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Hasegawa H, Wang S, Kast E, Chou HT, Kaur M, Janlaor T, Mostafavi M, Wang YL, Li P. Understanding the biosynthesis of human IgM SAM-6 through a combinatorial expression of mutant subunits that affect product assembly and secretion. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291568. [PMID: 38848420 PMCID: PMC11161108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric IgMs are secreted from plasma cells abundantly despite their structural complexity and intricate multimerization steps. To gain insights into IgM's assembly mechanics that underwrite such high-level secretion, we characterized the biosynthetic process of a natural human IgM, SAM-6, using a heterologous HEK293(6E) cell platform that allowed the production of IgMs both in hexameric and pentameric forms in a controlled fashion. By creating a series of mutant subunits that differentially disrupt secretion, folding, and specific inter-chain disulfide bond formation, we assessed their effects on various aspects of IgM biosynthesis in 57 different subunit chain combinations, both in hexameric and pentameric formats. The mutations caused a spectrum of changes in steady-state subcellular subunit distribution, ER-associated inclusion body formation, intracellular subunit detergent solubility, covalent assembly, secreted IgM product quality, and secretion output. Some mutations produced differential effects on product quality depending on whether the mutation was introduced to hexameric IgM or pentameric IgM. Through this systematic combinatorial approach, we consolidate diverse overlapping knowledge on IgM biosynthesis for both hexamers and pentamers, while unexpectedly revealing that the loss of certain inter-chain disulfide bonds, including the one between μHC and λLC, is tolerated in polymeric IgM assembly and secretion. The findings highlight the differential roles of underlying non-covalent protein-protein interactions in hexamers and pentamers when orchestrating the initial subunit interactions and maintaining the polymeric IgM product integrity during ER quality control steps, secretory pathway trafficking, and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Hasegawa
- Discovery Protein Science, Department of Large Molecule Discovery and Research Data Science, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Songyu Wang
- Discovery Protein Science, Department of Large Molecule Discovery and Research Data Science, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Eddie Kast
- Molecular Analytics, Department of Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Hui-Ting Chou
- Structural Biology, Department of Small Molecule Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Mehma Kaur
- Discovery Protein Science, Department of Large Molecule Discovery and Research Data Science, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tanakorn Janlaor
- Discovery Protein Science, Department of Large Molecule Discovery and Research Data Science, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Mina Mostafavi
- Discovery Protein Science, Department of Large Molecule Discovery and Research Data Science, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Yi-Ling Wang
- Discovery Protein Science, Department of Large Molecule Discovery and Research Data Science, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Peng Li
- Discovery Protein Science, Department of Large Molecule Discovery and Research Data Science, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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2
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Demirden SF, Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. Animal Cell Lines as Expression Platforms in Viral Vaccine Production: A Post Covid-19 Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16904-16926. [PMID: 38645343 PMCID: PMC11025085 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines are considered the most effective tools for preventing diseases. In this sense, with the Covid-19 pandemic, the effects of which continue all over the world, humanity has once again remembered the importance of the vaccine. Also, with the various epidemic outbreaks that occurred previously, the development processes of effective vaccines against these viral pathogens have accelerated. By these efforts, many different new vaccine platforms have been approved for commercial use and have been introduced to the commercial landscape. In addition, innovations have been made in the production processes carried out with conventionally produced vaccine types to create a rapid response to prevent potential epidemics or pandemics. In this situation, various cell lines are being positioned at the center of the production processes of these new generation viral vaccines as expression platforms. Therefore, since the main goal is to produce a fast, safe, and effective vaccine to prevent the disease, in addition to existing expression systems, different cell lines that have not been used in vaccine production until now have been included in commercial production for the first time. In this review, first current viral vaccine types in clinical use today are described. Then, the reason for using cell lines, which are the expression platforms used in the production of these viral vaccines, and the general production processes of cell culture-based viral vaccines are mentioned. Also, selection parameters for animal cell lines as expression platforms in vaccine production are explained by considering bioprocess efficiency and current regulations. Finally, all different cell lines used in cell culture-based viral vaccine production and their properties are summarized, with an emphasis on the current and future status of cell cultures in industrial viral vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suphi S. Oncel
- Ege University, Bioengineering Department, Izmir, 35100, Turkiye
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3
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Vattepu R, Sneed SL, Anthony RM. Sialylation as an Important Regulator of Antibody Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818736. [PMID: 35464485 PMCID: PMC9021442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a critical role in linking the adaptive immune response to the innate immune system. In humans, antibodies are categorized into five classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD, based on constant region sequence, structure, and tropism. In serum, IgG is the most abundant antibody, comprising 75% of antibodies in circulation, followed by IgA at 15%, IgM at 10%, and IgD and IgE are the least abundant. All human antibody classes are post-translationally modified by sugars. The resulting glycans take on many divergent structures and can be attached in an N-linked or O-linked manner, and are distinct by antibody class, and by position on each antibody. Many of these glycan structures on antibodies are capped by sialic acid. It is well established that the composition of the N-linked glycans on IgG exert a profound influence on its effector functions. However, recent studies have described the influence of glycans, particularly sialic acid for other antibody classes. Here, we discuss the role of glycosylation, with a focus on terminal sialylation, in the biology and function across all antibody classes. Sialylation has been shown to influence not only IgG, but IgE, IgM, and IgA biology, making it an important and unappreciated regulator of antibody function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Vattepu
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sunny Lyn Sneed
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert M Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Dhandapani G, Wachtel E, Das I, Sheves M, Patchornik G. Conjugated Detergent Micelles as a Platform for IgM Purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1997-2003. [PMID: 35324016 PMCID: PMC9325453 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies hold promise as anticancer drugs and as agents for promoting immune homeostasis. This promise has not been realized due to low expression levels in mammalian cells producing IgM class antibodies, and the failure of protein A chromatography for IgM purification. Here, we describe a nonchromatographic platform for quantitatively capturing IgMs at neutral pH, which is then recovered with 86%–94% yield and >95% purity at pH 3. The platform contains micelles conjugated with the [(bathophenanthroline)3:Fe2+] amphiphilic complex. Inclusion of amino acid monomers, for example, phenylalanine or tyrosine, during conjugation of detergent micelles, allows subsequent extraction of IgMs at close to neutral pH. With the successful implementation of this purification platform for both polyclonal humans and bovine IgMs, we anticipate similar results for monoclonal IgMs, most relevant for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Wachtel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ishita Das
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Guy Patchornik
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, 70400, Ariel, Israel
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5
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Zhu W, Liu Z, Zheng X, Li J, Lu K, Jiang X, Zhang X, Ren F, Zhang X, Xu J, Wu Z, Sun M, Dong S. A broad and potent IgM antibody against tetra-EV-As induced by EVA71 and CVA16 co-immunization. Vaccine 2021; 39:6510-6519. [PMID: 34600750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the potent and broad neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against enterovirus A (EV-A) in vitro and in vivo induced by enterovirus A71(EVA71) and coxsackievirus 16 (CVA16) co-immunization. METHODS The mAb was Generated by co-immunization with EVA71 and CVA16 through hybridomas technology. The characteristics and neutralizing ability of mAb were analysed in vitro and in mice. RESULTS We screened three mAb, the IgM antibody M20 and IgG antibody B1 and C31. All three antibodies showed cross-reactivity against tetra-EV-As. However, M20 showed potent and broad neutralizing ability against tetra-EV-As than B1 and C31. Meanwhile, M20 provided cross-antiviral efficacy in tetra-EV-As orally infected mice. Moreover, M20 binds to a conserved neutralizing epitope within the GH loop of tetra-EV-As VP1. CONCLUSIONS M20 and its property exhibited potent and broad antiviral activity against tetra-EV-As, and that is expected to be a potential preventive and therapeutic candidate against EV-As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Zhu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhuohang Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xuelin Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Kongjie Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xuejian Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Fangfang Ren
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhongxiang Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Shaozhong Dong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
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6
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Keyt BA, Baliga R, Sinclair AM, Carroll SF, Peterson MS. Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Use of IgM Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E53. [PMID: 33066119 PMCID: PMC7709107 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are pentameric or hexameric macro-immunoglobulins and have been highly conserved during evolution. IgMs are initially expressed during B cell ontogeny and are the first antibodies secreted following exposure to foreign antigens. The IgM multimer has either 10 (pentamer) or 12 (hexamer) antigen binding domains consisting of paired µ heavy chains with four constant domains, each with a single variable domain, paired with a corresponding light chain. Although the antigen binding affinities of natural IgM antibodies are typically lower than IgG, their polyvalency allows for high avidity binding and efficient engagement of complement to induce complement-dependent cell lysis. The high avidity of IgM antibodies renders them particularly efficient at binding antigens present at low levels, and non-protein antigens, for example, carbohydrates or lipids present on microbial surfaces. Pentameric IgM antibodies also contain a joining (J) chain that stabilizes the pentameric structure and enables binding to several receptors. One such receptor, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), is responsible for transcytosis from the vasculature to the mucosal surfaces of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Several naturally occurring IgM antibodies have been explored as therapeutics in clinical trials, and a new class of molecules, engineered IgM antibodies with enhanced binding and/or additional functional properties are being evaluated in humans. Here, we review the considerable progress that has been made regarding the understanding of biology, structure, function, manufacturing, and therapeutic potential of IgM antibodies since their discovery more than 80 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Keyt
- IGM Biosciences Inc, 325 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; (R.B.); (A.M.S.); (S.F.C.); (M.S.P.)
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7
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Hennicke J, Schwaigerlehner L, Grünwald-Gruber C, Bally I, Ling WL, Thielens N, Reiser JB, Kunert R. Transient pentameric IgM fulfill biological function-Effect of expression host and transfection on IgM properties. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229992. [PMID: 32163462 PMCID: PMC7067452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant production of IgM antibodies poses a special challenge due to the complex structure of the proteins and their not yet fully elucidated interactions with the immune effector proteins, especially the complement system. In this study, we present transient expression of IgM antibodies (IgM617, IgM012 and IgM012_GL) in HEK cells and compared it to the well-established stable expression system in CHO cells. The presented workflow investigates quality attributes including productivity, polymer distribution, glycosylation, antibody structure and activation of the classical complement pathway. The HEK293E transient expression system is able to generate comparable amounts and polymer distribution as IgM stably produced in CHO. Although the glycan profile generated by HEK293E cells contained a lower degree of sialylation and a higher portion of oligomannose structures, the potency to activate the complement cascade was maintained. Electron microscopy also confirmed the structural integrity of IgM pentamers produced in HEK293E cells, since the conventional star-shaped structure is observed. From our studies, we conclude that the transient expression system provides an attractive alternative for rapid, efficient and high-throughput production of complex IgM antibodies with slightly altered post-translational modifications, but comparable structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hennicke
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda Schwaigerlehner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Isabelle Bally
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicole Thielens
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Reiser
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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8
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Reese H, Bordelon T, Shanahan C, Crapanzano M, Sly J, Menegatti S. Novel peptoid-based adsorbents for purifying IgM and IgG from polyclonal and recombinant sources. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1137:121909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Analysis of Product Quality of Complex Polymeric IgM Produced by CHO Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31858475 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0191-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are considered as promising biopharmaceutical drugs in the future despite recombinant production is quite challenging as incomplete polymer formation or nucleic acid adherence can decrease the quality of the IgM preparation. Therefore, we defined densitometric and chromatographic methods as suitable tools to analyze the polymer distribution and the remaining nucleic acid content after initial IgM purification. Additionally, the quality of the glycosylation pattern is an important parameter for biological safety and efficacy.
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10
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Chemoenzymatic glycan labelling as a platform for site-specific IgM-antibody drug conjugates. Anal Biochem 2019; 584:113385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Rekena A, Didrihsone E, Vegere K. The role of magnetic field in the biopharmaceutical production: Current perspectives. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 22:e00334. [PMID: 31011551 PMCID: PMC6460295 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current scientific evidence on the influence of magnetic field on mammalian cell lines used for industrial production of biopharmaceuticals, on human cell lines and on potential cell lines for the biopharmaceutical production is presented in this review. A novel magnetic coupling induced agitation could be the best solution to eliminate sources of contamination in stirred tank bioreactors which is especially important for mammalian cell cultures. Nevertheless, the side effect of magnetically-coupled stirring mechanism is that cells are exposed to the generated magnetic field. The influence of magnetic field on biological systems has been investigated for several decades. The research continues nowadays as well, investigating the influence of various types of magnetic field in a variety of experimental setups. In the context of bioreactors, only the lower frequencies and intensities of the magnetic field are relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rekena
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga, LV1007, Latvia
| | - Elina Didrihsone
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, LV1006, Latvia
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 3, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Kristine Vegere
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga, LV1007, Latvia
- Water Research Laboratory, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 1-205, Riga, LV1048, Latvia
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12
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Hennicke J, Reinhart D, Altmann F, Kunert R. Impact of temperature and pH on recombinant human IgM quality attributes and productivity. N Biotechnol 2019; 50:20-26. [PMID: 30630093 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IgM antibodies are arousing considerable interest as biopharmaceuticals. Despite their immunotherapeutic potential, little is known about the impact of environmental conditions on product quantity and quality of these complex molecules. Process conditions influence the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of therapeutic proteins and thus are important parameters for biological safety and efficacy. Here, the results of a systematic study are presented that characterized the influence of temperature and pH on cell-specific productivity and IgM quality attributes. Biphasic temperature and pH shift experiments were performed as batch cultures in DASGIP® bioreactors under controlled conditions and defined by a specific design of experiment (DOE) approach. An internally-developed recombinant IgM producing CHO cell line was used. With respect to product quality, after an initial purification step efforts were focused on pentamer content, nucleic acid (NA) impurities and the glycosylation profile after an initial purification step. All quality attributes were evaluated by densitometric and chromatographic methods. The reduction of cultivation temperature severely reduced IgM titers, while pH variation had no impact. In contrast, IgM quality was not significantly influenced by bioprocessing parameters. Data revealed that an additional purification step is required to reduce the presence of NAs for in vivo applications. In conclusion, the results showed that for the chosen IgM model, IgM012_GL, variation in quality attributes is not caused by the environmental conditions of temperature and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hennicke
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reinhart
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Shen C, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang G, Chen J, Chen S, Li Z, Wei F, Chen J, Yang K, Guo S, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Yu H, Luo W, Zhang J, Chen H, Chen Y, Xia N. An IgM antibody targeting the receptor binding site of influenza B blocks viral infection with great breadth and potency. Theranostics 2019; 9:210-231. [PMID: 30662563 PMCID: PMC6332795 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting the receptor binding site (RBS) of hemagglutinin (HA) have potential for developing into powerful anti-influenza agents. Several previously reported influenza B bnAbs are nevertheless unable to neutralize a portion of influenza B virus variants. HA-specific bnAbs with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) activity may possess the ability to block virus entry directly. Polymeric IgM antibodies are expected to more effectively inhibit virus attachment and entry into target cells due to their higher avidity and/or steric hindrance. We therefore hypothesized that certain RBS-targeted IgM antibodies with strong cross-lineage HI activity might display broader and more potent antiviral activity against rapidly evolving influenza B viruses. Methods: In this study, we generated IgM and IgG bnAbs targeting the RBS of influenza B virus using the murine hybridoma technique. IgM and IgG versions of the same antibodies were then developed by isotype switching and characterized in subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results: Two IgM and two IgG bnAbs against influenza B virus HA were identified. Of these, one IgM subtype antibody, C7G6-IgM, showed strong HI and neutralization activities against all 20 representative influenza B strains tested, with higher potency and broader breadth of anti-influenza activity in vitro than the IgG subtype variant of itself, or other previously-reported influenza B bnAbs. Furthermore, C7G6-IgM conferred excellent cross-protection against distinct lineages of influenza B viruses in mice and ferrets, performing better than the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir, and showed an additive antiviral effect when administered in combination with oseltamivir. Mechanistically, C7G6-IgM potently inhibits infection with influenza B virus strains from different lineages by blocking viral entry. Conclusion: In summary, our study highlights the potential of IgM subtype antibodies in combatting pathogenic microbes. Moreover, C7G6-IgM is a promising candidate for the development of prophylactics or therapeutics against influenza B infection.
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14
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Hunter M, Yuan P, Vavilala D, Fox M. Optimization of Protein Expression in Mammalian Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 95:e77. [DOI: 10.1002/cpps.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Guo L, Sun X, Hao Z, Huang J, Han X, You Y, Li Y, Shen M, Ozawa T, Kishi H, Muraguchi A, Jin A. Identification of Novel Epitopes with Agonistic Activity for the Development of Tumor Immunotherapy Targeting TRAIL-R1. J Cancer 2017; 8:2542-2553. [PMID: 28900492 PMCID: PMC5595084 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor-1/2 (TRAIL-R1/R2), also known as death receptors, are expressed in a wide variety of tumor cells. Although TRAIL can induce cell apoptosis by engaging its cognate TRAIL-R1/R2, some tumor cells are or become resistant to TRAIL treatment. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against TRAIL-R1/R2 have been developed to use as potential antitumor therapeutic agents instead of TRAIL. However, TRAIL-R1/R2-based tumor therapy has not yet been realized. We previously generated a series of fully human monoclonal antibodies against TRAIL-R1 (TR1-mAbs) that induced tumor cell apoptosis. In this study, we identified the antigenic binding sites of these TR1-mAbs and proposed two major epitopes on the extracellular domain of TRAIL-R1. The analysis revealed that the epitopes of some TR1-mAbs partially overlaps with the beginning of TRAIL-binding sites, and other epitopes are located within the TRAIL-binding region. Among these mAbs, TR1-422 and TR1-419 mAbs have two antigenic binding sites that bound to the same binding region, but they have different essential amino acid residues and binding site sizes. Furthermore, we investigated the apoptosis activity of TR1-419 and TR1-422 mAbs in the form of IgG and IgM. In contrast to the IgG-type TR1-419 and TR1-422 mAbs, which enhanced and inhibited TRAIL-induced apoptosis, respectively, both IgM-type TR1-419 and TR1-422 mAb strongly induced cell apoptosis with or without soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL). Moreover, the results showed that IgM-type TR1-419 and TR1-422 mAbs alone can sufficiently activate the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways and suppress tumor growth in vivo. Consequently, we identified two antigenic binding sites with agonistic activity, and their specific IgM-type mAbs exhibited strong cytotoxic activity in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, these agonistic antigenic binding sites may be useful for the development of effective Ab-based drugs or Ab-based cell immunotherapy for various human solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Guo
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang Nursing College, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Zhichao Hao
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Xiaojian Han
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yajie You
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yaying Li
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Meiying Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
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16
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Piechocka IK, Kurniawan NA, Grimbergen J, Koopman J, Koenderink GH. Recombinant fibrinogen reveals the differential roles of α- and γ-chain cross-linking and molecular heterogeneity in fibrin clot strain-stiffening. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:938-949. [PMID: 28166607 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Fibrinogen circulates in human plasma as a complex mixture of heterogeneous molecular variants. We measured strain-stiffening of recombinantly produced fibrinogen upon clotting. Factor XIII and molecular heterogeneity alter clot elasticity at the protofibril and fiber level. This highlights the hitherto unknown role of molecular composition in fibrin clot mechanics. SUMMARY Background Fibrin plays a crucial role in haemostasis and wound healing by forming strain-stiffening fibrous networks that reinforce blood clots. The molecular origin of fibrin's strain-stiffening behavior remains poorly understood, primarily because plasma fibrinogen is a complex mixture of heterogeneous molecular variants and is often contaminated by plasma factors that affect clot properties. Objectives and methods To facilitate mechanistic dissection of fibrin nonlinear elasticity, we produced a homogeneous recombinant fibrinogen corresponding to the main variant in human plasma, termed rFib610. We characterized the structure of rFib610 clots using turbidimetry, microscopy and X-ray scattering. We used rheology to measure the strain-stiffening behavior of the clots and determined the fiber properties by modeling the clots as semi-flexible polymer networks. Results We show that addition of FXIII to rFib610 clots causes a dose-dependent stiffness increase at small deformations and renders the strain-stiffening response reversible. We find that γ-chain cross-linking contributes to clot elasticity by changing the force-extension behavior of the protofibrils, whereas α-chain cross-linking stiffens the fibers, as a consequence of tighter coupling between the constituent protofibrils. Interestingly, rFib610 protofibrils have a 25% larger bending rigidity than plasma-purified fibrin protofibrils and a delayed strain-stiffening, indicating that molecular heterogeneity influences clot mechanics at the protofibril scale. Conclusions Fibrinogen molecular heterogeneity and FXIII affect the mechanical function of fibrin clots by altering the nonlinear viscoelastic properties at the protofibril and fiber scale. This work provides a starting point to investigate the role of molecular heterogeneity of plasma fibrinogen in fibrin clot mechanics and haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Piechocka
- Department of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N A Kurniawan
- Department of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - J Koopman
- ProFibrix BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G H Koenderink
- Department of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Tsuruta LR, Lopes dos Santos M, Yeda FP, Okamoto OK, Moro AM. Genetic analyses of Per.C6 cell clones producing a therapeutic monoclonal antibody regarding productivity and long-term stability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10031-10041. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Moh ESX, Lin CH, Thaysen-Andersen M, Packer NH. Site-Specific N-Glycosylation of Recombinant Pentameric and Hexameric Human IgM. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1143-1155. [PMID: 27038031 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is known to play an important role in IgG antibody structure and function. Polymeric IgM, the largest known antibody in humans, displays five potential N-glycosylation sites on each heavy chain monomer. IgM can exist as a pentamer with a connecting singly N-glycosylated J-chain (with a total of 51 glycosylation sites) or as a hexamer (60 glycosylation sites). In this study, the N-glycosylation of recombinant pentameric and hexameric IgM produced by the same human cell type and culture conditions was site-specifically profiled by RP-LC-CID/ETD-MS/MS using HILIC-enriched tryptic and GluC glycopeptides. The occupancy of all putative N-glycosylation sites on the pentameric and hexameric IgM were able to be determined. Distinct glycosylation differences were observed between each of the five N-linked sites on the IgM heavy chains. While Asn171, Asn332, and Asn395 all had predominantly complex type glycans, differences in glycan branching and sialylation were observed between the sites. Asn563, a high mannose-rich glycosylation site that locates in the center of the IgM polymer, was only approximately 60% occupied in both the pentameric and hexameric IgM forms, with a difference in relative abundance of the glycan structures between the pentamer and hexamer. This study highlights the information obtained by characterization of the site-heterogeneity of a highly glycosylated protein of high molecular mass with quaternary structure, revealing differences that would not be seen by global glycan or deglycosylated peptide profiling. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S X Moh
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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19
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Piao X, Ozawa T, Hamana H, Shitaoka K, Jin A, Kishi H, Muraguchi A. TRAIL-receptor 1 IgM antibodies strongly induce apoptosis in human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1131380. [PMID: 27467950 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1131380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonistic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-receptor-specific antibodies are attractive antitumor therapeutics. Recently, our group has generated several human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to TRAIL-receptor-1 (TRAIL-R1) (TR1-IgGs) using ISAAC technology. However, these TR1-IgGs did not demonstrate ideal apoptosis-inducing capacity in the absence of additional antibodies. To overcome this limitation, we class-switched the TR1-IgGs to TRAIL-R1 IgM antibodies (TR1-IgMs); TR1-IgMs might possess high valency and facilitate the crosslinking of the cell surface receptors. We showed that the TR1-IgMs bound TRAIL-R1, activated the caspase signal, and induced strong apoptosis (100-fold higher compared with the IgG form in one case) in human tumor cell lines without any additional crosslinking in vitro. We further demonstrated that these TR1-IgMs dramatically inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft model through the caspase activation cascade. These data suggest that TR1-IgMs may become potential immunotherapeutic agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhong Piao
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , Toyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , Toyama, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Shitaoka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , Toyama, Japan
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University , Nangang District , Harbin, China
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , Toyama, Japan
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20
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The human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line TE671--Towards an innovative production platform for glycosylated biopharmaceuticals. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 115:83-94. [PMID: 26272370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The market of therapeutic glycoproteins (including coagulation factors, antibodies, cytokines and hormones) is one of the profitable, fast-growing and challenging sectors of the biopharmaceutical industry. Although mammalian cell culture is still expensive and technically complex, the ability to produce desired post-translational modifications, in particular glycosylation, is a major issue. Glycans can influence ligand binding, serum half-life as well as biological activity or product immunogenicity. Aiming to establish a novel production platform for recombinant glycoproteins, the human TE671 cell line was investigated. Since the initial analysis of cell membrane proteins showed a promising glycosylation of TE671 cells for biotechnological purposes, we focused on the recombinant expression of two model glycoproteins of therapeutical relevance. The optimization of the cell transfection procedure and serum-free expression succeeded for the human serine protease inhibitor alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and the hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). N-glycan analyses of both purified proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry provided first fundamental insights into the TE671 glycosylation potential. Besides protein specific pattern, strong distinctions - in particular for N-glycan fucosylation and sialylation - were observed depending on the medium conditions of the respective TE671 cell cultivations. The cell line's ability to synthesize complex and highly sialylated N-glycan structures has been shown. Our results demonstrate the TE671 cell line as a serious alternative to other existing human expression systems.
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21
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Biaggio RT, Abreu-Neto MS, Covas DT, Swiech K. Serum-free suspension culturing of human cells: adaptation, growth, and cryopreservation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:1495-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Chromikova V, Mader A, Hofbauer S, Göbl C, Madl T, Gach JS, Bauernfried S, Furtmüller PG, Forthal DN, Mach L, Obinger C, Kunert R. Introduction of germline residues improves the stability of anti-HIV mAb 2G12-IgM. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1536-44. [PMID: 25748881 PMCID: PMC4582045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins M (IgMs) are gaining increasing attention as biopharmaceuticals since their multivalent mode of binding can give rise to high avidity. Furthermore, IgMs are potent activators of the complement system. However, they are frequently difficult to express recombinantly and can suffer from low conformational stability. Here, the broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibody 2G12 was class-switched to IgM and then further engineered by introduction of 17 germline residues. The impact of these changes on the structure and conformational stability of the antibody was then assessed using a range of biophysical techniques. We also investigated the effects of the class switch and germline substitutions on the ligand-binding properties of 2G12 and its capacity for HIV-1 neutralization. Our results demonstrate that the introduced germline residues improve the conformational and thermal stability of 2G12-IgM without altering its overall shape and ligand-binding properties. Interestingly, the engineered protein was found to exhibit much lower neutralization potency than its wild-type counterpart, indicating that potent antigen recognition is not solely responsible for IgM-mediated HIV-1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Chromikova
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology at BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Mader
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology at BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology at BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Department for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Göbl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Madl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes S Gach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of CA, Irvine, USA
| | - Stefan Bauernfried
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology at BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology at BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of CA, Irvine, USA
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology at BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology at BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology at BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Mercier SM, Diepenbroek B, Martens D, Wijffels RH, Streefland M. Characterization of apoptosis in PER.C6® batch and perfusion cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:569-78. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Mercier
- Vaccine Process and Analytical Development Department; Crucell Holland BV; Archimedesweg 4-6 2333 CN Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bas Diepenbroek
- Vaccine Process and Analytical Development Department; Crucell Holland BV; Archimedesweg 4-6 2333 CN Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8629 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Rene H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8629 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Streefland
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8629 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
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24
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Vire B, Skarzynski M, Thomas JD, Nelson CG, David A, Aue G, Burke TR, Rader C, Wiestner A. Harnessing the fcμ receptor for potent and selective cytotoxic therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7510-7520. [PMID: 25344228 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy in need of new, effective, and safe therapies. The recently identified IgM receptor FcμR is overexpressed on malignant B cells in CLL and mediates the rapid internalization and lysosomal shuttling of IgM via its Fc fragment (Fcμ). To exploit this internalization and trafficking pathway for targeted drug delivery, we engineered an IgM-derived protein scaffold (Fcμ) and linked it with the cytotoxic agent monomethylauristatin F. This Fcμ-drug conjugate was selectively toxic for FcμR-expressing cell lines in vitro and for CLL cells but not autologous normal T cells ex vivo. Notably, the cytotoxic activity of the Fcμ-drug conjugate was maintained in CLL cells carrying a 17p deletion, which predicts resistance to standard chemotherapy. Next, we tested the possible therapeutic application of the Fcμ-drug conjugate in immunodeficient NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγ(null) (NSG) mice engrafted with peripheral blood cells from patients with leukemia. Three intravenous injections of the Fcμ-drug conjugate over a 10-day period were well tolerated and selectively killed the human CLL cells but not the coengrafted autologous human T cells. In summary, we developed a novel strategy for targeted cytotoxic therapy of CLL based on the unique properties of FcμR. FcμR-targeted drug delivery showed potent and specific therapeutic activity in CLL, thus providing proof of concept for FcμR as a valuable therapeutic target in CLL and for IgM-based antibody-drug conjugates as a new targeting platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Vire
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin Skarzynski
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua D Thomas
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher G Nelson
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alexandre David
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Georg Aue
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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25
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Identification of host-immune response protein candidates in the sera of human oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109012. [PMID: 25272005 PMCID: PMC4182798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common cancers worldwide is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is associated with a significant death rate and has been linked to several risk factors. Notably, failure to detect these neoplasms at an early stage represents a fundamental barrier to improving the survival and quality of life of OSCC patients. In the present study, serum samples from OSCC patients (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25) were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and silver staining in order to identify biomarkers that might allow early diagnosis. In this regard, 2-DE spots corresponding to various up- and down-regulated proteins were sequenced via high-resolution MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and analyzed using the MASCOT database. We identified the following differentially expressed host-specific proteins within sera from OSCC patients: leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein (LRG), alpha-1-B-glycoprotein (ABG), clusterin (CLU), PRO2044, haptoglobin (HAP), complement C3c (C3), proapolipoprotein A1 (proapo-A1), and retinol-binding protein 4 precursor (RBP4). Moreover, five non-host factors were detected, including bacterial antigens from Acinetobacter lwoffii, Burkholderia multivorans, Myxococcus xanthus, Laribacter hongkongensis, and Streptococcus salivarius. Subsequently, we analyzed the immunogenicity of these proteins using pooled sera from OSCC patients. In this regard, five of these candidate biomarkers were found to be immunoreactive: CLU, HAP, C3, proapo-A1 and RBP4. Taken together, our immunoproteomics approach has identified various serum biomarkers that could facilitate the development of early diagnostic tools for OSCC.
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26
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Loos A, Gruber C, Altmann F, Mehofer U, Hensel F, Grandits M, Oostenbrink C, Stadlmayr G, Furtmüller PG, Steinkellner H. Expression and glycoengineering of functionally active heteromultimeric IgM in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:6263-8. [PMID: 24706782 PMCID: PMC4035941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320544111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IgM antibodies are an important player of the human's innate defense mechanisms and increasingly have gained interest as therapeutics. Although the expression of IgM antibodies in mammalian cell culture is established, this approach remains costly and alternative methods have not been developed yet. Plants have a proven record for the production of therapeutically relevant recombinant proteins. However, whether they are able to express proteins like IgM antibodies, which range among the most complex human proteins, remains unknown so far. Here we report the in planta generation of the functionally active monoclonal antitumor IgM PAT-SM6 (SM6). SM6 efficiently accumulates in plant leaves and assembles correctly into heterooligomers (pentamers and hexamers). Detailed glycosylation analysis exhibited complex and oligomannosidic N-glycans in a site-specific manner on human-serum IgM and on plant- and human-cell-line-produced SM6. Moreover, extensive in planta glycoengineering allowed the generation of SM6 decorated with sialylated human-type oligosaccharides, comparable to plasma-derived IgM. A glycosylated model of pentameric IgM exhibits different accessibility of the glycosylation sites, explaining site-specific glycosylation. Biochemical and biophysical properties and importantly biological activities of plant-derived SM6 glycoforms are comparable to the human-cell-derived counterparts. The in planta generation of one of the most complex human proteins opens new pathways toward the production of difficult-to-express proteins for pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, the generation of IgMs with a controlled glycosylation pattern allows the study of the so far unknown contribution of sugar moieties to the function of IgMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Loos
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Mehofer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Melanie Grandits
- Institute of Molecular Modelling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute of Molecular Modelling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Stadlmayr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hiatt
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
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28
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Kowalczyk T, Hnatuszko-Konka K, Gerszberg A, Kononowicz AK. Elastin-like polypeptides as a promising family of genetically-engineered protein based polymers. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2141-52. [PMID: 24699809 PMCID: PMC4072924 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) are artificial, genetically encodable biopolymers, belonging to elastomeric proteins, which are widespread in a wide range of living organisms. They are composed of a repeating pentapeptide sequence Val-Pro-Gly-Xaa-Gly, where the guest residue (Xaa) can be any naturally occurring amino acid except proline. These polymers undergo reversible phase transition that can be triggered by various environmental stimuli, such as temperature, pH or ionic strength. This behavior depends greatly on the molecular weight, concentration of ELP in the solution and composition of the amino acids constituting ELPs. At a temperature below the inverse transition temperature (Tt), ELPs are soluble, but insoluble when the temperature exceeds Tt. Furthermore, this feature is retained even when ELP is fused to the protein of interest. These unique properties make ELP very useful for a wide variety of biomedical applications (e.g. protein purification, drug delivery etc.) and it can be expected that smart biopolymers will play a significant role in the development of most new materials and technologies. Here we present the structure and properties of thermally responsive elastin-like polypeptides with a particular emphasis on biomedical and biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland,
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Frenzel A, Hust M, Schirrmann T. Expression of recombinant antibodies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23908655 PMCID: PMC3725456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Rasche L, Duell J, Morgner C, Chatterjee M, Hensel F, Rosenwald A, Einsele H, Topp MS, Brändlein S. The natural human IgM antibody PAT-SM6 induces apoptosis in primary human multiple myeloma cells by targeting heat shock protein GRP78. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63414. [PMID: 23667612 PMCID: PMC3646784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to other haematological malignancies, targeted immunotherapy has not entered standard treatment regimens for de novo or relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) yet. While a number of IgG-formatted monoclonal antibodies are currently being evaluated in clinical trials in MM, our study aimed to investigate whether the fully human IgM monoclonal antibody PAT-SM6 that targets a tumour-specific variant of the heat shock protein GRP78 might be an attractive candidate for future immunotherapeutic approaches. We here show that GRP78 is stably and consistently expressed on the surface on tumour cells from patients with de novo, but also relapsed MM and that binding of PAT-SM6 to MM cells can specifically exert cytotoxic effects on malignant plasma cells, whereas non-malignant cells are not targeted. We demonstrate that the induction of apoptosis and, to a lesser extent, complement dependent cytotoxicity is the main mode of action of PAT-SM6, whereas antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity does not appear to contribute to the cytotoxic properties of this antibody. Given the favourable safety profile of PAT-SM6 in monkeys, but also in a recent phase I trial in patients with malignant melanoma, our results form the basis for a planned phase I study in patients with relapsed MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Rasche
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Duell
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max S. Topp
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Simultaneous binding of the anti-cancer IgM monoclonal antibody PAT-SM6 to low density lipoproteins and GRP78. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61239. [PMID: 23620733 PMCID: PMC3631193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour-derived monoclonal IgM antibody PAT-SM6 specifically kills malignant cells by an apoptotic mechanism linked to the excessive uptake of plasma lipids. The mechanism is postulated to occur via the multi-point attachment of PAT-SM6 to the unfolded protein response regulator GRP78, located on the surface of tumour cells, coupled to the simultaneous binding of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL). We prepared and characterised LDL and oxidized LDL using sedimentation velocity and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) techniques indicated apparent dissociation constants of approximately 20 nM for the binding of LDL or oxidized LDL to PAT-SM6. ELISA experiments showed cross competition with LDL inhibiting PAT-SM6 binding to immobilised GRP78, while, in the reverse experiment, GRP78 inhibited PAT-SM6 binding to immobilized LDL. In contrast to the results of the ELISA experiments, sedimentation velocity experiments indicated relatively weak interactions between LDL and PAT-SM6, suggesting immunoabsorbance to the microtiter plate is driven by an avidity-based binding mechanism. The importance of avidity and the multipoint attachment of antigens to PAT-SM6 was further investigated using antigen-coated polystyrene beads. Absorption of GRP78 or LDL to polystyrene microspheres led to an increase in the inhibition of PAT-SM6 binding to microtiter plates coated with GRP78 or LDL, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that the biological action of PAT-SM6 in tumour cell apoptosis depends on the multivalent nature of PAT-SM6 and the ability to interact simultaneously with LDL and multiple GRP78 molecules clustered on the tumour cell surface.
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Jones PC. Does a "thiol shield" protect tumors from natural IgM antibody, and, if so, how can it be suppressed? Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:425-30. [PMID: 23375413 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural anti-tumor IgM antibodies are prevalent in the serum of cancer patients and normal subjects. Extensive research has been directed toward the ultimate goal of achieving a therapeutic effect from these antibodies either augmented by vaccination or by passive infusion. To date, the therapeutic effects have been limited. This thesis asserts that thiols within solid tumors reduce pentameric IgM to monomeric or other subunit form resulting in inactivation of its complement fixing and cross linking apoptosis inducing properties. A rationale for this normal physiological inactivation mechanism, possibly necessary for wound healing and pregnancy, is proposed along with therapeutic approaches, which would potentially suppress IgM inactivation.
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Ross D, Brown T, Harper R, Pamarthi M, Nixon J, Bromirski J, Li CM, Ghali R, Xie H, Medvedeff G, Li H, Scuderi P, Arora V, Hunt J, Barnett T. Production and characterization of a novel human recombinant alpha-1-antitrypsin in PER.C6 cells. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:262-73. [PMID: 23036927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1PI) is a proteinase inhibitor of the serpin superfamily and circulates in plasma at about 1-2 g/L. A1PI deficiency in humans often results in organ damage, particularly to the lungs and liver. Current augmentation therapies rely entirely on A1PI isolated from human plasma, thus prompting an evaluation of alternate sources. We have co-expressed recombinant A1PI and α-2,3-sialyltransferase in the human cell line, PER.C6. The requirement for sialyltransferase overexpression in PER.C6 and the essential contribution of sialic acid glycan capping on pdA1PI and recA1PI to prevent rapid A1PI plasma elimination is shown. Using assays to predict high levels of A1PI production and sialylation, stably transfected PER.C6 cells were screened through two rounds of cell cloning to ensure monoclonality. Fed-batch culturing was used to evaluate recA1PI production and cell line characteristics, identifying subclones expressing over 2.5 g/L recA1PI. Cell stability was assessed over 50 generations, verifying subclone stability during continuous culture. Finally, data are presented showing that recA1PI and pdA1PI are equivalent in their ability to block elastase activity in functional cell-based assays and their pharmacokinetic properties. These data show that recombinant human A1PI recovered from PER.C6 cells offers a reliable source of functionally active A1PI for augmentation therapies and, potentially, other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- Research and Pre-Clinical Development, Grifols, Inc., 85 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Rosenes Z, Mulhern TD, Hatters DM, Ilag LL, Power BE, Hosking C, Hensel F, Howlett GJ, Mok YF. The anti-cancer IgM monoclonal antibody PAT-SM6 binds with high avidity to the unfolded protein response regulator GRP78. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44927. [PMID: 23028685 PMCID: PMC3446985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal IgM antibody PAT-SM6 derived from human tumours induces apoptosis in tumour cells and is considered a potential anti-cancer agent. A primary target for PAT-SM6 is the unfolded protein response regulator GRP78, over-expressed externally on the cell surface of tumour cells. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of human GRP78 showed a two-domain dumbbell-shaped monomer, while SAXS analysis of PAT-SM6 revealed a saucer-shaped structure accommodating five-fold symmetry, consistent with previous studies of related proteins. Sedimentation velocity analysis of GRP78 and PAT-SM6 mixtures indicated weak complex formation characterized by dissociation constants in the high micromolar concentration range. In contrast, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs) showed strong and specific interactions between PAT-SM6 and immobilized GRP78. The apparent binding constant estimated from a PAT-SM6 saturation curve correlated strongly with the concentration of GRP78 used to coat the microtiter tray. Experiments using polyclonal antiGRP78 IgG antibodies or a monoclonal IgG derivative of PAT-SM6 did not show a similar dependence. Competition experiments with soluble GRP78 indicated more effective inhibition of PAT-SM6 binding at low GRP78 coating concentrations. These observations suggest an avidity-based binding mechanism that depends on the multi-point attachment of PAT-SM6 to GRP78 clustered on the surface of the tray. Analysis of ELISA data at high GRP78 coating concentrations yielded an apparent dissociation constant of approximately 4 nM. We propose that the biological action of PAT-SM6 in tumour cell apoptosis may depend on the multivalent nature of PAT-SM6 and the high avidity of its interaction with multiple GRP78 molecules clustered on the tumour cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Rosenes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terrence D. Mulhern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny M. Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leodevico L. Ilag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Patrys Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Geoffrey J. Howlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yee-Foong Mok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Swiech K, Picanço-Castro V, Covas DT. Human cells: New platform for recombinant therapeutic protein production. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 84:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Fischer S, Charara N, Gerber A, Wölfel J, Schiedner G, Voedisch B, Geisse S. Transient recombinant protein expression in a human amniocyte cell line: The CAP-T® cell system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2250-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jefferis R. Isotype and glycoform selection for antibody therapeutics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:159-66. [PMID: 22465822 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We live in a hostile environment but are protected by the innate and adaptive immune system. A major component of the latter is mediated by antibody molecules that bind to pathogens, with exquisite specificity, and the immune complex formed activates cellular mechanisms leading to the removal and destruction of the complex. Five classes of antibody are identified; however, the IgG class predominates in serum and a majority of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics are based on the IgG format. Selection within the antibody repertoire allows the generation of (mAb) having specificity for any selected target, including human antigens. This review focuses on the structure and function of the Fc region of IgG molecules that mediates biologic functions, within immune complexes, by interactions with cellular Fc receptors (FcγR) and/or the C1q component of complement. A property of IgG that is suited to its use as a therapeutic is the long catabolic half life of ~21 days, mediated through the structurally distinct neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Our understanding of structure/function relationships is such that we can contemplate engineering the IgG-Fc to enhance or eliminate biologic activities to generate therapeutics considered optimal for a given disease indication. There are four subclasses of human IgG that exhibit high sequence homology but a unique profile of biologic activities. The FcγR and the C1q binding functions are dependent on glycosylation of the IgG-Fc. Normal human serum IgG is comprised of multiple glycoforms and biologic activities, other than catabolism, varies between glycoforms.
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Abstract
The first protocols describing transient gene expression in mammalian cells for the rapid generation of recombinant proteins emerged more than 10 years ago as an alternative to the establishment of stable, often amplified clonal cell lines, and relieved somewhat the bias against mammalian cell systems as being too complicated, labor intensive, and tedious to serve as a source for tool proteins in industrial research and academia. Over the past decade, these attempts have been refined and optimized, giving rise to expression protocols applicable in every lab in dependence on available tools, equipment, and envisaged outcome. This chapter summarizes the development of transient expression technologies over the past decade up to its current status and provides an outlook into what may be the future of transient technology development.
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Abstract
Antibody preparations have a long history of providing protection from infectious diseases. Although antibodies remain the only natural host-derived defense mechanism capable of completely preventing infection, as products, they compete against inexpensive therapeutics such as antibiotics, small molecule inhibitors and active vaccines. The continued discovery in the monoclonal antibody (mAb) field of leads with broadened cross neutralization of viruses and demonstrable synergy of antibody with antibiotics for bacterial diseases, clearly show that innovation remains. The commercial success of mAbs in chronic disease has not been paralleled in infectious diseases for several reasons. Infectious disease immunotherapeutics are limited in scope as endemic diseases necessitate active vaccine development. Also, the complexity of these small markets draws the interest of niche companies rather than big pharmaceutical corporations. Lastly, the cost of goods for mAb therapeutics is inherently high for infectious agents due to the need for antibody cocktails, which better mimic polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations and prevent antigenic escape. In cases where vaccine or convalescent populations are available, current polyclonal hyperimmune immunoglobulin preparations (pIgG), with modern and highly efficient purification technology and standardized assays for potency, can make economic sense. Recent innovations to broaden the potency of mAb therapies, while reducing cost of production, are discussed herein. On the basis of centuries of effective use of Ab treatments, and with growing immunocompromised populations, the question is not whether antibodies have a bright future for infectious agents, but rather what formats are cost effective and generate safe and efficacious treatments to satisfy regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody D Berry
- Cangene Corporation, 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3T 5Y3.
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40
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Immunoglobulin M as a vaccine adjuvant. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:473-8. [PMID: 21723670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are effective in preventing disease by stimulating the immune system and sustaining an immune response towards eradication of pathogens and diseased cells. However, designing successful vaccines is not always straightforward. For a vaccine to be successful, antigen-presenting cells (APC) need to be stimulated, primarily by adjuvants, towards a sustained immune response through integration of the innate and adaptive (humoral and cellular) immune systems. Furthermore, there is an immediate need for safe and effective adjuvants. There has been significant progress in understanding the mechanisms on how vaccines work and the role of adjuvants, dendritic cells, and the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. Currently, different adjuvants are actively explored but the potential of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) as a vaccine adjuvant has been overlooked. This article hypothesizes how the IgM molecule could function as a vaccine adjuvant by acting as a "soluble" toll-like receptor (TLR) through the formation of an immune complex with antigen (Ag) and other components of the innate immune system. The complex should lead to sustained humoral and/or cell-mediated immune responses. Hypothetically, it is also possible that the Ag-IgM complex recruits other components of complement or other factors that can activate other members of the adaptive immune system. As it is now possible to produce commercial-scale quantities of monoclonal human IgM antibodies, understanding the role of the IgM in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems may lead to practical therapeutic applications.
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41
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Cao Y, Lan Y, Qian J, Zheng Y, Hong S, Li H, Wang M, Kwak LW, Lin D, Yang J, Yi Q. Targeting cell surface β2 -microglobulin by pentameric IgM antibodies. Br J Haematol 2011; 154:111-21. [PMID: 21554263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for human β(2) -microglobulin (β(2) M) have been shown to induce tumour cell apoptosis in haematological and solid tumours via recruiting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules into and excluding cytokine receptors from the lipid rafts. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that IgM anti-β(2) M mAbs might have stronger apoptotic effects because of their pentameric structure. Our results showed that, compared with IgG mAbs, IgM anti-β(2) M mAbs exhibited stronger tumouricidal activity in vitro against different tumour cells, including myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, and prostate cancer, and in vivo in a human-like xenografted myeloma mouse model without damaging normal tissues. IgM mAb-induced apoptosis is dependent on the pentameric structure of the mAbs. Disrupting pentameric IgM into monomeric IgM significantly reduced their ability to induce cell apoptosis. Monomeric IgM mAbs were less efficient at recruiting MHC class I molecules into and exclusion of cytokine receptors from lipid rafts, and at activating the intrinsic apoptosis cascade. Thus, we developed and validated the efficacy of anti-β(2) M IgM mAbs that may be utilized in the clinical setting and showed that IgM anti-β(2) M mAbs may be more potent than IgG mAbs at inducing tumour apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Cao
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Racine R, McLaughlin M, Jones DD, Wittmer ST, MacNamara KC, Woodland DL, Winslow GM. IgM production by bone marrow plasmablasts contributes to long-term protection against intracellular bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1011-21. [PMID: 21148037 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IgM responses are well known to occur early postinfection and tend to be short-lived, which has suggested that this Ig does not significantly contribute to long-term immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that chronic infection with the intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia muris elicits a protective, long-term IgM response. Moreover, we identified a population of CD138(high)IgM(high) B cells responsible for Ag-specific IgM production in the bone marrow. The IgM-secreting cells, which exhibited characteristics of both plasmablasts and plasma cells, contributed to protection against fatal ehrlichial challenge. Mice deficient in activation-induced cytidine deaminase, which produce only IgM, were protected against fatal ehrlichial challenge infection. The IgM-secreting cells that we have identified were maintained in the bone marrow in the absence of chronic infection, as antibiotic-treated mice remained protected against challenge infection. Our studies identify a cell population that is responsible for the IgM production in the bone marrow, and they highlight a novel role for IgM in the maintenance of long-term immunity during intracellular bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Racine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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de Kruif J, Kramer A, Nijhuis R, van der Zande V, den Blanken R, Clements C, Visser T, Keehnen R, den Hartog M, Throsby M, Logtenberg T. Generation of stable cell clones expressing mixtures of human antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:741-50. [PMID: 20564612 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, a highly successful class of biological drugs, are conventionally manufactured in mammalian cell lines. A recent approach to increase the therapeutic effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies has been to combine two or more of them; however this increases the complexity of development and manufacture. To address this issue a method to efficiently express multiple monoclonal antibodies from a single cell has been developed and we describe here the generation of stable cell clones that express high levels of a human monoclonal antibody mixture. PER.C6 cells were transfected with a combination of plasmids containing genes encoding three different antibodies. Clones that express the three corresponding antibody specificities were identified, subcloned, and passaged in the absence of antibiotic selection pressure. At several time points, batch production runs were analyzed for stable growth and IgG production characteristics. The majority (11/12) of subclones analyzed expressed all three antibody specificities in constant ratios with total IgG productivity ranging between 15 and 20 pg/cell/day under suboptimal culture conditions after up to 67 population doublings. The growth and IgG production characteristics of the stable clones reported here resemble those of single monoclonal antibody cell lines from conventional clone generation programs. We conclude that the methodology described here is applicable to the generation of stable PER.C6(R) clones for industrial scale production of mixtures of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John de Kruif
- Merus Biopharmaceuticals, Postvak 133, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Cornelissen LAHM, de Vries RP, de Boer-Luijtze EA, Rigter A, Rottier PJM, de Haan CAM. A single immunization with soluble recombinant trimeric hemagglutinin protects chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10645. [PMID: 20498717 PMCID: PMC2871037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 causes multi-organ disease and death in poultry, resulting in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. In addition, it poses a major public health threat as it can be transmitted directly from infected poultry to humans with very high (60%) mortality rate. Effective vaccination against HPAI H5N1 would protect commercial poultry and would thus provide an important control measure by reducing the likelihood of bird-to-bird and bird-to-human transmission. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study we evaluated the vaccine potential of recombinant soluble trimeric subtype 5 hemagglutinin (sH53) produced in mammalian cells. The secreted, purified sH53 was biologically active as demonstrated by its binding to ligands in a sialic acid-dependent manner. It was shown to protect chickens, in a dose-dependent manner, against a lethal challenge with H5N1 after a single vaccination. Protected animals did not shed challenge virus as determined by a quantitative RT-PCR on RNA isolated from trachea and cloaca swabs. Also in mice, vaccination with sH53 provided complete protection against challenge with HPAI H5N1. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate that sH53 constitutes an attractive vaccine antigen for protection of chickens and mammals against HPAI H5N1. As these recombinant soluble hemagglutinin preparations can be produced with high yields and with relatively short lead time, they enable a rapid response to circulating and potentially pandemic influenza viruses.
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