1
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Baruah H, Sarma A, Basak D, Das M. Exosome: From biology to drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1480-1516. [PMID: 38252268 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, different advancements have been observed in nanosized drug delivery systems. Factors such as stability, safety and targeting efficiency cause hindrances in the clinical translation of these synthetic nanocarriers. Therefore, researchers employed endogenous nanocarriers like exosomes as drug delivery vehicles that have an inherent ability to target more efficiently after appropriate functionalization and show higher biocompatibility and less immunogenicity and facilitate penetration through the biological barriers more quickly than the other available carriers. Exosomes are biologically derived lipid bilayer-enclosed nanosized extracellular vesicles (size ranges from 30 to 150 nm) secreted from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and appears significantly in the extracellular space. These EVs (extracellular vesicles) can exist in different sources, including mammals, plants and microorganisms. Different advanced techniques have been introduced for the isolation of exosomes to overcome the existing barriers present with conventional methods. Extensive research on the application of exosomes in therapeutic delivery for treating various diseases related to central nervous system, bone, cancer, skin, etc. has been employed. Several studies are on different stages of clinical trials, and many exosomes patents have been registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himakshi Baruah
- Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury University, Guwahati, 781017, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Sarma
- Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury University, Guwahati, 781017, Assam, India.
| | - Debojeet Basak
- Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury University, Guwahati, 781017, Assam, India
| | - Mridusmita Das
- Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury University, Guwahati, 781017, Assam, India
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2
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Nenciarini S, Cavalieri D. Immunomodulatory Potential of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: Insights for Therapeutic Applications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1487. [PMID: 37892168 PMCID: PMC10605264 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicular organelles that perform a variety of biological functions including cell communication across different biological kingdoms. EVs of mammals and, to a lesser extent, bacteria have been deeply studied over the years, whereas investigations of fungal EVs are still in their infancy. Fungi, encompassing both yeast and filamentous forms, are increasingly recognized for their production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a wealth of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These EVs play pivotal roles in orchestrating fungal communities, bolstering pathogenicity, and mediating interactions with the environment. Fungal EVs have emerged as promising candidates for innovative applications, not only in the management of mycoses but also as carriers for therapeutic molecules. Yet, numerous questions persist regarding fungal EVs, including their mechanisms of generation, release, cargo regulation, and discharge. This comprehensive review delves into the present state of knowledge regarding fungal EVs and provides fresh insights into the most recent hypotheses on the mechanisms driving their immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, we explore the considerable potential of fungal EVs in the realms of medicine and biotechnology. In the foreseeable future, engineered fungal cells may serve as vehicles for tailoring cargo- and antigen-specific EVs, positioning them as invaluable biotechnological tools for diverse medical applications, such as vaccines and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
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3
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Rogers NMK, McCumber AW, McMillan HM, McNamara RP, Dittmer DP, Kuehn MJ, Hendren CO, Wiesner MR. Comparative electrokinetic properties of extracellular vesicles produced by yeast and bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113249. [PMID: 36905832 PMCID: PMC10085849 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, biocolloidal proteoliposomes that have been shown to be produced by all cell types studied to date and are ubiquitous in the environment. Extensive literature on colloidal particles has demonstrated the implications of surface chemistry on transport behavior. Hence, one may anticipate that physicochemical properties of EVs, particularly surface charge-associated properties, may influence EV transport and specificity of interactions with surfaces. Here we compare the surface chemistry of EVs as expressed by zeta potential (calculated from electrophoretic mobility measurements). The zeta potentials of EVs produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were largely unaffected by changes in ionic strength and electrolyte type, but were affected by changes in pH. The addition of humic acid altered the calculated zeta potential of the EVs, especially for those from S. cerevisiae. Differences in zeta potential were compared between EVs and their respective parent cell with no consistent trend emerging; however, significant differences were discovered between the different cell types and their EVs. These findings imply that, while EV surface charge (as estimated from zeta potential) is relatively insensitive to the evaluated environmental conditions, EVs from different organisms can differ regarding which conditions will cause colloidal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M K Rogers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Porter School of Earth and Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Alexander W McCumber
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA; Research Institute for Environment, Energy and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Gencturk E, Ulgen KO. Understanding HMF inhibition on yeast growth coupled with ethanol production for the improvement of bio-based industrial processes. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Lim HJ, Yoon H, Kim H, Kang YW, Kim JE, Kim OY, Lee EY, Twizere JC, Rak J, Kim DK. Extracellular Vesicle Proteomes Shed Light on the Evolutionary, Interactive, and Functional Divergence of Their Biogenesis Mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:734950. [PMID: 34660591 PMCID: PMC8517337 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures containing bioactive molecules, secreted by most cells into the extracellular environment. EVs are classified by their biogenesis mechanisms into two major subtypes: ectosomes (enriched in large EVs; lEVs), budding directly from the plasma membrane, which is common in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and exosomes (enriched in small EVs; sEVs) generated through the multivesicular bodies via the endomembrane system, which is unique to eukaryotes. Even though recent proteomic analyses have identified key proteins associated with EV subtypes, there has been no systematic analysis, thus far, to support the general validity and utility of current EV subtype separation methods, still largely dependent on physical properties, such as vesicular size and sedimentation. Here, we classified human EV proteomic datasets into two main categories based on distinct centrifugation protocols commonly used for isolating sEV or lEV fractions. We found characteristic, evolutionarily conserved profiles of sEV and lEV proteins linked to their respective biogenetic origins. This may suggest that the evolutionary trajectory of vesicular proteins may result in a membership bias toward specific EV subtypes. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that vesicular proteins formed distinct clusters with proteins in the same EV fraction, providing evidence for the existence of EV subtype-specific protein recruiters. Moreover, we identified functional modules enriched in each fraction, including multivesicular body sorting for sEV, and mitochondria cellular respiration for lEV proteins. Our analysis successfully captured novel features of EVs embedded in heterogeneous proteomics studies and suggests specific protein markers and signatures to be used as quality controllers in the isolation procedure for subtype-enriched EV fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyobin Julianne Lim
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Haejin Yoon
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hyeyeon Kim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yun-Won Kang
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oh Youn Kim
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyum Kim
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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6
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Muggia L, Ametrano CG, Sterflinger K, Tesei D. An Overview of Genomics, Phylogenomics and Proteomics Approaches in Ascomycota. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E356. [PMID: 33348904 PMCID: PMC7765829 DOI: 10.3390/life10120356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are among the most successful eukaryotes on Earth: they have evolved strategies to survive in the most diverse environments and stressful conditions and have been selected and exploited for multiple aims by humans. The characteristic features intrinsic of Fungi have required evolutionary changes and adaptations at deep molecular levels. Omics approaches, nowadays including genomics, metagenomics, phylogenomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics have enormously advanced the way to understand fungal diversity at diverse taxonomic levels, under changeable conditions and in still under-investigated environments. These approaches can be applied both on environmental communities and on individual organisms, either in nature or in axenic culture and have led the traditional morphology-based fungal systematic to increasingly implement molecular-based approaches. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies was key to boost advances in fungal genomics and proteomics research. Much effort has also been directed towards the development of methodologies for optimal genomic DNA and protein extraction and separation. To date, the amount of proteomics investigations in Ascomycetes exceeds those carried out in any other fungal group. This is primarily due to the preponderance of their involvement in plant and animal diseases and multiple industrial applications, and therefore the need to understand the biological basis of the infectious process to develop mechanisms for biologic control, as well as to detect key proteins with roles in stress survival. Here we chose to present an overview as much comprehensive as possible of the major advances, mainly of the past decade, in the fields of genomics (including phylogenomics) and proteomics of Ascomycota, focusing particularly on those reporting on opportunistic pathogenic, extremophilic, polyextremotolerant and lichenized fungi. We also present a review of the mostly used genome sequencing technologies and methods for DNA sequence and protein analyses applied so far for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Muggia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio G. Ametrano
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Department of Science and Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA;
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Institute of Natual Sciences and Technology in the Arts, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Donatella Tesei
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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7
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Kabani M, Pilard M, Melki R. Glucose availability dictates the export of the soluble and prion forms of Sup35p via periplasmic or extracellular vesicles. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:322-332. [PMID: 32339313 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The yeast [PSI+ ] prion originates from the self-perpetuating transmissible aggregates of the translation termination factor Sup35p. We previously showed that infectious Sup35p particles are exported outside the cells via extracellular vesicles (EV). This finding suggested a function for EV in the vertical and horizontal transmission of yeast prions. Here we report a significant export of Sup35p within periplasmic vesicles (PV) upon glucose starvation. We show that PV are up to three orders of magnitude more abundant than EV. However, PV and EV are different in terms of size and protein content, and their export is oppositely regulated by glucose availability in the growth medium. Overall, our work suggests that the export of prion particles to both the periplasm and the extracellular space needs to be considered to address the physiological consequences of vesicle-mediated yeast prions trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kabani
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marion Pilard
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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8
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Lavrin T, Konte T, Kostanjšek R, Sitar S, Sepčič K, Prpar Mihevc S, Žagar E, Župunski V, Lenassi M, Rogelj B, Gunde Cimerman N. The Neurotropic Black Yeast Exophiala dermatitidis Induces Neurocytotoxicity in Neuroblastoma Cells and Progressive Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040963. [PMID: 32295162 PMCID: PMC7226985 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotropic and extremophilic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis (Herpotrichellaceae) inhabits diverse indoor environments, in particular bathrooms, steam baths, and dishwashers. Here, we show that the selected strain, EXF-10123, is polymorphic, can grow at 37 °C, is able to assimilate aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, mineral oil, n-hexadecane), and shows abundant growth with selected neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, glutamate, and dopamine) as sole carbon sources. We have for the first time demonstrated the effect of E. dermatitidis on neuroblastoma cell model SH-SY5Y. Aqueous and organic extracts of E. dermatitidis biomass reduced SH-SY5Y viability by 51% and 37%, respectively. Melanized extracellular vesicles (EVs) prepared from this strain reduced viability of the SH-SY5Y to 21%, while non-melanized EVs were considerably less neurotoxic (79% viability). We also demonstrated direct interactions of E. dermatitidis with SH-SY5Y by scanning electron and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The observed invasion and penetration of neuroblastoma cells by E. dermatitidis hyphae presumably causes the degradation of most neuroblastoma cells in only three days. This may represent a so far unknown indirect or direct cause for the development of some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Lavrin
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (N.G.C.); Tel.: +386-(0)1-543-7652 (T.L.); +386-(0)1-320-3400 (N.G.C.)
| | - Tilen Konte
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Simona Sitar
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.S.); (E.Ž.)
| | - Kristina Sepčič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (K.S.)
| | | | - Ema Žagar
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.S.); (E.Ž.)
| | - Vera Župunski
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.Ž.); (B.R.)
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.Ž.); (B.R.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biomedical Research Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Gunde Cimerman
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (N.G.C.); Tel.: +386-(0)1-543-7652 (T.L.); +386-(0)1-320-3400 (N.G.C.)
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9
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Winters CM, Hong-Brown LQ, Chiang HL. Intracellular vesicle clusters are organelles that synthesize extracellular vesicle-associated cargo proteins in yeast. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2650-2663. [PMID: 31974164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in cell-cell communication. In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), EVs function as carriers to transport cargo proteins into the periplasm for storage during glucose starvation. However, intracellular organelles that synthesize these EV-associated cargo proteins have not been identified. Here, we investigated whether cytoplasmic organelles-called intracellular vesicle clusters (IVCs)-serve as sites for the synthesis of proteins targeted for secretion as EV-associated proteins. Using proteomics, we identified 377 IVC-associated proteins in yeast cells grown under steady-state low-glucose conditions, with the largest group being involved in protein translation. Isolated IVCs exhibited protein synthesis activities that required initiation and elongation factors. We have also identified 431 newly synthesized proteins on isolated IVCs. Expression of 103Q-GFP, a foreign protein with a long polyglutamine extension, resulted in distribution of this protein as large puncta that co-localized with IVC markers, including fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and the vacuole import and degradation protein Vid24p. We did not observe this pattern in cycloheximide-treated cells or in cells lacking VID genes, required for IVC formation. The induction of 103Q-GFP on IVCs adversely affected total protein synthesis in intact cells and on isolated IVCs. This expression also decreased levels of EV-associated cargo proteins in the extracellular fraction without affecting the number of secreted EVs. Our results provide important insights into the functions of IVCs as sites for the synthesis of EV-associated proteins targeted for secretion to the periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Winters
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Ly Q Hong-Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Hui-Ling Chiang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033.
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10
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Deciphering Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: From Cell Biology to Pathogenesis. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Bielska E, May RC. Extracellular vesicles of human pathogenic fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:90-99. [PMID: 31280026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles play a significant role in many aspects of cellular life including cell-to-cell communication, pathogenesis and cancer progression. However very little is known about their role in fungi and we are just at the beginning of understanding their influence on fungal pathophysiology and host-pathogen interactions. Recent findings have revealed a role for fungal vesicles in triggering anti-microbial activities as well as in modulating virulence strategies, suggesting potential new avenues for antifungal therapies. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of fungal extracellular vesicles, including their biogenesis, secretion and size variation, and discuss how they may influence the human immune response and some key questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bielska
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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12
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Wu T, Li S, Ye L, Zhao D, Fan F, Li Q, Zhang B, Bi C, Zhang X. Engineering an Artificial Membrane Vesicle Trafficking System (AMVTS) for the Excretion of β-Carotene in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1037-1046. [PMID: 30990999 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Large hydrophobic molecules, such as carotenoids, cannot be effectively excreted from cells by natural transportation systems. These products accumulate inside the cells and affect normal cellular physiological functions, which hinders further improvement of carotenoid production by microbial cell factories. In this study, we proposed to construct a novel artificial transport system utilizing membrane lipids to carry and transport hydrophobic molecules. Membrane lipids allow the physiological mechanism of membrane dispersion to be reconstructed and amplified to establish a novel artificial membrane vesicle transport system (AMVTS). Specifically, a few proteins in E. coli were reported or proposed to be related to the formation mechanism of outer membrane vesicles, and were individually knocked out or overexpressed to test their physiological functions. The effects on tolR and nlpI were the most significant. Knocking out both tolR and nlpI resulted in a 13.7% increase of secreted β-carotene with a 35.6% increase of specific production. To supplement the loss of membrane components of the cells due to the increased membrane vesicle dispersion, the synthesis pathway of phosphatidylethanolamine was engineered. While overexpression of AccABCD and PlsBC in TW-013 led to 15% and 17% increases of secreted β-carotene, respectively, the overexpression of both had a synergistic effect and caused a 53-fold increase of secreted β-carotene, from 0.2 to 10.7 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW). At the same time, the specific production of β-carotene increased from 6.9 to 21.9 mg/g DCW, a 3.2-fold increase. The AMVTS was also applied to a β-carotene hyperproducing strain, CAR025, which led to a 24-fold increase of secreted β-carotene, from 0.5 to 12.7 mg/g DCW, and a 61% increase of the specific production, from 27.7 to 44.8 mg/g DCW in shake flask fermentation. The AMVTS built in this study establishes a novel artificial transport mechanism different from natural protein-based cellular transport systems, which has great potential to be applied to various cell factories for the excretion of a wide range of hydrophobic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300314, PR China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Siwei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Lijun Ye
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Feiyu Fan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Qinyan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Bolin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Changhao Bi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
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13
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Gill S, Catchpole R, Forterre P. Extracellular membrane vesicles in the three domains of life and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:273-303. [PMID: 30476045 PMCID: PMC6524685 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells from all three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are sometimes associated with filamentous structures known as nanopods or nanotubes. The mechanisms of EV biogenesis in the three domains remain poorly understood, although studies in Bacteria and Eukarya indicate that the regulation of lipid composition plays a major role in initiating membrane curvature. EVs are increasingly recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication via transfer of a wide variety of molecular cargoes. They have been implicated in many aspects of cell physiology such as stress response, intercellular competition, lateral gene transfer (via RNA or DNA), pathogenicity and detoxification. Their role in various human pathologies and aging has aroused much interest in recent years. EVs can be used as decoys against viral attack but virus-infected cells also produce EVs that boost viral infection. Here, we review current knowledge on EVs in the three domains of life and their interactions with the viral world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhvinder Gill
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Biologie Cellulaire des Archées (BCA), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Ryan Catchpole
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Département de Microbiologie, F75015 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Forterre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Biologie Cellulaire des Archées (BCA), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Département de Microbiologie, F75015 Paris, France
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14
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Kamran-Sarkandi M, Behrouzi A, Fateh A, Vaziri F, Mirsaeidi M, Siadat SD. Mycobacterium avium Complex Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Inflammation via Inducing IL-10. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2019; 7:241-250. [PMID: 31516884 PMCID: PMC6709930 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.7.4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is an ubiquitous acid-fast bacterium. MAC cell wall and membrane release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into different media. The immunogenic effects of EVs isolated from MAC remain unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the EVs effect on macrophage cytokine production. MAC EVs were extracted and purified using differential centrifuges also known as Claassen’s method, with some modifications. After protein analysis of EVs, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the EVs were injected into BALB/c mice for in vivo experiments. The concentration of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the spleen immune cell culture was measured by sandwich ELISA. We for the first time showed that MAC can naturally produce EVs. The extraction method was technically-feasible, efficient and affordable. The SEM analysis showed that EVs diameter was similar to other studies on mycobacteria, and EVs maintained their spatial characterization. The results of the cytokine assays indicated that EV-treated cells secreted IL-10 (P = 0.034) but not IFN-γ (P = 0.037). Our findings suggest that EVs of M. avium could have anti-inflammatory effects. They can be used as a suppressor or regulator of inflammation via IL-10. The replication of the anti-inflammatory response of MAC EVs in future studies may indicate a new therapeutic agent for inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ava Behrouzi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aboulfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Gonçalves DDS, Ferreira MDS, Liedke SC, Gomes KX, de Oliveira GA, Leão PEL, Cesar GV, Seabra SH, Cortines JR, Casadevall A, Nimrichter L, Domont GB, Junqueira MR, Peralta JM, Guimaraes AJ. Extracellular vesicles and vesicle-free secretome of the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii under homeostasis and nutritional stress and their damaging potential to host cells. Virulence 2018; 9:818-836. [PMID: 29560793 PMCID: PMC5955443 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1451184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii (Ac) are ubiquitously distributed in nature, and by contaminating medical devices such as heart valves and contact lenses, they cause a broad range of clinical presentations to humans. Although several molecules have been described to play a role in Ac pathogenesis, including parasite host-tissue invasion and escaping of host-defense, little information is available on their mechanisms of secretion. Herein, we describe the molecular components secreted by Ac, under different protein availability conditions to simulate host niches. Ac extracellular vesicles (EVs) were morphologically and biochemically characterized. Dynamic light scattering analysis of Ac EVs identified polydisperse populations, which correlated to electron microscopy measurements. High-performance thin liquid chromatography of Ac EVs identified phospholipids, steryl-esters, sterol and free-fatty acid, the last two also characterized by GC-MS. Secretome composition (EVs and EVs-free supernatants) was also determined and proteins biological functions classified. In peptone-yeast-glucose (PYG) medium, a total of 179 proteins were identified (21 common proteins, 89 exclusive of EVs and 69 in EVs-free supernatant). In glucose alone, 205 proteins were identified (134 in EVs, 14 common and 57 proteins in EVs-free supernatant). From those, stress response, oxidative and protein and amino acid metabolism proteins prevailed. Qualitative differences were observed on carbohydrate metabolism enzymes from Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate shunt. Serine proteases and metalloproteinases predominated. Analysis of the cytotoxicity of Ac EVs (upon uptake) and EVs-free supernatant to epithelial and glioblastoma cells revealed a dose-dependent effect. Therefore, the Ac secretome differs depending on nutrient conditions, and is also likely to vary during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marina da Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susie Coutinho Liedke
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Xavier Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Afonso de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ernesto Lopes Leão
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Vargas Cesar
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio H. Seabra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Cultura de Células, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Cortines
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Barbosa Domont
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Magno Rodrigues Junqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Mauro Peralta
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan J. Guimaraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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16
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Rodrigues ML, Casadevall A. A two-way road: novel roles for fungal extracellular vesicles. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:11-15. [PMID: 30079549 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The biological functions of fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes have been mostly determined on the basis of the assumption that they are vehicles of trans-cell wall transport and molecular export. The possibility that fungal cells can bind to and internalize EVs remained largely unaddressed. Recent studies, however, demonstrated that fungal cells can internalize host-derived and/or fungal EVs through processes that profoundly modify their regular physiology. To illustrate this novel view, we discuss (i) the uptake of plant EVs by phytopathogenic fungi culminating in growth defects and virulence attenuation, (ii) the influence of EV internalization in prion transmission and biofilm formation in yeast cells, and (iii) the EV-mediated transfer of virulence in isolates of Cryptococcus gattii. These recent observations indicate that the functions exerted by EVs in fungal cells result from previously unknown mechanisms of bidirectional transport, opening new venues for the investigation of how EVs impact fungal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil.,Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Peres da Silva R, Martins SDT, Rizzo J, Dos Reis FCG, Joffe LS, Vainstein M, Kmetzsch L, Oliveira DL, Puccia R, Goldenberg S, Rodrigues ML, Alves LR. Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Protein (GRASP) Participates in Vesicle-Mediated RNA Export in Cryptococcus Neoformans. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080400. [PMID: 30096850 PMCID: PMC6115741 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi reassembly and stacking protein (GRASP) is required for polysaccharide secretion and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. In fungal species, extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in the export of polysaccharides, proteins and RNA. In the present work, we investigated if EV-mediated RNA export is functionally connected with GRASP in C. neoformans using a graspΔ mutant. Since GRASP-mediated unconventional secretion involves autophagosome formation in yeast, we included the atg7Δ mutant with defective autophagic mechanisms in our analysis. All fungal strains exported EVs but deletion of GRASP or ATG7 profoundly affected vesicular dimensions. The mRNA content of the graspΔ EVs differed substantially from that of the other two strains. The transcripts associated to the endoplasmic reticulum were highly abundant transcripts in graspΔ EVs. Among non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), tRNA fragments were the most abundant in both mutant EVs but graspΔ EVs alone concentrated 22 exclusive sequences. In general, our results showed that the EV RNA content from atg7Δ and WT were more related than the RNA content of graspΔ, suggesting that GRASP, but not the autophagy regulator Atg7, is involved in the EV export of RNA. This is a previously unknown function for a key regulator of unconventional secretion in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Peres da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina-UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | - Juliana Rizzo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Flavia C G Dos Reis
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, PR 81310-020, Brazil.
| | - Luna S Joffe
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Marilene Vainstein
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Livia Kmetzsch
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Débora L Oliveira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Rosana Puccia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina-UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Goldenberg
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, PR 81310-020, Brazil.
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, PR 81310-020, Brazil.
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Lysangela R Alves
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, PR 81310-020, Brazil.
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18
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Casadevall A, Coelho C, Cordero RJB, Dragotakes Q, Jung E, Vij R, Wear MP. The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Virulence 2018; 10:822-831. [PMID: 29436899 PMCID: PMC6779390 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1431087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans is its dominant virulence factor and plays a key role in the biology of this fungus. In this essay, we focus on the capsule as a cellular structure and note the limitations inherent in the current methodologies available for its study. Given that no single method can provide the structure of the capsule, our notions of what is the cryptococcal capsule must be arrived at by synthesizing information gathered from very different methodological approaches including microscopy, polysaccharide chemistry and physical chemistry of macromolecules. The emerging picture is one of a carefully regulated dynamic structure that is constantly rearranged as a response to environmental stimulation and cellular replication. In the environment, the capsule protects the fungus against desiccation and phagocytic predators. In animal hosts the capsule functions in both offensive and defensive modes, such that it interferes with immune responses while providing the fungal cell with a defensive shield that is both antiphagocytic and capable of absorbing microbicidal oxidative bursts from phagocytic cells. Finally, we delineate a set of unsolved problems in the cryptococcal capsule field that could provide fertile ground for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Radames J B Cordero
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Quigly Dragotakes
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Eric Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Raghav Vij
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Maggie P Wear
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
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19
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Lucas C, Ferreira C, Cazzanelli G, Franco-Duarte R, Tulha J, Roelink H, Conway SJ. Yeast Gup1(2) Proteins Are Homologues of the Hedgehog Morphogens Acyltransferases HHAT(L): Facts and Implications. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:E33. [PMID: 29615596 PMCID: PMC5831804 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple tissues, the Hedgehog secreted morphogen activates in the receiving cells a pathway involved in cell fate, proliferation and differentiation in the receiving cells. This pathway is particularly important during embryogenesis. The protein HHAT (Hedgehog O-acyltransferase) modifies Hh morphogens prior to their secretion, while HHATL (Hh O-acyltransferase-like) negatively regulates the pathway. HHAT and HHATL are homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gup2 and Gup1, respectively. In yeast, Gup1 is associated with a high number and diversity of biological functions, namely polarity establishment, secretory/endocytic pathway functionality, vacuole morphology and wall and membrane composition, structure and maintenance. Phenotypes underlying death, morphogenesis and differentiation are also included. Paracrine signalling, like the one promoted by the Hh pathway, has not been shown to occur in microbial communities, despite the fact that large aggregates of cells like biofilms or colonies behave as proto-tissues. Instead, these have been suggested to sense the population density through the secretion of quorum-sensing chemicals. This review focuses on Gup1/HHATL and Gup2/HHAT proteins. We review the functions and physiology associated with these proteins in yeasts and higher eukaryotes. We suggest standardisation of the presently chaotic Gup-related nomenclature, which includes KIAA117, c3orf3, RASP, Skinny, Sightless and Central Missing, in order to avoid the disclosure of otherwise unnoticed information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida Lucas
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
| | - Célia Ferreira
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Giulia Cazzanelli
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
| | - Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
| | - Joana Tulha
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
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20
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Nosanchuk JD, Nosanchuk MD, Rodrigues ML, Nimrichter L, de Carvalho ACC, Weiss LM, Spray DC, Tanowitz HB. The Einstein-Brazil Fogarty: A decade of synergy. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:945-55. [PMID: 26691452 PMCID: PMC4704644 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A rich, collaborative program funded by the US NIH Fogarty program in 2004 has provided for a decade of remarkable opportunities for scientific advancement through the training of Brazilian undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral students from the Federal University and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation systems at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. The focus of the program has been on the development of trainees in the broad field of Infectious Diseases, with a particular focus on diseases of importance to the Brazilian population. Talented trainees from various regions in Brazil came to Einstein to learn techniques and study fungal, parasitic and bacterial pathogens. In total, 43 trainees enthusiastically participated in the program. In addition to laboratory work, these students took a variety of courses at Einstein, presented their results at local, national and international meetings, and productively published their findings. This program has led to a remarkable synergy of scientific discovery for the participants during a time of rapid acceleration of the scientific growth in Brazil. This collaboration between Brazilian and US scientists has benefitted both countries and serves as a model for future training programs between these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
- Send correspondence to J.D. Nosanchuk. Departments of Medicine,
Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA.
E-mail:
| | - Murphy D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo
Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Louis M. Weiss
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
| | - David C. Spray
- Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
| | - Herbert B. Tanowitz
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
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21
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Extracellular vesicles from Paracoccidioides pathogenic species transport polysaccharide and expose ligands for DC-SIGN receptors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14213. [PMID: 26387503 PMCID: PMC4585699 DOI: 10.1038/srep14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate non-conventional transport of molecules across the fungal cell wall. We aimed at describing the carbohydrate composition and surface carbohydrate epitopes of EVs isolated from the pathogenic fungi Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii using standard procedures. Total EV carbohydrates were ethanol-precipitated from preparations depleted of lipids and proteins, then analyzed by chemical degradation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and size-exclusion chromatography. EV glycosyl residues of Glc, Man, and Gal comprised most probably two major components: a high molecular mass 4,6-α-glucan and a galactofuranosylmannan, possibly an oligomer, bearing a 2-α-Manp main chain linked to β-Galf (1,3) and α-Manp (1,6) end units. The results also suggested the presence of small amounts of a (1→6)-Manp polymer, (1→3)-glucan and (1→6)-glucan. Glycan microarrays allowed identification of EV surface lectin(s), while plant lectin microarray profiling revealed terminal Man and GlcNAc residues exposed at the EVs surface. Mammalian lectin microarray profiling showed that DC-SIGN receptors recognized surface carbohydrate in Paracoccidioides EVs. Our results suggest that oligosaccharides, cytoplasmic storage, and cell wall polysaccharides can be exported in fungal EVs, which also expose surface PAMPs and lectins. The role of these newly identified components in the interaction with the host remains to be unraveled.
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22
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Marcos CM, de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Assato PA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. The multifaceted roles of metabolic enzymes in the Paracoccidioides species complex. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:719. [PMID: 25566229 PMCID: PMC4271699 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides species are dimorphic fungi and are the etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, which is a serious disease that involves multiple organs. The many tissues colonized by this fungus suggest a variety of surface molecules involved in adhesion. A surprising finding is that most enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glyoxylate cycle in Paracoccidioides spp. have adhesive properties that aid in interacting with the host extracellular matrix and thus act as ‘moonlighting’ proteins. Moonlighting proteins have multiple functions, which adds a dimension to cellular complexity and benefit cells in several ways. This phenomenon occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. For example, moonlighting proteins from the glycolytic pathway or TCA cycle can play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by either acting as proteins secreted in a conventional pathway and/or as cell surface components that facilitate adhesion or adherence. This review outlines the multifunctionality exhibited by many Paracoccidioides spp. enzymes, including aconitase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, malate synthase, triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and enolase. We discuss the roles that moonlighting activities play in the virulence characteristics of this fungus and several other human pathogens during their interactions with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Marcos
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Julhiany de F da Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
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23
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Foong PM, Abedi Karjiban R, Normi YM, Salleh AB, Abdul Rahman MB. Bioinformatics survey of the metal usage by psychrophilic yeast Glaciozyma antarctica PI12. Metallomics 2014; 7:156-64. [PMID: 25412156 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00163j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions are one of the essential elements which are extensively involved in many cellular activities. With rapid advancements in genome sequencing techniques, bioinformatics approaches have provided a promising way to extract functional information of a protein directly from its primary structure. Recent findings have suggested that the metal content of an organism can be predicted from its complete genome sequences. Characterizing the biological metal usage of cold-adapted organisms may help to outline a comprehensive understanding of the metal-partnerships between the psychrophile and its adjacent environment. The focus of this study is targeted towards the analysis of the metal composition of a psychrophilic yeast Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 isolated from sea ice of Antarctica. Since the cellular metal content of an organism is usually reflected in the expressed metal-binding proteins, the putative metal-binding sequences from G. antarctica PI12 were identified with respect to their sequence homologies, domain compositions, protein families and cellular distribution. Most of the analyses revealed that the proteome was enriched with zinc, and the content of metal decreased in the order of Zn > Fe > Mg > Mn, Ca > Cu. Upon comparison, it was found that the metal compositions among yeasts were almost identical. These observations suggested that G. antarctica PI12 could have inherited a conserved trend of metal usage similar to modern eukaryotes, despite its geographically isolated habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pik Mun Foong
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center (EMTech), Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Mycobacterial membrane vesicles administered systemically in mice induce a protective immune response to surface compartments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2014; 5:e01921-14. [PMID: 25271291 PMCID: PMC4196239 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01921-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of bacteria and fungi release membrane vesicles (MV), containing proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, into the extracellular milieu. Previously, we demonstrated that several mycobacterial species, including bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, release MV containing lipids and proteins that subvert host immune response in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent manner (R. Prados-Rosales et al., J. Clin. Invest. 121:1471–1483, 2011, doi:10.1172/JCI44261). In this work, we analyzed the vaccine potential of MV in a mouse model and compared the effects of immunization with MV to those of standard BCG vaccination. Immunization with MV from BCG or M. tuberculosis elicited a mixed humoral and cellular response directed to both membrane and cell wall components, such as lipoproteins. However, only vaccination with M. tuberculosis MV was able to protect as well as live BCG immunization. M. tuberculosis MV boosted BCG vaccine efficacy. In summary, MV are highly immunogenic without adjuvants and elicit immune responses comparable to those achieved with BCG in protection against M. tuberculosis. This work offers a new vaccine approach against tuberculosis using mycobacterial MV. Mycobacterium MV are a naturally released product combining immunogenic antigens in the context of a lipid structure. The fact that MV do not need adjuvants and elicit protection comparable to that elicited by the BCG vaccine encourages vaccine approaches that combine protein antigens and lipids. Consequently, mycobacterium MV establish a new type of vaccine formulation.
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The vacuolar-sorting protein Snf7 is required for export of virulence determinants in members of the Cryptococcus neoformans complex. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6198. [PMID: 25178636 PMCID: PMC4151102 DOI: 10.1038/srep06198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogenesis requires a number of extracellularly released virulence factors. Recent studies demonstrating that most fungal extracellular molecules lack secretory tags suggest that unconventional secretion mechanisms and fungal virulence are strictly connected. Proteins of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) have been recently associated with polysaccharide export in the yeast-like human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Snf7 is a key ESCRT operator required for unconventional secretion in Eukaryotes. In this study we generated snf7Δ mutant strains of C. neoformans and its sibling species C. gattii. Lack of Snf7 resulted in important alterations in polysaccharide secretion, capsular formation and pigmentation. This phenotype culminated with loss of virulence in an intranasal model of murine infection in both species. Our data support the notion that Snf7 expression regulates virulence in C. neoformans and C. gattii by ablating polysaccharide and melanin traffic. These results are in agreement with the observation that unconventional secretion is essential for cryptococcal pathogenesis and strongly suggest the occurrence of still obscure mechanisms of exportation of non-protein molecules in Eukaryotes.
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Atsatt PR, Whiteside MD. Novel symbiotic protoplasts formed by endophytic fungi explain their hidden existence, lifestyle switching, and diversity within the plant kingdom. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95266. [PMID: 24777121 PMCID: PMC4002429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse fungi live all or part of their life cycle inside plants as asymptomatic endophytes. While endophytic fungi are increasingly recognized as significant components of plant fitness, it is unclear how they interact with plant cells; why they occur throughout the fungal kingdom; and why they are associated with most fungal lifestyles. Here we evaluate the diversity of endophytic fungi that are able to form novel protoplasts called mycosomes. We found that mycosomes cultured from plants and phylogenetically diverse endophytic fungi have common morphological characteristics, express similar developmental patterns, and can revert back to the free-living walled state. Observed with electron microscopy, mycosome ontogeny within Aureobasidium pullulans may involve two organelles: double membrane-bounded promycosome organelles (PMOs) that form mycosomes, and multivesicular bodies that may form plastid-infecting vesicles. Cultured mycosomes also contain a double membrane-bounded organelle, which may be homologous to the A. pullulans PMO. The mycosome PMO is often expressed as a vacuole-like organelle, which alternatively may contain a lipoid body or a starch grain. Mycosome reversion to walled cells occurs within the PMO, and by budding from lipid or starch-containing mycosomes. Mycosomes discovered in chicken egg yolk provided a plant-independent source for analysis: they formed typical protoplast stages, contained fungal ITS sequences and reverted to walled cells, suggesting mycosome symbiosis with animals as well as plants. Our results suggest that diverse endophytic fungi express a novel protoplast phase that can explain their hidden existence, lifestyle switching, and diversity within the plant kingdom. Importantly, our findings outline "what, where, when and how", opening the way for cell and organelle-specific tests using in situ DNA hybridization and fluorescent labels. We discuss developmental, ecological and evolutionary contexts that provide a robust framework for continued tests of the mycosome phase hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Atsatt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Whiteside
- Department of Biology and Institute for Species at Risk and Habitat Studies, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Giardina BJ, Stein K, Chiang HL. The endocytosis gene END3 is essential for the glucose-induced rapid decline of small vesicles in the extracellular fraction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23497. [PMID: 24665361 PMCID: PMC3963178 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein secretion is a fundamental process in all living cells. Gluconeogenic enzymes are secreted when Saccharomyces cerevisiae are grown in media containing low glucose. However, when cells are transferred to media containing high glucose, they are internalized. We investigated whether or not gluconeogenic enzymes were associated with extracellular vesicles in glucose-starved cells. We also examined the role that the endocytosis gene END3 plays in the internalization of extracellular proteins/vesicles in response to glucose addition. Methods Transmission electron microscopy was performed to determine the presence of extracellular vesicles in glucose-starved wild-type cells and the dynamics of vesicle transport in cells lacking the END3 gene. Proteomics was used to identify extracellular proteins that associated with these vesicles. Results Total extracts prepared from glucose-starved cells consisted of about 95% small vesicles (30–50 nm) and 5% large structures (100–300 nm). The addition of glucose caused a rapid decline in small extracellular vesicles in wild-type cells. However, most of the extracellular vesicles were still observed in cells lacking the END3 gene following glucose replenishment. Proteomics was used to identify 72 extracellular proteins that may be associated with these vesicles. Gluconeogenic enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, as well as non-gluconeogenic enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and cyclophilin A, were distributed in the vesicle-enriched fraction in total extracts prepared from cells grown in low glucose. Distribution of these proteins in the vesicle-enriched fraction required the integrity of the membranes. When glucose was added to glucose-starved wild-type cells, levels of extracellular fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and cyclophilin A were reduced. In contrast, in cells lacking the END3 gene, levels of these proteins in the extracellular fraction remained high. Conclusion The END3 gene is required for the rapid decline of extracellular proteins and vesicles in response to glucose addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett J Giardina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn Stein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Chiang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Alekseeva OV, Sabirzyanova TA, Selyah IO, Kalebina TS, Kulaev IS. Export of an invertase by yeast Candida utilis cells. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683814020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Giardina BJ, Chiang HL. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Malate Dehydrogenase, Isocitrate Lyase, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase, and Cyclophilin A are secreted in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in low glucose. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e27216. [PMID: 24563717 DOI: 10.4161/cib.27216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that the key gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is secreted when Saccharomyces cerevisiae are starved of glucose for a prolonged period of time. In this study, we showed that malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and cyclophilin A are also secreted in glucose-starved cells. Thus, both gluconeogenic and non-gluconeogenic enzymes are secreted via the non-classical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett J Giardina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology; Penn State University College of Medicine; Hershey, PA USA
| | - Hui-Ling Chiang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology; Penn State University College of Medicine; Hershey, PA USA
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Rodrigues ML, Franzen AJ, Nimrichter L, Miranda K. Vesicular mechanisms of traffic of fungal molecules to the extracellular space. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:414-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rodrigues ML, Nakayasu ES, Almeida IC, Nimrichter L. The impact of proteomics on the understanding of functions and biogenesis of fungal extracellular vesicles. J Proteomics 2013; 97:177-86. [PMID: 23583696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several microbial molecules are released to the extracellular space in vesicle-like structures. In pathogenic fungi, these molecules include pigments, polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins, which traverse the cell wall in vesicles that accumulate in the extracellular space. The diverse composition of fungal extracellular vesicles (EV) is indicative of multiple mechanisms of cellular biogenesis, a hypothesis that was supported by EV proteomic studies in a set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with defects in both conventional and unconventional secretory pathways. In the human pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, extracellular vesicle proteomics revealed the presence of proteins with both immunological and pathogenic activities. In fact, fungal EV have been demonstrated to interfere with the activity of immune effector cells and to increase fungal pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the impact of proteomics on the understanding of functions and biogenesis of fungal EV, as well as the potential role of these structures in fungal pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio L Rodrigues
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA; Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Igor C Almeida
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Deatherage BL, Cookson BT. Membrane vesicle release in bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea: a conserved yet underappreciated aspect of microbial life. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1948-57. [PMID: 22409932 PMCID: PMC3370574 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06014-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of microbes with their environment depends on features of the dynamic microbial surface throughout cell growth and division. Surface modifications, whether used to acquire nutrients, defend against other microbes, or resist the pressures of a host immune system, facilitate adaptation to unique surroundings. The release of bioactive membrane vesicles (MVs) from the cell surface is conserved across microbial life, in bacteria, archaea, fungi, and parasites. MV production occurs not only in vitro but also in vivo during infection, underscoring the influence of these surface organelles in microbial physiology and pathogenesis through delivery of enzymes, toxins, communication signals, and antigens recognized by the innate and adaptive immune systems. Derived from a variety of organisms that span kingdoms of life and called by several names (membrane vesicles, outer membrane vesicles [OMVs], exosomes, shedding microvesicles, etc.), the conserved functions and mechanistic strategies of MV release are similar, including the use of ESCRT proteins and ESCRT protein homologues to facilitate these processes in archaea and eukaryotic microbes. Although forms of MV release by different organisms share similar visual, mechanistic, and functional features, there has been little comparison across microbial life. This underappreciated conservation of vesicle release, and the resulting functional impact throughout the tree of life, explored in this review, stresses the importance of vesicle-mediated processes throughout biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brad T. Cookson
- Department of Microbiology
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Rodrigues ML, Nosanchuk JD, Schrank A, Vainstein MH, Casadevall A, Nimrichter L. Vesicular transport systems in fungi. Future Microbiol 2012; 6:1371-81. [PMID: 22082294 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical and unconventional mechanisms of secretion in many eukaryotic cells are relatively well known. In contrast to the situation in animal cells, mechanisms of secretion in fungi must include the capacity for trans-cell wall passage of macromolecules to the extracellular space. Although these mechanisms remain somewhat elusive, several studies in recent years have suggested that vesicular transport is required for trans-cell wall secretion of large molecules. Several fungal molecules, including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and pigments, are released to the extracellular space in vesicles. In pathogenic fungi, a number of these vesicular components are associated with fungal virulence. Indeed, extracellular vesicles produced by fungi can interfere with the immunomodulatory activity of host cells. Fungal vesicles share many functional aspects with mammalian exosomes and extracellular vesicles produced by bacteria, plants and protozoa, but their cellular origin remains unknown. Here, we discuss the involvement of vesicular transport systems in fungal physiology and pathogenesis, making parallels with the mammalian, bacterial, protozoan and plant cell literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML. Fungal glucosylceramides: from structural components to biologically active targets of new antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:212. [PMID: 22025918 PMCID: PMC3198225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The first work reporting synthesis of glucosylceramide (cerebrin, GlcCer) by yeasts was published in 1930. During approximately 70 years members of this class of glycosphingolipids (GSL) were considered merely structural components of plasma membrane in fungi. However, in the last decade GlcCer was reported to be involved with fungal growth, differentiation, virulence, immunogenicity, and lipid raft architecture in at least two human pathogens. Fungal GlcCer are structurally distinct from their mammalian counterparts and enriched at the cell wall, which makes this molecule an effective target for antifungal activity of specific ligands (peptides and antibodies to GlcCer). Therefore, GSL are promising targets for new drugs to combat fungal diseases. This review discusses the most recent information on biosynthesis and role of GlcCer in fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Unravelling secretion in Cryptococcus neoformans: more than one way to skin a cat. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:407-18. [PMID: 21898146 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Secretion pathways in fungi are essential for the maintenance of cell wall architecture and for the export of a number of virulence factors. In the fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, much evidence supports the existence of more than one route taken by secreted molecules to reach the cell periphery and extracellular space, and a significant degree of crosstalk between conventional and non-conventional secretion routes. The need for such complexity may be due to differences in the nature of the exported cargo, the spatial and temporal requirements for constitutive and non-constitutive protein secretion, and/or as a means of compensating for the extra burden on the secretion machinery imposed by the elaboration of the polysaccharide capsule. This review focuses on the role of specific components of the C. neoformans secretion machinery in protein and/or polysaccharide export, including Sec4, Sec6, Sec14, Golgi reassembly and stacking protein and extracellular exosome-like vesicles. We also address what is known about traffic of the lipid, glucosylceramide, a target of therapeutic antibodies and an important regulator of C. neoformans pathogenicity, and the role of signalling pathways in the regulation of secretion.
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Kmetzsch L, Joffe LS, Staats CC, de Oliveira DL, Fonseca FL, Cordero RJB, Casadevall A, Nimrichter L, Schrank A, Vainstein MH, Rodrigues ML. Role for Golgi reassembly and stacking protein (GRASP) in polysaccharide secretion and fungal virulence. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:206-18. [PMID: 21542865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of virulence factors is a critical mechanism for the establishment of cryptococcosis, a disease caused by the yeast pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. One key virulence strategy of C. neoformans is the release of glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), a capsule-associated immune-modulatory polysaccharide that reaches the extracellular space through secretory vesicles. Golgi reassembly and stacking protein (GRASP) is required for unconventional protein secretion mechanisms in different eukaryotic cells, but its role in polysaccharide secretion is unknown. This study demonstrates that a C. neoformans functional mutant of a GRASP orthologue had attenuated virulence in an animal model of cryptococcosis, in comparison with wild-type (WT) and reconstituted cells. Mutant cells manifested altered Golgi morphology, failed to produce typical polysaccharide capsules and showed a reduced ability to secrete GXM both in vitro and during animal infection. Isolation of GXM from cultures of WT, reconstituted or mutant strains revealed that the GRASP orthologue mutant produced polysaccharides with reduced dimensions. The mutant was also more efficiently associated to and killed by macrophages than WT and reconstituted cells. These results demonstrate that GRASP, a protein involved in unconventional protein secretion, is also required for polysaccharide secretion and virulence in C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Kmetzsch
- Centro de Biotecnologia Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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The pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis exports extracellular vesicles containing highly immunogenic α-Galactosyl epitopes. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:343-51. [PMID: 21216942 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00227-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosome-like vesicles containing virulence factors, enzymes, and antigens have recently been characterized in fungal pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum. Here, we describe extracellular vesicles carrying highly immunogenic α-linked galactopyranosyl (α-Gal) epitopes in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. P. brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that causes human paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). For vesicle preparations, cell-free supernatant fluids from yeast cells cultivated in Ham's defined medium-glucose were concentrated in an Amicon ultrafiltration system and ultracentrifuged at 100,000 × g. P. brasiliensis antigens were present in preparations from phylogenetically distinct isolates Pb18 and Pb3, as observed in immunoblots revealed with sera from PCM patients. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), vesicle components containing α-Gal epitopes reacted strongly with anti-α-Gal antibodies isolated from both Chagas' disease and PCM patients, with Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) (a lectin that recognizes terminal α-Gal), but only faintly with natural anti-α-Gal. Reactivity was inhibited after treatment with α-galactosidase. Vesicle preparations analyzed by electron microscopy showed vesicular structures of 20 to 200 nm that were labeled both on the surface and in the lumen with MOA. In P. brasiliensis cells, components carrying α-Gal epitopes were found distributed on the cell wall, following a punctuated confocal pattern, and inside large intracellular vacuoles. Lipid-free vesicle fractions reacted with anti-α-Gal in ELISA only when not digested with α-galactosidase, while reactivity with glycoproteins was reduced after β-elimination, which is indicative of partial O-linked chain localization. Our findings open new areas to explore in terms of host-parasite relationships in PCM and the role played in vivo by vesicle components and α-galactosyl epitopes.
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