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Ajmal N, Bogart MC, Khan P, Max-Harry IM, Nunemaker CS. Emerging Anti-Diabetic Drugs for Beta-Cell Protection in Type 1 Diabetes. Cells 2023; 12:1472. [PMID: 37296593 PMCID: PMC10253164 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that damages beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and results in hyperglycemia due to the loss of insulin. Exogenous insulin therapy can save lives but does not halt disease progression. Thus, an effective therapy may require beta-cell restoration and suppression of the autoimmune response. However, currently, there are no treatment options available that can halt T1D. Within the National Clinical Trial (NCT) database, a vast majority of over 3000 trials to treat T1D are devoted to insulin therapy. This review focuses on non-insulin pharmacological therapies. Many investigational new drugs fall under the category of immunomodulators, such as the recently FDA-approved CD-3 monoclonal antibody teplizumab. Four intriguing candidate drugs fall outside the category of immunomodulators, which are the focus of this review. Specifically, we discuss several non-immunomodulators that may have more direct action on beta cells, such as verapamil (a voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker), gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA, a major neurotransmitter with effects on beta cells), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone), and volagidemab (a glucagon receptor antagonist). These emerging anti-diabetic drugs are expected to provide promising results in both beta-cell restoration and in suppressing cytokine-derived inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Ajmal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Palwasha Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Ibiagbani M. Max-Harry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Craig S. Nunemaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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2
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Piñeros AR, Kulkarni A, Gao H, Orr KS, Glenn L, Huang F, Liu Y, Gannon M, Syed F, Wu W, Anderson CM, Evans-Molina C, McDuffie M, Nadler JL, Morris MA, Mirmira RG, Tersey SA. Proinflammatory signaling in islet β cells propagates invasion of pathogenic immune cells in autoimmune diabetes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111011. [PMID: 35767947 PMCID: PMC9297711 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a disorder of immune tolerance that leads to death of insulin-producing islet β cells. We hypothesize that inflammatory signaling within β cells promotes progression of autoimmunity within the islet microenvironment. To test this hypothesis, we deleted the proinflammatory gene encoding 12/15-lipoxygenase (Alox15) in β cells of non-obese diabetic mice at a pre-diabetic time point when islet inflammation is a feature. Deletion of Alox15 leads to preservation of β cell mass, reduces populations of infiltrating T cells, and protects against spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in both sexes. Mice lacking Alox15 in β cells exhibit an increase in a population of β cells expressing the gene encoding the protein programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which engages receptors on immune cells to suppress autoimmunity. Delivery of a monoclonal antibody against PD-L1 recovers the diabetes phenotype in knockout animals. Our results support the contention that inflammatory signaling in β cells promotes autoimmunity during type 1 diabetes progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie R Piñeros
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abhishek Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kara S Orr
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lindsey Glenn
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Authority, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cara M Anderson
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marcia McDuffie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jerry L Nadler
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Margaret A Morris
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Kulkarni A, Nadler JL, Mirmira RG, Casimiro I. Regulation of Tissue Inflammation by 12-Lipoxygenases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:717. [PMID: 34064822 PMCID: PMC8150372 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are lipid metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the di-oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate active eicosanoid products. 12-lipoxygenases (12-LOXs) primarily oxygenate the 12th carbon of its substrates. Many studies have demonstrated that 12-LOXs and their eicosanoid metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate (12-HETE), have significant pathological implications in inflammatory diseases. Increased level of 12-LOX activity promotes stress (both oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum)-mediated inflammation, leading to damage in these tissues. 12-LOXs are also associated with enhanced cellular migration of immune cells-a characteristic of several metabolic and autoimmune disorders. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme in animal models of various diseases has shown to be protective against disease development and/or progression in animal models in the setting of diabetes, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease, suggesting a translational potential of targeting the enzyme for the treatment of several disorders. In this article, we review the role of 12-LOXs in the pathogenesis of several diseases in which chronic inflammation plays an underlying role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
| | | | - Isabel Casimiro
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
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4
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Lee H, Lee YS, Harenda Q, Pietrzak S, Oktay HZ, Schreiber S, Liao Y, Sonthalia S, Ciecko AE, Chen YG, Keles S, Sridharan R, Engin F. Beta Cell Dedifferentiation Induced by IRE1α Deletion Prevents Type 1 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 31:822-836.e5. [PMID: 32220307 PMCID: PMC7346095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells causes type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, how β cells participate in their own destruction during the disease process is poorly understood. Here, we report that modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) in β cells of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by deleting the UPR sensor IRE1α prior to insulitis induced a transient dedifferentiation of β cells, resulting in substantially reduced islet immune cell infiltration and β cell apoptosis. Single-cell and whole-islet transcriptomics analyses of immature β cells revealed remarkably diminished expression of β cell autoantigens and MHC class I components, and upregulation of immune inhibitory markers. IRE1α-deficient mice exhibited significantly fewer cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in their pancreata, and adoptive transfer of their total T cells did not induce diabetes in Rag1-/- mice. Our results indicate that inducing β cell dedifferentiation, prior to insulitis, allows these cells to escape immune-mediated destruction and may be used as a novel preventive strategy for T1D in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yong-Syu Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Quincy Harenda
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Stefan Pietrzak
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hülya Zeynep Oktay
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sierra Schreiber
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yian Liao
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shreyash Sonthalia
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ashley E Ciecko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics and Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rupa Sridharan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Feyza Engin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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5
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Bronczek GA, Vettorazzi JF, Soares GM, Kurauti MA, Santos C, Bonfim MF, Carneiro EM, Balbo SL, Boschero AC, Costa Júnior JM. The Bile Acid TUDCA Improves Beta-Cell Mass and Reduces Insulin Degradation in Mice With Early-Stage of Type-1 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:561. [PMID: 31156453 PMCID: PMC6529580 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by impairment in beta-cell mass and insulin levels, resulting in hyperglycemia and diabetic complications. Since diagnosis, appropriate control of glycaemia in T1D requires insulin administration, which can result in side effects, such as hypoglycemia. In this sense, some bile acids have emerged as new therapeutic targets to treat T1D and T2D, as well as metabolic diseases. The taurine conjugated bile acid, tauroursodeoxycholic (TUDCA) reduces the incidence of T1D development and improves glucose homeostasis in obese and T2D mice. However, its effects in early-stage of T1D have not been well explored. Therefore, we have assessed the effects of TUDCA on the glycemic control of mice with early-stage T1D. To achieve this, C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg) for 5 days. Once diabetes was confirmed in the STZ mice, they received TUDCA treatment (300 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 24 days. After 15 days of treatment, the STZ+TUDCA mice showed a 43% reduction in blood glucose, compared with the STZ group. This reduction was likely due to an increase in insulinemia. This increase in insulinemia may be explained, at least in part, by a reduction in hepatic IDE activity and, consequently, reduction on insulin clearance, as well as an increase in beta-cell mass and a higher beta-cell number per islet. Also, the groups did not present any alterations in insulin sensitivity. All together, these effects contributed to the improvement of glucose metabolism in T1D mice, pointing TUDCA as a potential therapeutic agent for the glycemic control in early-stage of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alves Bronczek
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Biological Sciences and Health Center, Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jean Franciesco Vettorazzi
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Moreira Soares
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mirian Ayumi Kurauti
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Santos
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maressa Fernandes Bonfim
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sandra Lucinei Balbo
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Biological Sciences and Health Center, Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Boschero
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Maria Costa Júnior
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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6
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Burg AR, Tse HM. Redox-Sensitive Innate Immune Pathways During Macrophage Activation in Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1373-1398. [PMID: 29037052 PMCID: PMC6166692 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting in β-cell destruction mediated by islet-infiltrating leukocytes. The role of oxidative stress in human and murine models of T1D is highly significant as these noxious molecules contribute to diabetic complications and β-cell lysis, but their direct impact on dysregulated autoimmune responses is highly understudied. Pro-inflammatory macrophages play a vital role in the initiation and effector phases of T1D by producing free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines to facilitate β-cell destruction and to present antigen to autoreactive T cells. Recent Advances: Redox modulation of macrophage functions may play critical roles in autoimmunity. These include enhancing pro-inflammatory innate immune signaling pathways in response to environmental triggers, enforcing an M1 macrophage differentiation program, controlling antigen processing, and altering peptide recognition by oxidative post-translational modification. Therefore, an oxidative environment may act on multiple macrophage functions to orchestrate T1D pathogenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES Mechanisms involved in the initiation of T1D remain unclear, making preventive and early therapeutics difficult to develop. Although many of these advances in the redox regulation of macrophages are in their infancy, they provide insight into how oxidative stress aids in the precipitating event of autoimmune activation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future studies should be aimed at mechanistically determining which redox-regulated macrophage functions are pertinent in T1D pathogenesis, as well as at investigating potential targetable therapeutics to halt and/or dampen innate immune activation in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Burg
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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7
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Dobrian AD, Morris MA, Taylor-Fishwick DA, Holman TR, Imai Y, Mirmira RG, Nadler JL. Role of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway in diabetes pathogenesis and complications. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 195:100-110. [PMID: 30347209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) is one of several enzyme isoforms responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid and other poly-unsaturated fatty acids to both pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. Mounting evidence has shown that 12-LOX plays a critical role in the modulation of inflammation at multiple checkpoints during diabetes development. Due to this, interventions to limit pro-inflammatory 12-LOX metabolites either by isoform-specific 12-LOX inhibition, or by providing specific fatty acid substrates via dietary intervention, has the potential to significantly and positively impact health outcomes of patients living with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. To date, the development of truly specific and efficacious inhibitors has been hampered by homology of LOX family members; however, improvements in high throughput screening have improved the inhibitor landscape. Here, we describe the function and role of human 12-LOX, and mouse 12-LOX and 12/15-LOX, in the development of diabetes and diabetes-related complications, and describe promise in the development of strategies to limit pro-inflammatory metabolites, primarily via new small molecule 12-LOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Dobrian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - M A Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - D A Taylor-Fishwick
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - T R Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Y Imai
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, city, IA, United States
| | - R G Mirmira
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - J L Nadler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.
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Mastracci TL, Turatsinze JV, Book BK, Restrepo IA, Pugia MJ, Wiebke EA, Pescovitz MD, Eizirik DL, Mirmira RG. Distinct gene expression pathways in islets from individuals with short- and long-duration type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:1859-1867. [PMID: 29569324 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our current understanding of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) arose, in large part, from studies using the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. In the present study, we chose a human-focused method to investigate T1D disease mechanisms and potential targets for therapeutic intervention by directly analysing human donor pancreatic islets from individuals with T1D. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained islets from a young individual with T1D for 3 years and from an older individual with T1D for 27 years and performed unbiased functional genomic analysis by high-depth RNA sequencing; the T1D islets were compared with islets isolated from 3 non-diabetic donors. RESULTS The islets procured from these T1D donors represent a unique opportunity to identify gene expression changes in islets after significantly different disease duration. Data analysis identified several inflammatory pathways up-regulated in short-duration disease, which notably included many components of innate immunity. As proof of concept for translation, one of the pathways, governed by IL-23(p19), was selected for further study in NOD mice because of ongoing human trials of biologics against this target for different indications. A mouse monoclonal antibody directed against IL-23(p19) when administered to NOD mice resulted in a significant reduction in incidence of diabetes. CONCLUSION While the sample size for this study is small, our data demonstrate that the direct analysis of human islets provides a greater understanding of human disease. These data, together with the analysis of an expanded cohort to be obtained by future collaborative efforts, might result in the identification of promising novel targets for translation into effective therapeutic interventions for human T1D, with the added benefit of repurposing known biologicals for use in different indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Mastracci
- Regenerative Medicine & Metabolic Biology, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jean-Valery Turatsinze
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research Medical Faculty, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benita K Book
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ivan A Restrepo
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael J Pugia
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Eric A Wiebke
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark D Pescovitz
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research Medical Faculty, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Single Cell Analytics Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Huwiler A, Zangemeister-Wittke U. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator fingolimod as a therapeutic agent: Recent findings and new perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 185:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Abstract
In 1974, the discovery of a mouse and a rat that spontaneously developed hyperglycemia led to the development of 2 autoimmune diabetes models: nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse and Bio-Breeding rat. These models have contributed to our understanding of autoimmune diabetes, provided tools to dissect autoimmune islet damage, and facilitated development of early detection, prevention, and treatment of type 1 diabetes. The genetic characterization, monoclonal antibodies, and congenic strains have made NOD mice especially useful.Although the establishment of the inbred NOD mouse strain was documented by Makino et al (Jikken Dobutsu. 1980;29:1-13), this review will focus on the not-as-well-known history leading to the discovery of a glycosuric female mouse by Yoshihiro Tochino. This discovery was spearheaded by years of effort by Japanese scientists from different disciplines and dedicated animal care personnel and by the support of the Shionogi Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan. The history is based on the early literature, mostly written in Japanese, and personal communications especially with Dr Tochino, who was involved in diabetes animal model development and who contributed to the release of NOD mice to the international scientific community. This article also reviews the scientific contributions made by the Bio-Breeding rat to autoimmune diabetes.
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11
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An immunohistochemical study of nitrotyrosine expression in pancreatic islets of cases with increasing duration of type 1 diabetes and without diabetes. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:605-623. [PMID: 28154952 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite-induced nitration of cellular proteins has been shown to associate with various human pathologies. The expression of pancreatic nitrotyrosine and its cellular source relative to insulitis were analysed in cases with increasing duration of type 1 diabetes and compared with non-diabetic autoantibody-negative and -positive cases. Pancreatic tail sections from non-diabetic autoantibody-negative cases (Group 1; n = 7), non-diabetic autoantibody-positive cases (Group 2; n = 6), recently diagnosed cases (Group 3; n = 6), 0.25-5 years of diabetes (Group 4; n = 8) and 7-12 years of diabetes (Group 5; n = 6) were immunostained sequentially for nitrotyrosine, insulin and leucocytes. Nitrotyrosine expression was observed in selective beta cells only. In group 1, the percentage of insulin-positive islets with nitrotyrosine ranged from 7.6 to 58.8%. In group 2, it was minimally expressed in 2 cases and was present in 4.7-19.3% of insulin-positive islets in 3 cases and in all islets in 1 case. In group 3, it was absent in 1 case and in the remaining 5 cases, the values were 17.4-85.7%. In group 4, nitrotyrosine was absent in 6 cases and positive in 1.8 and 22.2% of insulin-positive islets in 2 cases. In group 5, the values were 60% (1 case) and 100% (2 cases), being absent in 3 cases, consistent with insulin-negativity. This case analysis shows that nitrotyrosine immunostaining is independent of the presence and severity of insulitis. Variable nitrotyrosine expression is present in some non-diabetic cases. Its increased expression in beta cells of recent-onset and long-standing disease requires further studies to determine whether beta cell nitration plays a pathogenic role during T1D.
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12
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Tersey SA, Nelson JB, Fisher MM, Mirmira RG. Measurement of Differentially Methylated INS DNA Species in Human Serum Samples as a Biomarker of Islet β Cell Death. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060259 DOI: 10.3791/54838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The death of islet β cells is thought to underlie the pathogenesis of virtually all forms of diabetes and to precede the development of frank hyperglycemia, especially in type 1 diabetes. The development of sensitive and reliable biomarkers of β cell death may allow for early therapeutic intervention to prevent or delay the development of diabetes. Recently, several groups including our own have reported that cell-free, differentially methylated DNA encoding preproinsulin (INS) in the circulation is correlated to β cell death in pre-type 1 diabetes and new-onset type 1 diabetes. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol using digital PCR for the measurement of cell-free INS DNA that is differentially methylated at cytosine at position -69 bp (relative to the transcriptional start site). We demonstrate that the assay can distinguish between methylated and unmethylated cytosine at position -69 bp, is linear across several orders of magnitude, provides absolute quantitation of DNA copy numbers, and can be applied to samples of human serum from individuals with new-onset type 1 diabetes and disease-free controls. The protocol described here can be adapted to any DNA species for which detection of differentially methylated cytosines is desired, whether from circulation or from isolated cells and tissues, and can provide absolute quantitation of DNA fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics, IU Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer B Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, IU Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Marisa M Fisher
- Department of Pediartics, Omaha Children's Hospital and Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, IU Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Cellular and Integrative Physiology, IU Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine; Indiana Biosciences Research Institute;
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13
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Abstract
The hallmark of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a decline in functional β-cell mass arising as a result of autoimmunity. Immunomodulatory interventions at disease onset have resulted in partial stabilization of β-cell function, but full recovery of insulin secretion has remained elusive. Revised efforts have focused on disease prevention through interventions administered at earlier disease stages. To support this paradigm, there is a parallel effort ongoing to identify circulating biomarkers that have the potential to identify stress and death of the islet β-cells. Whereas no definitive biomarker(s) have been fully validated, several approaches hold promise that T1D can be reliably identified in the pre-symptomatic phase, such that either β-cell preservation or immunomodulatory agents might be employed in at-risk populations. This review summarizes the most promising protein- and nucleic acid-based biomarkers discovered to date and reviews the context in which they have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, I635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- The Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Emily K Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- The Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- The Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, I635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- The Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- The Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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14
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Maganti AV, Tersey SA, Syed F, Nelson JB, Colvin SC, Maier B, Mirmira RG. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ Activation Augments the β-Cell Unfolded Protein Response and Rescues Early Glycemic Deterioration and β Cell Death in Non-obese Diabetic Mice. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22524-22533. [PMID: 27613867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.741694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by a failure of the unfolded protein response in islet β cells with subsequent endoplasmic reticulum stress and cellular death. Thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizers that activate the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ and have been shown to partially ameliorate autoimmune type 1 diabetes in humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We hypothesized that thiazolidinediones reduce β cell stress and death independently of insulin sensitivity. To test this hypothesis, female NOD mice were administered pioglitazone during the pre-diabetic phase and assessed for insulin sensitivity and β cell function relative to controls. Pioglitazone-treated mice showed identical weight gain, body fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity compared with controls. However, treated mice showed significantly improved glucose tolerance with enhanced serum insulin levels, reduced β cell death, and increased β cell mass. The effect of pioglitazone was independent of actions on T cells, as pancreatic lymph node T cell populations were unaltered and T cell proliferation was unaffected by pioglitazone. Isolated islets of treated mice showed a more robust unfolded protein response, with increases in Bip and ATF4 and reductions in spliced Xbp1 mRNA. The effect of pioglitazone appears to be a direct action on β cells, as islets from mice treated with pioglitazone showed reductions in PPAR-γ (Ser-273) phosphorylation. Our results demonstrate that PPAR-γ activation directly improves β cell function and survival in NOD mice by enhancing the unfolded protein response and suggest that blockade of PPAR-γ (Ser-273) phosphorylation may prevent type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi V Maganti
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases.,Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center
| | | | - Stephanie C Colvin
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases.,Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center
| | - Bernhard Maier
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases.,Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, .,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases.,Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 and.,Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the development of nucleic acid-based biomarkers of type 1 diabetes (T1D). RECENT FINDINGS Recent rodent and human studies have identified new roles for stress pathways intrinsic to the β cell during the development of T1D. As such, methods to identify an authentic nucleic acid signature of β cell stress and/or death may improve our ability to predict T1D at earlier timepoints, allowing for optimal timing of immunomodulatory interventions. To this end, both targeted and unbiased approaches have begun to identify changes in microRNA expression patterns in T1D. Moreover, a number of groups have developed distinct assays that quantitatively detect circulating unmethylated insulin DNA, which is thought to primarily emanate from dying β cells. SUMMARY Here we highlight unique blood and urine microRNA signatures identified in T1D cohorts, compare differences between first, second, and third-generation assays that detect circulating unmethylated insulin DNA, and review recent technological advances that have the capacity to improve T1D biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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16
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Nunemaker CS. Considerations for Defining Cytokine Dose, Duration, and Milieu That Are Appropriate for Modeling Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2846570. [PMID: 27843953 PMCID: PMC5097812 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2846570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the pathophysiology of both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T1D is an autoimmune disease involving the adaptive immune system responding to pancreatic beta-cells as antigen-presenting cells. This attracts immune cells that surround pancreatic islets (insulitis) and secrete cytokines, such as IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, in close proximity to pancreatic beta-cells. In contrast, there is little evidence for such a focused autoimmune response in T2D. Instead, the innate immune system, which responds to cellular damage and pathogens, appears to play a key role. There are three major sources of proinflammatory cytokines that may impact islet/beta-cell function in T2D: (1) from islet cells, (2) from increased numbers of intraislet macrophages/immune cells, and (3) from increased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines due to obesity, presumably coming from inflamed adipose tissue. These differences between T1D and T2D are reflected by significant differences in the cytokine concentration, duration, and milieu. This review focuses on chronic versus acute cytokine action, cytokine concentrations, and cytokine milieu from the perspective of the pancreatic islet in T2D. We conclude that new cytokine models may be needed to reflect the pathophysiology of T2D more effectively than what are currently employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Nunemaker
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- *Craig S. Nunemaker:
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17
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Scheinman EJ, Damouni R, Caspi A, Shen-Orr Z, Tiosano D, LeRoith D. The beneficial effect of growth hormone treatment on islet mass in streptozotocin-treated mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:492-9. [PMID: 25529355 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, characterized by a loss of pancreatic β-cell mass and function, which results in dramatic reductions in insulin secretion and circulating insulin levels. Patients with type 1 diabetes are traditionally treated with insulin injections and insulin pumps ex vivo or undergo transplantation. Growth hormone (GH) has been shown to be involved in β-cell function and survival in culture. METHODS Twelve-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were treated with streptozotocin and monitored for their weight and blood glucose levels. Fourteen days post-initial injection, these mice were separated into two groups at random. One group was treated with GH while the other treated with vehicle for up to 3 weeks. These mice were compared with mice not treated with streptozotocin. RESULTS Under our experimental conditions, we observed that mice treated with GH had larger islets and higher serum insulin levels than streptozotocin-treated mice treated with saline (0.288 vs. 0.073 ng/mL, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that GH may rescue islets and therefore may possess therapeutic potential in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, although consideration should be made regarding GH's effect on insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal J Scheinman
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rawan Damouni
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avishay Caspi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zila Shen-Orr
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dov Tiosano
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Derek LeRoith
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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18
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Satin LS, Schnell S. Evidence for Residual and Partly Reparable Insulin Secretory Function and Maintained β-Cell Gene Expression in Islets From Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:2335-7. [PMID: 26106195 PMCID: PMC4477347 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Satin
- Department of Pharmacology, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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19
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Sun J, Cui J, He Q, Chen Z, Arvan P, Liu M. Proinsulin misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress during the development and progression of diabetes. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 42:105-18. [PMID: 25579745 PMCID: PMC4404191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To maintain copious insulin granule stores in the face of ongoing metabolic demand, pancreatic beta cells must produce large quantities of proinsulin, the insulin precursor. Proinsulin biosynthesis can account for up to 30-50% of total cellular protein synthesis of beta cells. This puts pressure on the beta cell secretory pathway, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where proinsulin undergoes its initial folding, including the formation of three evolutionarily conserved disulfide bonds. In normal beta cells, up to 20% of newly synthesized proinsulin may fail to reach its native conformation, suggesting that proinsulin is a misfolding-prone protein. Misfolded proinsulin molecules can either be refolded to their native structure or degraded through ER associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy. These degraded molecules decrease proinsulin yield but do not otherwise compromise beta cell function. However, under certain pathological conditions, proinsulin misfolding increases, exceeding the genetically determined threshold of beta cells to handle the misfolded protein load. This results in accumulation of misfolded proinsulin in the ER - a causal factor leading to beta cell failure and diabetes. In patients with Mutant INS-gene induced diabetes of Youth (MIDY), increased proinsulin misfolding due to insulin gene mutations is the primary defect operating as a "first hit" to beta cells. Additionally, increased proinsulin misfolding can be secondary to an unfavorable ER folding environment due to genetic and/or environmental factors. Under these conditions, increased wild-type proinsulin misfolding becomes a "second hit" to the ER and beta cells, aggravating beta cell failure and diabetes. In this article, we describe our current understanding of the normal proinsulin folding pathway in the ER, and then review existing links between proinsulin misfolding, ER dysfunction, and beta cell failure in the development and progression of type 2, type 1, and some monogenic forms of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Sun
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jingqiu Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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20
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Tersey SA, Bolanis E, Holman TR, Maloney DJ, Nadler JL, Mirmira RG. Minireview: 12-Lipoxygenase and Islet β-Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:791-800. [PMID: 25803446 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin producing islet β-cells have increasingly gained attention for their role in the pathogeneses of virtually all forms of diabetes. Dysfunction, de-differentiation, and/or death of β-cells are pivotal features in the transition from normoglycemia to hyperglycemia in both animal models of metabolic disease and humans. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, inflammation appears to be a central cause of β-cell derangements, and molecular pathways that modulate inflammation or the inflammatory response are felt to be prime targets of future diabetes therapy. The lipoxygenases (LOs) represent a class of enzymes that oxygenate cellular polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce inflammatory lipid intermediates that directly and indirectly affect cellular function and survival. The enzyme 12-LO is expressed in all metabolically active tissues, including pancreatic islets, and has received increasing attention for its role in promoting cellular inflammation in the setting of diabetes. Genetic deletion models of 12-LO in mice reveal striking protection from metabolic disease and its complications and an emerging body of literature has implicated its role in human disease. This review focuses on the evidence supporting the proinflammatory role of 12-LO as it relates to islet β-cells, and the potential for 12-LO inhibition as a future avenue for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Tersey
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Esther Bolanis
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Theodore R Holman
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - David J Maloney
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Jerry L Nadler
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
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21
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Abstract
This article highlights the difficulties in creating a definitive classification of diabetes mellitus in the absence of a complete understanding of the pathogenesis of the major forms. This brief review shows the evolving nature of the classification of diabetes mellitus. No classification scheme is ideal, and all have some overlap and inconsistencies. The only diabetes in which it is possible to accurately diagnose by DNA sequencing, monogenic diabetes, remains undiagnosed in more than 90% of the individuals who have diabetes caused by one of the known gene mutations. The point of classification, or taxonomy, of disease, should be to give insight into both pathogenesis and treatment. It remains a source of frustration that all schemes of diabetes mellitus continue to fall short of this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Louis H Philipson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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22
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Templin AT, Maier B, Tersey SA, Hatanaka M, Mirmira RG. Maintenance of Pdx1 mRNA translation in islet β-cells during the unfolded protein response. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1820-30. [PMID: 25251389 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, proinflammatory cytokines secreted by infiltrating immune cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) in islet β-cells, which leads to attenuation of global mRNA translation. Under such conditions, privileged mRNAs required for adaptation to the prevailing stress are maintained in an actively translated state. Pdx1 is a β-cell transcription factor that is required for the adaptive UPR, but it is not known how translation of its mRNA is maintained under these conditions. To study translation, we established conditions in vitro with MIN6 cells and mouse islets and a mixture of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) that mimicked the UPR conditions seen in type 1 diabetes. Cell extracts were then subjected to polyribosome profiling to monitor changes to mRNA occupancy by ribosomes. Similar to other privileged mRNAs (Atf4 and Chop), Pdx1 mRNA remained partitioned in actively translating polyribosomes under the UPR, whereas the mRNA encoding a proinsulin-processing enzyme (Cpe) and others partitioned into inactively translating monoribosomes. Bicistronic luciferase reporter analyses revealed that the distal portion of the 5'-untranslated region of mouse Pdx1 (between bp -105 to -280) contained elements that promoted translation under both normal and UPR conditions, and this region exhibited conserved sequences and secondary structure similar to those of other known internal ribosome entry sites. Our findings suggest that Pdx1 protein levels are maintained in the setting of the UPR, in part, through elements in the 5'-untranslated region that confer privileged mRNA translation in a 5'-7-methylguanylate cap-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Templin
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A.T.T., R.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (B.M., S.A.T., M.H., R.G.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), and Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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