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Wu G, Deng W, Chen HY, Cho HJ, Kim J. Galectin 7 leads to a relative reduction in CD4+ T cells, mediated by PD-1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6625. [PMID: 38503797 PMCID: PMC10951237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of glycan-binding proteins as an activator of immune regulatory receptors has gained attention recently. We report that galectin 7 reduced CD4+ T cell percentage in both in vitro culture and mouse tumor models. Immunohistochemical staining of esophageal cancer patient samples showed a lower percentage of CD4+ cells in the galectin 7 high area. The lack of CD4+ T cell depletion by galectin 7 in PD-1 knockout mice supports the role of PD-1 in mediating the effects of galectin 7. The binding assays demonstrate that galectin 7 binds to the N-glycosylation of PD-1 on N74 and N116 sites and leads to the recruitment of SHP-2. NFAT suppressive activity of galectin 7 was abrogated upon overexpression of the dominant negative SHP-2 mutant or inhibition of PD-1 by siRNA. Glycosylation of PD-1 has been reported to play a critical role in surface expression, stability, and interaction with its ligand PD-L1. This report further expands the significance of PD-1 glycosylation and suggests that galectin 7, a glycan-binding protein, interacts with the immune regulatory receptor PD-1 through glycosylation recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Hye-Jeong Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Jaehyup Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA.
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Ertveldt T, Meulewaeter S, De Vlaeminck Y, Olarte O, Broos K, Van Calenbergh S, Bourgeois S, Deprez J, Heremans Y, Goyvaerts C, Staels W, De Smedt S, Dewitte H, Devoogdt N, Keyaerts M, Verbeke R, Barbé K, Lentacker I, Breckpot K. Nanobody-mediated SPECT/CT imaging reveals the spatiotemporal expression of programmed death-ligand 1 in response to a CD8 + T cell and iNKT cell activating mRNA vaccine. Theranostics 2023; 13:5483-5500. [PMID: 37908728 PMCID: PMC10614673 DOI: 10.7150/thno.85106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Although promising responses are obtained in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1), only a fraction of patients benefits from this immunotherapy. Cancer vaccination may be an effective approach to improve the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy. However, there is a lack of research on the dynamics of PD-L1 expression in response to cancer vaccination. Methods: We performed non-invasive whole-body imaging to visualize PD-L1 expression at different timepoints after vaccination of melanoma-bearing mice. Mice bearing ovalbumin (OVA) expressing B16 tumors were i.v. injected with the Galsome mRNA vaccine: OVA encoding mRNA lipoplexes co-encapsulating a low or a high dose of the atypical adjuvant α-galactosylceramide (αGC) to activate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Serial non-invasive whole-body immune imaging was performed using a technetium-99m (99mTc)-labeled anti-PD-L1 nanobody, single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) images were quantified. Additionally, cellular expression of PD-L1 was evaluated with flow cytometry. Results: SPECT/CT-imaging showed a rapid and systemic upregulation of PD-L1 after vaccination. PD-L1 expression could not be correlated to the αGC-dose, although we observed a dose-dependent iNKT cell activation. Dynamics of PD-L1 expression were organ-dependent and most pronounced in lungs and liver, organs to which the vaccine was distributed. PD-L1 expression in lungs increased immediately after vaccination and gradually decreased over time, whereas in liver, vaccination-induced PD-L1 upregulation was short-lived. Flow cytometric analysis of these organs further showed myeloid cells as well as non-immune cells with elevated PD-L1 expression in response to vaccination. SPECT/CT imaging of the tumor demonstrated that the expression of PD-L1 remained stable over time and was overall not affected by vaccination although flow cytometric analysis at the cellular level demonstrated changes in PD-L1 expression in various immune cell populations following vaccination. Conclusion: Repeated non-invasive whole-body imaging using 99mTc-labeled anti-PD-L1 nanobodies allows to document the dynamic nature of PD-L1 expression upon vaccination. Galsome vaccination rapidly induced systemic upregulation of PD-L1 expression with the most pronounced upregulation in lungs and liver while flow cytometry analysis showed upregulation of PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment. This study shows that imaging using nanobodies may be useful for monitoring vaccine-mediated PD-L1 modulation in patients and could provide a rationale for combination therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that visualizes PD-L1 expression upon cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ertveldt
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Meulewaeter
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Yannick De Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Oscar Olarte
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Broos
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Bourgeois
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joke Deprez
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Visual and Spatial Tissue Analysis (VSTA) Core Facility, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Medical Imaging department, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marleen Keyaerts
- Medical Imaging department, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine Department, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rein Verbeke
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kurt Barbé
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Systemic CD4 Immunity and PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113241. [PMID: 36362027 PMCID: PMC9655397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy has changed the therapeutic approaches for the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying its efficacy or treatment failure are still unclear. Proficient systemic immunity seems to be a prerequisite for efficacy, as recently shown in patients and in mouse models. It is widely accepted that expansion of anti-tumor CD8 T cell populations is principally responsible for anti-tumor responses. In contrast, the role of CD4 T cells has been less studied. Here we review and discuss the evidence supporting the contribution of CD4 T cells to anti-tumor immunity, especially recent advances linking CD4 T cell subsets to efficacious PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy. We also discuss the role of CD4 T cell memory subsets present in peripheral blood before the start of immunotherapies, and their utility as predictors of response.
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4
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Yang X, Ma L, Zhang X, Huang L, Wei J. Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:11. [PMID: 35236415 PMCID: PMC8889667 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases arising from the bone marrow (BM), and approximately 30% of MDS eventually progress to AML, associated with increasingly aggressive neoplastic hematopoietic clones and poor survival. Dysregulated immune microenvironment has been recognized as a key pathogenic driver of MDS and AML, causing high rate of intramedullary apoptosis in lower-risk MDS to immunosuppression in higher-risk MDS and AML. Immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), play important roles in oncogenesis by maintaining an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Recently, both molecules have been examined in MDS and AML. Abnormal inflammatory signaling, genetic and/or epigenetic alterations, interactions between cells, and treatment of patients all have been involved in dysregulating PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in these two diseases. Furthermore, with the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway activated in immune microenvironment, the milieu of BM shift to immunosuppressive, contributing to a clonal evolution of blasts. Nevertheless, numerous preclinical studies have suggested a potential response of patients to PD-1/PD-L1 blocker. Current clinical trials employing these drugs in MDS and AML have reported mixed clinical responses. In this paper, we focus on the recent preclinical advances of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in MDS and AML, and available and ongoing outcomes of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor in patients. We also discuss the novel PD-1/PD-L1 blocker-based immunotherapeutic strategies and challenges, including identifying reliable biomarkers, determining settings, and exploring optimal combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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5
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RNA expression differences in prostate tumors and tumor-adjacent stroma between Black and White Americans. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1457-1469. [PMID: 34316327 PMCID: PMC8310667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) in Black Americans (BA) is diagnosed at an earlier median age and a more advanced stage than PCa in White Americans (WA). Tumor-adjacent stroma (TAS) plays a critical role in tumorigenesis of prostate cancer. We examined RNA expression in both tumor and TAS of BA compared to WA. After evaluating the geographical ancestry of each sample, preliminary analysis of our own RNA-seq data of 7 BA and 7 WA TAS revealed 1706 downregulated and 1844 upregulated genes in BA relative to WA PCa patients (padj < 0.05). An assessment of published RNA-seq data of clinically matched tumor-enriched tissues from 15 BA and 30 WA patients revealed 932 upregulated and 476 downregulated genes in BA relative to WA (padj < 0.05). When TAS and tumor epithelial cohorts were compared for the top 2500 statistically significant genes, immune responses were downregulated in BA vs WA TAS, while T cell-exhaustion pathways and the immune checkpoint gene CTLA4 were upregulated in BA vs WA tumors. We found fewer activated dendritic cells in tumor and more CD8 T-cells in TAS of BA versus WA PCa patients. Further characterization of these differences in the immune response of PCa patients of distinct geographical ancestry could help to improve diagnostics, prognostics, and therapy.
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6
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To KKW, Fong W, Cho WCS. Immunotherapy in Treating EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer: Current Challenges and New Strategies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:635007. [PMID: 34113560 PMCID: PMC8185359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.635007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including monoclonal antibodies against programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), have dramatically improved the survival and quality of life of a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Multiple predictive biomarkers have been proposed to select the patients who may benefit from the immune checkpoint inhibitors. EGFR-mutant NSCLC is the most prevalent molecular subtype in Asian lung cancer patients. However, patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC show poor response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. While small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the preferred initial treatment for EGFR-mutant NSCLC, acquired drug resistance is severely limiting the long-term efficacy. However, there is currently no further effective treatment option for TKIs-refractory EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. The reasons mediating the poor response of EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients to immunotherapy are not clear. Initial investigations revealed that EGFR-mutated NSCLC has lower PD-L1 expression and a low tumor mutational burden, thus leading to weak immunogenicity. Moreover, the use of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade prior to or concurrent with osimertinib has been reported to increase the risk of pulmonary toxicity. Furthermore, emerging evidence shows that PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in NSCLC patients can lead to hyperprogressive disease associated with dismal prognosis. However, it is difficult to predict the treatment toxicity. New biomarkers are urgently needed to predict response and toxicity associated with the use of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Recently, promising data have emerged to suggest the potentiation of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy by anti-angiogenic agents and a few other novel therapeutic agents. This article reviews the current investigations about the poor response of EGFR-mutated NSCLC to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and discusses the new strategies that may be adopted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Fong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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7
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Li W, Zhu X, Zhou X, Wang X, Zhai W, Li B, Du J, Li G, Sui X, Wu Y, Zhai M, Qi Y, Chen G, Gao Y. An orally available PD-1/PD-L1 blocking peptide OPBP-1-loaded trimethyl chitosan hydrogel for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 334:376-388. [PMID: 33940058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of the immune checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 with monoclonal antibodies demonstrated unprecedented clinical efficacies in many cancers. But the orally available low molecular weight inhibitors remain infancy. Compared to small molecules, peptide exhibits better selectivity and fewer side effects, but poor half-life and a big challenge to be orally administrated. Here, we developed a proteolysis-resistant D peptide OPBP-1 (Oral PD-L1 Binding Peptide 1) which could selectively bind PD-L1, significantly block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and enhance IFN-γ (interferon γ) secretion from CD8+ T cells in human PBMCs (Peripheral blood mononuclear cells). OPBP-1 could significantly inhibit tumor growth in murine colorectal CT26 and melanoma B16-OVA models at a relatively low dose of 0.5 mg/kg, with enhancing the infiltration and function of CD8+ T cells. More interestingly, oral delivery of OPBP-1 loaded TMC (N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan) hydrogel (OPBP-1@TMC) showed promising OPBP-1 oral bioavailability (52.8%) and prolonged half-life (14.55 h) in rats, and also significantly inhibited tumor growth in CT26 model. In conclusion, we discovered and optimized a PD-1/PD-L1 blocking peptide OPBP-1, and subsequently loaded into a TMC based hydrogel oral delivery system, in order to maximally elevate the oral bioavailability of the peptide drug and effectively inhibit tumor growth. These results opened up a new prospect for oral drug development in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xueqin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiuman Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenjie Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bingyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guodong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xinghua Sui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yahong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingxia Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanming Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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8
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Alldredge J, Randall L, De Robles G, Agrawal A, Mercola D, Liu M, Randhawa P, Edwards R, McClelland M, Rahmatpanah F. Transcriptome Analysis of Ovarian and Uterine Clear Cell Malignancies. Front Oncol 2020; 10:598579. [PMID: 33415077 PMCID: PMC7784081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.598579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ovarian and uterine clear cell carcinomas (CCCs) are rare but associated with poor prognosis. This study explored RNA transcription patterns characteristic of these tumors. Experimental Design RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of 11 ovarian CCCs and five uterine CCCs was performed and compared to publicly available data from high grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs). Ingenuity Pathway Analyses were performed. CIBERSORT analyses estimated relative fractions of 22 immune cell types in each RNA-seq sample. Sequencing data was correlated with PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression. Results RNA-seq revealed 1,613 downregulated and 1,212 upregulated genes (corrected p < 0.05, |FC |≥10) in ovarian CCC versus HGSOC. Two subgroups were identified in the ovarian CCC, characterized by ethnicity and expression differences in ARID1A. There were 3,252 differentially expressed genes between PD-L1+/− ovarian CCCs, revealing immune response, cell death, and DNA repair networks, negatively correlated with PD-L1 expression, whereas cellular proliferation networks positively correlated with expression. In clear cell ovarian versus clear cell uterine cancer, 1,607 genes were significantly upregulated, and 109 genes were significantly downregulated (corrected p < 0.05, |FC|≥10). Comparative pathway analysis of late and early stage ovarian CCCs revealed unique metabolic and PTEN pathways, whereas uterine CCCs had unique Wnt/Ca+, estrogen receptor, and CCR5 signaling. CIBERSORT analysis revealed that activated mast cells and regulatory T cell populations were relatively enriched in uterine CCCs. The PD-L1+ ovarian CCCs had enriched resting NK cells and memory B cell populations, while PD-L1− had enriched CD8 T-cells, monocytes, eosinophils, and activated dendritic cells. Conclusions Unique transcriptional expression profiles distinguish clear cell uterine and ovarian cancers from each other and from other more common histologic subtypes. These insights may aid in devising novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Alldredge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Leslie Randall
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gabriela De Robles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Dan Mercola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Marisa Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Pavneet Randhawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Robert Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Farah Rahmatpanah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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9
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Miskad UA, Hamzah N, Cangara MH, Nelwan BJ, Masadah R, Wahid S. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Minerva Med 2020; 111:337-343. [PMID: 33032394 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.06401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered have a prognostic value in several malignancies. This study investigated the correlation between PD-L1 expression of tumor cells with the degree of stromal TILs in colorectal adenocarcinoma. METHODS A cross sectional study design performed by taking 52 colorectal adenocarcinoma samples. The specimens were stained by immunohistochemical procedure using PD-L1 rabbit monoclonal antibody and the degrees of TILs were assessed base on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS From a total of 52 samples, the positive PD-L1 expression of tumor cells were 44 (84.6%) samples with 22 (50.0%), 18 (40.9%) and 4 (9.1%) samples had low-, moderate-, and high-degree TILs, respectively. While the negative PD-L1 expression were eight (15.4%) samples with 1 (12.5%), three (37.5%) and four (50.0%) samples had low-, moderate-, and high-degree TILs, respectively. A value of P=0.017 (P<0.05) was obtained by the Chi-square test. CONCLUSIONS This study concluded that there was a significant correlation between PD-L1 expression of tumor cells and the degree of TILs in colorectal adenocarcinoma. This result indicated that the degree of TILs had the potential to be used as a predictive factor for PD-L1 expression of tumor cells in colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upik A Miskad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia -
| | - Nursakti Hamzah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad H Cangara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Berti J Nelwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Rina Masadah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Syarifuddin Wahid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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10
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Chocarro de Erauso L, Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Bocanegra A, Hernandez C, Fernandez G, Garcia-Granda MJ, Blanco E, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Resistance to PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy. A Tumor-Intrinsic or Tumor-Extrinsic Phenomenon? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:441. [PMID: 32317979 PMCID: PMC7154133 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed cell-death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), are revolutionizing cancer treatment and transforming the practice of medical oncology. However, despite all the recent successes of this type of immunotherapies, most patients are still refractory and present either intrinsic resistance or acquired resistance. Either way, this is a major clinical problem and one of the most significant challenges in oncology. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers to predict clinical responses or for patient stratification by probability of response has become a clinical necessity. However, the mechanisms leading to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade resistance are still poorly understood. A deeper understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying resistance to cancer immunotherapies will provide insight for further development of novel strategies designed to overcome resistance and treatment failure. Here we discuss some of the major molecular mechanisms of resistance to PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade and argue whether tumor intrinsic or extrinsic factors constitute main determinants of response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Hernandez
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
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11
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Bocanegra A, Fernandez-Hinojal G, Zuazo-Ibarra M, Arasanz H, Garcia-Granda MJ, Hernandez C, Ibañez M, Hernandez-Marin B, Martinez-Aguillo M, Lecumberri MJ, Fernandez de Lascoiti A, Teijeira L, Morilla I, Vera R, Escors D, Kochan G. PD-L1 Expression in Systemic Immune Cell Populations as a Potential Predictive Biomarker of Responses to PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Therapy in Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1631. [PMID: 30986912 PMCID: PMC6479779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-L1 tumor expression is a widely used biomarker for patient stratification in PD-L1/PD-1 blockade anticancer therapies, particularly for lung cancer. However, the reliability of this marker is still under debate. Moreover, PD-L1 is widely expressed by many immune cell types, and little is known on the relevance of systemic PD-L1⁺ cells for responses to immune checkpoint blockade. We present two clinical cases of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and PD-L1-negative tumors treated with atezolizumab that showed either objective responses or progression. These patients showed major differences in the distribution of PD-L1 expression within systemic immune cells. Based on these results, an exploratory study was carried out with 32 cases of NSCLC patients undergoing PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapies, to compare PD-L1 expression profiles and their relationships with clinical outcomes. Significant differences in the percentage of PD-L1⁺ CD11b⁺ myeloid cell populations were found between objective responders and non-responders. Patients with percentages of PD-L1⁺ CD11b⁺ cells above 30% before the start of immunotherapy showed response rates of 50%, and 70% when combined with memory CD4 T cell profiling. These findings indicate that quantification of systemic PD-L1⁺ myeloid cell subsets could provide a simple biomarker for patient stratification, even if biopsies are scored as PD-L1 null.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bocanegra
- Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez-Hinojal
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Miren Zuazo-Ibarra
- Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Carlos Hernandez
- Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Maria Ibañez
- Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Berta Hernandez-Marin
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Maite Martinez-Aguillo
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Maria Jose Lecumberri
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Lucia Teijeira
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Idoia Morilla
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - David Escors
- Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1R 6JJ, UK.
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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12
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Escors D, Gato-Cañas M, Zuazo M, Arasanz H, García-Granda MJ, Vera R, Kochan G. The intracellular signalosome of PD-L1 in cancer cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:26. [PMID: 30275987 PMCID: PMC6160488 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) overexpression in cancer cells accelerates tumor progression. PD-L1 possesses two main pro-oncogenic functions. First, PD-L1 is a strong immunosuppressive molecule that inactivates tumor-specific T cells by binding to the inhibitory receptor PD-1. Second, PD-L1 function relies on the delivery of intrinsic intracellular signals that enhance cancer cell survival, regulate stress responses and confer resistance toward pro-apoptotic stimuli, such as interferons. Here, we review the current knowledge on intracellular signal transduction pathways regulated by PD-L1, describe its associated signalosome and discuss potential combinations of targeted therapies against the signalosome with PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Escors
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
- Rayne Institute, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF London, UK
| | - María Gato-Cañas
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
- Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - María Jesus García-Granda
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Ruth Vera
- Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdISNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
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13
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Zhao L, Yu H, Yi S, Peng X, Su P, Xiao Z, Liu R, Tang A, Li X, Liu F, Shen S. The tumor suppressor miR-138-5p targets PD-L1 in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45370-45384. [PMID: 27248318 PMCID: PMC5216728 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in cancer development and progression. This study investigated the effects of miR-138-5p in human colorectal cancer (CRC) development. miR-138-5p was frequently downregulated in CRC tissues and was associated with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and poor overall survival. We found that miR-138-5p decreased expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) through interaction with its PD-L1 3′ untranslated region. miR-138-5p also dramatically suppressed CRC cell growth in vitro and inhibited tumorigenesis in vivo. PD-L1 and miR-138-5p levels were inversely correlated in human CRC tumors, and miR-138-5p inhibited PD-L1 expression in tumor models. These results suggest that miR-138-5p is a tumor suppressor in CRC, and its effects are exerted at least partially through PD-L1 downregulation. Low miR-138-5p and high PD-L1 levels correlated with shorter overall CRC patient survival, indicating that miR-138-5p and PD-L1 may serve as CRC biomarkers for risk group assignment, optimal therapy selection and clinical outcome prediction. Targeting PD-L1, possibly by administering miR-138-5p mimics, might be a clinically effective anti-CRC therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuijing Yi
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- Department of Breast Oncology Plastic and Head and Neck, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Anliu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shourong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Zuazo M, Gato-Cañas M, Llorente N, Ibañez-Vea M, Arasanz H, Kochan G, Escors D. Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death-1 dependent T cell suppression: relevance for immunotherapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:385. [PMID: 29114543 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD1) has become a significant target for cancer immunotherapy. PD1 and its receptor programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) are key regulatory physiological immune checkpoints that maintain self-tolerance in the organism by regulating the degree of activation of T and B cells amongst other immune cell types. However, cancer cells take advantage of these immunosuppressive regulatory mechanisms to escape T and B cell-mediated immunity. PD1 engagement on T cells by PDL1 on the surface of cancer cells dramatically interferes with T cell activation and the acquisition of effector capacities. Interestingly, PD1-targeted therapies have demonstrated to be highly effective in rescuing T cell anti-tumor effector functions. Amongst these the use of anti-PD1/PDL1 monoclonal antibodies are particularly efficacious in human therapies. Furthermore, clinical findings with PD1/PDL1 blockers over several cancer types demonstrate clinical benefit. Despite the successful results, the molecular mechanisms by which PD1-targeted therapies rescue T cell functions still remain elusive. Therefore, it is a key issue to uncover the molecular pathways by which these therapies exert its function in T cells. A profound knowledge of PDL1/PD1 mechanisms will surely uncover a new array of targets susceptible of therapeutic intervention. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular events underlying PD1-dependent T cell suppression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Zuazo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Navarra-Navarrabiomed, IdISNA, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Maria Gato-Cañas
- Biomedical Research Centre of Navarra-Navarrabiomed, IdISNA, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Noelia Llorente
- Biomedical Research Centre of Navarra-Navarrabiomed, IdISNA, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - María Ibañez-Vea
- Biomedical Research Centre of Navarra-Navarrabiomed, IdISNA, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Biomedical Research Centre of Navarra-Navarrabiomed, IdISNA, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Biomedical Research Centre of Navarra-Navarrabiomed, IdISNA, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Biomedical Research Centre of Navarra-Navarrabiomed, IdISNA, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain.,Rayne Institute, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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15
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Gato-Cañas M, Arasanz H, Blanco-Luquin I, Glaría E, Arteta-Sanchez V, Kochan G, Escors D. Novel immunotherapies for the treatment of melanoma. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:613-32. [PMID: 27140413 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2015-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are achieving clinical success for the treatment of many cancers. However, it has taken a long time to exploit the potential of the immune system for the treatment of human cancers. We cannot forget that this has been the consequence of very extensive work in basic research in preclinical models and in human patients. Thus, it is rather hard to compile all of it while giving a comprehensive view on this subject. Here we have attempted to give an overall perspective in immunotherapy of melanoma. A brief overview on current therapies is provided, followed by adoptive cell therapies. Gene engineering strategies to improve these therapies are also explained, finishing with therapies based on interference with immune checkpoint pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gato-Cañas
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Glaría
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Virginia Arteta-Sanchez
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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16
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Arasanz H, Gato-Cañas M, Zuazo M, Ibañez-Vea M, Breckpot K, Kochan G, Escors D. PD1 signal transduction pathways in T cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51936-51945. [PMID: 28881701 PMCID: PMC5584302 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer is revolutionizing oncology. Amongst these therapeutic agents, antibodies that block PD-L1/PD1 interactions between cancer cells and T cells are demonstrating high efficacies and low toxicities. Despite all the recent advances, very little is yet known on the molecular intracellular signaling pathways regulated by either PD-L1 or PD1. Here we review the current knowledge on PD1-dependent intracellular signaling pathways, and the consequences of disrupting PD1 signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Arasanz
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Gato-Cañas
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Ibañez-Vea
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Rayne Institute, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kindom
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17
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Homet Moreno B, Zaretsky JM, Garcia-Diaz A, Tsoi J, Parisi G, Robert L, Meeth K, Ndoye A, Bosenberg M, Weeraratna AT, Graeber TG, Comin-Anduix B, Hu-Lieskovan S, Ribas A. Response to Programmed Cell Death-1 Blockade in a Murine Melanoma Syngeneic Model Requires Costimulation, CD4, and CD8 T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:845-857. [PMID: 27589875 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) limits effector T-cell functions in peripheral tissues, and its inhibition leads to clinical benefit in different cancers. To better understand how PD-1 blockade therapy modulates the tumor-host interactions, we evaluated three syngeneic murine tumor models, the BRAFV600E-driven YUMM1.1 and YUMM2.1 melanomas, and the carcinogen-induced murine colon adenocarcinoma MC38. The YUMM cell lines were established from mice with melanocyte-specific BRAFV600E mutation and PTEN loss (BRAFV600E/PTEN-/-). Anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy engendered strong antitumor activity against MC38 and YUMM2.1, but not YUMM1.1. PD-L1 expression did not differ between the three models at baseline or upon interferon stimulation. Whereas mutational load was high in MC38, it was lower in both YUMM models. In YUMM2.1, the antitumor activity of PD-1 blockade had a critical requirement for both CD4 and CD8 T cells, as well as CD28 and CD80/86 costimulation, with an increase in CD11c+CD11b+MHC-IIhigh dendritic cells and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumors after PD-1 blockade. Compared with YUMM1.1, YUMM2.1 exhibited a more inflammatory profile by RNA sequencing analysis, with an increase in expression of chemokine-trafficking genes that are related to immune cell recruitment and T-cell priming. In conclusion, response to PD-1 blockade therapy in tumor models requires CD4 and CD8 T cells and costimulation that is mediated by dendritic cells and macrophages. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(10); 845-57. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Homet Moreno
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Jesse M Zaretsky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angel Garcia-Diaz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Tsoi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Giulia Parisi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Lidia Robert
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Katrina Meeth
- Departments of Immunobiology, Dermatology, and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Abibatou Ndoye
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Departments of Immunobiology, Dermatology, and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | | | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC) at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC) at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC) at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC) at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
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18
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Mandalà M, Merelli B, Massi D. PD-L1 in melanoma: facts and myths. Melanoma Manag 2016; 3:187-194. [PMID: 30190888 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies that block immunologic checkpoints that would otherwise mediate the adaptive immune resistance have paved the way in cancer treatment. There is evidence that blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is a strategy of overriding importance in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma and other solid malignancies, some of which (NSCLC, colorectal cancer, renal cell cancer, head and neck cancer) were not considered to be 'immune-responsive' diseases until recently. In this perspective article, the biological and clinical relevance of PD-L1 is summarized in the context of the immune checkpoint inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy in metastatic melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology & Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24100, Bergamo, Italy.,Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology & Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24100, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Barbara Merelli
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology & Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24100, Bergamo, Italy.,Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology & Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24100, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Surgery & Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy.,Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Surgery & Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
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19
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Gato M, Blanco-Luquin I, Zudaire M, de Morentin XM, Perez-Valderrama E, Zabaleta A, Kochan G, Escors D, Fernandez-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E. Drafting the proteome landscape of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Proteomics 2015; 16:367-78. [PMID: 26403437 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that are defined by their myeloid origin, immature state, and ability to potently suppress T-cell responses. They regulate immune responses and the population significantly increases in the tumor microenvironment of patients with glioma and other malignant tumors. For their study, MDSCs are usually isolated from the spleen or directly of tumors from a large number of tumor-bearing mice although promising ex vivo differentiated MDSC production systems have been recently developed. During the last years, proteomics has emerged as a powerful approach to analyze MDSCs proteomes using shotgun-based mass spectrometry (MS), providing functional information about cellular homeostasis and metabolic state at a global level. Here, we will revise recent proteome profiling studies performed in MDSCs from different origins. Moreover, we will perform an integrative functional analysis of the protein compilation derived from these large-scale proteomic studies in order to obtain a comprehensive view of MDSCs biology. Finally, we will also discuss the potential application of high-throughput proteomic approaches to study global proteome dynamics and post-translational modifications (PTMs) during the differentiation process of MDSCs that will greatly boost the identification of novel MDSC-specific therapeutic targets to apply in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gato
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maribel Zudaire
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xabier Martínez de Morentin
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estela Perez-Valderrama
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aintzane Zabaleta
- Biofunctional Nanomaterials Laboratory, CIC Biomagune, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernandez-Irigoyen
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e22789. [PMID: 23482847 PMCID: PMC3583934 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 20 years, dozens-if not hundreds-of monoclonal antibodies have been developed and characterized for their capacity to mediate antineoplastic effects, either as they activate/enhance tumor-specific immune responses, either as they interrupt cancer cell-intrinsic signal transduction cascades, either as they specifically delivery toxins to malignant cells or as they block the tumor-stroma interaction. Such an intense research effort has lead to the approval by FDA of no less than 14 distinct molecules for use in humans affected by hematological or solid malignancies. In the inaugural issue of OncoImmunology, we briefly described the scientific rationale behind the use of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy and discussed recent, ongoing clinical studies investigating the safety and efficacy of this approach in patients. Here, we summarize the latest developments in this exciting area of clinical research, focusing on high impact studies that have been published during the last 15 months and clinical trials launched in the same period to investigate the therapeutic profile of promising, yet hitherto investigational, monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM; U848; Villejuif, France
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21
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Liechtenstein T, Perez-Janices N, Blanco-Luquin I, Goyvaerts C, Schwarze J, Dufait I, Lanna A, Ridder MD, Guerrero-Setas D, Breckpot K, Escors D. Anti-melanoma vaccines engineered to simultaneously modulate cytokine priming and silence PD-L1 characterized using ex vivo myeloid-derived suppressor cells as a readout of therapeutic efficacy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e945378. [PMID: 25954597 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.945378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficacious antitumor vaccines strongly stimulate cancer-specific effector T cells and counteract the activity of tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive cells. We hypothesised that combining cytokine expression with silencing programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) could potentiate anticancer immune responses of lentivector vaccines. Thus, we engineered a collection of lentivectors that simultaneously co-expressed an antigen, a PD-L1-silencing shRNA, and various T cell-polarising cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) or interleukins (IL12, IL15, IL23, IL17A, IL6, IL10, IL4). In a syngeneic B16F0 melanoma model and using tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1) as a vaccine antigen, we found that simultaneous delivery of IL12 and a PD-L1-silencing shRNA was the only combination that exhibited therapeutically relevant anti-melanoma activities. Mechanistically, we found that delivery of the PD-L1 silencing construct boosted T cell numbers, inhibited in vivo tumor growth and strongly cooperated with IL12 cytokine priming and antitumor activities. Finally, we tested the capacities of our vaccines to counteract tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) activities ex vivo. Interestingly, the lentivector co-expressing IL12 and the PD-L1 silencing shRNA was the only one that counteracted MDSC suppressive activities, potentially underlying the observed anti-melanoma therapeutic benefit. We conclude that (1) evaluation of vaccines in healthy mice has no significant predictive value for the selection of anticancer treatments; (2) B16 cells expressing xenoantigens as a tumor model are of limited value; and (3) vaccines which inhibit the suppressive effect of MDSC on T cells in our ex vivo assay show promising and relevant antitumor activities.
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Key Words
- 142 3p, target sequence for the microRNA 142 3p
- DC, dendritic cell
- G-MDSC, granulocytic MDSC
- IL, interleukin
- IiOVA, MHC II invariant chain-ovalbumin
- M-MDS, monocytic MDSC
- MDSC
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MLR, mixed lymphocyte reaction
- OVA, chicken ovalbumin
- PD-1, programmed cell death 1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1
- T cell
- TAA, tumor associated antigen
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TRP1, tyrosinase related protein 1;
- TRP2, tyrosinase related protein 2
- Th, T helper lymphocyte
- immunotherapy
- melanoma
- p1, PD-L1-targeted microRNA
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Liechtenstein
- Division of infection and immunity; Rayne Institute; University College London ; London, UK ; Immunomodulation group; Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet ; Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Noemi Perez-Janices
- Division of infection and immunity; Rayne Institute; University College London ; London, UK ; Cancer Epigenetics group; Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet ; Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Cancer Epigenetics group; Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet ; Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Physiology-Immunology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium
| | - Julia Schwarze
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Physiology-Immunology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium
| | - Ines Dufait
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Physiology-Immunology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium ; Department of Radiotherapy; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium
| | - Alessio Lanna
- Division of infection and immunity; Rayne Institute; University College London ; London, UK
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium
| | - David Guerrero-Setas
- Cancer Epigenetics group; Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet ; Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Physiology-Immunology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel ; Jette, Belgium
| | - David Escors
- Division of infection and immunity; Rayne Institute; University College London ; London, UK ; Immunomodulation group; Navarrabiomed-Fundacion Miguel Servet ; Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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22
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Lim YZ, South AP. Tumour-stroma crosstalk in the development of squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:450-8. [PMID: 24955488 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents one of the most frequently diagnosed tumours and contributes significant mortality worldwide. Recent deep sequencing of cancer genomes has identified common mutations in SCC arising across different tissues highlighting perturbation of squamous differentiation as a key event. At the same time significant data have been accumulating to show that common tumour-stroma interactions capable of driving disease progression are also evident when comparing SCC arising in different tissues. We and others have shown altered matrix composition surrounding SCC can promote tumour development. This review focuses on some of the emerging data with particular emphasis on SCC of head and neck and skin with discussion on the potential tumour suppressive properties of a normal microenvironment. Such data indicate that regardless of the extent and type of somatic mutation it is in fact the tumour context that defines metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yok Zuan Lim
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK; Institute of Medical Biology, A*Star, Singapore
| | - Andrew P South
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.
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23
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Khatami M. Chronic Inflammation: Synergistic Interactions of Recruiting Macrophages (TAMs) and Eosinophils (Eos) with Host Mast Cells (MCs) and Tumorigenesis in CALTs. M-CSF, Suitable Biomarker for Cancer Diagnosis! Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:297-322. [PMID: 24473090 PMCID: PMC3980605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing debates, misunderstandings and controversies on the role of inflammation in cancer have been extremely costly for taxpayers and cancer patients for over four decades. A reason for repeated failed clinical trials (90% ± 5 failure rates) is heavy investment on numerous genetic mutations (molecular false-flags) in the chaotic molecular landscape of site-specific cancers which are used for "targeted" therapies or "personalized" medicine. Recently, unresolved/chronic inflammation was defined as loss of balance between two tightly regulated and biologically opposing arms of acute inflammation ("Yin"-"Yang" or immune surveillance). Chronic inflammation could differentially erode architectural integrities in host immune-privileged or immune-responsive tissues as a common denominator in initiation and progression of nearly all age-associated neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases and/or cancer. Analyses of data on our "accidental" discoveries in 1980s on models of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases in conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissues (CALTs) demonstrated at least three stages of interactions between resident (host) and recruited immune cells: (a), acute phase; activation of mast cells (MCs), IgE Abs, histamine and prostaglandin synthesis; (b), intermediate phase; down-regulation phenomenon, exhausted/degranulated MCs, heavy eosinophils (Eos) infiltrations into epithelia and goblet cells (GCs), tissue hypertrophy and neovascularization; and (c), chronic phase; induction of lymphoid hyperplasia, activated macrophages (Mfs), increased (irregular size) B and plasma cells, loss of integrity of lymphoid tissue capsular membrane, presence of histiocytes, follicular and germinal center formation, increased ratios of local IgG1/IgG2, epithelial thickening (growth) and/or thinning (necrosis) and angiogenesis. Results are suggestive of first evidence for direct association between inflammation and identifiable phases of immune dysfunction in the direction of tumorigenesis. Activated MFs (TAMs or M2) and Eos that are recruited by tissues (e.g., conjunctiva or perhaps lung airways) whose principal resident immune cells are MCs and lymphocytes are suggested to play crucial synergistic roles in enhancing growth promoting capacities of host toward tumorigenesis. Under oxidative stress, M-CSF may produce signals that are cumulative/synergistic with host mediators (e.g., low levels of histamine), facilitating tumor-directed expression of decoy receptors and immune suppressive factors (e.g., dTNFR, IL-5, IL-10, TGF-b, PGE2). M-CSF, possessing superior sensitivity and specificity, compared with conventional markers (e.g., CA-125, CA-19-9) is potentially a suitable biomarker for cancer diagnosis and technology development. Systematic monitoring of interactions between resident and recruited cells should provide key information not only about early events in loss of immune surveillance, but it would help making informed decisions for balancing the inherent tumoricidal (Yin) and tumorigenic (Yang) properties of immune system and effective preventive and therapeutic approaches and accurate risk assessment toward improvement of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute (Ret), the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
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24
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Pen JJ, Keersmaecker BD, Heirman C, Corthals J, Liechtenstein T, Escors D, Thielemans K, Breckpot K. Interference with PD-L1/PD-1 co-stimulation during antigen presentation enhances the multifunctionality of antigen-specific T cells. Gene Ther 2014; 21:262-71. [PMID: 24401835 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The release of cytokines by T cells strongly defines their functional activity in vivo. The ability to produce multiple cytokines has been associated with beneficial immune responses in cancer and infectious diseases, while their progressive loss is associated with T-cell exhaustion, senescence and anergy. Consequently, strategies that enhance the multifunctional status of T cells are a key for immunotherapy. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells that regulate T-cell functions by providing positive and negative co-stimulatory signals. A key negative regulator of T-cell activity is provided by binding of programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on activated T cells, to its ligand PD-L1, expressed on DCs. We investigated the impact of interfering with PD-L1/PD-1 co-stimulation on the multifunctionality of T cells, by expression of the soluble extracellular part of PD-1 (sPD-1) or PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in human monocyte-derived DCs during antigen presentation. Expression, secretion and binding of these soluble molecules after mRNA electroporation were demonstrated. Modification of DCs with sPD-1 or sPD-L1 mRNA resulted in increased levels of the co-stimulatory molecule CD80 and a distinct cytokine profile, characterized by the secretion of IL-10 and TNF-α, respectively. Co-expression in DCs of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 with influenza virus nuclear protein 1 (Flu NP1) stimulated Flu NP1 memory T cells, with a significantly higher number of multifunctional T cells and increased cytokine secretion, while it did not induce regulatory T cells. These data provide a rationale for the inclusion of interfering sPD-1 or sPD-L1 in DC-based immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B D Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Heirman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Corthals
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Liechtenstein
- 1] Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK [2] Navarrabiomed-FMS, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - D Escors
- 1] Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK [2] Navarrabiomed-FMS, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - K Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Tumour immunogenicity, antigen presentation and immunological barriers in cancer immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2014. [PMID: 24634791 DOI: 10.1155/2014/734515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 20th century, scientists have tried to stimulate the anti-tumour activities of the immune system to fight against cancer. However, the scientific effort devoted on the development of cancer immunotherapy has not been translated into the expected clinical success. On the contrary, classical anti-neoplastic treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the first line of treatment. Nevertheless, there is compelling evidence on the immunogenicity of cancer cells, and the capacity of the immune system to expand cancer-specific effector cytotoxic T cells. However, the effective activation of anti-cancer T cell responses strongly depends on efficient tumour antigen presentation from professional antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). Several strategies have been used to boost DC antigen presenting functions, but at the end cancer immunotherapy is not as effective as would be expected according to preclinical models. In this review we comment on these discrepancies, focusing our attention on the contribution of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells to the lack of therapeutic success of DC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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26
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Abstract
The success of immunotherapy against infectious diseases has shown us the powerful potential that such a treatment offers, and substantial work has been done to apply this strategy in the fight against cancer. Cancer is however a fiercer opponent than pathogen-caused diseases due to natural tolerance towards tumour associated antigens and tumour-induced immunosuppression. Recent gene therapy clinical trials with viral vectors have shown clinical efficacy in the correction of genetic diseases, HIV and cancer. The first successful gene therapy clinical trials were carried out with onco(γ-)retroviral vectors but oncogenesis by insertional mutagenesis appeared as a serious complication. Lentiviral vectors have emerged as a potentially safer strategy, and recently the first clinical trial of patients with advanced leukemia using lentiviral vectors has proven successful. Additionally, therapeutic lentivectors have shown clinical efficacy for the treatment of HIV, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and β-thalassaemia. This review aims at describing lentivectors and how they can be utilized to boost anti-tumour immune responses by manipulating the effector immune cells.
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27
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Liechtenstein T, Perez-Janices N, Bricogne C, Lanna A, Dufait I, Goyvaerts C, Laranga R, Padella A, Arce F, Baratchian M, Ramirez N, Lopez N, Kochan G, Blanco-Luquin I, Guerrero-Setas D, Breckpot K, Escors D. Immune modulation by genetic modification of dendritic cells with lentiviral vectors. Virus Res 2013; 176:1-15. [PMID: 23726846 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our work over the past eight years has focused on the use of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors (lentivectors) for the genetic modification of dendritic cells (DCs) to control their functions in immune modulation. DCs are key professional antigen presenting cells which regulate the activity of most effector immune cells, including T, B and NK cells. Their genetic modification provides the means for the development of targeted therapies towards cancer and autoimmune disease. We have been modulating with lentivectors the activity of intracellular signalling pathways and co-stimulation during antigen presentation to T cells, to fine-tune the type and strength of the immune response. In the course of our research, we have found unexpected results such as the surprising immunosuppressive role of anti-viral signalling pathways, and the close link between negative co-stimulation in the immunological synapse and T cell receptor trafficking. Here we review our major findings and put them into context with other published work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Liechtenstein
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
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28
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Lu W, Lu L, Feng Y, Chen J, Li Y, Kong X, Chen S, Li X, Chen Q, Zhang P. Inflammation promotes oral squamous carcinoma immune evasion via induced programmed death ligand-1 surface expression. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1519-1526. [PMID: 23761816 PMCID: PMC3678870 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between inflammation and cancer provides a new target for tumor biotherapy. The inflammatory cells and molecules within the tumor microenvironment have decisive dual roles in antitumor immunity and immune evasion. In the present study, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to simulate the tumor inflammatory microenvironment. The effect of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines on the surface expression of programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor immune evasion was investigated using flow cytometry (FCM) and an in vivo xenotransplantation model. Based on the data, PHA-activated, but not resting, immune cells were able to promote the surface expression of PD-L1 in Tca8113 oral squamous carcinoma cells via the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, but not by cell-cell contact. The majority of the inflammatory cytokines had no significant effect on the proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of the Tca8113 cells, although they each induced the expression of PD-L1 in a dose-dependent manner. In total, 99% of the Tca8113 cells expressed PD-L1 following treatment with the supernatant of PHA-stimulated PBMCs. The PHA-supernatant pretreated Tca8113 cells unusually induced Tca8113 antigen-specific CD8+ T cell apoptosis in vitro and the evasion of antigen-specific T cell attraction in a nude mouse tumor-bearing model. These results indicate a new mechanism for the promotion of tumor immune evasion by the tumor inflammatory microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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29
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Abstract
Immunotherapeutic approaches have been gaining attention in the field of cancer treatment because of their possible ability to eradicate cancer cells as well as metastases by recruiting the host immune system. On the other hand, RNA-based therapeutics with the ability to silence expression of specific targets are currently under clinical investigation for various disorders including cancer. As the mechanisms of tumor evasion from the host immune system are versatile, different molecules have the capacity to be targeted by RNAi technology in order to enhance the immune response against tumors. This technology has been used to silence specific targets in tumor cells, as well as immune cells in cancer cell lines, animal models and clinical trials. siRNAs can also stimulate innate immune responses through activation of Toll-like receptors. Although currently clinical trials of the application of siRNA in cancer immunotherapy are few, it is predicted that in future this technology will be used broadly in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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30
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Dufait I, Liechtenstein T, Lanna A, Bricogne C, Laranga R, Padella A, Breckpot K, Escors D. Retroviral and lentiviral vectors for the induction of immunological tolerance. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:694137. [PMID: 23526794 PMCID: PMC3605697 DOI: 10.6064/2012/694137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral and lentiviral vectors have proven to be particularly efficient systems to deliver genes of interest into target cells, either in vivo or in cell cultures. They have been used for some time for gene therapy and the development of gene vaccines. Recently retroviral and lentiviral vectors have been used to generate tolerogenic dendritic cells, key professional antigen presenting cells that regulate immune responses. Thus, three main approaches have been undertaken to induce immunological tolerance; delivery of potent immunosuppressive cytokines and other molecules, modification of intracellular signalling pathways in dendritic cells, and de-targeting transgene expression from dendritic cells using microRNA technology. In this review we briefly describe retroviral and lentiviral vector biology, and their application to induce immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Dufait
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Therese Liechtenstein
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Alessio Lanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Christopher Bricogne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Roberta Laranga
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Antonella Padella
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - David Escors
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
- *David Escors:
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31
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Liechtenstein T, Dufait I, Bricogne C, Lanna A, Pen J, Breckpot K, Escors D. PD-L1/PD-1 Co-Stimulation, a Brake for T cell Activation and a T cell Differentiation Signal. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2012; S12:006. [PMID: 23525238 PMCID: PMC3605779 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.s12-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For T cell activation, three signals have to be provided from the antigen presenting cell; Signal 1 (antigen recognition), signal 2 (co-stimulation) and signal 3 (cytokine priming). Blocking negative co-stimulation during antigen presentation to T cells is becoming a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Here we will focus on interference with PD-1/PD-L1 negative co-stimulation during antigen presentation to T cells as a therapeutic approach. We will discuss the potential mechanisms and the therapeutic consequences by which interference/inhibition with this interaction results in anti-tumour immunity. Particularly, we will comment on whether blocking negative co-stimulation provides differentiation signals to T cells undergoing antigen presentation. A major dogma in immunology states that T cell differentiation signals are given by cytokines and chemokines (signal 3) rather than co-stimulation (signal 2). We will discuss whether this is the case when blocking PD-L1/PD-1 negative co-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Liechtenstein
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
| | - Ines Dufait
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology-Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, B-1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Christopher Bricogne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
| | - Alessio Lanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
| | - Joeri Pen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology-Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, B-1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology-Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, B-1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - David Escors
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JF, London, UK
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Liechtenstein T, Dufait I, Lanna A, Breckpot K, Escors D. MODULATING CO-STIMULATION DURING ANTIGEN PRESENTATION TO ENHANCE CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY. IMMUNOLOGY, ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC AGENTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012; 12:224-235. [PMID: 22945252 PMCID: PMC3428911 DOI: 10.2174/187152212802001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the key roles of the immune system is the identification of potentially dangerous pathogens or tumour cells, and raising a wide range of mechanisms to eliminate them from the organism. One of these mechanisms is activation and expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, after recognition of antigenic peptides on the surface of antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). However, DCs also process and present autoantigens. Therefore, antigen presentation has to occur in the appropriate context to either trigger immune responses or establishing immunological tolerance. This is achieved by co-stimulation of T cells during antigen presentation. Co-stimulation consists on the simultaneous binding of ligand-receptor molecules at the immunological synapse which will determine the type and extent of T cell responses. In addition, the type of cytokines/chemokines present during antigen presentation will influence the polarisation of T cell responses, whether they lead to tolerance, antibody responses or cytotoxicity. In this review, we will focus on approaches manipulating co-stimulation during antigen presentation, and the role of cytokine stimulation on effective T cell responses. More specifically, we will address the experimental strategies to interfere with negative co-stimulation such as that mediated by PD-L1 (Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1)/PD-1 (Programmed death 1) to enhance anti-tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Liechtenstein
- Division of Infection and Immunity. Rayne Institute. University College London. 5 University Street. WC1E 6JF. London. United Kingdom
| | - Ines Dufait
- Division of Infection and Immunity. Rayne Institute. University College London. 5 University Street. WC1E 6JF. London. United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology-Immunology. Medical School. Free University of Brussels. Laarbeeklaan 103. 1090 Jette. Belgium
| | - Alessio Lanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity. Rayne Institute. University College London. 5 University Street. WC1E 6JF. London. United Kingdom
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Department of Physiology-Immunology. Medical School. Free University of Brussels. Laarbeeklaan 103. 1090 Jette. Belgium
| | - David Escors
- Division of Infection and Immunity. Rayne Institute. University College London. 5 University Street. WC1E 6JF. London. United Kingdom
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