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Felegary A, Nazarian S, Zafarmand-Samarin M, Sadeghi D, Fathi J, Samiei-Abianeh H. Evaluation of the prophylactic effect of egg yolk antibody (IgY) produced against the recombinant protein containing IpaD, IpaB, StxB, and VirG proteins from Shigella. Mol Immunol 2024; 173:53-60. [PMID: 39053389 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shigellosis is a gastrointestinal disease causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide, however, there is no anti-Shigella vaccine. The use of antibiotics in shigellosis treatment exacerbates antibiotic resistance. Antibodies, particularly egg yolk antibody (IgY), offer a promising approach to address this challenge. This study aimed to investigate the prophylactic effect of IgY produced against a recombinant chimeric protein containing the immunogens IpaD, IpaB, StxB, and VirG from Shigella. METHODS The chimeric protein, comprising IpaD, IpaB, StxB, and VirG, was expressed in E. coli BL21 and purified using the Ni-NTA column. Following immunization of chickens, IgY was extracted from egg yolk using the PEG-6000 method and analyzed through SDS-PAGE and ELISA techniques. Subsequently, the prophylactic efficacy of IgY was assessed by challenging of mice with 10 LD50 of S. dysenteriae and administering different concentrations of IgY (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) under various time conditions. RESULTS The recombinant protein, weighing 82 kDa, was purified and confirmed by western blotting. The IgY concentration was determined as 9.5 mg/ml of egg yolk and the purity of the extracted IgY was over 90 %. The results of the ELISA showed that at least 19 ng of pure antibody identified recombinant protein and reacts with it. The challenge test employing IgY and Shigella demonstrated a direct correlation between the survival rate and antibody concentration, with increased concentrations leading to decreased mortality rates. Treatment of mice with 10 mg/kg IgY leads to 80 % survival of the mice against 10 LD50 S. dysenteriae. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that IgY may offer therapeutic potential in treating Shigella infections and combating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Felegary
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Nazarian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Davoud Sadeghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Fathi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samiei-Abianeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Gao Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Zhao L. Structure and Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria in Maize Seeds and Germinating Roots. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1348. [PMID: 39065116 PMCID: PMC11278895 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Seed endophytes in maize, which facilitate the transmission of microorganisms from one plant generation to the next, may play a crucial role in plant protection and growth promotion. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various maize varieties on the communities of endophytic bacteria in seeds and germinating roots. This study utilized Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to examine the structural and diversity differences of endophytic bacterial communities within seed maize (BY1507), silage maize (QQ446), and wild maize (Teosinte) in both seeds and germinating roots. The results showed that 416 bacterial genera were detected, with Pantoea, Lachnospiraceae, Pararhizobium, Enterobacteriaceae, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudonocardia being the most prevalent (relative abundance > 10%) at the genus level. No significant difference was observed in diversity indices (Chao1, ACE, Shannon, and Simpson) of seed endophytes among BY1507, QQ446, and Teosinte. The Shannon and Simpson indices for the germinating root endophyte from the wild variety (Teosinte) were significantly higher than the domesticated varieties (BY1507 and QQ446). PCoA revealed a notable overlap in the endophytic bacterial communities from the seeds of BY1507, QQ446, and Teosinte. Yet, clustering patterns were found. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that BY1507, QQ446, and Teosinte share a notable proportion of shared endophytic bacteria (>30%) between the seeds and germinating roots. This investigation elucidates the characteristics of endophytic microbial communities of seeds and germinating roots with seed maize, silage maize, and wild maize, offering data for future research on the physiological ecological adaptation of these endophytic microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Puchang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Islam MA, Hossain MM, Khanam A, Asaduzzaman AKM, Kabir SR, Ozeki Y, Fujii Y, Hasan I. Carbohydrate-Binding Properties and Antimicrobial and Anticancer Potential of a New Lectin from the Phloem Sap of Cucurbita pepo. Molecules 2024; 29:2531. [PMID: 38893406 PMCID: PMC11174025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A Cucurbita phloem exudate lectin (CPL) from summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) fruits was isolated and its sugar-binding properties and biological activities were studied. The lectin was purified by affinity chromatography and the hemagglutination assay method was used to determine its pH, heat stability, metal-dependency and sugar specificity. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities were also studied by disc diffusion assays and in vivo and in vitro methods. The molecular weight of CPL was 30 ± 1 KDa and it was stable at different pH (5.0 to 9.0) and temperatures (30 to 60 °C). CPL recovered its hemagglutination activity in the presence of Ca2+. 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, lactose, rhamnose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine strongly inhibited the activity. With an LC50 value of 265 µg/mL, CPL was moderately toxic and exhibited bacteriostatic, bactericidal and antibiofilm activities against different pathogenic bacteria. It also exhibited marked antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and agglutinated A. flavus spores. In vivo antiproliferative activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice was observed when CPL exerted 36.44% and 66.66% growth inhibition at doses of 3.0 mg/kg/day and 6.0 mg/kg/day, respectively. A 12-day treatment by CPL could reverse their RBC and WBC counts as well as restore the hemoglobin percentage to normal levels. The MTT assay of CPL performed against human breast (MCF-7) and lung (A-549) cancer cell lines showed 29.53% and 18.30% of inhibitory activity at concentrations of 128 and 256 µg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Aminul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Md. Mikail Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Alima Khanam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - A. K. M. Asaduzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Syed Rashel Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo 859-3298, Nagasaki, Japan;
| | - Imtiaj Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.A.I.); (M.M.H.); (A.K.); (A.K.M.A.); (S.R.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
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Kago G, Turnbough CL, Salazar JC, Payne SM. (p)ppGpp is required for virulence of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0033423. [PMID: 38099658 PMCID: PMC10790822 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00334-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection by the enteric pathogen Shigella flexneri requires transit through the gastrointestinal tract and invasion of and replication within the cells of the host colonic epithelium. This process exposes the pathogen to a range of diverse microenvironments. Furthermore, the unique composition and physical environment of the eukaryotic cell cytosol represents a stressful environment for S. flexneri, and extensive physiological adaptations are needed for the bacterium to thrive. In this work, we show that disrupting synthesis of the stringent response alarmone (p)ppGpp in S. flexneri diminished expression of key virulence genes, including ipaA, ipaB, ipaC, and icsA, and it reduced bacterial invasion and intercellular spread. Deletion of the (p)ppGpp synthase gene relA alone had no effect on S. flexneri virulence, but disruption of both relA and the (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase gene spoT resulted in loss of (p)ppGpp synthesis and virulence. While the relA spoT deletion mutant was able to invade a cultured human epithelial cell monolayer, albeit at reduced levels, it was unable to maintain the infection and spread to adjacent cells, as indicated by loss of plaque formation. Complementation with spoT on a plasmid vector restored plaque formation. Thus, SpoT alone is sufficient to provide the necessary level of (p)ppGpp for virulence. These results indicate that (p)ppGpp is required for S. flexneri virulence and adaptation to the intracellular environment, adding to the repertoire of signaling pathways that affect Shigella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kago
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Charles L. Turnbough
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Salazar
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shelley M. Payne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- John Ring LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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5
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Hossain MM, Rajia S, Ohkawa M, Yoshimoto S, Fujii Y, Kawsar SMA, Ozeki Y, Hasan I. Physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activities of MytiLec-1, a member from the mytilectin family of mussels. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127628. [PMID: 37884254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
MytiLec-1, the recombinant form of a mussel lectin from Mytillus galloprovincialis, was purified by affinity chromatography and showed the maximum hemagglutination activity at a temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C and at pH 7.0 to 9.0. Denaturants like urea and acidic-guanidine inhibited its hemagglutination activity significantly. MytiLec-1 was found to be metal-independent though Ca2+ slightly increased the activity of chelated MytiLec-1. The lectin suppressed 65 % growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 47085) at 200 μg/ml and reduced the formation of biofilm (15 % at 200 μg/ml). Comparing to Shigella sonnei (ATCC 29930), Shigella boydii (ATCC 231903) and Shigella dysenteriae (ATCC 238135), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579) was slightly more sensitive to MytiLec-1. At a concentration of 200 μg/disc and 100 μg/ml, MytiLec-1 prevented the growth of Aspergillus niger and agglutinated the spores of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei, respectively. Amino acid sequences, physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activities of MytiLec-1 were compared with three other lectins (CGL, MTL and MCL from Crenomytilus grayanus, Mytilus trossulas and Mytilus californianus, respectively) from the mytilectin family of bivalve mollusks. It reconfirms the function of these lectins to recognize pathogens and perform important roles in innate immune response of mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mikail Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Sultana Rajia
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Varendra University, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh; Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Mayuka Ohkawa
- Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Suzuna Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7, Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Sarkar M A Kawsar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Imtiaj Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
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6
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Matanza XM, Clements A. Pathogenicity and virulence of Shigella sonnei: A highly drug-resistant pathogen of increasing prevalence. Virulence 2023; 14:2280838. [PMID: 37994877 PMCID: PMC10732612 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2280838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery), a diarrhoeal disease characterized for the bacterial invasion of gut epithelial cells. Among the 4 species included in the genus, Shigella flexneri is principally responsible for the disease in the developing world while Shigella sonnei is the main causative agent in high-income countries. Remarkably, as more countries improve their socioeconomic conditions, we observe an increase in the relative prevalence of S. sonnei. To date, the reasons behind this change in aetiology depending on economic growth are not understood. S. flexneri has been widely used as a model to study the pathogenesis of the genus, but as more research data are collected, important discrepancies with S. sonnei have come to light. In comparison to S. flexneri, S. sonnei can be differentiated in numerous aspects; it presents a characteristic O-antigen identical to that of one serogroup of the environmental bacterium Plesiomonas shigelloides, a group 4 capsule, antibacterial mechanisms to outcompete and displace gut commensal bacteria, and a poorer adaptation to an intracellular lifestyle. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) have recognized the significant threat posed by antibiotic-resistant strains of S. sonnei, demanding new approaches. This review gathers knowledge on what is known about S. sonnei within the context of other Shigella spp. and aims to open the door for future research on understanding the increasing spread of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé M. Matanza
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Clements
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Chowdhury R, Bitar PDP, Bell KE, Altier C. Shigella flexneri utilizes intestinal signals to control its virulence. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2256767. [PMID: 37741806 PMCID: PMC10519361 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2256767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric pathogens have evolved to utilize elements from their surroundings to optimize their infection strategies. A common mechanism to achieve this is to employ intestinal compounds as signals to control the activity of a master regulator of virulence. Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) is a highly infectious entero-invasive pathogen which requires very few organisms to cause invasion of the colonic mucosa. The invasion program is controlled by the virulence master regulator VirF. Here, we show that the fatty acids commonly found in the colon can be exploited by S. flexneri to repress its virulence, allowing it to energetically finance its proliferation, thus increasing its pathogenicity. Colonic fatty acids such as oleic, palmitoleic and cis-2-hexadecenoic acid were shown to directly bind to VirF and mediate its prompt degradation. These fatty acids also disrupted the ability of VirF to bind to its target DNA, suppressing the transcription of the downstream virulence genes and significantly reducing the invasion of S. flexneri to colonic epithelial cells. Treatment with colonic fatty acids significantly increased the growth rate of the pathogen only under invasion-inducing conditions, showing that the reduction in the burden of virulence promotes a growth advantage. These results demonstrate the process by which S. flexneri can employ intestinal compounds as signals to increase its numbers at its preferred site of invasion, highlighting the mechanism by which the full spectrum of shigellosis is achieved despite a miniscule infectious dose. This highlights an elegant model of environmental adaption by S. flexneri to maximize the pathogenic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimi Chowdhury
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Katherine E. Bell
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Craig Altier
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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8
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Ahsan T, Shoily SS, Ahmed T, Sajib AA. Role of the redox state of the Pirin-bound cofactor on interaction with the master regulators of inflammation and other pathways. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289158. [PMID: 38033031 PMCID: PMC10688961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent cellular stress induced perpetuation and uncontrolled amplification of inflammatory response results in a shift from tissue repair toward collateral damage, significant alterations of tissue functions, and derangements of homeostasis which in turn can lead to a large number of acute and chronic pathological conditions, such as chronic heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Keeping the vital role of balanced inflammation in maintaining tissue integrity in mind, the way to combating inflammatory diseases may be through identification and characterization of mediators of inflammation that can be targeted without hampering normal body function. Pirin (PIR) is a non-heme iron containing protein having two different conformations depending on the oxidation state of the iron. Through exploration of the Pirin interactome and using molecular docking approaches, we identified that the Fe2+-bound Pirin directly interacts with BCL3, NFKBIA, NFIX and SMAD9 with more resemblance to the native binding pose and higher affinity than the Fe3+-bound form. In addition, Pirin appears to have a function in the regulation of inflammation, the transition between the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, and the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, Pirin signaling appears to have a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis, as well as metabolic and neuro-pathological complications. There are regulatory variants in PIR that can influence expression of not only PIR but also other genes, including VEGFD and ACE2. Disparity exists between South Asian and European populations in the frequencies of variant alleles at some of these regulatory loci that may lead to differential occurrence of Pirin-mediated pathogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Ahsan
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina Samad Shoily
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ashfaqur Sajib
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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9
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Gül E, Fattinger SA, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Epithelial inflammasomes, gasdermins, and mucosal inflammation - Lessons from Salmonella and Shigella infected mice. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101812. [PMID: 37562110 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Besides its crucial function in nutrient absorbance and as barrier against the microbiota, the gut epithelium is essential for sensing pathogenic insults and mounting of an appropriate early immune response. In mice, the activation of the canonical NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome is critical for the defense against enterobacterial infections. Activation of the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome triggers the extrusion of infected intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) into the gut lumen, concomitant with inflammasome-mediated lytic cell death. The membrane permeabilization, a hallmark of pyroptosis, is caused by the pore-forming proteins called gasdermins (GSDMs). Recent work has revealed that NAIP/NLRC4-dependent extrusion of infected IECs can, however, also be executed in the absence of GSDMD. In fact, several reports highlighted that various cell death pathways (e.g., pyroptosis or apoptosis) and unique mechanisms specific to particular infection models and stages of gut infection are in action during epithelial inflammasome defense against intestinal pathogens. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms and speculate on the putative functions of the epithelial inflammasome activation and cell death, with a particular emphasis on mouse infection models for two prominent enterobacterial pathogens, Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan A Fattinger
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Wang KC, Lerche MH, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH, Jensen PR. Formate Metabolism in Shigella flexneri and Its Effect on HeLa Cells at Different Stages during the Infectious Process. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0063122. [PMID: 37042762 PMCID: PMC10269805 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00631-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis caused by Shigella is one of the most important foodborne illnesses in global health, but little is known about the metabolic cross talk between this bacterial pathogen and its host cells during the different stages of the infection process. A detailed understanding of the metabolism can potentially lead to new drug targets remedying the pressing problem of antibiotic resistance. Here, we use stable isotope-resolved metabolomics as an unbiased and fast method to investigate how Shigella metabolizes 13C-glucose in three different environments: inside the host cells, adhering to the host cells, and alone in suspension. We find that especially formate metabolism by bacteria is sensitive to these different environments. The role of formate in pathogen metabolism is sparsely described in the literature compared to the roles of acetate and butyrate. However, its metabolic pathway is regarded as a potential drug target due to its production in microorganisms and its absence in humans. Our study provides new knowledge about the regulatory effect of formate. Bacterial metabolism of formate is pH dependent when studied alone in culture medium, whereas this effect is less pronounced when the bacteria adhere to the host cells. Once the bacteria are inside the host cells, we find that formate accumulation is reduced. Formate also affects the host cells resulting in a reduced infection rate. This was correlated to an increased immune response. Thus, intriguingly formate plays a double role in pathogenesis by increasing the virulence of Shigella and at the same time stimulating the immune response of the host. IMPORTANCE Bacterial infection is a pressing societal concern due to development of resistance toward known antibiotics. Central carbon metabolism has been suggested as a potential new target for drug development, but metabolic changes upon infection remain incompletely understood. Here, we used a cellular infection model to study how the bacterial pathogen Shigella adapts its metabolism depending on the environment starting from the extracellular medium until Shigella successfully invaded and proliferated inside host cells. The mixed-acid fermentation of Shigella was the major metabolic pathway during the infectious process, and the glucose-derived metabolite formate surprisingly played a divergent role in the pathogen and in the host cell. Our data show reduced infection rate when both host cells and bacteria were treated with formate, which correlated with an upregulated immune response in the host cells. The formate metabolism in Shigella thus potentially provides a route toward alternative treatment strategies for Shigella prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Chuan Wang
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Hauge Lerche
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Rose Jensen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Boero E, Vezzani G, Micoli F, Pizza M, Rossi O. Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1171213. [PMID: 37260708 PMCID: PMC10227456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a major global pathogen and the etiological agent of shigellosis, a diarrheal disease that primarily affects low- and middle-income countries. Shigellosis is characterized by a complex, multistep pathogenesis during which bacteria use multiple invasion proteins to manipulate and invade the intestinal epithelium. Antibodies, especially against the O-antigen and some invasion proteins, play a protective role as titres against specific antigens inversely correlate with disease severity; however, the context of antibody action during pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, especially with Shigella being mostly an intracellular pathogen. In the absence of a correlate of protection, functional assays rebuilding salient moments of Shigella pathogenesis can improve our understanding of the role of protective antibodies in blocking infection and disease. In vitro assays are important tools to build correlates of protection. Only recently animal models to recapitulate human pathogenesis, often not in full, have been established. This review aims to discuss in vitro assays to evaluate the functionality of anti-Shigella antibodies in polyclonal sera in light of the multistep and multifaced Shigella infection process. Indeed, measurement of antibody level alone may limit the evaluation of full vaccine potential. Serum bactericidal assay (SBA), and other functional assays such as opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA), and adhesion/invasion inhibition assays (AIA), are instead physiologically relevant and may provide important information regarding the role played by these effector mechanisms in protective immunity. Ultimately, the review aims at providing scientists in the field with new points of view regarding the significance of functional assays of choice which may be more representative of immune-mediated protection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boero
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Vezzani
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
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12
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Lefèvre S, Njamkepo E, Feldman S, Ruckly C, Carle I, Lejay-Collin M, Fabre L, Yassine I, Frézal L, Pardos de la Gandara M, Fontanet A, Weill FX. Rapid emergence of extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in France. Nat Commun 2023; 14:462. [PMID: 36709320 PMCID: PMC9883819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella sonnei, the main cause of bacillary dysentery in high-income countries, has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. We monitored the antimicrobial susceptibility of 7121 S. sonnei isolates collected in France between 2005 and 2021. We detected a dramatic increase in the proportion of isolates simultaneously resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP), third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and azithromycin (AZM) from 2015. Our genomic analysis of 164 such extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates identified 13 different clusters within CIP-resistant sublineage 3.6.1, which was selected in South Asia ∼15 years ago. AZM resistance was subsequently acquired, principally through IncFII (pKSR100-like) plasmids. The last step in the development of the XDR phenotype involved various extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCTX-M-134) carried by different plasmids (IncFII, IncI1, IncB/O/K/Z) or even integrated into the chromosome, and encoding resistance to 3GCs. This rapid emergence of XDR S. sonnei, including an international epidemic strain, is alarming, and good laboratory-based surveillance of shigellosis will be crucial for informed decision-making and appropriate public health action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lefèvre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Elisabeth Njamkepo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Sarah Feldman
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Epidémiologie des maladies émergentes, Paris, F-75015, France.,National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Corinne Ruckly
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Isabelle Carle
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Monique Lejay-Collin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Laëtitia Fabre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Iman Yassine
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Lise Frézal
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Maria Pardos de la Gandara
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Epidémiologie des maladies émergentes, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France.
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13
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Roles of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems in Shigella Virulence. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091321. [PMID: 36139160 PMCID: PMC9496106 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) are widespread types of protein machinery, typically consisting of a histidine kinase membrane sensor and a cytoplasmic transcriptional regulator that can sense and respond to environmental signals. TCSs are responsible for modulating genes involved in a multitude of bacterial functions, including cell division, motility, differentiation, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence. Pathogenic bacteria exploit the capabilities of TCSs to reprogram gene expression according to the different niches they encounter during host infection. This review focuses on the role of TCSs in regulating the virulence phenotype of Shigella, an intracellular pathogen responsible for severe human enteric syndrome. The pathogenicity of Shigella is the result of the complex action of a wide number of virulence determinants located on the chromosome and on a large virulence plasmid. In particular, we will discuss how five TCSs, EnvZ/OmpR, CpxA/CpxR, ArcB/ArcA, PhoQ/PhoP, and EvgS/EvgA, contribute to linking environmental stimuli to the expression of genes related to virulence and fitness within the host. Considering the relevance of TCSs in the expression of virulence in pathogenic bacteria, the identification of drugs that inhibit TCS function may represent a promising approach to combat bacterial infections.
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14
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Dubytska LP, Koirala R, Sanchez A, Thune R. Edwardsiella ictaluri T3SS Effector EseN Modulates Expression of Host Genes Involved in the Immune Response. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071334. [PMID: 35889053 PMCID: PMC9323599 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) effector EseN is encoded on the Edwardsiella ictaluri chromosome and is homologous to a family of T3SS effector proteins with phosphothreonine lyase activity. Previously we demonstrated that E. ictaluri invasion activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) early in the infection, which are subsequently inactivated by EseN. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed a total of 753 significant differentially expressed genes in head-kidney-derived macrophages (HKDM) infected with an EseN mutant (∆EseN) compared to HKDM infected with wild-type (WT) strains. This data strongly indicates classical activation of macrophages (the M1 phenotype) in response to E. ictaluri infection and a significant role for EseN in the manipulation of this process. Our data also indicates that E. ictaluri EseN is involved in the modulation of pathways involved in the immune response to infection and expression of several transcription factors, including NF-κβ (c-rel and relB), creb3L4, socs6 and foxo3a. Regulation of transcription factors leads to regulation of proinflammatory interleukins (IL-8, IL-12a, IL-15, IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Inhibition of COX-2 mRNA by WT E. ictaluri leads to decreased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is the product of COX-2 activity. Collectively, our results indicate that E. ictaluri EseN is an important player in the modulation of host immune responses to E.ictaluri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya P. Dubytska
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (R.K.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-225-771-33743
| | - Ranjan Koirala
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (R.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Azhia Sanchez
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (R.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Ronald Thune
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- School of Animal Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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15
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Skovajsová E, Colonna B, Prosseda G, Sellin ME, Di Martino ML. The VirF21:VirF30 protein ratio is affected by temperature and impacts Shigella flexneri host cell invasion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:fnac043. [PMID: 35521699 PMCID: PMC9217107 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp, the etiological agents of bacillary dysentery in humans, have evolved an intricate regulatory strategy to ensure fine-tuned expression of virulence genes in response to environmental stimuli. A key component in this regulation is VirF, an AraC-like transcription factor, which at the host temperature (37°C) triggers, directly or indirectly, the expression of > 30 virulence genes important for invasion of the intestinal epithelium. Previous work identified two different forms of VirF with distinct functions: VirF30 activates virulence gene expression, while VirF21 appears to negatively regulate virF itself. Moreover, VirF21 originates from either differential translation of the virF mRNA or from a shorter leaderless mRNA (llmRNA). Here we report that both expression of the virF21 llmRNA and the VirF21:VirF30 protein ratio are higher at 30°C than at 37°C, suggesting a possible involvement of VirF21 in minimizing virulence gene expression outside the host (30°C). Ectopic elevation of VirF21 levels at 37°C indeed suppresses Shigella´s ability to infect epithelial cells. Finally, we find that the VirF21 C-terminal portion, predicted to contain a Helix-Turn-Helix motif (HTH2), is required for the functionality of this negative virulence regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Skovajsová
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123, Sweden
| | - Bianca Colonna
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123, Sweden
| | - Maria Letizia Di Martino
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123, Sweden
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16
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Mechanical Forces Govern Interactions of Host Cells with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0009420. [PMID: 35285720 PMCID: PMC9199418 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00094-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat infectious diseases, it is important to understand how host cells interact with bacterial pathogens. Signals conveyed from pathogen to host, and vice versa, may be either chemical or mechanical. While the molecular and biochemical basis of host-pathogen interactions has been extensively explored, relatively less is known about mechanical signals and responses in the context of those interactions. Nevertheless, a wide variety of bacterial pathogens appear to have developed mechanisms to alter the cellular biomechanics of their hosts in order to promote their survival and dissemination, and in turn many host responses to infection rely on mechanical alterations in host cells and tissues to limit the spread of infection. In this review, we present recent findings on how mechanical forces generated by host cells can promote or obstruct the dissemination of intracellular bacterial pathogens. In addition, we discuss how in vivo extracellular mechanical signals influence interactions between host cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens. Examples of such signals include shear stresses caused by fluid flow over the surface of cells and variable stiffness of the extracellular matrix on which cells are anchored. We highlight bioengineering-inspired tools and techniques that can be used to measure host cell mechanics during infection. These allow for the interrogation of how mechanical signals can modulate infection alongside biochemical signals. We hope that this review will inspire the microbiology community to embrace those tools in future studies so that host cell biomechanics can be more readily explored in the context of infection studies.
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17
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Sharma A, Raman V, Lee J, Forbes NS. Microbial Imbalance Induces Inflammation by Promoting Salmonella Penetration through the Mucosal Barrier. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:969-981. [PMID: 35404574 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The balance of microbial species in the intestine must be maintained to prevent inflammation and disease. Healthy bacteria suppress infection by pathogens and prevent disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The role of mucus in the relation between pathogens and the intestinal microbiota is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that healthy bacteria inhibit infection by preventing pathogens from penetrating the mucus layer and that microbial imbalance leads to inflammation by promoting the penetration of the mucosal barrier. We tested this hypothesis with an in vitro model that contains mucus, an epithelial cell layer, and resident immune cells. We found that, unlike probiotic VSL#3 bacteria, Salmonella penetrated the mucosal layers and induced the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. At ratios greater than 104:1, probiotic bacteria suppressed the growth and penetration of Salmonella and reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines. Counterintuitively, low densities of healthy bacteria increased both pathogen penetration and cytokine production. In all cases, mucus increased Salmonella penetration and the production of cytokines. These results suggest that mucus lessens the protective effect of probiotic bacteria by promoting barrier penetration. In this model, a more imbalanced microbial population caused infection and inflammation by selecting pathogens that are more invasive and immunogenic. Combined, the results suggest that the depletion of commensal bacteria or an insufficient dosage of probiotics could worsen an infection and cause increased inflammation. A better understanding of the interactions between pathogens, healthy microbes, and the mucosal barrier will improve the treatment of infections and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Vishnu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Neil S. Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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18
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Nie JJ, Pian YY, Hu JH, Fan GQ, Zeng LT, Ouyang QG, Gao ZX, Liu Z, Wang CC, Liu Q, Cai JP. Increased systemic RNA oxidative damage and diagnostic value of RNA oxidative metabolites during Shigella flexneri-induced intestinal infection. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6248-6261. [PMID: 34712030 PMCID: PMC8515791 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i37.6248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) is a major pathogen causing acute intestinal infection, but the systematic oxidative damage incurred during the course of infection has not been investigated.
AIM To investigate the incurred systemic RNA oxidative damage and the diagnostic value of RNA oxidative metabolites during S. flexneri-induced intestinal infection.
METHODS In this study, a Sprague-Dawley rat model of acute intestinal infection was established by oral gavage with S. flexneri strains. The changes in white blood cells (WBCs) and cytokine levels in blood and the inflammatory response in the colon were investigated. We also detected the RNA and DNA oxidation in urine and tissues.
RESULTS S. flexneri infection induced an increase in WBCs, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-17a, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in blood. Of note, a significant increase in urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxo-Gsn), an important marker of total RNA oxidation, was detected after intestinal infection (P = 0.03). The urinary 8-oxo-Gsn level returned to the baseline level after recovery from infection. In addition, the results of a correlation analysis showed that urinary 8-oxo-Gsn was positively correlated with the WBC count and the cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-17α. Further detection of the oxidation in different tissues showed that S. flexneri infection induced RNA oxidative damage in the colon, ileum, liver, spleen, and brain.
CONCLUSION Acute infection induced by S. flexneri causes increased RNA oxidative damage in various tissues (liver, spleen, and brain) and an increase of 8-oxo-Gsn, a urinary metabolite. Urinary 8-oxo-Gsn may be useful as a biomarker for evaluating the severity and prognosis of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Nie
- Department of Microbiology, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ya-Ya Pian
- Department of Microbiology, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ji-Hong Hu
- Department of Microbiology, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guo-Qing Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lv-Tao Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qiu-Geng Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen-Xiang Gao
- Department of Microbiology, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chen-Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Felegary A, Nazarian S, Kordbacheh E, Fathi J, Minae ME. An approach to chimeric subunit immunogen provides efficient protection against toxicity, type III and type v secretion systems of Shigella. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108132. [PMID: 34508943 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Shigellosis is one of the infectious diseases causing severe intestinal illness in human beings. Development of an effective vaccine against Shigella is a key to deal with this bacterium. The present study aimed at evaluation of the antibody response as well as the protection of the recombinant chimeric protein containing IpaD, IpaB, StxB, and VirG against Shigella dysentery and flexneri. METHODS Chimeric protein was expressed and purified by Ni-NTA resin. The identity of the protein was determined by Western blot analysis. Mouse groups were immunized with the recombinant protein and the humoral immune response was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Additionally, neutralization of the bacterial toxin by antibody was assessed by MTT assay. Animal challenge against S.dysentery and S. flexneri was evaluated, as well. RESULTS Protein expression and purification were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Analysis of the immune responses demonstrated that the antibody responses were higher in the sera of the subcutaneously immunized mice compared to those immunized intraperitoneally. In vitro neutralization analysis indicated that the 1:10000 dilution of the sera had a high ability to neutralize 0.25 ng/µl (CD50) of the toxin on the Vero cell line. Furthermore, the results of the animal challenge showed that the immunized mice were completely protected against 50 LD50 of the bacterial toxin. Immunization also protected 80% of the mice from 10 LD50 by S. flexneri and S.dysentery. In addition, passive immunization conferred 60% protection in the mice against S. flexneri and S.dysentery. Organ burden studies also revealed a significant reduction in infection among the immunized mice. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the chimeric protein produced inE. colicould be a promising chimeric immunogen candidate against Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Felegary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Nazarian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Emad Kordbacheh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Fathi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Ebrahim Minae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Zhu Z, Wang W, Cao M, Zhu Q, Ma T, Zhang Y, Liu G, Zhou X, Li B, Shi Y, Zhang J. Virulence factors and molecular characteristics of Shigella flexneri isolated from calves with diarrhea. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:214. [PMID: 34271864 PMCID: PMC8285881 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The natural hosts of Shigella are typically humans and other primates, but it has been shown that the host range of Shigella has expanded to many animals. Although Shigella is becoming a major threat to animals, there is limited information on the genetic background of local strains. The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of virulence factors and the molecular characteristics of S. flexneri isolated from calves with diarrhea. Results Fifty-four S. flexneri isolates from Gansun, Shanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet obtained during 2014 to 2016 possessed four typical biochemical characteristics of Shigella. The prevalences of ipaH, virA, ipaBCD, ial, sen, set1A, set1B and stx were 100 %, 100 %, 77.78 %, 79.63 %, 48.15 %, 48.15 and 0 %, respectively. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) based on 8 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci discriminated the isolates into 39 different MLVA types (MTs), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) based on NotI digestion divided the 54 isolates into 31 PFGE types (PTs), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on 15 housekeeping genes differentiated the isolates into 7 MLST sequence types (STs). Conclusions The findings from this study enrich our knowledge of the molecular characteristics of S. flexneri collected from calves with diarrhea, which will be important for addressing clinical and epidemiological issues regarding shigellosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02277-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, 730050, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Hanshan District, 056038, Handan, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, 730050, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingze Cao
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Hanshan District, 056038, Handan, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Hanshan District, 056038, Handan, China
| | - Tenghe Ma
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Hanshan District, 056038, Handan, China
| | - Yongying Zhang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Hanshan District, 056038, Handan, China
| | - Guanhui Liu
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Hanshan District, 056038, Handan, China
| | - Xuzheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, 730050, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, 730050, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Hanshan District, 056038, Handan, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, 730050, Lanzhou, China.
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Peer V, Schwartz N, Green MS. Sex differences in shigellosis incidence rates: analysis of national data from nine countries using meta-analytic method. Eur J Public Health 2021; 30:974-981. [PMID: 32535632 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in the incidence of infectious diseases can provide insight to the biological mechanism of infection, disease susceptibility, severity and vaccine development. The consistency of age-specific sex differences in the incidence rates (IRs) of shigellosis is unclear. METHODS National data on cases of shigellosis by sex, age group and calendar year were obtained from nine countries, for a period of 6-25 years. The male to female incidence rate ratios (RR) were calculated by country, years and age group. For each age group, meta-analytic methods were used for computing pooled incidence RRs by country and years. Meta-regression was performed to estimate the contribution of age, country and time period to the differences in the male : female RRs. RESULTS In the age groups <1, 1-4, 5-9 and 10-14, there were excess IRs in males. The pooled incidence RRs (with 95% CI) were 1.21 (1.14-1.28), 1.17 (1.12-1.22), 1.04 (1.00-1.09) and 1.09 (1.01-1.18), respectively. In young adults, there was excess IR in females with RR = 0.80 (0.72-0.9). In middle aged and older adults, there was a slight excess in males with RR = 1.01 (0.89-1.15) and RR = 1.18 (1.09-1.28), respectively. In the meta-regression, age was the only variable that significantly contributed to the variation in the RRs. CONCLUSIONS The higher IRs in male infants and young children does not appear to be related to behavioral factors and genetic and hormonal factors could be important. In the older age groups, the higher rates in adult females may be due to behavioral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Peer
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Schwartz
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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22
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Sharma A, Raman V, Lee J, Forbes NS. Mucus blocks probiotics but increases penetration of motile pathogens and induces TNF-α and IL-8 secretion. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2540-2555. [PMID: 32396232 PMCID: PMC7806204 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal barrier in combination with innate immune system are the first line of defense against luminal bacteria at the intestinal mucosa. Dysfunction of the mucus layer and bacterial infiltration are linked to tissue inflammation and disease. To study host-bacterial interactions at the mucosal interface, we created an experimental model that contains luminal space, a mucus layer, an epithelial layer, and suspended immune cells. Reconstituted porcine small intestinal mucus formed an 880 ± 230 µm thick gel layer and had a porous structure. In the presence of mucus, sevenfold less probiotic and nonmotile VSL#3 bacteria transmigrated across the epithelial barrier compared to no mucus. The higher bacterial transmigration caused immune cell differentiation and increased the concentration of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α; p < .01). Surprisingly, the mucus layer increased transmigration of pathogenic Salmonella and increased secretion of TNF-α and IL-8 (p < .05). Nonmotile, flagella knockout Salmonella had lower transmigration and caused lower IL-8 and TNF-α secretion (p < .05). These results demonstrate that motility enables pathogenic bacteria to cross the mucus and epithelial layers, which could lead to infection. Using an in vitro coculture platform to understand the interactions of bacteria with the intestinal mucosa has the potential to improve the treatment of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Vishnu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Neil S. Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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23
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The Autotransporter IcsA Promotes Shigella flexneri Biofilm Formation in the Presence of Bile Salts. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00861-18. [PMID: 30988059 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00861-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that invades epithelial cells in the colonic mucosa, leading to bloody diarrhea. A previous study showed that S. flexneri forms biofilms in the presence of bile salts, through an unknown mechanism. Here, we investigated the potential role of adhesin-like autotransporter proteins in S. flexneri biofilm formation. BLAST search analysis revealed that the S. flexneri 2457T genome harbors 4 genes, S1242, S1289, S2406, and icsA, encoding adhesin-like autotransporter proteins. Deletion mutants of the S1242, S1289, S2406 and icsA genes were generated and tested for biofilm formation. Phenotypic analysis of the mutant strains revealed that disruption of icsA abolished bile salt-induced biofilm formation. IcsA is an outer membrane protein secreted at the bacterial pole that is required for S. flexneri actin-based motility during intracellular infection. In extracellular biofilms, IcsA was also secreted at the bacterial pole and mediated bacterial cell-cell contacts and aggregative growth in the presence of bile salts. Dissecting individual roles of bile salts showed that deoxycholate is a robust biofilm inducer compared to cholate. The release of the extracellular domain of IcsA through IcsP-mediated cleavage was greater in the presence of cholate, suggesting that the robustness of biofilm formation was inversely correlated with IcsA processing. Accordingly, deletion of icsP abrogated IcsA processing in biofilms and enhanced biofilm formation.
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24
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Q.S. Medeiros PH, Ledwaba SE, Bolick DT, Giallourou N, Yum LK, Costa DV, Oriá RB, Barry EM, Swann JR, Lima AÂM, Agaisse H, Guerrant RL. A murine model of diarrhea, growth impairment and metabolic disturbances with Shigella flexneri infection and the role of zinc deficiency. Gut Microbes 2019; 10:615-630. [PMID: 30712505 PMCID: PMC6748602 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1564430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is one of the major enteric pathogens worldwide. We present a murine model of S. flexneri infection and investigate the role of zinc deficiency (ZD). C57BL/6 mice fed either standard chow (HC) or ZD diets were pretreated with an antibiotic cocktail and received S. flexneri strain 2457T orally. Antibiotic pre-treated ZD mice showed higher S. flexneri colonization than non-treated mice. ZD mice showed persistent colonization for at least 50 days post-infection (pi). S. flexneri-infected mice showed significant weight loss, diarrhea and increased levels of fecal MPO and LCN in both HC and ZD fed mice. S. flexneri preferentially colonized the colon, caused epithelial disruption and inflammatory cell infiltrate, and promoted cytokine production which correlated with weight loss and histopathological changes. Infection with S. flexneri ΔmxiG (critical for type 3 secretion system) did not cause weight loss or diarrhea, and had decreased stool shedding duration and tissue burden. Several biochemical changes related to energy, inflammation and gut-microbial metabolism were observed. Zinc supplementation increased weight gains and reduced intestinal inflammation and stool shedding in ZD infected mice. In conclusion, young antibiotic-treated mice provide a new model of oral S. flexneri infection, with ZD promoting prolonged infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Q.S. Medeiros
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA,Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil,CONTACT Pedro Henrique Q.S. Medeiros Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, 345 Crispell Drive, MR6 Room 2711, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Solanka E. Ledwaba
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - David T. Bolick
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Natasa Giallourou
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren K. Yum
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Deiziane V.S. Costa
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA,Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA,Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Swann
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Hervé Agaisse
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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Lobato‐Márquez D, Krokowski S, Sirianni A, Larrouy‐Maumus G, Mostowy S. A requirement for septins and the autophagy receptor p62 in the proliferation of intracellular Shigella. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:163-172. [PMID: 29752866 PMCID: PMC6519264 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri, a Gram-negative enteroinvasive pathogen, causes inflammatory destruction of the human intestinal epithelium. During infection of epithelial cells, Shigella escape from the phagosome to the cytosol, where they reroute host cell glycolysis to obtain nutrients for proliferation. Septins, a poorly understood component of the cytoskeleton, can entrap cytosolic Shigella targeted to autophagy in cage-like structures to restrict bacterial proliferation. Although bacterial entrapment by septin caging has been the subject of intense investigation, the role of septins and the autophagy machinery in the proliferation of noncaged Shigella is mostly unknown. Here, we found that intracellular Shigella fail to efficiently proliferate in SEPT2-, SEPT7-, or p62/SQSTM1-depleted cells. Consistent with a failure to proliferate, single cell analysis of bacteria not entrapped in septin cages showed that the number of metabolically active Shigella in septin- or p62-depleted cells is reduced. Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed that host cell glycolysis is dysregulated in septin-depleted cells, suggesting a key role for septins in modulation of glycolysis. Together, these results suggest that septins and the autophagy machinery may regulate metabolic pathways that promote the proliferation of intracellular Shigella not entrapped in septin cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Lobato‐Márquez
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of MedicineSection of Microbiology, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel StreetLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sina Krokowski
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of MedicineSection of Microbiology, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel StreetLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrea Sirianni
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of MedicineSection of Microbiology, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gerald Larrouy‐Maumus
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of MedicineSection of Microbiology, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel StreetLondonUnited Kingdom
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26
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Dubytska LP, Thune RL. Edwardsiella ictaluri type III secretion system (T3SS) effector EseN is a phosphothreonine lyase that inactivates ERK1/2. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:117-129. [PMID: 30198487 DOI: 10.3354/dao03255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
EseN is a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector that is encoded on the Edwardsiella ictaluri chromosome and is homologous to a family of T3SS effector proteins with phosphothreonine lyase (PTL) activity, including OspF from Shigella and SpvC from Salmonella. A yeast-2-hybrid system was used to identify the major vault protein (MVP) as a specific host-cell binding partner for EseN, and the proximity ligation assay (PLA) confirmed the interaction. Similar to other pathogens, E. ictaluri invasion activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) early in the infection, which are subsequently inactivated by EseN. Structurally, EseN contains a highly conserved docking motif that is required for specific binding to mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as ERK1/2, and a motif that is essential for PTL activity. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses indicate that EseN inactivates ERK1/2 by dephosphorylation in vivo in the head kidney of infected fish and ex vivo in head kidney derived macrophages. Interaction of EseN with phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) was also confirmed using PLA, suggesting that MVP serves as a signaling scaffold for ERK1/2 and EseN. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus infected with E. ictaluri strains lacking the eseN gene had reduced numbers of E. ictaluri in the tissues following infection and reduced mortality compared to fish infected with the wild-type. Our results indicate that eseN encodes a PTL domain that interacts with MVP as a possible scaffold protein and inactivates pERK1/2 to ERK1/2, resulting in increased proliferation of E. ictaluri and, ultimately, death of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya P Dubytska
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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27
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Jessie Lau LY, Chye FY. Antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 0612 on the adhesion of selected foodborne enteropathogens in various colonic environments. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Fire blight host-pathogen interaction: proteome profiles of Erwinia amylovora infecting apple rootstocks. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11689. [PMID: 30076380 PMCID: PMC6076297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire blight, caused by the enterobacterium Erwinia amylovora, is a destructive disease, which can affect most members of the Rosaceae family. Since no significant genomic differences have been found by others to explain differences in virulence, we used here a gel-based proteomic approach to elucidate mechanisms and key players that allow the pathogen to survive, grow and multiply inside its host. Therefore, two strains with proven difference in virulence were grown under controlled conditions in vitro as well as in planta (infected apple rootstocks). Proteomic analysis including 2DE and mass spectrometry revealed that proteins involved in transcription regulation were more abundant in the in planta condition for both strains. In addition, genes involved in RNA processing were upregulated in planta for the highly virulent strain PFB5. Moreover, the upregulation of structural components of the F0F1-ATP synthase are major findings, giving important information on the infection strategy of this devastating pathogen. Overall, this research provides the first proteomic profile of E. amylovora during infection of apple rootstocks and insights into the response of the pathogen in interaction with its host.
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An integrated computational hierarchy for identification of potent inhibitors against Shikimate Kinase enzyme from Shigella sonnei , a major cause of global dysentery. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Weatherspoon-Griffin N, Picker MA, Pew KL, Park HS, Ginete DR, Karney MMA, Usufzy P, Castellanos MI, Duhart JC, Harrison DJ, Socea JN, Karabachev AD, Hensley CT, Howerton AJ, Ojeda-Daulo R, Immak JA, Wing HJ. Insights into transcriptional silencing and anti-silencing in Shigella flexneri: a detailed molecular analysis of the icsP virulence locus. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:505-518. [PMID: 29453862 PMCID: PMC6311345 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing and anti-silencing mechanisms modulate bacterial physiology and virulence in many human pathogens. In Shigella species, many virulence plasmid genes are silenced by the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein H-NS and anti-silenced by the virulence gene regulator VirB. Despite the key role that these regulatory proteins play in Shigella virulence, their mechanisms of transcriptional control remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize the regulatory elements and their relative spacing requirements needed for the transcriptional silencing and anti-silencing of icsP, a locus that requires remotely located regulatory elements for both types of transcriptional control. Our findings highlight the flexibility of the regulatory elements' positions with respect to each other, and yet, a molecular roadblock docked between the VirB binding site and the upstream H-NS binding region abolishes transcriptional anti-silencing by VirB, providing insight into transcriptional anti-silencing. Our study also raises the need to re-evaluate the currently proposed VirB binding site. Models of transcriptional silencing and anti-silencing at this genetic locus are presented, and the implications for understanding these regulatory mechanisms in bacteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krystle L. Pew
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Hiromichi S. Park
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Daren R. Ginete
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Monika MA. Karney
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Pashtana Usufzy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Maria I. Castellanos
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Duhart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Dustin J. Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Jillian N. Socea
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rosa Ojeda-Daulo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Joy A. Immak
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Helen J. Wing
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
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31
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Belotserkovsky I, Sansonetti PJ. Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia Coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 416:1-26. [PMID: 30218158 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) in humans, which is characterized by invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. Different EIEC and Shigella subgroups rose independently from commensal E. coli through patho-adaptive evolution that included loss of functional genes interfering with the virulence and/or with the intracellular lifestyle of the bacteria, as well as acquisition of genetic elements harboring virulence genes. Among the latter is the large virulence plasmid encoding for a type three secretion system (T3SS), which enables translocation of virulence proteins (effectors) from the bacterium directly into the host cell cytoplasm. These effectors enable the pathogen to subvert epithelial cell functions, promoting its own uptake, replication in the host cytosol, and dissemination to adjacent cells while concomitantly inhibiting pro-inflammatory cell death. Furthermore, T3SS effectors are directly involved in Shigella manipulation of immune cells causing their dysfunction and promoting cell death. In the current chapter, we first describe the evolution of the enteroinvasive pathovars and then summarize the overall knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of these bacteria, with a particular focus on Shigella flexneri. Subversion of host cell functions in the human gut, both epithelial and immune cells, by different virulence factors is especially highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Belotserkovsky
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005, Paris, France
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Fan W, Qian H, Shang W, Ying C, Zhang X, Cheng S, Gu B, Ma P. Low distribution of genes encoding virulence factors in Shigella flexneri serotypes 1b clinical isolates from eastern Chinese populations. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:76. [PMID: 29270233 PMCID: PMC5732504 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of Shigella to invade, colonize, and eventually kill host cells is influenced by many virulence factors. However, there is no analysis of related genes in Jiangsu Province of China so far. Shigella flexneri was collected from 13 cities of Jiangsu Province through the provincial Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for analysis of distribution of major virulence genes (ipaH, ipaBCD, ial, virF, virB, sigA, set1A, sepA, sat, pic, set1B and sen) detected by PCR technology. Results A total of 545 isolates received were confirmed as S. flexneri which belongs to 11 serotypes of S. flexneri, among which serotype 2a was the most predominant (n = 223, 40.9%). All isolates were positive for ipaH gene, followed by sat (94.1%), sigA (78.9%), set1B (78.0%), pic (77.6%), set1A (74.5%), virF (64.8%), sepA (63.5%), sen (56.9%), ipaBCD (50.5%), ial (47.0%) and virB (47.0%). The presence of virulence genes in different serotypes was distinct. The existence of virulence genes of serotype 1b was generally lower than other serotype-the positive rate for virulence genes was between 0.0 and 14.1% except for ipaH and sat. In addition, virulence genes also fluctuated in different regions and at different times in Jiangsu province. The result of analysis on the relationship between virulence genes of S. flexneri showed that the existence of virulence genes of Shigella could be well represented by multiplex PCR combination ipaH + ial + set1A, which had a high clinical value. Conclusions The present study was designed to explore the prevalence of 12 S. flexneri-associated virulence genes. The data showed high diversity of virulence genes with regard to periods, regions and serotypes in Jiangsu Province of China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-017-0222-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Fan
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 China
| | - Huimin Qian
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Wenkang Shang
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 China
| | - Chen Ying
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 China
| | - Xuedi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, 221004 China
| | - Song Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, 221004 China
| | - Bing Gu
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006 China
| | - Ping Ma
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006 China
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33
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Control of Phagocytosis by Microbial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1368. [PMID: 29114249 PMCID: PMC5660709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental process of cells to capture and ingest foreign particles. Small unicellular organisms such as free-living amoeba use this process to acquire food. In pluricellular organisms, phagocytosis is a universal phenomenon that all cells are able to perform (including epithelial, endothelial, fibroblasts, etc.), but some specialized cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) perform this very efficiently and were therefore named professional phagocytes by Rabinovitch. Cells use phagocytosis to capture and clear all particles larger than 0.5 µm, including pathogenic microorganisms and cellular debris. Phagocytosis involves a series of steps from recognition of the target particle, ingestion of it in a phagosome (phagocytic vacuole), maturation of this phagosome into a phagolysosome, to the final destruction of the ingested particle in the robust antimicrobial environment of the phagolysosome. For the most part, phagocytosis is an efficient process that eliminates invading pathogens and helps maintaining homeostasis. However, several pathogens have also evolved different strategies to prevent phagocytosis from proceeding in a normal way. These pathogens have a clear advantage to perpetuate the infection and continue their replication. Here, we present an overview of the phagocytic process with emphasis on the antimicrobial elements professional phagocytes use. We also summarize the current knowledge on the microbial strategies different pathogens use to prevent phagocytosis either at the level of ingestion, phagosome formation, and maturation, and even complete escape from phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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H-NS, Its Family Members and Their Regulation of Virulence Genes in Shigella Species. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7120112. [PMID: 27916940 PMCID: PMC5192488 DOI: 10.3390/genes7120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) has played a key role in shaping the evolution of Shigella spp., and provides the backdrop to the regulatory cascade that controls virulence by silencing many genes found on the large virulence plasmid. H-NS and its paralogue StpA are present in all four Shigella spp., but a second H-NS paralogue, Sfh, is found in the Shigella flexneri type strain 2457T, which is routinely used in studies of Shigella pathogenesis. While StpA and Sfh have been proposed to serve as “molecular backups” for H-NS, the apparent redundancy of these proteins is questioned by in vitro studies and work done in Escherichia coli. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the regulatory activities of the H-NS family members, the challenges associated with studying these proteins and their role in the regulation of virulence genes in Shigella.
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Arena ET, Tinevez JY, Nigro G, Sansonetti PJ, Marteyn BS. The infectious hypoxia: occurrence and causes during Shigella infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:157-165. [PMID: 27884799 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is defined as a tissue oxygenation status below physiological needs. During Shigella infection, an infectious hypoxia is induced within foci of infection. In this review, we discuss how Shigella physiology and virulence are modulated and how the main recruited immune cells, the neutrophils, adapt to this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Arena
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; INSERM Unité 1202, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Institut Pasteur, Citech, Imagopole, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Giulia Nigro
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; INSERM Unité 1202, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; INSERM Unité 1202, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Collège de France, 11 Place Marcellin Berthelot, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Benoit S Marteyn
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; INSERM Unité 1202, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France.
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Robins-Browne RM, Holt KE, Ingle DJ, Hocking DM, Yang J, Tauschek M. Are Escherichia coli Pathotypes Still Relevant in the Era of Whole-Genome Sequencing? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:141. [PMID: 27917373 PMCID: PMC5114240 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The empirical and pragmatic nature of diagnostic microbiology has given rise to several different schemes to subtype E.coli, including biotyping, serotyping, and pathotyping. These schemes have proved invaluable in identifying and tracking outbreaks, and for prognostication in individual cases of infection, but they are imprecise and potentially misleading due to the malleability and continuous evolution of E. coli. Whole genome sequencing can be used to accurately determine E. coli subtypes that are based on allelic variation or differences in gene content, such as serotyping and pathotyping. Whole genome sequencing also provides information about single nucleotide polymorphisms in the core genome of E. coli, which form the basis of sequence typing, and is more reliable than other systems for tracking the evolution and spread of individual strains. A typing scheme for E. coli based on genome sequences that includes elements of both the core and accessory genomes, should reduce typing anomalies and promote understanding of how different varieties of E. coli spread and cause disease. Such a scheme could also define pathotypes more precisely than current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Robins-Browne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle J Ingle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dianna M Hocking
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marija Tauschek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Gudipaty SA, Rosenblatt J. Epithelial cell extrusion: Pathways and pathologies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 67:132-140. [PMID: 27212253 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To remove dying or unwanted cells from an epithelium while preserving the barrier function of the layer, epithelia use a unique process called cell extrusion. To extrude, the cell fated to die emits the lipid Sphingosine 1 Phosphate (S1P), which binds the G-protein-coupled receptor Sphingosine 1 Phosphate receptor 2 (S1P2) in the neighboring cells that activates Rho-mediated contraction of an actomyosin ring circumferentially and basally. This contraction acts to squeeze the cell out apically while drawing together neighboring cells and preventing any gaps to the epithelial barrier. Epithelia can extrude out cells targeted to die by apoptotic stimuli to repair the barrier in the face of death or extrude live cells to promote cell death when epithelial cells become too crowded. Indeed, because epithelial cells naturally turn over by cell death and division at some of the highest rates in the body, epithelia depend on crowding-induced live cell extrusion to preserve constant cell numbers. If extrusion is defective, epithelial cells rapidly lose contact inhibition and form masses. Additionally, because epithelia act as the first line of defense in innate immunity, preservation of this barrier is critical for preventing pathogens from invading the body. Given its role in controlling constant cell numbers and maintaining barrier function, a number of different pathologies can result when extrusion is disrupted. Here, we review mechanisms and signaling pathways that control epithelial extrusion and discuss how defects in these mechanisms can lead to multiple diseases. We also discuss tactics pathogens have devised to hijack the extrusion process to infect and colonize epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Aravind Gudipaty
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University Of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jody Rosenblatt
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University Of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Anti-infective activities of lactobacillus strains in the human intestinal microbiota: from probiotics to gastrointestinal anti-infectious biotherapeutic agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 27:167-99. [PMID: 24696432 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00080-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast and diverse array of microbial species displaying great phylogenic, genomic, and metabolic diversity have colonized the gastrointestinal tract. Resident microbes play a beneficial role by regulating the intestinal immune system, stimulating the maturation of host tissues, and playing a variety of roles in nutrition and in host resistance to gastric and enteric bacterial pathogens. The mechanisms by which the resident microbial species combat gastrointestinal pathogens are complex and include competitive metabolic interactions and the production of antimicrobial molecules. The human intestinal microbiota is a source from which Lactobacillus probiotic strains have often been isolated. Only six probiotic Lactobacillus strains isolated from human intestinal microbiota, i.e., L. rhamnosus GG, L. casei Shirota YIT9029, L. casei DN-114 001, L. johnsonii NCC 533, L. acidophilus LB, and L. reuteri DSM 17938, have been well characterized with regard to their potential antimicrobial effects against the major gastric and enteric bacterial pathogens and rotavirus. In this review, we describe the current knowledge concerning the experimental antibacterial activities, including antibiotic-like and cell-regulating activities, and therapeutic effects demonstrated in well-conducted, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials of these probiotic Lactobacillus strains. What is known about the antimicrobial activities supported by the molecules secreted by such probiotic Lactobacillus strains suggests that they constitute a promising new source for the development of innovative anti-infectious agents that act luminally and intracellularly in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Anderson M, Sansonetti PJ, Marteyn BS. Shigella Diversity and Changing Landscape: Insights for the Twenty-First Century. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:45. [PMID: 27148494 PMCID: PMC4835486 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a pathovar of Escherichia coli comprising four groups, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, and Shigella boydii, each of them, with the exception of S.sonnei, comprising several serotypes. Shigella accounts for the majority of dysentery causing infections occurring world-wide each year. Recent advancements in the Shigella field have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host epithelial cell invasion and immune cell function manipulation, mainly using S. flexneri as a model. Host-cell invasion is the final step of the infection process, as Shigella's virulence strategy relies also on its ability to survive hostile conditions during its journey through the gastro-intestinal tract, to compete with the host microbiota and to cross the intestinal mucus layer. Hence, the diversity of the virulence strategies among the different Shigella species has not yet been deeply investigated, which might be an important step to understand the epidemiological spreading of Shigella species worldwide and a key aspect for the validation of novel vaccine candidates. The recent development of high-throughput screening and sequencing methods will facilitate these complex comparison studies. In this review we discuss several of the major avenues that the Shigella research field has taken over the past few years and hopefully gain some insights into the questions that remain surrounding this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anderson
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 786Paris, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 786Paris, France; Collège de FranceParis, France
| | - Benoit S Marteyn
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 786Paris, France
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40
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Burgess JL, Jones HB, Kumar P, Toth RT, Middaugh CR, Antony E, Dickenson NE. Spa47 is an oligomerization-activated type three secretion system (T3SS) ATPase from Shigella flexneri. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1037-48. [PMID: 26947936 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative pathogens often use conserved type three secretion systems (T3SS) for virulence. The Shigella type three secretion apparatus (T3SA) penetrates the host cell membrane and provides a unidirectional conduit for injection of effectors into host cells. The protein Spa47 localizes to the base of the apparatus and is speculated to be an ATPase that provides the energy for T3SA formation and secretion. Here, we developed an expression and purification protocol, producing active Spa47 and providing the first direct evidence that Spa47 is a bona fide ATPase. Additionally, size exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation identified multiple oligomeric species of Spa47 with the largest greater than 8 fold more active for ATP hydrolysis than the monomer. An ATPase inactive Spa47 point mutant was then engineered by targeting a conserved Lysine within the predicted Walker A motif of Spa47. Interestingly, the mutant maintained a similar oligomerization pattern as active Spa47, but was unable to restore invasion phenotype when used to complement a spa47 null S. flexneri strain. Together, these results identify Spa47 as a Shigella T3SS ATPase and suggest that its activity is linked to oligomerization, perhaps as a regulatory mechanism as seen in some related pathogens. Additionally, Spa47 catalyzed ATP hydrolysis appears to be essential for host cell invasion, providing a strong platform for additional studies dissecting its role in virulence and providing an attractive target for anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Burgess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Heather B Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047
| | - Ronald T Toth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047
| | - Edwin Antony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201
| | - Nicholas E Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
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Wang L, Yang G, Qi L, Li X, Jia L, Xie J, Qiu S, Li P, Hao R, Wu Z, Du X, Li W, Song H. A Novel Small RNA Regulates Tolerance and Virulence in Shigella flexneri by Responding to Acidic Environmental Changes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:24. [PMID: 27014636 PMCID: PMC4782007 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is an important cause of bacillary dysentery in developing countries. Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) play essential roles in diverse cellular processes. We found a novel sRNA Ssr1 based on RT-PCR, northern blot, and 5′RACE in S. flexneri. Ssr1 responds to acidic environmental changes, as shown by a strong linear correlation between the pH value and Ssr1 expression (R = 0.785, P < 0.05) using the qRT-PCR method. Deletion of Ssr1 results in growth retardation at pH values ranging from 5.0 to 7.0 (P < 0.05), and the survival rate was reduced by 22% in acidic conditions (pH 3.0). Additionally, virulence was significantly increased in an Ssr1 mutant strain, as revealed in a murine lung invasion model and survival model assays. By using the sTarPicker method and proteomic analysis, we considered that DnaK, which is a major factor that confers acidic stress tolerance, may be a direct target of Ssr1. We also found that Ssr1 may enhance virulence by directly targeting OmpA; this leads to altered expression of genes in the type three secretion system (T3SS). This work provides new insight into the mechanism of adaptation to environmental stress and into the pathogenesis of Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligui Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijing, China; Center of Computational Biology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Qi
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Leili Jia
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - RongZhang Hao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Du
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Wuju Li
- Center of Computational Biology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
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Nesterenko LN, Zigangirova NA, Zayakin ES, Luyksaar SI, Kobets NV, Balunets DV, Shabalina LA, Bolshakova TN, Dobrynina OY, Gintsburg AL. A small-molecule compound belonging to a class of 2,4-disubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazine-5-ones suppresses Salmonella infection in vivo. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:422-7. [PMID: 26732253 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that target bacterial virulence have received considerable attention. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is important for bacterial virulence and represents an attractive therapeutic target. A novel compound with a predicted T3SS inhibitory activity named CL-55 (N-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl)-5-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]-thiadiazine-2-carboxamide) was previously characterized by low toxicity, high levels of solubility, stability and specific efficiency toward Chlamydia trachomatis in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we describe the action of CL-55 on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We found that CL-55 does not affect Salmonella growth in vitro but suppresses Salmonella infection in vivo. The i.p. injection of CL-55 at a dose of 10 mg kg(-1) for 4 days significantly (500-fold) decreased the numbers of Salmonella in the spleen and peritoneal lavages and increased the survival rates in susceptible (BALB/c, I/St) and resistant (A/Sn) mice. Twelve days of therapy led to complete eradication of Salmonella in mice. Moreover, no pathogen was found 4-6 weeks post treatment. CL-55 was not carcinogenic or mutagenic, did not increase the level of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells and had low toxicity in mice, rats and rabbits. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that CL-55 rapidly disappears from systemic blood circulation and is distributed in the organs. Our data demonstrates that CL-55 affects S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in vivo and could be used as a substance in the design of antibacterial inhibitors for pharmaceutical intervention of bacterial virulence for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Egor S Zayakin
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Luyksaar
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalie V Kobets
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V Balunets
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Olga Y Dobrynina
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
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Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Host Responses to Microbial Infections. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu X, Lu L, Liu X, Pan C, Feng E, Wang D, Zhu L, Wang H. Comparative proteomics of Shigella flexneri 2a strain 301 using a rabbit ileal loop model reveals key proteins for bacterial adaptation in host niches. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 40:28-33. [PMID: 26417879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many studies focusing on changes in the host following Shigella spp invasion have been reported in recent years. However, the key factors required for the adaptation of these pathogens to host niches have usually been neglected. METHODS In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed to examine changes in the protein expression profile of Shigella flexneri within the host using a rabbit ileal loop model to reveal proteins that are associated with pathogenic adaptation. RESULTS The protein expression profiles of bacteria isolated from the ileum and colon were very similar, although they differed slightly from that of bacteria isolated from the cecum. When compared with the sample in vitro, the expressions of seven proteins were found to be upshifted in vivo (OmpA, YgiW, MglB, YfiD, MetK, TktA, and AhpF), while two proteins were down-regulated (ElaB and GlnH). CONCLUSIONS The abundance of nine proteins changed in vivo, suggesting that these proteins may contribute to adaptation to the intestinal lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lilan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiankai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Erling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dongshu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China.
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45
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Gazi AD. Commentary: The absence of protein Y4yS affects negatively the abundance of T3SS Mesorhizobium loti secretin, RhcC2, in bacterial membranes. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:710. [PMID: 26236295 PMCID: PMC4500985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D Gazi
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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46
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Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters act as important cofactors for a number of transcriptional regulators in bacteria, including many mammalian pathogens. The sensitivity of iron-sulfur clusters to iron availability, oxygen tension, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species enables bacteria to use such regulators to adapt their gene expression profiles rapidly in response to changing environmental conditions. In this review, we discuss how the [4Fe-4S] or [2Fe-2S] cluster-containing regulators FNR, Wbl, aconitase, IscR, NsrR, SoxR, and AirSR contribute to bacterial pathogenesis through control of both metabolism and classical virulence factors. In addition, we briefly review mammalian iron homeostasis as well as oxidative/nitrosative stress to provide context for understanding the function of bacterial iron-sulfur cluster sensors in different niches within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie K Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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47
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Caboni M, Pédron T, Rossi O, Goulding D, Pickard D, Citiulo F, MacLennan CA, Dougan G, Thomson NR, Saul A, Sansonetti PJ, Gerke C. An O antigen capsule modulates bacterial pathogenesis in Shigella sonnei. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004749. [PMID: 25794007 PMCID: PMC4368438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is the leading cause for dysentery worldwide. Together with several virulence factors employed for invasion, the presence and length of the O antigen (OAg) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a key role in pathogenesis. S. flexneri 2a has a bimodal OAg chain length distribution regulated in a growth-dependent manner, whereas S. sonnei LPS comprises a monomodal OAg. Here we reveal that S. sonnei, but not S. flexneri 2a, possesses a high molecular weight, immunogenic group 4 capsule, characterized by structural similarity to LPS OAg. We found that a galU mutant of S. sonnei, that is unable to produce a complete LPS with OAg attached, can still assemble OAg material on the cell surface, but a galU mutant of S. flexneri 2a cannot. High molecular weight material not linked to the LPS was purified from S. sonnei and confirmed by NMR to contain the specific sugars of the S. sonnei OAg. Deletion of genes homologous to the group 4 capsule synthesis cluster, previously described in Escherichia coli, abolished the generation of the high molecular weight OAg material. This OAg capsule strongly affects the virulence of S. sonnei. Uncapsulated knockout bacteria were highly invasive in vitro and strongly inflammatory in the rabbit intestine. But, the lack of capsule reduced the ability of S. sonnei to resist complement-mediated killing and to spread from the gut to peripheral organs. In contrast, overexpression of the capsule decreased invasiveness in vitro and inflammation in vivo compared to the wild type. In conclusion, the data indicate that in S. sonnei expression of the capsule modulates bacterial pathogenesis resulting in balanced capabilities to invade and persist in the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelena Caboni
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
| | - Thierry Pédron
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Omar Rossi
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Citiulo
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
| | | | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Allan Saul
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Gerke
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
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48
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The Serine Protease Pic From Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Mediates Immune Evasion by the Direct Cleavage of Complement Proteins. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:106-15. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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49
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Brotcke Zumsteg A, Goosmann C, Brinkmann V, Morona R, Zychlinsky A. IcsA is a Shigella flexneri adhesin regulated by the type III secretion system and required for pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 15:435-45. [PMID: 24721572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Following contact with the epithelium, the enteric intracellular bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri invades epithelial cells and escapes intracellular phagosomal destruction using its type III secretion system (T3SS). The bacterium replicates within the host cell cytosol and spreads between cells using actin-based motility, which is mediated by the virulence factor IcsA (VirG). Whereas S. flexneri invasion is well characterized, adhesion mechanisms of the bacterium remain elusive. We found that IcsA also functions as an adhesin that is both necessary and sufficient to promote contact with host cells. As adhesion can be beneficial or deleterious depending on the host cell type, S. flexneri regulates IcsA-dependent adhesion. Activation of the T3SS in response to the bile salt deoxycholate triggers IcsA-dependent adhesion and enhances pathogen invasion. IcsA-dependent adhesion contributes to virulence in a mouse model of shigellosis, underscoring the importance of this adhesin to S. flexneri pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brotcke Zumsteg
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Christian Goosmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Renato Morona
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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50
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Valencia-Gallardo CM, Carayol N, Tran Van Nhieu G. Cytoskeletal mechanics during Shigella invasion and dissemination in epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:174-82. [PMID: 25469430 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is key to the barrier function of epithelial cells, by permitting the establishment and maintenance of cell-cell junctions and cell adhesion to the basal matrix. Actin exists under monomeric and polymerized filamentous form and its polymerization following activation of nucleation promoting factors generates pushing forces, required to propel intracellular microorganisms in the host cell cytosol or for the formation of cell extensions that engulf bacteria. Actin filaments can associate with adhesion receptors at the plasma membrane via cytoskeletal linkers. Membrane anchored to actin filaments are then subjected to the retrograde flow that may pull membrane-bound bacteria inside the cell. To induce its internalization by normally non-phagocytic cells, bacteria need to establish adhesive contacts and trick the cell into apply pulling forces, and/or to generate protrusive forces that deform the membrane surrounding its contact site. In this review, we will focus on recent findings on actin cytoskeleton reorganization within epithelial cells during invasion and cell-to-cell spreading by the enteroinvasive pathogen Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar M Valencia-Gallardo
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Paris, France
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