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Syed F Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Gareth Hughes
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Victoria Sheridan
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Rajesh Odedra
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul Farrington
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Elaine B Cadogan
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Lucy C Riches
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Antonio Garcia-Trinidad
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew G Thomason
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Bhavika Patel
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Jennifer Vincent
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Alan Lau
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Kurt G Pike
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas A Hunt
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Amrita Sule
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nicholas C K Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laura Biddlestone-Thorpe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jenna Kahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jason M Beckta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nitai Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Bernard Barlaam
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Sebastien L Degorce
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Jason Kettle
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicola Colclough
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Joanne Wilson
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Aaron Smith
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian P Barrett
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwei Zhang
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Kan Chen
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Martin Pass
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephen T Durant
- AstraZeneca - Bioscience, DMPK, Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Projects-Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, Alderley Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and DizalPharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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Henry A, Nokin MJ, Leroi N, Lallemand F, Lambert J, Goffart N, Roncarati P, Bianchi E, Peixoto P, Blomme A, Turtoi A, Peulen O, Habraken Y, Scholtes F, Martinive P, Delvenne P, Rogister B, Castronovo V, Bellahcène A. New role of osteopontin in DNA repair and impact on human glioblastoma radiosensitivity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63708-63721. [PMID: 27563812 PMCID: PMC5325397 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most aggressive and common solid human brain tumor. We have recently demonstrated the importance of osteopontin (OPN) in the acquisition/maintenance of stemness characters and tumorigenicity of glioma initiating cells. Consultation of publicly available TCGA database indicated that high OPN expression correlated with poor survival in GBM patients. In this study, we explored the role of OPN in GBM radioresistance using an OPN-depletion strategy in U87-MG, U87-MG vIII and U251-MG human GBM cell lines. Clonogenic experiments showed that OPN-depleted GBM cells were sensitized to irradiation. In comet assays, these cells displayed higher amounts of unrepaired DNA fragments post-irradiation when compared to control. We next evaluated the phosphorylation of key markers of DNA double-strand break repair pathway. Activating phosphorylation of H2AX, ATM and 53BP1 was significantly decreased in OPN-deficient cells. The addition of recombinant OPN prior to irradiation rescued phospho-H2AX foci formation thus establishing a new link between DNA repair and OPN expression in GBM cells. Finally, OPN knockdown improved mice survival and induced a significant reduction of heterotopic human GBM xenograft when combined with radiotherapy. This study reveals a new function of OPN in DNA damage repair process post-irradiation thus further confirming its major role in GBM aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Henry
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Julie Nokin
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Natacha Leroi
- Biology and Tumor Development Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Lallemand
- Biology and Tumor Development Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Cyclotron Research Center, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Goffart
- GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences and the T&P Bohnenn Laboratory for Neuro-Oncology University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elettra Bianchi
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paul Peixoto
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Blomme
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Peulen
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yvette Habraken
- Virology and Immunology Laboratory, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Félix Scholtes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Vincent Castronovo
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Akeila Bellahcène
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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47
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Cai S, Li Y, Bai JY, Zhang ZQ, Wang Y, Qiao YB, Zhou XZ, Yang B, Tian Y, Cao C. Gαi3 nuclear translocation causes irradiation resistance in human glioma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35061-35068. [PMID: 28456783 PMCID: PMC5471034 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Gαi3 is elevated in human glioma, mediating Akt activation and cancer cell proliferation. Here, we imply that Gαi3 could also be important for irradiation resistance. In A172 human glioma cells, Gαi3 knockdown (by targeted shRNAs) or dominant-negative mutation significantly potentiated irradiation-induced cell apoptosis. Reversely, forced over-expression of wild-type or constitutively-active Gαi3 inhibited irradiation-induced A172 cell apoptosis. Irradiation in A172 cells induced Gαi3 translocation to cell nuclei and association with local protein DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) catalytic subunit. This association was important for DNA damage repair. Gαi3 knockdown, depletion (using Gαi3 knockout MEFs) or dominant-negative mutation potentiated irradiation-induced DNA damages. On the other hand, expression of the constitutively-active Gαi3 in A172 cells inhibited DNA damage by irradiation. Together, these results indicate a novel function of Gαi3 in irradiation-resistance in human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ya Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yu Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yin-Biao Qiao
- Department of Surgery, The Third Hospital affiliated to Soochow University
| | - Xiao-Zhong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Surgery, The Third Hospital affiliated to Soochow University
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Zhang X, Peng L, Liang Z, Kou Z, Chen Y, Shi G, Li X, Liang Y, Wang F, Shi Y. Effects of Aptamer to U87-EGFRvIII Cells on the Proliferation, Radiosensitivity, and Radiotherapy of Glioblastoma Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 10:438-449. [PMID: 29499954 PMCID: PMC5862541 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and lethal malignant intracranial tumor in the brain, with very poor prognosis and survival. The epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) contributes to increased oncogenicity that does not occur through binding EGFR ligands and instead occurs through constitutive activation, which enhances glioma tumorigenicity and resistance to targeted therapy. Aptamers are nucleic acids with high affinity and specificity to targets selected by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), and are usually developed as antagonists of disease-associated factors. Herein, we generated a DNA aptamer U2, targeting U87-EGFRvIII cells, and demonstrated that U2 alters the U87-EGFRvIII cell growth, radiosensitivity, and radiotherapy of glioblastoma cells. We detected U2 and U87-EGFRvIII cells by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to explore the binding ability of U2 to U87-EGFRvIII cells. Then, we found that aptamer U2 inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion, and downstream signaling of U87-EGFRvIII cells. Moreover, the U2 aptamer can increase the radiosensitivity of U87-EGFRvIII in vitro and has a better antitumor effect on 188Re-U2 in vivo. Therefore, the results revealed the promising potential of the U2 aptamer to be a new type of drug candidate and aptamer-targeted drug delivery system for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Li Peng
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiman Liang
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhewen Kou
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guangwei Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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49
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Jutten B, Keulers TG, Peeters HJM, Schaaf MBE, Savelkouls KGM, Compter I, Clarijs R, Schijns OEMG, Ackermans L, Teernstra OPM, Zonneveld MI, Colaris RME, Dubois L, Vooijs MA, Bussink J, Sotelo J, Theys J, Lammering G, Rouschop KMA. EGFRvIII expression triggers a metabolic dependency and therapeutic vulnerability sensitive to autophagy inhibition. Autophagy 2018; 14:283-295. [PMID: 29377763 PMCID: PMC5902239 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1409926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of EGFRvIII is frequently observed in glioblastoma and is associated with increased cellular proliferation, enhanced tolerance to metabolic stresses, accelerated tumor growth, therapy resistance and poor prognosis. We observed that expression of EGFRvIII elevates the activation of macroautophagy/autophagy during starvation and hypoxia and explored the underlying mechanism and consequence. Autophagy was inhibited (genetically or pharmacologically) and its consequence for tolerance to metabolic stress and its therapeutic potential in (EGFRvIII+) glioblastoma was assessed in cellular systems, (patient derived) tumor xenopgrafts and glioblastoma patients. Autophagy inhibition abrogated the enhanced proliferation and survival advantage of EGFRvIII+ cells during stress conditions, decreased tumor hypoxia and delayed tumor growth in EGFRvIII+ tumors. These effects can be attributed to the supporting role of autophagy in meeting the high metabolic demand of EGFRvIII+ cells. As hypoxic tumor cells greatly contribute to therapy resistance, autophagy inhibition revokes the radioresistant phenotype of EGFRvIII+ tumors in (patient derived) xenograft tumors. In line with these findings, retrospective analysis of glioblastoma patients indicated that chloroquine treatment improves survival of all glioblastoma patients, but patients with EGFRvIII+ glioblastoma benefited most. Our findings disclose the unique autophagy dependency of EGFRvIII+ glioblastoma as a therapeutic opportunity. Chloroquine treatment may therefore be considered as an additional treatment strategy for glioblastoma patients and can reverse the worse prognosis of patients with EGFRvIII+ glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Jutten
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom G. Keulers
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke J. M. Peeters
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco B. E. Schaaf
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim G. M. Savelkouls
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Compter
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Clarijs
- Department of Clincial Pathology, Zuyderland MC, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Linda Ackermans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre
| | | | - Marijke I. Zonneveld
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Resi M. E. Colaris
- Department of Clincial Pathology, Zuyderland MC, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A. Vooijs
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jan Theys
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Lammering
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Heinrich- Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kasper M. A. Rouschop
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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50
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Park JH, Jung KH, Kim SJ, Fang Z, Yan HH, Son MK, Kim J, Kang YW, Lee JE, Han B, Lim JH, Hong SS. Radiosensitization of the PI3K inhibitor HS-173 through reduction of DNA damage repair in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112893-112906. [PMID: 29348875 PMCID: PMC5762560 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of PI3K/AKT pathway occurs frequently in tumors and is correlated with radioresistance. The PI3K/AKT pathway can be an important target for improvement of radiotherapy. Although adding of chemotherapy to radiation therapy regimen enhances survival in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, more effective therapies for increasing radiosensitivity are urgently needed. In this study, we investigated whether the novel PI3K inhibitor HS-173 could attenuate radiation-induced up-regulation of DNA damage repair processes and assessed its efficacy as a radio- and chemo-sensitizer. Radiosensitizing effects of HS-173 were tested in human pancreatic cells using clonogenic survival and growth assays. Mechanisms underlying the effects of HS-173 and radiation were determined by assessing cell cycle and DNA damage- repair pathway components, including ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). The in vivo efficacy of HS-173 in cancer radiotherapy was evaluated using a human tumor xenograft model. HS-173 significantly increased the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to radiation, an effect that was associated with G2/M cell cycle arrest. HS-173 also significantly attenuated DNA damage repair by potently inhibiting ATM and DNA-PKcs, the two major kinases that respond to radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), resulting in sustained DNA damage. Moreover, the combination of HS-173 and radiation delayed tumor growth and impaired DNA repair in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model, reflecting enhanced radiosensitization. These results showed that HS-173 significantly improved radiotherapy by inhibiting the DNA damage-repair pathway in pancreatic cancer. We therefore suggest that HS-173 may be an effective radiosensitizer for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hee Park
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Jung
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Kim
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenghuan Fang
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hua Yan
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kwon Son
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Kim
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Wool Kang
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Boreum Han
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Han Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
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