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Pyrpyris N, Dimitriadis K, Beneki E, Iliakis P, Soulaidopoulos S, Tsioufis P, Adamopoulou E, Kasiakogias A, Sakalidis A, Koutsopoulos G, Aggeli K, Tsioufis K. LOX-1 Receptor: A Diagnostic Tool and Therapeutic Target in Atherogenesis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102117. [PMID: 37802161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are major contributors to atherogenesis, as endogenous antigens, via several receptors such as LOX 1. A PubMed search was conducted in order to identify relevant articles regarding LOX-1's role in the atherosclerosis, diagnosis, prognostic use and molecules that could be used for therapy. The references of the manuscripts obtained were also reviewed, in order to find additional relevant bibliography. LOX-1 is a lectin-like pattern recognition receptor, mostly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) which can bind a variety of molecules, including oxLDL and C-reactive protein (CRP). LOX-1 plays a key role in oxLDL's role as a causative agent of atherosclerosis through several pathologic mechanisms, such as oxLDL deposition in the subintima, foam cell formation and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, LOX-1 acts a scavenger receptor for oxLDL in macrophages and can be responsible for oxLDL uptake, when stimulated. Serum LOX-1 (sLOX-1) has emerged as a new, potential biomarker for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, and it seems promising for use along with other common biomarkers in everyday clinical practice. In a therapeutic perspective, natural as well as synthetic molecules exert anti-LOX-1 properties and attain the receptor's pathophysiological effects, thus extensive research is ongoing to further evaluate molecules with therapeutic potential. However, most of these molecules need further trials in order to properly assess their safety and efficacy for clinical use. The aim of this review is to investigate LOX-1 role in atherogenesis and explore its potential as diagnostic tool and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pyrpyris
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Dimitriadis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eirini Beneki
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Iliakis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Soulaidopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Adamopoulou
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Kasiakogias
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Sakalidis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Koutsopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Aggeli
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Vavere AL, Sinsakul M, Ongstad EL, Yang Y, Varma V, Jones C, Goodman J, Dubois VFS, Quartino AL, Karathanasis SK, Abuhatzira L, Collén A, Antoniades C, Koren MJ, Gupta R, George RT. Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1 Inhibition in Type 2 Diabetes: Phase 1 Results. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e027540. [PMID: 36688371 PMCID: PMC9973634 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Blockade of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a potentially attractive mechanism for lowering inflammatory and lipid risk in patients with atherosclerosis. This study aims to assess the safety, tolerability, and target engagement of MEDI6570, a high-affinity monoclonal blocking antibody to LOX-1. Methods and Results This phase 1, first-in-human, placebo-controlled study (NCT03654313) randomized 88 patients with type 2 diabetes to receive single ascending doses (10, 30, 90, 250, or 500 mg) or multiple ascending doses (90, 150, or 250 mg once monthly for 3 months) of MEDI6570 or placebo. Primary end point was safety; secondary and exploratory end points included pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, free soluble LOX-1 levels, and change in coronary plaque volume. Mean age was 57.6/58.1 years in the single ascending doses/multiple ascending doses groups, 31.3%/62.5% were female, and mean type 2 diabetes duration was 9.7/8.7 years. Incidence of adverse events was similar among cohorts. MEDI6570 exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with terminal half-life increasing from 4.6 days (30 mg) to 11.2 days (500 mg), consistent with target-mediated drug disposition. Dose-dependent reductions in mean soluble LOX-1 levels from baseline were observed (>66% at 4 weeks and 71.61-82.96% at 10 weeks in the single ascending doses and multiple ascending doses groups, respectively). After 3 doses, MEDI6570 was associated with nonsignificant regression of noncalcified plaque volume versus placebo (-13.45 mm3 versus -8.25 mm3). Conclusions MEDI6570 was well tolerated and demonstrated dose-dependent soluble LOX-1 suppression and a pharmacokinetic profile consistent with once-monthly dosing. Registration URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/; Unique identifier: NCT03654313.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Vavere
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Marvin Sinsakul
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Emily L. Ongstad
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Ye Yang
- Early CVRM Biometrics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Varma
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Christopher Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative PharmacologyClinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Joanne Goodman
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative PharmacologyClinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Vincent F. S. Dubois
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative PharmacologyClinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Angelica L. Quartino
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative PharmacologyClinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Sotirios K. Karathanasis
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Liron Abuhatzira
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Anna Collén
- Projects, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Koren
- Jacksonville Center for Clinical Research (JCCR)JacksonvilleFLUSA
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Richard T. George
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMDUSA
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Sharma T, Romeo F, Mehta JL. LOX-1: Implications in atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:273-278. [PMID: 35368459 PMCID: PMC8971323 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is fundamental to the practice of cardiovascular medicine. Atherosclerosis is a multi-step cascade of accumulation of lipids and downstream changes that lead to a fibro-fatty plaque formation in the arterial intima. Multiple biochemical stimuli, cellular receptors and intra-cellular signals are implicated in this complex mechanism. Lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor-1 or LOX-1 is a type II membrane glycoprotein receptor which has emerged as an important effector of atherosclerosis. Hence, LOX-1 modification and its clinical consequences are of much interest in recent times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Sharma
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Francesco Romeo
- Department of Cardiology, International University Unicamillus, Rome, Italy
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Jawahar L. Mehta, Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4300 W Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205-4024, USA; Tel.: 001-501-296-1426, E-mail:
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Ohno M, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Sekiya T, Masum MA, Ichii O, Sawamura T, Kakino A, Suzuki Y, Kida H, Sawa H, Shingai M. Abnormal Blood Coagulation and Kidney Damage in Aged Hamsters Infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112137. [PMID: 34834944 PMCID: PMC8618556 DOI: 10.3390/v13112137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic symptoms have often been observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in addition to pneumonia, however, the details are still unclear due to the lack of an appropriate animal model. In this study, we investigated and compared blood coagulation abnormalities and tissue damage between male Syrian hamsters of 9 (young) and over 36 (aged) weeks old after intranasal infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite similar levels of viral replication and inflammatory responses in the lungs of both age groups, aged but not young hamsters showed significant prolongation of prothrombin time and prominent acute kidney damage. Moreover, aged hamsters demonstrated increased intravascular coagulation time-dependently in the lungs, suggesting that consumption of coagulation factors causes prothrombin time prolongation. Furthermore, proximal urinary tract damage and mesangial matrix expansion were observed in the kidneys of the aged hamsters at early and later disease stages, respectively. Given that the severity and mortality of COVID-19 are higher in elderly human patients, the effect of aging on pathogenesis needs to be understood and should be considered for the selection of animal models. We, thus, propose that the aged hamster is a good small animal model for COVID-19 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marumi Ohno
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.O.); (H.K.)
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Toshiki Sekiya
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Md. Abdul Masum
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.A.M.); (O.I.)
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.A.M.); (O.I.)
- Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (T.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Akemi Kakino
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (T.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.O.); (H.K.)
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.O.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5185 (H.S.); +81-11-706-9494 (M.S.)
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.O.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5185 (H.S.); +81-11-706-9494 (M.S.)
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5
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Somasundaram R, Choraria A, Antonysamy M. An approach towards development of monoclonal IgY antibodies against SARS CoV-2 spike protein (S) using phage display method: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106654. [PMID: 32512271 PMCID: PMC7266779 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present state of diagnostic and therapeutic developmental race for vaccines against the SARS CoV-2 (nCOVID-19) focuses on prevention and control of this global pandemic which also represents a critical challenge to the global health community. Although development of novel vaccines can prevent the SARS CoV-2 infections, it is still impeded by several other factors and therefore novel approaches towards treatment and management of this disease is the urgent need. Passive immunotherapy plays a vital role as a possible alternative to meet this challenge and among various antibody sources, chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) can be used as an alternative to mammalian antibodies which have been previously studied against SARS CoV outbreak in China. In this review, we discuss the strategies for the use of chicken egg yolk (IgY) antibodies in the development of rapid diagnosis and immunotherapy against SARS CoV-2. Also, IgY antibodies have previously been used against various respiratory bacterial and viral infections in humans and animals. Compared to mammalian antibodies (IgG), chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) have greater binding affinity to specific antigens, ease of extraction and lower production costs, hence possessing remarkable pathogen-neutralizing activity of pathogens in respiratory and lungs. We provide an overall importance for the use of monoclonal chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) using phage display method describing their potential passive immunotherapeutic application for the treatment and prevention of SARS CoV-2 infection which is simple, fast and safe way of approach for treating patients effectively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Specificity
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Testing
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Chickens
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Egg Yolk
- Forecasting
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Mammals/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankit Choraria
- Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, TN, India.
| | - Michael Antonysamy
- Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, TN, India.
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Marchio P, Guerra-Ojeda S, Vila JM, Aldasoro M, Victor VM, Mauricio MD. Targeting Early Atherosclerosis: A Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8563845. [PMID: 31354915 PMCID: PMC6636482 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8563845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease associated to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is one of the key factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Nonoxidized LDL have a low affinity for macrophages, so they are not themselves a risk factor. However, lowering LDL levels is a common clinical practice to reduce oxidation and the risk of major events in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Inflammation and immunity are key factors for the development and complications of atherosclerosis, and therefore, the whole atherosclerotic process is a target for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we focus on early stages of the disease and we address both biomarkers and therapeutic approaches currently available and under research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Marchio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sol Guerra-Ojeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Vila
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martín Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor M. Victor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria D. Mauricio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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Inoue T, Ishida T, Inoue T, Saito A, Ezura M, Uenohara H, Fujimura M, Sato K, Endo T, Omodaka S, Endo H, Niizuma K, Tominaga T. Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Levels as a Biomarker of Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 28:490-494. [PMID: 30442557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct diagnosis of cerebral stroke type, hemorrhagic or ischemic, is essential in the early stage to establish the optimum treatment. The diagnosis is mainly determined based on imaging studies. Other more available diagnostic methods are desirable, such as blood sample examination. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is very important in vascular dysfunction induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein, including cell apoptosis. The present study evaluated LOX-1 as a biomarker for cerebral stroke. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed stroke were prospectively enrolled between February and July 2014. LOX-1 serum values were measured twice, within 24 hours and 2 months after the onset. RESULTS A total of 16 patients were enrolled; 7 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and 9 patients with cerebral infarction. Median LOX-1 values of patients with ICH and infarction in the acute phase were 1825.8 and 593.9 pg/mL, respectively, significantly higher in patients with ICH than in patients with infarction (P < .0001). CONCLUSION LOX-1 serum level has potential as a biomarker of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Tomohisa Ishida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Tomoo Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Ezura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Uenohara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Miki Fujimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Endo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
| | | | - Hidenori Endo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Kuniyasu Niizuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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LOX-1 in Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Ischemia: Biology, Genetics, and Modulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:2759-2768. [PMID: 28571642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), one of the scavenger receptors for oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ox-LDL), plays a crucial role in the uptake of ox-LDL by cells in the arterial wall. Mounting evidence suggests a role for LOX-1 in various steps of the atherosclerotic process, from initiation to plaque destabilization. Studies of the genetic structure of LOX-1 have also uncovered various genetic polymorphisms that could modulate the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. As evidence supporting the vital role of LOX-1 in atherogenesis keeps accumulating, there is growing interest in LOX-1 as a potential therapeutic target. This review discusses the discovery and genetics of LOX-1; describes existing evidence supporting the role of LOX-1 in atherogenesis and its major complication, myocardial ischemia; and summarizes LOX-1 modulation by some naturally occurring compounds and efforts toward development of small molecules and biologics that could be of therapeutic use.
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9
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Lee W, Syed Atif A, Tan SC, Leow CH. Insights into the chicken IgY with emphasis on the generation and applications of chicken recombinant monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2017; 447:71-85. [PMID: 28502720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The advantages of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) antibodies as immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic biomolecules has only been recently recognized. Even so, chicken antibodies remain less-well characterized than their mammalian counterparts. This review aims at providing a current overview of the structure, function, development and generation of chicken antibodies. Additionally, brief but comprehensive insights into current knowledge pertaining to the immunogenetic framework and diversity-generation of the chicken immunoglobulin repertoire which have contributed to the establishment of recombinant chicken mAb-generating methods are discussed. Focus is provided on the current methods used to generate antibodies from chickens with added emphasis on the generation of recombinant chicken mAbs and its derivative formats. The advantages and limitations of established protocols for the generation of chicken mAbs are highlighted. The various applications of recombinant chicken mAbs and its derivative formats in immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy are further detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Lee
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ali Syed Atif
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette4401 W Admiral Doyle Dr, New Iberia, LA 70560, United States
| | - Soo Choon Tan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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10
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Chen HX, He F, Sun Y, Luo Y, Qiu HJ, Zhang XY, Sutton BJ. Generation and characterization of chicken-sourced single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against porcine interferon-gamma (pIFN-γ). J Immunoassay Immunochem 2015; 36:27-44. [PMID: 24568649 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.892511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Development of chicken-sourced antibodies offers an alternative strategy for the development of highly specific antibodies against mammalian proteins with conserved epitopes due to the phylogenetic distance between avian and mammalian species. In this study, the single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against porcine interferon-gamma was screened and characterized from a hyperimmunized chicken phage display library. The expressed soluble scFvs exhibited highly specific recognition of porcine interferon-gamma in ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining assays. Results of the current study indicate that it is possible to develop scFv IgY antibodies to a mammalian interferon by using Biopanning technology. Furthermore, it also confirms that monoclonal avian IgY antibody technique could be applied as a promising tool to produce immunoglobulin molecules with high specificity and affinity towards conserved mammalian epitopes or antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiu Chen
- a Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
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Thakkar S, Wang X, Khaidakov M, Dai Y, Gokulan K, Mehta JL, Varughese KI. Structure-based Design Targeted at LOX-1, a Receptor for Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16740. [PMID: 26578342 PMCID: PMC4649741 DOI: 10.1038/srep16740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis related cardiovascular diseases continue to be the primary cause of mortality in developed countries. The elevated level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is generally considered to be the driver of atherosclerosis, but recent years have seen a shift in this perception in that the vascular plaque buildup is mainly caused by oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) rather than native-LDL. The scavenger receptor LOX-1 found in endothelial cells binds and internalizes ox-LDL which leads to the initiation of plaque formation in arteries. Using virtual screening techniques, we identified a few potential small molecule inhibitors of LOX-1 and tested their inhibitory potential using differential scanning fluorimetry and various cellular assays. Two of these molecules significantly reduced the uptake of ox-LDL by human endothelial cells, LOX-1 transcription and the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs in human endothelial cells. In addition, these molecules suppressed ox-LDL-induced VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion onto human endothelial cells demonstrating their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Thakkar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Magomed Khaidakov
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Yao Dai
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kottayil I Varughese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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12
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Okamura T, Sekikawa A, Sawamura T, Ueshima H. [Series: Clinical study from Japan and its reflections; LOX-1 ligands containing apolipoprotein B and carotid intima-media thickness in middle-aged community-dwelling US Caucasian and Japanese men]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2014; 103:173-180. [PMID: 24605506 DOI: 10.2169/naika.103.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Japan
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Japan
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13
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Shih HH, Tu C, Cao W, Klein A, Ramsey R, Fennell BJ, Lambert M, Ní Shúilleabháin D, Autin B, Kouranova E, Laxmanan S, Braithwaite S, Wu L, Ait-Zahra M, Milici AJ, Dumin JA, LaVallie ER, Arai M, Corcoran C, Paulsen JE, Gill D, Cunningham O, Bard J, Mosyak L, Finlay WJJ. An ultra-specific avian antibody to phosphorylated tau protein reveals a unique mechanism for phosphoepitope recognition. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44425-34. [PMID: 23148212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.415935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly specific antibodies to phosphoepitopes are valuable tools to study phosphorylation in disease states, but their discovery is largely empirical, and the molecular mechanisms mediating phosphospecific binding are poorly understood. Here, we report the generation and characterization of extremely specific recombinant chicken antibodies to three phosphoepitopes on the Alzheimer disease-associated protein tau. Each antibody shows full specificity for a single phosphopeptide. The chimeric IgG pT231/pS235_1 exhibits a K(D) of 0.35 nm in 1:1 binding to its cognate phosphopeptide. This IgG is murine ortholog-cross-reactive, specifically recognizing the pathological form of tau in brain samples from Alzheimer patients and a mouse model of tauopathy. To better understand the underlying binding mechanisms allowing such remarkable specificity, we determined the structure of pT231/pS235_1 Fab in complex with its cognate phosphopeptide at 1.9 Å resolution. The Fab fragment exhibits novel complementarity determining region (CDR) structures with a "bowl-like" conformation in CDR-H2 that tightly and specifically interacts with the phospho-Thr-231 phosphate group, as well as a long, disulfide-constrained CDR-H3 that mediates peptide recognition. This binding mechanism differs distinctly from either peptide- or hapten-specific antibodies described to date. Surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that pT231/pS235_1 binds a truly compound epitope, as neither phosphorylated Ser-235 nor free peptide shows any measurable binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather H Shih
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
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14
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Deramchia K, Jacobin-Valat MJ, Laroche-Traineau J, Bonetto S, Sanchez S, Dos Santos P, Massot P, Franconi JM, Martineau P, Clofent-Sanchez G. By-passing large screening experiments using sequencing as a tool to identify scFv fragments targeting atherosclerotic lesions in a novel in vivo phage display selection. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6902-6923. [PMID: 22837671 PMCID: PMC3397503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13066902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease that may develop into vulnerable lesions leading to thrombosis. To interrogate the molecular components involved in this process, single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) from a semi-synthetic human antibody library were selected on the lesions induced in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis after two rounds of in vivo phage display. Homing Phage-scFvs were isolated from (1) the injured endothelium, (2) the underlying lesional tissue and (3) the cells within the intima. Clones selected on the basis of their redundancy or the presence of key amino acids, as determined by comparing the distribution between the native and the selected libraries, were produced in soluble form, and seven scFvs were shown to specifically target the endothelial cell surface and inflamed intima-related regions of rabbit tissue sections by immunohistology approaches. The staining patterns differed depending on the scFv compartment of origin. This study demonstrates that large-scale scFv binding assays can be replaced by a sequence-based selection of best clones, paving the way for easier use of antibody libraries in in vivo biopanning experiments. Future investigations will be aimed at characterizing the scFv/target couples by mass spectrometry to set the stage for more accurate diagnostic of atherosclerosis and development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Deramchia
- Magnetic Resonance Center of Biological Systems, UMR 5536, National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.-J.J.-V.); (J.L.-T.); (S.B.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (J.-M.F.)
- Technology Platform for Biomedical Innovation, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33600 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Marie-Josee Jacobin-Valat
- Magnetic Resonance Center of Biological Systems, UMR 5536, National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.-J.J.-V.); (J.L.-T.); (S.B.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (J.-M.F.)
- Technology Platform for Biomedical Innovation, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33600 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Jeanny Laroche-Traineau
- Magnetic Resonance Center of Biological Systems, UMR 5536, National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.-J.J.-V.); (J.L.-T.); (S.B.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (J.-M.F.)
- Technology Platform for Biomedical Innovation, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33600 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Stephane Bonetto
- Magnetic Resonance Center of Biological Systems, UMR 5536, National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.-J.J.-V.); (J.L.-T.); (S.B.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (J.-M.F.)
- Technology Platform for Biomedical Innovation, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33600 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Stephane Sanchez
- Magnetic Resonance Center of Biological Systems, UMR 5536, National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.-J.J.-V.); (J.L.-T.); (S.B.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Pierre Dos Santos
- Technology Platform for Biomedical Innovation, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33600 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Philippe Massot
- Magnetic Resonance Center of Biological Systems, UMR 5536, National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.-J.J.-V.); (J.L.-T.); (S.B.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Jean-Michel Franconi
- Magnetic Resonance Center of Biological Systems, UMR 5536, National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.-J.J.-V.); (J.L.-T.); (S.B.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Pierre Martineau
- MCRI, Montpellier Cancer Research Institute, INSERM, U896, Montpellier1 University, CRLC Val d’Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, F-34298, France; E-Mail:
| | - Gisele Clofent-Sanchez
- Magnetic Resonance Center of Biological Systems, UMR 5536, National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.-J.J.-V.); (J.L.-T.); (S.B.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (J.-M.F.)
- Technology Platform for Biomedical Innovation, Bordeaux Segalen University, 33600 Bordeaux Cedex, France; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.:+33-557-571-175; Fax: +33-557-574-556
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Inoue N, Okamura T, Kokubo Y, Fujita Y, Sato Y, Nakanishi M, Yanagida K, Kakino A, Iwamoto S, Watanabe M, Ogura S, Otsui K, Matsuda H, Uchida K, Yoshimoto R, Sawamura T. LOX Index, a Novel Predictive Biochemical Marker for Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke. Clin Chem 2010; 56:550-8. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.140707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) is implicated in atherothrombotic diseases. Activation of LOX-1 in humans can be evaluated by use of the LOX index, obtained by multiplying the circulating concentration of LOX-1 ligands containing apolipoprotein B (LAB) times that of the soluble form of LOX-1 (sLOX-1) [LOX index = LAB × sLOX-1]. This study aimed to establish the prognostic value of the LOX index for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in a community-based cohort.
Methods: An 11-year cohort study of 2437 residents age 30–79 years was performed in an urban area located in Japan. Of these, we included in the analysis 1094 men and 1201 women without history of stroke and CHD. We measured LAB and sLOX-1 using ELISAs with recombinant LOX-1 and monoclonal anti–apolipoprotein B antibody and with 2 monoclonal antibodies against LOX-1, respectively.
Results: During the follow-up period, there were 68 incident cases of CHD and 91 cases of stroke (with 60 ischemic strokes). Compared with the bottom quartile, the hazard ratio (HR) of the top quartile of LOX index was 1.74 (95% CI 0.92–3.30) for stroke and 2.09 (1.00–4.35) for CHD after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, drinking, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, non-HDL cholesterol, and use of lipid-lowering agents. Compared with the bottom quartile of LOX index, the fully adjusted HRs for ischemic stroke were consistently high from the second to the top quartile: 3.39 (95% CI 1.34–8.53), 3.15 (1.22–8.13) and 3.23 (1.24–8.37), respectively.
Conclusions: Higher LOX index values were associated with an increased risk of CHD. Low LOX index values may be protective against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kokubo
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Vascular Physiology and
| | | | | | | | | | - Makoto Watanabe
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Haruo Matsuda
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular and Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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