1
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Pfister AS. An Update on Nucleolar Stress: The Transcriptional Control of Autophagy. Cells 2023; 12:2071. [PMID: 37626880 PMCID: PMC10453034 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar stress reflects a misfunction of the nucleolus caused by a failure in ribosome biogenesis and defective nucleolar architecture. Various causes have been reported, most commonly mutation of ribosomal proteins and ribosome processing factors, as well as interference with these processes by intracellular or ectopic stress, such as RNA polymerase I inhibition, ROS, UV and others. The nucleolus represents the place for ribosome biogenesis and serves as a crucial hub in the cellular stress response. It has been shown to stimulate multiple downstream consequences, interfering with cell growth and survival. Nucleolar stress induction is most classically known to stimulate p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Nucleolar stress represents a friend and enemy at the same time: From a pathophysiological perspective, inactivation of the nucleolar function by mutation or stress conditions is connected to multiple diseases, such as neurodegeneration, cancer and ribosomopathy syndromes. However, triggering the nucleolar stress response via specific chemotherapeutics, which interfere with nucleolar function, has beneficial effects for anti-cancer therapy. Interestingly, since the nucleolar stress response also triggers p53-independent mechanisms, it possesses the potential to specifically target p53-mutated tumors, which reflects the most common aberration in human cancer. More recent data have shown that the nucleolar stress response can activate autophagy and diverse signaling cascades that might allow initial pro-survival mechanisms. Nevertheless, it depends on the situation whether the cells undergo autophagy-mediated apoptosis or survive, as seen for autophagy-dependent drug resistance of chemotherapy-exposed tumor cells. Given the relatively young age of the research field, precise mechanisms that underly the involvement of autophagy in nucleolar stress are still under investigation. This review gives an update on the emerging contribution of nucleolar stress in the regulation of autophagy at a transcriptional level. It also appears that in autophagy p53-dependent as well as -independent responses are induced. Those could be exploited in future therapies against diseases connected to nucleolar stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Pfister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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2
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Mao M, Song S, Li X, Lu J, Li J, Zhao W, Liu H, Liu J, Zeng B. Advances in epigenetic modifications of autophagic process in pulmonary hypertension. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206406. [PMID: 37398657 PMCID: PMC10313199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by pulmonary arterial remodeling that results in increased pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure, and premature death. It is a threat to public health globally. Autophagy, as a highly conserved self-digestion process, plays crucial roles with autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in various diseases. The components of autophagy in the cytoplasm have been studied for decades and multiple studies have provided evidence of the importance of autophagic dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension. The status of autophagy plays a dynamic suppressive or promotive role in different contexts and stages of pulmonary hypertension development. Although the components of autophagy have been well studied, the molecular basis for the epigenetic regulation of autophagy is less understood and has drawn increasing attention in recent years. Epigenetic mechanisms include histone modifications, chromatin modifications, DNA methylation, RNA alternative splicing, and non-coding RNAs, which control gene activity and the development of an organism. In this review, we summarize the current research progress on epigenetic modifications in the autophagic process, which have the potential to be crucial and powerful therapeutic targets against the autophagic process in pulmonary hypertension development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Mao
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children’s Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shasha Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children’s Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayao Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Li
- Marketing Department, Shenzhen Reyson Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Nanjing Evertop Electronics Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Weifang Zhao
- Quality Management Department International Registration, North China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (NCPC), Hebei Huamin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children’s Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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3
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Ouyang X, Becker E, Bone NB, Johnson MS, Craver J, Zong WX, Darley-Usmar VM, Zmijewski JW, Zhang J. ZKSCAN3 in severe bacterial lung infection and sepsis-induced immunosuppression. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1467-1474. [PMID: 34504306 PMCID: PMC8868012 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality rates among patients who initially survive sepsis are, in part, associated with a high risk of secondary lung infections and respiratory failure. Given that phagolysosomes are important for intracellular killing of pathogenic microbes, we investigated how severe lung infections associated with post-sepsis immunosuppression affect phagolysosome biogenesis. In mice with P. aeruginosa-induced pneumonia, we found a depletion of both phagosomes and lysosomes, as evidenced by decreased amounts of microtubule associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP1). We also found a loss of transcription factor E3 (TFE3) and transcription factor EB (TFEB), which are important activators for transcription of genes encoding autophagy and lysosomal proteins. These events were associated with increased expression of ZKSCAN3, a repressor for transcription of genes encoding autophagy and lysosomal proteins. Zkscan3-/- mice had increased expression of genes involved in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway along with enhanced killing of P. aeruginosa in the lungs, as compared to wild-type mice. These findings highlight the involvement of ZKSCAN3 in response to severe lung infection, including susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections due to immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosen Ouyang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eugene Becker
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nathaniel B Bone
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michelle S Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jason Craver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Victor M Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jaroslaw W Zmijewski
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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4
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Abbasi Teshnizi F, Kazemipour N, Nazifi S, Bagheri Lankarani K, Sepehrimanesh M, Razeghian Jahromi I. A study on the potential role of autophagy-related protein 10 as a biomarker for ulcerative colitis. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14825. [PMID: 33904657 PMCID: PMC8077160 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a lifelong disease with unclear etiology and increasing prevalence worldwide. Autophagy has been reported to play roles in the pathogenesis and progression of UC. Here, we aimed to analyze the expression of autophagy related protein 10 (ATG10) and its regulator, micro-RNA (miR) 519a, in UC patients. METHODS The level of ATG10 in the serum, stool, and colon biopsies from 15 UC patients and 30 non-UC healthy individuals (HC) group was measured by ELISA. Also, the blood level of miR-519a was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS We found 13.63 ng/ml versus 0.99 ng/ml, 11.01 ng/ml versus 1.11 ng/ml and 6.41 ng/ml versus 3.21 ng/ml of ATG10 in the stool, colon tissue, and serum of UC and HC, respectively. There was no significant difference in the expression of miR-519a in the blood samples of UC and HC. CONCLUSIONS ATG10 might be a potential non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abbasi Teshnizi
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Kazemipour
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Clinical Pathology Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Masood Sepehrimanesh
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Louisiana at Lafayette, LA, USA
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5
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Wu S, Lu D, Zheng X, Xu J, Li Z, Deng L, Hu Y. Dysregulation of autophagy-associated microRNAs in condyloma acuminatum. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104878. [PMID: 33905885 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Condyloma acuminatum, which is caused by low-risk human papillomavirus (lrHPV) infection, is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Autophagy is thought to be associated with condyloma acuminatum, but how the autophagy process is regulated remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene transcription that play a central role in many biological processes, including autophagy and viral infection. This study was designed to identify autophagy-related miRNAs and their targets in condyloma acuminatum and to validate their expression. The levels of the autophagy proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and P62/SQSTM1 (P62) were abnormally increased in the local lesion tissue of condyloma acuminatum patients compared with healthy controls. MiRNAs and their target mRNAs in condyloma acuminatum patients were analyzed by bioinformatics. Eighty-one differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, of which 56 were downregulated and 25 were upregulated. Two of the differentially expressed miRNAs associated with autophagy, miRNA-30a-5p and miRNA-514a-3p, were analyzed further, and their target genes were identified as autophagy-related protein (Atg) 5 and Atg12 and Atg3 and Atg12, respectively. The expression levels of miRNA-30a-5p and miRNA-514a-3p were decreased and those of Atg5, Atg12 and Atg3 were increased in condyloma acuminatum patients compared with healthy controls. In addition, miRNA-30a-5p and miRNA-514a-3p expression correlated with the proliferation index Ki-67 in condyloma acuminatum. Taken together, our results suggest that the changes in autophagy levels in patients with condyloma acuminatum may be related to the changes in miRNA-30a-5p and miRNA-514a-3p expression. This study provides a theoretical basis for identifying new mechanisms that link miRNAs, HPV infection and host autophagy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Dermatology Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xinkai Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Dermatology Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Dermatology Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Laser Cosmetology, The fifth people's hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Liehua Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Dermatology Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Dermatology Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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6
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Kim Y, Lee DH, Park SH, Jeon TI, Jung CH. The interplay of microRNAs and transcription factors in autophagy regulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:548-559. [PMID: 33879861 PMCID: PMC8102505 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal degradation system has an important role in maintaining liver homeostasis by removing unnecessary intracellular components. Impaired autophagy has been linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Thus, gaining an understanding of the mechanisms that regulate autophagy and how autophagy contributes to the development and progression of NAFLD has become the focus of recent studies. Autophagy regulation has been thought to be primarily regulated by cytoplasmic processes; however, recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors (TFs) also act as key regulators of autophagy by targeting autophagy-related genes. In this review, we summarize the miRNAs and TFs that regulate the autophagy pathway in NAFLD. We further focus on the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of autophagy and discuss the complex regulatory networks involving these regulators in autophagy. Finally, we highlight the potential of targeting miRNAs and TFs involved in the regulation of autophagy for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Kim
- grid.418974.70000 0001 0573 0246Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - So-Hyun Park
- grid.418974.70000 0001 0573 0246Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Jeon
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- grid.418974.70000 0001 0573 0246Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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7
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The importance of autophagy regulation in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2021; 25:1211-1218. [PMID: 33394324 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-020-02261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autophagy, the self-renewal process of cells, is dependent on lysosomes to degrade damaged organelles and proteins. The increased or damaged level of autophagy is proven to relate to a number of disorders, including metabolic disorders, malignant tumors, pulmonary diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to examine the effects of autophagy on the pathogenic mechanism of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in order to guide relevant disease treatment. METHODS We conducted a search of the literature using the electronic database, focusing on articles that explored the association between OSA and autophagy. CONCLUSION OSA can induced autophagy through hypoxia, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, endothelial dysfunction, miRNA, etc. We propose that the mechanism of the autophagy in patients with OSA should be eclucidated in further studies.
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8
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Shan C, Chen X, Cai H, Hao X, Li J, Zhang Y, Gao J, Zhou Z, Li X, Liu C, Li P, Wang K. The Emerging Roles of Autophagy-Related MicroRNAs in Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:134-150. [PMID: 33390839 PMCID: PMC7757044 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.50773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process involving the degradation and recycling of damaged biomacromolecules or organelles through lysosomal-dependent pathways and plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis. Consequently, abnormal autophagy is associated with multiple diseases, such as infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Currently, autophagy is considered to be a dual regulator in cancer, functioning as a suppressor in the early stage while supporting the growth and metastasis of cancer cells in the later stage and may also produce therapeutic resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by silencing targeted mRNA. MiRNAs have great regulatory potential for several fundamental biological processes, including autophagy. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have linked miRNA dysfunction to the growth, metabolism, migration, metastasis, and responses of cancer cells to therapy. Therefore, the study of autophagy-related miRNAs in cancer will provide insights into cancer biology and lead to the development of novel anti-cancer strategies. In the present review, we summarise the current knowledge of miRNA dysregulation during autophagy in cancer, focusing on the relationship between autophagy and miRNAs, and discuss their involvement in cancer biology and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xinzhe Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Hongjing Cai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xiaodan Hao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Zhixia Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xinmin Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Cuiyun Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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Zhao L, Li W, Luo X, Sheng S. The multifaceted roles of nucleophagy in cancer development and therapy. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:246-257. [PMID: 33219602 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in which the cell degrades its own components and recycles the biomolecules for survival and homeostasis. It is an important cellular process to eliminate pathogens or damaged organelles. Nucleophagy, also termed as nuclear autophagy, is a more recently described subtype of autophagy, in which nuclear components, such as nuclear lamina and DNA, are to be degraded. Nucleophagy plays a double-facet role in the development of cancer. On one hand, the clearance of damaged DNA or nuclear structures via autophagic pathway is crucial to maintain nuclear integrity and prevent tumorigenesis. On the other hand, in later stages of tumor growth, nucleophagy may facilitate cancer cell survival and metastasis in the nutrient-depleted microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the relationship between nucleophagy and cancer along with potential intervention methods to target cancer through manipulating nucleophagy. Given the known observations about nucleophagy, it could be promising to target different nuclear components during the processes of nucleophagy, especially nuclear lamina. Further research on investigating the role of nucleophagy in oncological context could focus on dissecting its remaining molecular pathways and their connection to known tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu, Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- Northwood High School, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Department of Wounds and Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Surui Sheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Targeting autophagy to overcome drug resistance: further developments. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:159. [PMID: 33239065 PMCID: PMC7687716 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-01000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting cell survival and inducing cell death are the main approaches of tumor therapy. Autophagy plays an important role on intracellular metabolic homeostasis by eliminating dysfunctional or unnecessary proteins and damaged or aged cellular organelles to recycle their constituent metabolites that enable the maintenance of cell survival and genetic stability and even promotes the drug resistance, which severely limits the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Currently, targeting autophagy has a seemingly contradictory effect to suppress and promote tumor survival, which makes the effect of targeting autophagy on drug resistance more confusing and fuzzier. In the review, we summarize the regulation of autophagy by emerging ways, the action of targeting autophagy on drug resistance and some of the new therapeutic approaches to treat tumor drug resistance by interfering with autophagy-related pathways. The full-scale understanding of the tumor-associated signaling pathways and physiological functions of autophagy will hopefully open new possibilities for the treatment of tumor drug resistance and the improvement in clinical outcomes.
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11
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Liu PF, Farooqi AA, Peng SY, Yu TJ, Dahms HU, Lee CH, Tang JY, Wang SC, Shu CW, Chang HW. Regulatory effects of noncoding RNAs on the interplay of oxidative stress and autophagy in cancer malignancy and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:269-282. [PMID: 33127466 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulation of various diseases including cancer has been extensively studied. Reactive oxidative species (ROS) elevated by oxidative stress are associated with cancer progression and drug resistance, while autophagy serves as an ROS scavenger in cancer cells. However, the regulatory effects of ncRNAs on autophagy and ROS in various cancer cells remains complex. Here, we explore how currently investigated ncRNAs, mainly miRNAs and lncRNAs, are involved in ROS production through modulating antioxidant genes. The regulatory effects of miRNAs and lncRNAs on autophagy-related (ATG) proteins to control autophagy activity in cancer cells are discussed. Moreover, differential expression of ncRNAs in tumor and normal tissues of cancer patients are further analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. This review hypothesizes links between ATG genes- or antioxidant genes-modulated ncRNAs and ROS production, which might result in tumorigenesis, malignancy, and cancer recurrence. A better understanding of the regulation of ROS and autophagy by ncRNAs might advance the use of ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sheng-Yao Peng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Jung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Yang Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Chieh Wang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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12
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Ait-Aissa K, Nguyen QM, Gabani M, Kassan A, Kumar S, Choi SK, Gonzalez AA, Khataei T, Sahyoun AM, Chen C, Kassan M. MicroRNAs and obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction: key paradigms in molecular therapy. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:136. [PMID: 32907629 PMCID: PMC7488343 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a pivotal role in maintaining vascular health. Obesity is a global epidemic that has seen dramatic increases in both adult and pediatric populations. Obesity perturbs the integrity of normal endothelium, leading to endothelial dysfunction which predisposes the patient to cardiovascular diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in a variety of cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and stress response; their alteration contributes to the development of many pathologies including obesity. Mediators of obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction include altered endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), oxidative stress, autophagy machinery and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. All of these factors have been shown to be either directly or indirectly caused by gene regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive description of the therapeutic potential of miRNAs to treat obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction. This may lead to the identification of new targets for interventions that may prevent or delay the development of obesity-related cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Ait-Aissa
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Quynh My Nguyen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Mohanad Gabani
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Adam Kassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Coast University, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Soo-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alexis A Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia, Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Tahsin Khataei
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Amal M Sahyoun
- Department of Food Science and Agriculture Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of emergency and Critical Care, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Modar Kassan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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13
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Rezaei S, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Jalili A, Movahedpour A, Khan H, Moghoofei M, Shojaei Z, R Hamblin M, Mirzaei H. Autophagy-related MicroRNAs in chronic lung diseases and lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 153:103063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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14
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Pourhanifeh MH, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Karimzadeh MR, Mirzaei HR, Razavi ZS, Sahebkar A, Hosseini N, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Autophagy in cancers including brain tumors: role of MicroRNAs. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:88. [PMID: 32517694 PMCID: PMC7285723 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has a crucial role in many cancers, including brain tumors. Several types of endogenous molecules (e.g. microRNAs, AKT, PTEN, p53, EGFR, and NF1) can modulate the process of autophagy. Recently miRNAs (small non-coding RNAs) have been found to play a vital role in the regulation of different cellular and molecular processes, such as autophagy. Deregulation of these molecules is associated with the development and progression of different pathological conditions, including brain tumors. It was found that miRNAs are epigenetic regulators, which influence the level of proteins coded by the targeted mRNAs with any modification of the genetic sequences. It has been revealed that various miRNAs (e.g., miR-7-1-3p, miR-340, miR-17, miR-30a, miR-224-3p, and miR-93), as epigenetic regulators, can modulate autophagy pathways within brain tumors. A deeper understanding of the underlying molecular targets of miRNAs, and their function in autophagy pathways could contribute to the development of new treatment methods for patients with brain tumors. In this review, we summarize the various miRNAs, which are involved in regulating autophagy in brain tumors. Moreover, we highlight the role of miRNAs in autophagy-related pathways in different cancers. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Karimzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Razavi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nayyerehsadat Hosseini
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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15
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Pulakat L, Chen HH. Pro-Senescence and Anti-Senescence Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Aging: Cardiac MicroRNA Regulation of Longevity Drug-Induced Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:774. [PMID: 32528294 PMCID: PMC7264109 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronological aging as well as biological aging accelerated by various pathologies such as diabetes and obesity contribute to cardiovascular aging, and structural and functional tissue damage of the heart and vasculature. Cardiovascular aging in humans is characterized by structural pathologic remodeling including cardiac and vascular fibrosis, hypertrophy, stiffness, micro- and macro-circulatory impairment, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction precipitating heart failure with either reduced or preserved ejection fraction, and cardiovascular cell death. Cellular senescence, an important hallmark of aging, is a critical factor that impairs repair and regeneration of damaged cells in cardiovascular tissues whereas autophagy, an intracellular catabolic process is an essential inherent mechanism that removes senescent cells throughout life time in all tissues. Several recent reviews have highlighted the fact that all longevity treatment paradigms to mitigate progression of aging-related pathologies converge in induction of autophagy, activation of AMP kinase (AMPK) and Sirtuin pathway, and inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). These longevity treatments include health style changes such as caloric restriction, and drug treatments using rapamycin, the first FDA-approved longevity drug, as well as other experimental longevity drugs such as metformin, rapamycin, aspirin, and resveratrol. However, in the heart tissue, autophagy induction has to be tightly regulated since evidence show excessive autophagy results in cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Here we discuss emerging evidence for microRNA-mediated tight regulation of autophagy in the heart in response to treatment with rapamycin, and novel approaches to monitor autophagy progression in a temporal manner to diagnose and regulate autophagy induction by longevity treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Pulakat
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Howard H Chen
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Ardali R, Kazemipour N, Nazifi S, Bagheri Lankarani K, Razeghian Jahromi I, Sepehrimanesh M. Pathophysiological role of Atg5 in human ulcerative colitis. Intest Res 2020; 18:421-429. [PMID: 32380583 PMCID: PMC7609390 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Ulcerative colitis (UC), along with Crohn’s disease, is one of the main types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). On the other hand, deregulated autophagy is involved in many chronic diseases, including IBD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Atg5 and microRNA-181a (miR-181a) in the pathophysiology of UC. Methods Colon biopsy, stool, and blood samples of 6 men and 9 women were confirmed for UC. Also, 13 men and 17 women were selected as healthy control (HC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the Atg-5 content of the colon biopsies. Besides, the serum and stool levels of Atg5 were measured using ELISA. Moreover, the total RNA of blood cells was extracted and evaluated for the expression of miR-181a. Results We found 1.2 ng/mL versus 0.46 ng/mL, 0.34 ng/mL versus 0.24 ng/mL, and 0.082 ng/mL versus 0.062 ng/mL of Atg5 in stool, intestinal tissue, and serum of UC and HCs, respectively. There was no significant difference in the expression of miR-181a in the blood samples of UC and HCs. Immunohistochemistry showed high positivity without any significant difference between the 2 groups in the quantitative analysis. Conclusions The significant difference observed between the stool Atg5 content of the HCs and UC patients may provide new insight into using this protein as a diagnostic biomarker, however, considering the small size of our studied population further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Ardali
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Kazemipour
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Clinical Pathology Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Masood Sepehrimanesh
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
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17
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Chang X, Dong R. Transcriptional regulation of autophagy-lysosomal pathway in cancer. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:216-223. [PMID: 31912667 PMCID: PMC6996975 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of autophagy‐lysosomal pathway adapts to cellular stress and enables advanced cancer cells survive. This pathway plays an oncopromoting or oncosuppressing role, depending on context‐dependent stresses and treatment resistance. It remains controversial whether this pathway represents a target for drugs, although autophagy‐lysosomal inducers and inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Therefore, identifying the transcriptional regulators of autophagy‐lysosomal pathway may lead to the development of effective cancer treatment and the improvement of the existing targeted cancer therapies. In this review, we summarize findings from several published studies on transcriptional regulation of autophagy‐lysosomal pathway in cancer biology, and evaluate its functional role as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chang
- The First Surgical Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Oncology department, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
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18
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Vega-Rubín-de-Celis S. The Role of Beclin 1-Dependent Autophagy in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2019; 9:biology9010004. [PMID: 31877888 PMCID: PMC7168252 DOI: 10.3390/biology9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy (self-eating) is an intracellular degradation process used by cells to keep a “clean house”; as it degrades abnormal or damaged proteins and organelles, it helps to fight infections and also provides energy in times of fasting or exercising. Autophagy also plays a role in cancer, although its precise function in each cancer type is still obscure, and whether autophagy plays a protecting (through the clearing of damaged organelles and protein aggregates and preventing DNA damage) or a promoting (by fueling the already stablished tumor) role in cancer remains to be fully characterized. Beclin 1, the mammalian ortholog of yeast Atg6/Vps30, is an essential autophagy protein and has been shown to play a role in tumor suppression. Here, an update of the tumorigenesis regulation by Beclin 1-dependent autophagy is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vega-Rubín-de-Celis
- Institute for Cell Biology (Tumorforschung), University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-0201-723-3941
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) at Essen-Düsseldorf, 445122 Essen, Germany
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19
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Sarkar SN, Russell AE, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Porter KN, Simpkins JW. MicroRNAs and the Genetic Nexus of Brain Aging, Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Brain Trauma. Aging Dis 2019; 10:329-352. [PMID: 31011481 PMCID: PMC6457055 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex and integrated gradual deterioration of cellular activities in specific organs of the body, which is associated with increased mortality. This deterioration is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, neurovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. There are nine tentative hallmarks of aging. In addition, several of these hallmarks are increasingly being associated with acute brain injury conditions. In this review, we consider the genes and their functional pathways involved in brain aging as a means of developing new strategies for therapies targeted to the neuropathological processes themselves, but also as targets for many age-related brain diseases. A single microRNA (miR), which is a short, non-coding RNA species, has the potential for targeting many genes simultaneously and, like practically all other cellular processes, genes associated with many features of brain aging and injury are regulated by miRs. We highlight how certain miRs can mediate deregulation of genes involved in neuroinflammation, acute neuronal injury and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we review the recent progress in the development of effective strategies to block specific miR functions and discuss future approaches with the prediction that anti-miR drugs may soon be used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyendra N Sarkar
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ashley E Russell
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Keyana N Porter
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - James W Simpkins
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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20
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RNA Binding Protein HuR Promotes Autophagosome Formation by Regulating Expression of Autophagy-Related Proteins 5, 12, and 16 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00508-18. [PMID: 30602494 PMCID: PMC6399664 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00508-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of lysosomal self-degradation of cellular components by forming autophagosomes. Autophagosome formation is an essential process in autophagy and is fine-tuned by various autophagy-related gene (ATG) products, including ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16. Although several reports have shown that numerous factors affect multiple levels of gene regulation to orchestrate cellular autophagy, the detailed mechanism of autophagosome formation still needs further investigation. In this study, we demonstrate that the RNA binding protein HuR (human antigen R) performs an essential function in autophagosome formation. We observe that HuR silencing leads to inhibition of autophagosome formation and autophagic flux in liver cells. Ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay allows the identification of ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16 mRNAs as the direct targets of HuR. We further show that HuR mediates the translation of ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16 mRNAs by binding to their 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). In addition, we show that HuR expression positively correlates with the levels of ATG5 and ATG12 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Collectively, our results suggest that HuR functions as a pivotal regulator of autophagosome formation by enhancing the translation of ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16 mRNAs and that augmented expression of HuR and ATGs may participate in the malfunction of autophagy in HCC cells.
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21
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Martínez-Ramírez I, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Lizano M. Reprogramming of Energy Metabolism in Response to Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020182. [PMID: 30764513 PMCID: PMC6406552 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Head and neck squamous cells carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most frequent subtype of HNC. The development of HNSCC is associated to alcohol consumption, smoking or infection by high-risk human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV). Although the incidence of cancers associated with alcohol and tobacco has diminished, HNSCC associated with HR-HPV has significantly increased in recent years. However, HPV-positive HNSCC responds well to treatment, which includes surgery followed by radiation or chemoradiation therapy. Radiation therapy (RT) is based on ionizing radiation (IR) changing cell physiology. IR can directly interact with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), provoking DNA damage. When DNA damage is not repaired, programmed cell death (apoptosis and/or autophagy) is induced. However, cancer cells can acquire resistance to IR avoiding cell death, where reprogramming of energy metabolism has a critical role and is intimately connected with hypoxia, mitochondrial physiology, oxidative stress (OS) and autophagy. This review is focused on the reprogramming of energy metabolism in response to RT in HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC, showing their differences in cellular metabolism management and the probable direction of treatments for each subtype of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, México.
| | - Imelda Martínez-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, México.
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, México.
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
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22
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Sun T, Li MY, Li PF, Cao JM. MicroRNAs in Cardiac Autophagy: Small Molecules and Big Role. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080104. [PMID: 30103495 PMCID: PMC6116024 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, which is an evolutionarily conserved process according to the lysosomal degradation of cellular components, plays a critical role in maintaining cell homeostasis. Autophagy and mitochondria autophagy (mitophagy) contribute to the preservation of cardiac homeostasis in physiological settings. However, impaired or excessive autophagy is related to a variety of diseases. Recently, a close link between autophagy and cardiac disorders, including myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure, has been demonstrated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs with a length of approximately 21–22 nucleotides (nt), which are distributed widely in viruses, plants, protists, and animals. They function in mediating the post-transcriptional gene silencing. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that miRNAs regulate cardiac autophagy by suppressing the expression of autophagy-related genes in a targeted manner, which are involved in the pathogenesis of heart diseases. This review summarizes the role of microRNAs in cardiac autophagy and related cardiac disorders. Furthermore, we mainly focused on the autophagy regulation pathways, which consisted of miRNAs and their targeted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Meng-Yang Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Ji-Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
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23
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p53-Autophagy-Metastasis Link. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050148. [PMID: 29783720 PMCID: PMC5977121 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 as the “guardian of the genome” plays an essential role in numerous signaling pathways that control the cell cycle, cell death and in maintaining the integrity of the human genome. p53, depending on the intracellular localization, contributes to the regulation of various cell death pathways, including apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. Accumulated evidence suggests that this function of p53 is closely involved in the process of cancer development. Here, present knowledge concerning a p53-autophagy-metastasis link, as well as therapeutic approaches that influence this link, are discussed.
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24
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Liu K, Yao H, Lei S, Xiong L, Qi H, Qian K, Liu J, Wang P, Zhao H. The miR-124-p63 feedback loop modulates colorectal cancer growth. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29101-29115. [PMID: 28418858 PMCID: PMC5438716 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse co-regulatory relationships between transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), feedback loops have received the most extensive research attention. The co-regulation of TFs and miRNAs plays an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC) growth. Here, we show that miR-124 can regulate two isoforms of p63, TAp63 and ΔNp63, via iASPP, while p63 modulates signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) expression by targeting miR-155. Moreover, STAT1 acts as a regulator of CRC growth by targeting miR-124. Taken together, these results reveal a feedback loop between miRNAs and TFs. This feedback loop comprises miR-124, iASPP, STAT1, miR-155, TAp63 and ΔNp63, which are essential for CRC growth. Moreover, this feedback loop is perturbed in human colon carcinomas, which suggests that the manipulation of this microRNA-TF feedback loop has therapeutic potential for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuijie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Sanlin Lei
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Haizhi Qi
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ke Qian
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jiqiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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D'Arcangelo D, Facchiano F, Nassa G, Stancato A, Antonini A, Rossi S, Senatore C, Cordella M, Tabolacci C, Salvati A, Tarallo R, Weisz A, Facchiano AM, Facchiano A. PDGFR-alpha inhibits melanoma growth via CXCL10/IP-10: a multi-omics approach. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77257-77275. [PMID: 27764787 PMCID: PMC5363585 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive skin-cancer, showing high mortality at advanced stages. Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor-alpha (PDGFR-alpha) potently inhibits melanoma- and endothelium-proliferation and its expression is significantly reduced in melanoma-biopsies, suggesting that melanoma progression eliminates cells expressing PDGFR-alpha. In the present study transient overexpression of PDGFR-alpha in endothelial (HUVEC) and melanoma (SKMel-28, A375, Preyer) human-cells shows strong anti-proliferative effects, with profound transcriptome and miRNome deregulation. PDGFR-alpha overexpression strongly affects expression of 82 genes in HUVEC (41 up-, 41 down-regulated), and 52 genes in SKMel-28 (43 up-, 9 down-regulated). CXCL10/IP-10 transcript showed up to 20 fold-increase, with similar changes detectable at the protein level. miRNA expression profiling in cells overexpressing PDGFR-alpha identified 14 miRNAs up- and 40 down-regulated, with miR-503 being the most down-regulated (6.4 fold-reduction). miR-503, miR-630 and miR-424 deregulation was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Interestingly, the most upregulated transcript (i.e., CXCL10/IP-10) was a validated miR-503 target and CXCL10/IP-10 neutralization significantly reverted the anti-proliferative action of PDGFR-alpha, and PDGFR-alpha inhibition by Dasatinb totally reverted the CXCL10/IP10 induction, further supporting a functional interplay of these factors. Finally, integration of transcriptomics and miRNomics data highlighted several pathways affected by PDGFR-alpha. This study demonstrates for the first time that PDGFR-alpha strongly inhibits endothelial and melanoma cells proliferation in a CXCL10/IP-10 dependent way, via miR-503 down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Arcangelo
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Dipartimento Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine and Surgery,University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy.,Genomix4Life srl, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Andrea Stancato
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Antonini
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Dipartimento Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Senatore
- Dipartimento Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Cordella
- Dipartimento Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Tabolacci
- Dipartimento Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Salvati
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine and Surgery,University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine and Surgery,University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine and Surgery,University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | | | - Antonio Facchiano
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti, Rome, Italy
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miR-216b enhances the efficacy of vemurafenib by targeting Beclin-1, UVRAG and ATG5 in melanoma. Cell Signal 2017; 42:30-43. [PMID: 28982601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy maintains cells survival in many stressful conditions including starvation, growth factor deprivation and misfolded protein accumulation. Additionally, autophagic survival mechanisms are used by transformed tumor cells to inhibit cell death, limit drug effectiveness and possibly generate drug resistance. However, the mechanism of how cells utilize autophagy during drug resistance is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that miR-216b plays an important role in alleviating drug resistance by regulating autophagy in melanoma. We show that miR-216b attenuates autophagy by directly targeting three key autophagy genes Beclin-1, UVRAG and ATG5. Overexpression of these genes from miRNA immune cDNA constructs rescue autophagic activity in the presence of miR-216b. Antagomir-mediated inactivation of endogenous miR-216b led to an increase of Beclin-1, UVRAG, ATG5, and subsequent autophagic activity. More importantly, we have discovered that BRAF(V600E) inhibitor vemurafenib suppresses miR-216b activity, which in turn activates autophagy to generate drug resistance in both BRAFi-sensitive and -resistant cells. Strikingly, ectopic expression of miR-216b increases the efficacy of vemurafenib both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that miR-216b regulates autophagy by suppressing three key autophagy genes, and enhances the antitumor activity of vemurafenib in BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells.
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MicroRNA as a Therapeutic Target in Cardiac Remodeling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1278436. [PMID: 29094041 PMCID: PMC5637866 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1278436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that contain 18–25 nucleotides. The alterations in their expression level play crucial role in the development of many disorders including heart diseases. Myocardial remodeling is the final pathological consequence of a variety of myocardial diseases. miRNAs have central role in regulating pathogenesis of myocardial remodeling by modulating cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocytes injury, cardiac fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response through multiple mechanisms. The balancing and tight regulation of different miRNAs is a key to drive the cellular events towards functional recovery and any fall in this leads to detrimental effect on cardiac function following various insults. In this review, we discuss the impact of alterations of miRNAs expression on cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocytes injury, cardiac fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response. We have also described the targets (receptors, signaling molecules, transcription factors, etc.) of miRNAs on which they act to promote or attenuate cardiac remodeling processes in different type cells of cardiac tissues.
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Yuan YG, Gurunathan S. Combination of graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle nanocomposites and cisplatin enhances apoptosis and autophagy in human cervical cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6537-6558. [PMID: 28919753 PMCID: PMC5592952 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s125281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin (Cis) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug for treating a variety of cancers, due to its ability to induce cell death in cancer cells significantly. Recently, graphene and its modified nanocomposites have gained much interest in cancer therapy, due to their unique physicochemical properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the combination effect of Cis and a reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle nanocomposite (rGO-AgNPs) in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We synthesized AgNPs, rGO, and rGO-AgNP nanocomposites using C-phycocyanin. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using various analytical techniques. The anticancer properties of the Cis, rGO-AgNPs, and combination of Cis and rGO-AgNPs were evaluated using a series of cellular assays, such as cell viability, cell proliferation, LDH leakage, reactive oxygen species generation, and cellular levels of oxidative and antioxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde, glutathione, SOD, and CAT. The expression of proapoptotic, antiapoptotic, and autophagy genes were measured using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The synthesized AgNPs were well dispersed, homogeneous, and spherical, with an average size of 10 nm and uniformly distributed on graphene sheets. Cis, GO, rGO, AgNPs, and rGO-AgNPs inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of Cis and rGO-AgNPs showed significant effects on cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis. The combination of Cis and rGO-AgNPs had more pronounced effects on the expression of apoptotic and autophagy genes, and also significantly induced the accumulation of autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes, which was associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION Our findings substantiated rGO-AgNPs strongly potentiating Cis-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and autophagy in HeLa cells, and hence rGO-AgNPs could be potentially applied to cervical cancer treatment as a powerful synergistic agent with Cis or any other chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Animal Science and Technology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Effects of microRNA-374 on proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of human SCC cells by targeting Gadd45a through P53 signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170710. [PMID: 28679648 PMCID: PMC6435473 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of microRNA-374 (miR-374) on human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis through P53 signaling pathway by targeting growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 α (Gadd45a). Skin samples were collected from patients with skin SCC and normal skin samples. Expression of miR-374, Gadd45a, P53, P73, P16, c-myc, bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. A431 and SCL-1 cells were divided into blank, negative control (NC), miR-374 mimics, miR374 inhibitors, siRNA–Gadd45a, and miR-374 inhibitors + siRNA–Gadd45a groups. Their proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis were evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, scratch test, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry. SCC skin tissues exhibited decreased expression of miR-374, P73, P16, Bax caspase-3 and caspase-9, and increased levels of Gadd45a, P53, c-myc, and Bcl-2 compared with the normal skin tissues. The miR-374 inhibitors group exhibited decreased expression of miR-374, P73, P16, Bax caspase-3 and caspase-9, and increased expression of Gadd45a, P53, c-myc, and Bcl-2, enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and reduced apoptosis compared with the blank and NC groups; the miR-374 mimics group followed opposite trends. Compared with the blank and NC groups, the miR-374 inhibitors + siRNA–Gadd45a group showed decreased miR-374 level; the siRNA–Gadd45a group showed elevated levels of P73, P16, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9, decreased levels of Gadd45a, P53, c-myc, and Bcl-2, reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and accelerated apoptosis. miR-374 induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of SCC cells through P53 signaling pathway by down-regulating Gadd45a.
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Antoniali G, Malfatti MC, Tell G. Unveiling the non-repair face of the Base Excision Repair pathway in RNA processing: A missing link between DNA repair and gene expression? DNA Repair (Amst) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Füllgrabe J, Ghislat G, Cho DH, Rubinsztein DC. Transcriptional regulation of mammalian autophagy at a glance. J Cell Sci 2017; 129:3059-66. [PMID: 27528206 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, hereafter referred to as autophagy, is a catabolic process that results in the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic contents ranging from abnormal proteins to damaged cell organelles. It is activated under diverse conditions, including nutrient deprivation and hypoxia. During autophagy, members of the core autophagy-related (ATG) family of proteins mediate membrane rearrangements, which lead to the engulfment and degradation of cytoplasmic cargo. Recently, the nuclear regulation of autophagy, especially by transcription factors and histone modifiers, has gained increased attention. These factors are not only involved in rapid responses to autophagic stimuli, but also regulate the long-term outcome of autophagy. Now there are more than 20 transcription factors that have been shown to be linked to the autophagic process. However, their interplay and timing appear enigmatic as several have been individually shown to act as major regulators of autophagy. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster highlights the main cellular regulators of transcription involved in mammalian autophagy and their target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Füllgrabe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ghita Ghislat
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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32
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Tasharrofi N, Kouhkan F, Soleimani M, Soheili ZS, Kabiri M, Mahmoudi Saber M, Dorkoosh FA. Survival Improvement in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells via Fas Receptor Targeting by miR-374a. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4854-4861. [PMID: 28543858 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative conditions of the eye could contribute to retinal cells loss through activating the Fas-L/Fas pathway. This phenomenon is one of the leading causes of some ocular diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD). By targeting proteins at their mRNA level, microRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate gene expression and cell function. The aim of the present study is to investigate Fas targeting by miR-374a and find whether it can inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis in primary human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under oxidative stress. So, the primary human RPE cells were transfected with pre-miR-374a pLEX construct using polymeric carrier and were exposed to H2 O2 (200 μM) as an oxidant agent for induction of Fas expression. Fas expression at mRNA and protein level was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. These results revealed that miR-374a could prevent Fas upregulation under oxidative conditions. Moreover, Luciferase activity assay confirmed that Fas could be a direct target of miR-374a. The cell viability studies demonstrated that caspase-3 activity was negligible in miR-374a treated cells compared to the controls. Our data suggest miR-374a is a negative regulator of Fas death receptor which is able to enhance the cell survival and protect RPE cells against oxidative conditions. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4854-4861, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Tasharrofi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Faculty of Medical Science, Department of Hematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra-Sheila Soheili
- Faculty of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Mahmoudi Saber
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nanotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abedin Dorkoosh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Science, No. 1462, Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
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Regulation of Autophagy by MiRNAs and Their Emerging Roles in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Treatment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 334:1-26. [PMID: 28838537 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process for the degradation and recycling of cytosolic components or organelles through a lysosome-dependent pathway. Autophagy can be induced in response to multiple stress conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, energy depletion, etc. As a result, autophagy can regulate many biological processes, including cell survival, metabolism, differentiation, senescence, and cell death. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are small noncoding molecules that regulate gene expression by silencing mRNA targets. MiRNA dysregulation exhibits great regulatory potential during organismal development, hematopoiesis, immunity, cell proliferation and death, and autophagy. Recently, increasing studies have linked MiRNAs to autophagic regulation during cancer initiation and development. Although the relationship between MiRNAs and autophagy is quite complicated and has not been well elucidated, MiRNAs may underlie key aspects of autophagy and cancer biology. Increasing evidence shows that MiRNAs play important roles as both oncogenic MiRNAs and tumor suppressive MiRNAs in cancer initiation and development. Thus, understanding the novel relationship between MiRNAs and autophagy may allow us to develop promising cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Tang F, Hu P, Yang Z, Xue C, Gong J, Sun S, Shi L, Zhang S, Li Z, Yang C, Zhang J, Xie C. SBI0206965, a novel inhibitor of Ulk1, suppresses non-small cell lung cancer cell growth by modulating both autophagy and apoptosis pathways. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3449-3458. [PMID: 28498429 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of lung cancer cases. Autophagy has recently sparked great interest, and it is thought to participate in a variety of diseases, including lung cancer. Uncoordinated (Unc) 51-like kinase 1 (Ulk1), a serine/threonine kinase, plays a central role in the autophagy pathway. However, the role of Ulk1 in NSCLC remains unclear. We report that NSCLC cell lines exhibited high expression of Ulk1 and that Ulk1 was negatively correlated with prognosis in lung cancer patients. Knockdown of Ulk1 or the inhibition of Ulk1 by the selective inhibitor SBI0206965, inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis and enhanced the sensitivity of cisplatin against NSCLC cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that Ulk1 exerted oncogenic activity in NSCLC by modulating both autophagy and apoptosis pathways. Inhibition of autophagy by SBI0206965 sensitized NSCLC cells to cisplatin by inhibiting cisplatin induced cell-protective autophagy to promote apoptosis. Furthermore, SBI0206965 promoted apoptosis in NSCLC cells independent of autophagy, which was partly mediated by destabilization of Bcl2/Bclxl. In summary, our results show that inhibition of Ulk1 suppresses NSCLC cell growth and sensitizes NSCLC cells to cisplatin by modulating both autophagy and apoptosis pathways, and that Ulk1 might be a promising target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Pengchao Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zetian Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxing Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chunxu Yang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a catabolic process that is widely found in nature. Over the past few decades, mounting evidence has indicated that noncoding RNAs, ranging from small noncoding RNAs to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and even circular RNAs (circRNAs), mediate the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of autophagy-related genes by participating in autophagy regulatory networks. The differential expression of noncoding RNAs affects autophagy levels at different physiological and pathological stages, including embryonic proliferation and differentiation, cellular senescence, and even diseases such as cancer. We summarize the current knowledge regarding noncoding RNA dysregulation in autophagy and investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying noncoding RNA involvement in autophagy regulatory networks. Then, we integrate public resources to predict autophagy-related noncoding RNAs across species and discuss strategies for and the challenges of identifying autophagy-related noncoding RNAs. This article will deepen our understanding of the relationship between noncoding RNAs and autophagy, and provide new insights to specifically target noncoding RNAs in autophagy-associated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China,CONTACT Da Pang ; Shouping Xu Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, No. 150 Haping Road, Harbin, China 150040
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China,CONTACT Da Pang ; Shouping Xu Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, No. 150 Haping Road, Harbin, China 150040
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Gozuacik D, Akkoc Y, Ozturk DG, Kocak M. Autophagy-Regulating microRNAs and Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:65. [PMID: 28459042 PMCID: PMC5394422 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy herein) is a cellular stress response and a survival pathway that is responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins, protein aggregates, as well as damaged organelles in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. Consequently, abnormalities of autophagy are associated with a number of diseases, including Alzheimers’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer. According to the current view, autophagy seems to serve as a tumor suppressor in the early phases of cancer formation, yet in later phases, autophagy may support and/or facilitate tumor growth, spread, and contribute to treatment resistance. Therefore, autophagy is considered as a stage-dependent dual player in cancer. microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. miRNAs control several fundamental biological processes, and autophagy is no exception. Furthermore, accumulating data in the literature indicate that dysregulation of miRNA expression contribute to the mechanisms of cancer formation, invasion, metastasis, and affect responses to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Therefore, considering the importance of autophagy for cancer biology, study of autophagy-regulating miRNA in cancer will allow a better understanding of malignancies and lead to the development of novel disease markers and therapeutic strategies. The potential to provide study of some of these cancer-related miRNAs were also implicated in autophagy regulation. In this review, we will focus on autophagy, miRNA, and cancer connection, and discuss its implications for cancer biology and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Gozuacik
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yunus Akkoc
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Gulfem Ozturk
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Kocak
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
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37
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Verjans R, van Bilsen M, Schroen B. MiRNA Deregulation in Cardiac Aging and Associated Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 334:207-263. [PMID: 28838539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of age-related diseases is increasing dramatically, among which cardiac disease represents the leading cause of death. Aging of the heart is characterized by various molecular and cellular hallmarks impairing both cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes, and resulting in functional deteriorations of the cardiac system. The aging process includes desensitization of β-adrenergic receptor (βAR)-signaling and decreased calcium handling, altered growth signaling and cardiac hypertrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired autophagy, increased programmed cell death, low-grade inflammation of noncanonical inflammatory cells, and increased ECM deposition. MiRNAs play a fundamental role in regulating the processes underlying these detrimental changes in the cardiac system, indicating that MiRNAs are crucially involved in aging. Among others, MiR-34, MiR-146a, and members of the MiR-17-92 cluster, are deregulated during senescence and drive cardiac aging processes. It is therefore suggested that MiRNAs form possible therapeutic targets to stabilize the aged failing myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Verjans
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Bilsen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Blanche Schroen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Guamán-Ortiz LM, Orellana MIR, Ratovitski EA. Natural Compounds As Modulators of Non-apoptotic Cell Death in Cancer Cells. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:132-155. [PMID: 28367073 PMCID: PMC5345338 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160803150639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an innate capability of cells to be removed from microenvironment, if and when they are damaged by multiple stresses. Cell death is often regulated by multiple molecular pathways and mechanism, including apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. The molecular network underlying these processes is often intertwined and one pathway can dynamically shift to another one acquiring certain protein components, in particular upon treatment with various drugs. The strategy to treat human cancer ultimately relies on the ability of anticancer therapeutics to induce tumor-specific cell death, while leaving normal adjacent cells undamaged. However, tumor cells often develop the resistance to the drug-induced cell death, thus representing a great challenge for the anticancer approaches. Numerous compounds originated from the natural sources and biopharmaceutical industries are applied today in clinics showing advantageous results. However, some exhibit serious toxic side effects. Thus, novel effective therapeutic approaches in treating cancers are continued to be developed. Natural compounds with anticancer activity have gained a great interest among researchers and clinicians alike since they have shown more favorable safety and efficacy then the synthetic marketed drugs. Numerous studies in vitro and in vivo have found that several natural compounds display promising anticancer potentials. This review underlines certain information regarding the role of natural compounds from plants, microorganisms and sea life forms, which are able to induce non-apoptotic cell death in tumor cells, namely autophagy and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Guamán-Ortiz
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ; 2 Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Ramirez Orellana
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ; 2 Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward A Ratovitski
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ; 2 Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sermersheim MA, Park KH, Gumpper K, Adesanya TMA, Song K, Tan T, Ren X, Yang JM, Zhu H. MicroRNA regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:48-65. [PMID: 27814601 DOI: 10.2741/4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a form of lysosomal degradation capable of eliminating dysfunctional proteins and organelles, is a cellular process associated with homeostasis. Autophagy functions in cell survival by breaking down proteins and organelles and recycling them to meet metabolic demands. However, aberrant up regulation of autophagy can function as an alternative to apoptosis. The duality of autophagy, and its regulation over cell survival/death, intimately links it with human disease. Non-coding RNAs regulate mRNA levels and elicit diverse effects on mammalian protein expression. The most studied non-coding RNAs to-date are microRNAs (miRNA). MicroRNAs function in post-transcriptional regulation, causing profound changes in protein levels, and affect many biological processes and diseases. The role and regulation of autophagy, whether it is beneficial or harmful, is a controversial topic in cardiovascular disease. A number of recent studies have identified miRNAs that target autophagy-related proteins and influence the development, progression, or treatment of cardiovascular disease. Understanding the mechanisms by which these miRNAs work can provide promising insight and potential progress towards the development of therapeutic treatments in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Sermersheim
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Ki Ho Park
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kristyn Gumpper
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T M Ayodele Adesanya
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kuncheng Song
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Tao Tan
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Xingcong Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, The Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA,
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40
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Eliopoulos AG, Havaki S, Gorgoulis VG. DNA Damage Response and Autophagy: A Meaningful Partnership. Front Genet 2016; 7:204. [PMID: 27917193 PMCID: PMC5116470 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and the DNA damage response (DDR) are biological processes essential for cellular and organismal homeostasis. Herein, we summarize and discuss emerging evidence linking DDR to autophagy. We highlight published data suggesting that autophagy is activated by DNA damage and is required for several functional outcomes of DDR signaling, including repair of DNA lesions, senescence, cell death, and cytokine secretion. Uncovering the mechanisms by which autophagy and DDR are intertwined provides novel insight into the pathobiology of conditions associated with accumulation of DNA damage, including cancer and aging, and novel concepts for the development of improved therapeutic strategies against these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of CreteHeraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology HellasHeraklion, Greece
| | - Sophia Havaki
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece; Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of AthensAthens, Greece
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41
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The Role of Autophagy in the Maintenance of Stemness and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:621-633. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Ratovitski EA. Tumor Protein (TP)-p53 Members as Regulators of Autophagy in Tumor Cells upon Marine Drug Exposure. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14080154. [PMID: 27537898 PMCID: PMC4999915 DOI: 10.3390/md14080154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting autophagic pathways might play a critical role in designing novel chemotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of human cancers, and the prevention of tumor-derived chemoresistance. Marine compounds were found to decrease tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Some of them were shown to induce autophagic flux in tumor cells. In this study, we observed that the selected marine life-derived compounds (Chromomycin A2, Psammaplin A, and Ilimaquinone) induce expression of several autophagic signaling intermediates in human squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, and colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro through a transcriptional regulation by tumor protein (TP)-p53 family members. These conclusions were supported by specific qPCR expression analysis, luciferase reporter promoter assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation of promoter sequences bound to the TP53 family proteins, and silencing of the TP53 members in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Ratovitski
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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43
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Yao D, Jiang Y, Gao S, Shang L, Zhao Y, Huang J, Wang J, Yang S, Chen L. Deconvoluting the complexity of microRNAs in autophagy to improve potential cancer therapy. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:541-53. [PMID: 27436709 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) (small, non-coding RNAs ∼22 nucleotides [nt] in length), have been estimated to regulate in the region of 30% of human gene expression at the post-transcriptional and translational levels. They are also involved in a series of important cellular processes, such as autophagy. Autophagy is well-known to be an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation process in which a cell degrades long-lived proteins and damaged organelles. Recent evidence has shown that miRNAs can function as either oncogenes or tumour-suppressive genes in human cancers. Also, they are well-characterized to be crucial in tumourigenesis, as either oncogenes or tumour suppressors, by regulating autophagy. However, discovering the intricate mechanism of miRNA-modulated autophagy remains in its infancy. Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing the dual function of oncogenic or tumour-suppressive miRNAs in regulation of autophagy and their roles in carcinogenesis, thereby revealing the regulatory mechanism of miRNA-modulated autophagy in cancer, to shed light on more novel RNA therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yingnan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Suyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yuqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Shilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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44
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Xue H, Yuan G, Guo X, Liu Q, Zhang J, Gao X, Guo X, Xu S, Li T, Shao Q, Yan S, Li G. A novel tumor-promoting mechanism of IL6 and the therapeutic efficacy of tocilizumab: Hypoxia-induced IL6 is a potent autophagy initiator in glioblastoma via the p-STAT3-MIR155-3p-CREBRF pathway. Autophagy 2016; 12:1129-52. [PMID: 27163161 PMCID: PMC4990999 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1178446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia induces protective autophagy in glioblastoma cells and new therapeutic avenues that target this process may improve the outcome for glioblastoma patients. Recent studies have suggested that the autophagic process is upregulated in glioblastomas in response to extensive hypoxia. Hypoxia also induces the upregulation of a specific set of proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) in a variety of cell types. IL6 (interleukin 6), an inflammatory autocrine and paracrine cytokine that is overexpressed in glioblastoma, has been reported to be a biomarker for poor prognosis because of its tumor-promoting effects. Here, we describe a novel tumor-promoting mechanism of IL6, whereby hypoxia-induced IL6 acts as a potent initiator of autophagy in glioblastoma via the phosphorylated (p)-STAT3-MIR155-3p pathway. IL6 and p-STAT3 levels correlated with the abundance of autophagic cells and HIF1A levels in human glioma tissues and with the grade of human glioma, whereas inhibition of exogenous or endogenous IL6 repressed autophagy in glioblastoma cells in vitro. Knockdown of endogenous MIR155-3p inhibited IL6-induced autophagy, and enforced expression of MIR155-3p restored the anti-autophagic activity of IL6 inhibitors. We show that the hypoxia-IL6-p-STAT3-MIR155-3p-CREBRF-CREB3-ATG5 pathway plays a central role in malignant glioma progression, with blockade of the IL6 receptor by tocilizumab demonstrating a certain level of therapeutic efficacy in a xenograft model in vivo, especially in combination with temozolomide. Moreover, tocilizumab inhibits autophagy by promoting tumor apoptosis. Collectively, our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced glioma cell autophagy and point toward a possible efficacious adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xue
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Guang Yuan
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Central Hospital of Zibo City , Zibo , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xing Guo
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xiao Gao
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Shugang Xu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,d Department of Neurosurgery , Dezhou People's Hospital , Dezhou , Shandong Province , China
| | - Tong Li
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Qianqian Shao
- e Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Shaofeng Yan
- b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Gang Li
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
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Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process crucial for adaptation to stress and cellular homeostasis. In cancer, autophagy has been demonstrated to serve multifaceted roles in tumor initiation and progression. Although genetic evidence corroborates a role for autophagy as a tumor suppressor mechanism during tumor initiation, autophagy also sustains metabolic pathways in cancer cells and promotes survival within the harsh tumor microenvironment and in response to diverse anticancer therapies. Moreover, though traditionally viewed as an autodigestive process, more recent work demonstrates that autophagy also facilitates cellular secretion; the importance of these new functions of the autophagy pathway is being increasingly appreciated during cancer progression and treatment. In this review, we discuss how these evolving and diverse roles for autophagy both impede and promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - J Debnath
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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46
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Su Z, Yang Z, Xu Y, Chen Y, Yu Q. MicroRNAs in apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8474-90. [PMID: 25893379 PMCID: PMC4496162 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous 22 nt non-coding RNAs that target mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Numerous miRNAs regulate programmed cell death including apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. We summarize how miRNAs regulate apoptotic, autophagic and necroptotic pathways and cancer progression. We also discuss how miRNAs link different types of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zuozhang Yang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors Research Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Haim Y, Blüher M, Slutsky N, Goldstein N, Klöting N, Harman-Boehm I, Kirshtein B, Ginsberg D, Gericke M, Guiu Jurado E, Kovsan J, Tarnovscki T, Kachko L, Bashan N, Gepner Y, Shai I, Rudich A. Elevated autophagy gene expression in adipose tissue of obese humans: A potential non-cell-cycle-dependent function of E2F1. Autophagy 2015; 11:2074-2088. [PMID: 26391754 PMCID: PMC4824599 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1094597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy genes' expression is upregulated in visceral fat in human obesity, associating with obesity-related cardio-metabolic risk. E2F1 (E2F transcription factor 1) was shown in cancer cells to transcriptionally regulate autophagy. We hypothesize that E2F1 regulates adipocyte autophagy in obesity, associating with endocrine/metabolic dysfunction, thereby, representing non-cell-cycle function of this transcription factor. E2F1 protein (N=69) and mRNA (N=437) were elevated in visceral fat of obese humans, correlating with increased expression of ATG5 (autophagy-related 5), MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β), but not with proliferation/cell-cycle markers. Elevated E2F1 mainly characterized the adipocyte fraction, whereas MKI67 (marker of proliferation Ki-67) was elevated in the stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue. In human visceral fat explants, chromatin-immunoprecipitation revealed body mass index (BMI)-correlated increase in E2F1 binding to the promoter of MAP1LC3B, but not to the classical cell cycle E2F1 target, CCND1 (cyclin D1). Clinically, omental fat E2F1 expression correlated with insulin resistance, circulating free-fatty-acids (FFA), and with decreased circulating ADIPOQ/adiponectin, associations attenuated by adjustment for autophagy genes. Overexpression of E2F1 in HEK293 cells enhanced promoter activity of several autophagy genes and autophagic flux, and sensitized to further activation of autophagy by TNF. Conversely, mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)-derived adipocytes from e2f1 knockout mice (e2f1−/−) exhibited lower autophagy gene expression and flux, were more insulin sensitive, and secreted more ADIPOQ. Furthermore, e2f1−/− MEF-derived adipocytes, and autophagy-deficient (by Atg7 siRNA) adipocytes were resistant to cytokines-induced decrease in ADIPOQ secretion. Jointly, upregulated E2F1 sensitizes adipose tissue autophagy to inflammatory stimuli, linking visceral obesity to adipose and systemic metabolic-endocrine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Haim
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Matthias Blüher
- b Department of Medicine ; University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
| | - Noa Slutsky
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Nir Goldstein
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Nora Klöting
- b Department of Medicine ; University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ilana Harman-Boehm
- c Soroka Academic Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Boris Kirshtein
- c Soroka Academic Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Doron Ginsberg
- d The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science; Bar-Ilan University ; Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Martin Gericke
- e Institute of Anatomy; University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
| | | | - Julia Kovsan
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Tanya Tarnovscki
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Leonid Kachko
- c Soroka Academic Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Nava Bashan
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Yiftach Gepner
- f Department of Epidemiology ; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Iris Shai
- f Department of Epidemiology ; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Assaf Rudich
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel.,g National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
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48
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Lou Z, Casali P, Xu Z. Regulation of B Cell Differentiation by Intracellular Membrane-Associated Proteins and microRNAs: Role in the Antibody Response. Front Immunol 2015; 6:537. [PMID: 26579118 PMCID: PMC4620719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are central to adaptive immunity and their functions in antibody responses are exquisitely regulated. As suggested by recent findings, B cell differentiation is mediated by intracellular membrane structures (including endosomes, lysosomes, and autophagosomes) and protein factors specifically associated with these membranes, including Rab7, Atg5, and Atg7. These factors participate in vesicle formation/trafficking, signal transduction and induction of gene expression to promote antigen presentation, class switch DNA recombination (CSR)/somatic hypermutation (SHM), and generation/maintenance of plasma cells and memory B cells. Their expression is induced in B cells activated to differentiate and further fine-tuned by immune-modulating microRNAs, which coordinates CSR/SHM, plasma cell differentiation, and memory B cell differentiation. These short non-coding RNAs would individually target multiple factors associated with the same intracellular membrane compartments and collaboratively target a single factor in addition to regulating AID and Blimp-1. These, together with regulation of microRNA biogenesis and activities by endosomes and autophagosomes, show that intracellular membranes and microRNAs, two broadly relevant cell constituents, play important roles in balancing gene expression to specify B cell differentiation processes for optimal antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, TX , USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, TX , USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, TX , USA
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Melino S, Bellomaria A, Nepravishta R, Paci M, Melino G. p63 threonine phosphorylation signals the interaction with the WW domain of the E3 ligase Itch. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3207-17. [PMID: 25485500 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.951285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both in epithelial development as well as in epithelial cancers, the p53 family member p63 plays a crucial role acting as a master transcriptional regulator. P63 steady state protein levels are regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, via a physical interaction between the PPxY consensus sequence (PY motif) of p63 and one of the 4 WW domains of Itch; this substrate recognition process leads to protein-ubiquitylation and p63 proteasomal degradation. The interaction of the WW domains, a highly compact protein-protein binding module, with the short proline-rich sequences is therefore a crucial regulatory event that may offer innovative potential therapeutic opportunity. Previous molecular studies on the Itch-p63 recognition have been performed in vitro using the Itch-WW2 domain and the peptide interacting fragment of p63 (pep63), which includes the PY motif. Itch-WW2-pep63 interaction is also stabilized in vitro by the conformational constriction of the S-S cyclization in the p63 peptide. The PY motif of p63, as also for other proteins, is characterized by the nearby presence of a (T/S)P motif, which is a potential recognition site of the WW domain of the IV group present in the prolyl-isomerase Pin1. In this study, we demonstrate, by in silico and spectroscopical studies using both the linear pep63 and its cyclic form, that the threonine phosphorylation of the (T/S)PPPxY motif may represent a crucial regulatory event of the Itch-mediated p63 ubiquitylation, increasing the Itch-WW domains-p63 recognition event and stabilizing in vivo the Itch-WW-p63 complex. Moreover, our studies confirm that the subsequently trans/cis proline isomerization of (T/S)P motif by the Pin1 prolyl-isomerase, could modulate the E3-ligase interaction, and that the (T/S)pPtransPPxY motif represent the best conformer for the ItchWW-(T/S)PPPxY motif recognition.
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Key Words
- CXCR4, chemokine receptor
- E3 ubiquitin ligases
- HECT, Homologous E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus
- IPTG, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside
- Itch
- Pin1
- Ppep63, phosphorylated pep63
- RHS, Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome
- RP-HPLC, reverse phase high performance chromatography
- TFE, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6
- cPpep63, cyclic phosphorylated pep63
- p53 family
- p63
- pep63, p63(534–551) peptide
- proline isomerization
- ubiquitynation
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Melino
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ; University of Rome "Tor Vergata" ; Rome , Italy
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Song YF, Hong JF, Liu DL, Lin QA, Lan XP, Lai GX. miR-630 targets LMO3 to regulate cell growth and metastasis in lung cancer. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:1271-1279. [PMID: 26328011 PMCID: PMC4548319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that play key roles in cancer development and progression. Therefore, the discovery of miRNAs may provide a new and powerful tool for understanding the mechanism of carcinogenesis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the functional significance of miR-630 and to identify its possible target genes in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our results showed that miR-630 was significantly down-regulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. The enforced expression of miR-630 was able to inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells. Moreover, our results further revealed that LMO3, a nuclear LIM-only proteins, was identified as a target of miR-630. Restoration of LMO3 remarkably reversed the tumor-suppressive effects of miR-630 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in NSCLC cells. Therefore, we demonstrated that miR-630 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells by down-regulating LMO3 expression, suggesting miR-630 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human NSCLC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fang Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen UniversityFuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Jing-Fang Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen UniversityFuzhou, 350025, China
| | - De-Ling Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen UniversityFuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Qing-An Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen UniversityFuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Lan
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen UniversityFuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Guo-Xiang Lai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen UniversityFuzhou, 350025, China
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