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Ortega JA, Soares de Aguiar GP, Chandravanshi P, Levy N, Engel E, Álvarez Z. Exploring the properties and potential of the neural extracellular matrix for next-generation regenerative therapies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1962. [PMID: 38723788 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic and complex network of proteins and molecules that surrounds cells and tissues in the nervous system and orchestrates a myriad of biological functions. This review carefully examines the diverse interactions between cells and the ECM, as well as the transformative chemical and physical changes that the ECM undergoes during neural development, aging, and disease. These transformations play a pivotal role in shaping tissue morphogenesis and neural activity, thereby influencing the functionality of the central nervous system (CNS). In our comprehensive review, we describe the diverse behaviors of the CNS ECM in different physiological and pathological scenarios and explore the unique properties that make ECM-based strategies attractive for CNS repair and regeneration. Addressing the challenges of scalability, variability, and integration with host tissues, we review how advanced natural, synthetic, and combinatorial matrix approaches enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and functional recovery. Overall, this review highlights the potential of decellularized ECM as a powerful tool for CNS modeling and regenerative purposes and sets the stage for future research in this exciting field. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Ortega
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Gisele P Soares de Aguiar
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Palash Chandravanshi
- Biomaterials for Neural Regeneration Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natacha Levy
- Biomaterials for Neural Regeneration Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Engel
- IMEM-BRT Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, EEBE, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zaida Álvarez
- Biomaterials for Neural Regeneration Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Gao G, Zhou Z. Isthmin-1: A critical regulator of branching morphogenesis and metanephric mesenchyme condensation during early kidney development. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300189. [PMID: 38161234 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Isthmin-1 (Ism1) was first described to be syn-expressed with Fgf8 in Xenopus. However, its biological role has not been elucidated until recent years. Despite of accumulated evidence that Ism1 participates in angiogenesis, tumor invasion, macrophage apoptosis, and glucose metabolism, the cognate receptors for Ism1 remain largely unknown. Ism1 deficiency in mice results in renal agenesis (RA) with a transient loss of Gdnf transcription and impaired mesenchyme condensation at E11.5. Ism1 binds to and activates Integrin α8β1 to positively regulate Gdnf/Ret signaling, thus promoting mesenchyme condensation and ureteric epithelium branching morphogenesis. Here, we propose the hypothesis underlying the mechanism by which Ism1 regulates branching morphogenesis during early kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Reproductive Medical Center, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Salamanna F, Contartese D, Borsari V, Pagani S, Sartori M, Tschon M, Griffoni C, Giavaresi G, Tedesco G, Barbanti Brodano G, Gasbarrini A, Fini M. Gender-Specific Differences in Human Vertebral Bone Marrow Clot. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11856. [PMID: 37511617 PMCID: PMC10380734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, our group described the application of vertebral bone marrow (vBMA) clot as a cell therapy strategy for spinal fusion. Its beneficial effects were confirmed in aging-associated processes, but the influence of gender is unknown. In this study, we compared the biological properties of vBMA clots and derived vertebral mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from female and male patients undergoing spinal fusion procedures and treated with vBMA clot. We analyzed the expression of growth factors (GFs) in vBMA clots and MSCs as well as morphology, viability, doubling time, markers expression, clonogenicity, differentiation ability, senescence factors, Klotho expression, and HOX and TALE gene profiles from female and male donors. Our findings indicate that vBMA clots and derived MSCs from males had higher expression of GFs and greater osteogenic and chondrogenic potential compared to female patients. Additionally, vBMA-clot-derived MSCs from female and male donors exhibited distinct levels of HOX and TALE gene expression. Specifically, HOXA1, HOXB8, HOXD9, HOXA11, and PBX1 genes were upregulated in MSCs derived from clotted vBMA from male donors. These results demonstrate that vBMA clots can be effectively used for spinal fusion procedures; however, gender-related differences should be taken into consideration when utilizing vBMA-clot-based studies to optimize the design and implementation of this cell therapy strategy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salamanna
- Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Deyanira Contartese
- Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Borsari
- Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Pagani
- Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Sartori
- Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Tschon
- Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Griffoni
- Spine Surgery Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tedesco
- Spine Surgery Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Milena Fini
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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4
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Takata N, Miska JM, Morgan MA, Patel P, Billingham LK, Joshi N, Schipma MJ, Dumar ZJ, Joshi NR, Misharin AV, Embry RB, Fiore L, Gao P, Diebold LP, McElroy GS, Shilatifard A, Chandel NS, Oliver G. Lactate-dependent transcriptional regulation controls mammalian eye morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4129. [PMID: 37452018 PMCID: PMC10349100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian retinal metabolism favors aerobic glycolysis. However, the role of glycolytic metabolism in retinal morphogenesis remains unknown. We report that aerobic glycolysis is necessary for the early stages of retinal development. Taking advantage of an unbiased approach that combines the use of eye organoids and single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify specific glucose transporters and glycolytic genes in retinal progenitors. Next, we determine that the optic vesicle territory of mouse embryos displays elevated levels of glycolytic activity. At the functional level, we show that removal of Glucose transporter 1 and Lactate dehydrogenase A gene activity from developing retinal progenitors arrests eye morphogenesis. Surprisingly, we uncover that lactate-mediated upregulation of key eye-field transcription factors is controlled by the epigenetic modification of histone H3 acetylation through histone deacetylase activity. Our results identify an unexpected bioenergetic independent role of lactate as a signaling molecule necessary for mammalian eye morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Takata
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jason M Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marc A Morgan
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Priyam Patel
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Leah K Billingham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Neha Joshi
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zachary J Dumar
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nikita R Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ryan B Embry
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Luciano Fiore
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Av. General Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peng Gao
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center Metabolomics Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Lauren P Diebold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Gregory S McElroy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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5
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Bernier-Latmani J, Mauri C, Marcone R, Renevey F, Durot S, He L, Vanlandewijck M, Maclachlan C, Davanture S, Zamboni N, Knott GW, Luther SA, Betsholtz C, Delorenzi M, Brisken C, Petrova TV. ADAMTS18 + villus tip telocytes maintain a polarized VEGFA signaling domain and fenestrations in nutrient-absorbing intestinal blood vessels. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3983. [PMID: 35810168 PMCID: PMC9271081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal villus tip is the first point of contact for lumen-derived substances including nutrients and microbial products. Electron microscopy studies from the early 1970s uncovered unusual spatial organization of small intestinal villus tip blood vessels: their exterior, epithelial-facing side is fenestrated, while the side facing the villus stroma is non-fenestrated, covered by pericytes and harbors endothelial nuclei. Such organization optimizes the absorption process, however the molecular mechanisms maintaining this highly specialized structure remain unclear. Here we report that perivascular LGR5+ villus tip telocytes (VTTs) are necessary for maintenance of villus tip endothelial cell polarization and fenestration by sequestering VEGFA signaling. Mechanistically, unique VTT expression of the protease ADAMTS18 is necessary for VEGFA signaling sequestration through limiting fibronectin accumulation. Therefore, we propose a model in which LGR5+ ADAMTS18+ telocytes are necessary to maintain a “just-right” level and location of VEGFA signaling in intestinal villus blood vasculature to ensure on one hand the presence of sufficient endothelial fenestrae, while avoiding excessive leakiness of the vessels and destabilization of villus tip epithelial structures. The molecular mechanisms ensuring the specialized structure of small intestinal villus tip blood vessels are incompletely understood. Here the authors show that ADAMTS18+ telocytes maintain a “just-right” level and location of VEGFA signaling on intestinal villus blood vessels, thereby ensuring the presence of endothelial fenestrae for nutrient absorption, while avoiding excessive leakiness and destabilization of villus tip epithelial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Cristina Mauri
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Marcone
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Renevey
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Durot
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Catherine Maclachlan
- Bio Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suzel Davanture
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Graham W Knott
- Bio Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Chi Y, Chen Y, Jiang W, Huang W, Ouyang M, Liu L, Pan Y, Li J, Qu X, Liu H, Liu C, Deng L, Qin X, Xiang Y. Deficiency of Integrin β4 Results in Increased Lung Tissue Stiffness and Responds to Substrate Stiffness via Modulating RhoA Activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845440. [PMID: 35309934 PMCID: PMC8926985 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between extracellular matrix (ECM) and epithelial cells plays a key role in lung development. Our studies found that mice with conditional integrin β4 (ITGB4) knockout presented lung dysplasia and increased stiffness of lung tissues. In accordance with our previous studies regarding the functions of ITGB4 in bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), we hypothesize that the decreased ITGB4 expression during embryonic stage leads to abnormal ECM remodeling and increased tissue stiffness, thus impairing BECs motility and compromising lung development. In this study, we examined lung tissue stiffness in normal and ITGB4 deficiency mice using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and demonstrated that ITGB4 deficiency resulted in increased lung tissue stiffness. The examination of ECM components collagen, elastin, and lysyl oxidase (LOX) family showed that the expression of type VI collagen, elastin and LOXL4 were significantly elevated in the ITGB4-deficiency mice, compared with those in normal groups. Airway epithelial cell migration and proliferation capacities on normal and stiff substrates were evaluated through video-microscopy and flow cytometry. The morphology of the cytoskeleton was detected by laser confocal microscopy, and RhoA activities were determined by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy. The results showed that migration and proliferation of ITGB4 deficiency cells were noticeably inhibited, along decreased cytoskeleton stabilization, and hampered RhoA activity, especially for cells cultured on the stiff substrate. These results suggest that decreased ITGB4 expression results in increased lung tissue stiffness and impairs the adaptation of bronchial epithelial cells to substrate stiffness, which may be related to the occurrence of broncho pulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxiu Chi
- School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou, China
- Longdong College, Qingyang, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wang Jiang
- School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Affiliated Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Ouyang
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chi Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linhong Deng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Linhong Deng, ; Xiaoqun Qin, ; Yang Xiang,
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Linhong Deng, ; Xiaoqun Qin, ; Yang Xiang,
| | - Yang Xiang
- School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Linhong Deng, ; Xiaoqun Qin, ; Yang Xiang,
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7
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Decellularized extracellular matrix mediates tissue construction and regeneration. Front Med 2021; 16:56-82. [PMID: 34962624 PMCID: PMC8976706 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Contributing to organ formation and tissue regeneration, extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents provide tissue with three-dimensional (3D) structural integrity and cellular-function regulation. Containing the crucial traits of the cellular microenvironment, ECM substitutes mediate cell–matrix interactions to prompt stem-cell proliferation and differentiation for 3D organoid construction in vitro or tissue regeneration in vivo. However, these ECMs are often applied generically and have yet to be extensively developed for specific cell types in 3D cultures. Cultured cells also produce rich ECM, particularly stromal cells. Cellular ECM improves 3D culture development in vitro and tissue remodeling during wound healing after implantation into the host as well. Gaining better insight into ECM derived from either tissue or cells that regulate 3D tissue reconstruction or organ regeneration helps us to select, produce, and implant the most suitable ECM and thus promote 3D organoid culture and tissue remodeling for in vivo regeneration. Overall, the decellularization methodologies and tissue/cell-derived ECM as scaffolds or cellular-growth supplements used in cell propagation and differentiation for 3D tissue culture in vitro are discussed. Moreover, current preclinical applications by which ECM components modulate the wound-healing process are reviewed.
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8
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Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids toward clinical implementations. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Dissecting nephron morphogenesis using kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 72:22-29. [PMID: 34781071 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During kidney development the emergence of complex multicellular shapes such as the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney) rely on spatiotemporally coordinated developmental programs. These involve gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways and mechanical forces, that work in concert to shape and form the nephron(s). The generation of kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells now represent an unprecedented experimental set up to study these processes. Here we discuss the potential applications of kidney organoids to advance our knowledge of how mechanical forces and cell fate specification spatiotemporally interact to orchestrate nephron patterning and morphogenesis in humans. Progress in innovative techniques for quantifying and perturbing these processes in a controlled manner will be crucial. A mechanistic understanding of the multicellular dynamic processes occurring during nephrogenesis will pave the way to unveil new mechanisms of human kidney disease.
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10
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Kim JM, Jo Y, Jung JW, Park K. A mechanogenetic role for the actomyosin complex in branching morphogenesis of epithelial organs. Development 2021; 148:dev.190785. [PMID: 33658222 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The actomyosin complex plays crucial roles in various life processes by balancing the forces generated by cellular components. In addition to its physical function, the actomyosin complex participates in mechanotransduction. However, the exact role of actomyosin contractility in force transmission and the related transcriptional changes during morphogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we report a mechanogenetic role of the actomyosin complex in branching morphogenesis using an organotypic culture system of mouse embryonic submandibular glands. We dissected the physical factors arranged by characteristic actin structures in developing epithelial buds and identified the spatial distribution of forces that is essential for buckling mechanism to promote the branching process. Moreover, the crucial genes required for the distribution of epithelial progenitor cells were regulated by YAP and TAZ through a mechanotransduction process in epithelial organs. These findings are important for our understanding of the physical processes involved in the development of epithelial organs and provide a theoretical background for developing new approaches for organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Man Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungJu Jo
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Won Jung
- Department of Dentistry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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11
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Garreta E, Kamm RD, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Lancaster MA, Weiss R, Trepat X, Hyun I, Montserrat N. Rethinking organoid technology through bioengineering. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:145-155. [PMID: 33199860 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years considerable progress has been made in the development of faithful procedures for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). An important step in this direction has also been the derivation of organoids. This technology generally relies on traditional three-dimensional culture techniques that exploit cell-autonomous self-organization responses of hPSCs with minimal control over the external inputs supplied to the system. The convergence of stem cell biology and bioengineering offers the possibility to provide these stimuli in a controlled fashion, resulting in the development of naturally inspired approaches to overcome major limitations of this nascent technology. Based on the current developments, we emphasize the achievements and ongoing challenges of bringing together hPSC organoid differentiation, bioengineering and ethics. This Review underlines the need for providing engineering solutions to gain control of self-organization and functionality of hPSC-derived organoids. We expect that this knowledge will guide the community to generate higher-grade hPSC-derived organoids for further applications in developmental biology, drug screening, disease modelling and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garreta
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Insoo Hyun
- Department of Bioethics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Ciccone MF, Trousdell MC, Dos Santos CO. Characterization of Organoid Cultures to Study the Effects of Pregnancy Hormones on the Epigenome and Transcriptional Output of Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:351-366. [PMID: 33131024 PMCID: PMC7960614 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mouse derived mammary organoids can provide a unique strategy to study mammary gland development across a normal life cycle, as well as offering insights into how malignancies form and progress. Substantial cellular and epigenomic changes are triggered in response to pregnancy hormones, a reaction that engages molecular and cellular changes that transform the mammary epithelial cells into "milk producing machines". Such epigenomic alterations remain stable in post-involution mammary epithelial cells and control the reactivation of gene transcription in response to re-exposure to pregnancy hormones. Thus, a system that tightly controls exposure to pregnancy hormones, epigenomic alterations, and activation of transcription will allow for a better understanding of such molecular switches. Here, we describe the characterization of ex vivo cultures to mimic the response of mammary organoid cultures to pregnancy hormones and to understand gene regulation and epigenomic reprogramming on consecutive hormone exposure. Our findings suggest that this system yields similar epigenetic modifications to those reported in vivo, thus representing a suitable model to closely track epigenomic rearrangement and define unknown players of pregnancy-induced development.
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13
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Blokland K, Pouwels S, Schuliga M, Knight D, Burgess J. Regulation of cellular senescence by extracellular matrix during chronic fibrotic diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2681-2706. [PMID: 33084883 PMCID: PMC7578566 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of macromolecules surrounding cells providing structural support and stability to tissues. The understanding of the ECM and the diverse roles it plays in development, homoeostasis and injury have greatly advanced in the last three decades. The ECM is crucial for maintaining tissue homoeostasis but also many pathological conditions arise from aberrant matrix remodelling during ageing. Ageing is characterised as functional decline of tissue over time ultimately leading to tissue dysfunction, and is a risk factor in many diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, dementia, glaucoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fibrosis. ECM changes are recognised as a major driver of aberrant cell responses. Mesenchymal cells in aged tissue show signs of growth arrest and resistance to apoptosis, which are indicative of cellular senescence. It was recently postulated that cellular senescence contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic fibrotic diseases in the heart, kidney, liver and lung. Senescent cells negatively impact tissue regeneration while creating a pro-inflammatory environment as part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) favouring disease progression. In this review, we explore and summarise the current knowledge around how aberrant ECM potentially influences the senescent phenotype in chronic fibrotic diseases. Lastly, we will explore the possibility for interventions in the ECM-senescence regulatory pathways for therapeutic potential in chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj E.C. Blokland
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon D. Pouwels
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Lung Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Schuliga
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A. Knight
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janette K. Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Cheong SS, Akram KM, Matellan C, Kim SY, Gaboriau DCA, Hind M, del Río Hernández AE, Griffiths M, Dean CH. The Planar Polarity Component VANGL2 Is a Key Regulator of Mechanosignaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:577201. [PMID: 33195213 PMCID: PMC7658195 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.577201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
VANGL2 is a component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, which regulates tissue polarity and patterning. The Vangl2 Lp mutation causes lung branching defects due to dysfunctional actomyosin-driven morphogenesis. Since the actomyosin network regulates cell mechanics, we speculated that mechanosignaling could be impaired when VANGL2 is disrupted. Here, we used live-imaging of precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from Vangl2 Lp/+ mice to determine that alveologenesis is attenuated as a result of impaired epithelial cell migration. Vangl2 Lp/+ tracheal epithelial cells (TECs) and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) exhibited highly disrupted actomyosin networks and focal adhesions (FAs). Functional assessment of cellular forces confirmed impaired traction force generation in Vangl2 Lp/+ TECs. YAP signaling in Vangl2 Lp airway epithelium was reduced, consistent with a role for VANGL2 in mechanotransduction. Furthermore, activation of RhoA signaling restored actomyosin organization in Vangl2 Lp/+ , confirming RhoA as an effector of VANGL2. This study identifies a pivotal role for VANGL2 in mechanosignaling, which underlies the key role of the PCP pathway in tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sek-Shir Cheong
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khondoker M. Akram
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Matellan
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Yunsun Kim
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. A. Gaboriau
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hind
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Armando E. del Río Hernández
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Griffiths
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Peri-Operative Medicine Department, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte H. Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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15
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Funk E, Lencer E, McCune A. Dorsoventral inversion of the air-filled organ (lungs, gas bladder) in vertebrates: RNAsequencing of laser capture microdissected embryonic tissue. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 334:325-338. [PMID: 32864827 PMCID: PMC8094346 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
How modification of gene expression generates novel traits is key to understanding the evolutionary process. We investigated the genetic basis for the origin of the piscine gas bladder from lungs of ancestral bony vertebrates. Distinguishing these homologous organs is the direction of budding from the foregut during development; lungs bud ventrally and the gas bladder buds dorsally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Funk
- Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853
- University of California Davis, Genomic Variation Lab, Animal Science Department, 2235 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ezra Lencer
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Craniofacial Biology, 12081 East 17 Ave, RC 1 South, Campus Box 8120, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Amy McCune
- Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853
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16
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Li X, Wang J. Mechanical tumor microenvironment and transduction: cytoskeleton mediates cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2014-2028. [PMID: 32549750 PMCID: PMC7294938 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.44943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complicated, multistep process that is responsible for over 90% of cancer-related death. Metastatic disease or the movement of cancer cells from one site to another requires dramatic remodeling of the cytoskeleton. The regulation of cancer cell migration is determined not only by biochemical factors in the microenvironment but also by the biomechanical contextual information provided by the extracellular matrix (ECM). The responses of the cytoskeleton to chemical signals are well characterized and understood. However, the mechanisms of response to mechanical signals in the form of externally applied force and forces generated by the ECM are still poorly understood. Furthermore, understanding the way cellular mechanosensors interact with the physical properties of the microenvironment and transmit the signals to activate the cytoskeletal movements may help identify an effective strategy for the treatment of cancer. Here, we will discuss the role of tumor microenvironment during cancer metastasis and how physical forces remodel the cytoskeleton through mechanosensing and transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jianliu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Female Pelvic Floor Disorders Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China
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17
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Palamidessi A, Malinverno C, Frittoli E, Corallino S, Barbieri E, Sigismund S, Beznoussenko GV, Martini E, Garre M, Ferrara I, Tripodo C, Ascione F, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Li Q, Di Fiore PP, Parazzoli D, Giavazzi F, Cerbino R, Scita G. Unjamming overcomes kinetic and proliferation arrest in terminally differentiated cells and promotes collective motility of carcinoma. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1252-1263. [PMID: 31332337 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During wound repair, branching morphogenesis and carcinoma dissemination, cellular rearrangements are fostered by a solid-to-liquid transition, known as unjamming. The biomolecular machinery behind unjamming and its pathophysiological relevance remain, however, unclear. Here, we study unjamming in a variety of normal and tumorigenic epithelial two-dimensional (2D) and 3D collectives. Biologically, the increased level of the small GTPase RAB5A sparks unjamming by promoting non-clathrin-dependent internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor that leads to hyperactivation of the kinase ERK1/2 and phosphorylation of the actin nucleator WAVE2. This cascade triggers collective motility effects with striking biophysical consequences. Specifically, unjamming in tumour spheroids is accompanied by persistent and coordinated rotations that progressively remodel the extracellular matrix, while simultaneously fluidizing cells at the periphery. This concurrent action results in collective invasion, supporting the concept that the endo-ERK1/2 pathway is a physicochemical switch to initiate collective invasion and dissemination of otherwise jammed carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Malinverno
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Sara Sigismund
- University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ines Ferrara
- Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Flora Ascione
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Qingsen Li
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Parazzoli
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Giavazzi
- University of Milan, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Segrate, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cerbino
- University of Milan, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Segrate, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Spurlin JW, Siedlik MJ, Nerger BA, Pang MF, Jayaraman S, Zhang R, Nelson CM. Mesenchymal proteases and tissue fluidity remodel the extracellular matrix during airway epithelial branching in the embryonic avian lung. Development 2019; 146:dev.175257. [PMID: 31371376 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal signaling is essential for morphogenesis, including branching of the lung. In the mouse, mesenchymal cells differentiate into airway smooth muscle that wraps around epithelial branches, but this contractile tissue is absent from the early avian lung. Here, we have found that branching morphogenesis in the embryonic chicken lung requires extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling driven by reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme. Before branching, the basement membrane wraps the airway epithelium as a spatially uniform sheath. After branch initiation, however, the basement membrane thins at branch tips; this remodeling requires mesenchymal expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2, which is necessary for branch extension but for not branch initiation. As branches extend, tenascin C (TNC) accumulates in the mesenchyme several cell diameters away from the epithelium. Despite its pattern of accumulation, TNC is expressed exclusively by epithelial cells. Branch extension coincides with deformation of adjacent mesenchymal cells, which correlates with an increase in mesenchymal fluidity at branch tips that may transport TNC away from the epithelium. These data reveal novel epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that direct ECM remodeling during airway branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Spurlin
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michael J Siedlik
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bryan A Nerger
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mei-Fong Pang
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sahana Jayaraman
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rawlison Zhang
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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19
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Pinet K, McLaughlin KA. Mechanisms of physiological tissue remodeling in animals: Manipulating tissue, organ, and organism morphology. Dev Biol 2019; 451:134-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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COL4A1 mutations as a potential novel cause of autosomal dominant CAKUT in humans. Hum Genet 2019; 138:1105-1115. [PMID: 31230195 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (~ 45%) that manifests before 30 years of age. The genetic locus containing COL4A1 (13q33-34) has been implicated in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), but mutations in COL4A1 have not been reported in CAKUT. We hypothesized that COL4A1 mutations cause CAKUT in humans. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in 550 families with CAKUT. As negative control cohorts we used WES sequencing data from patients with nephronophthisis (NPHP) with no genetic cause identified (n = 257) and with nephrotic syndrome (NS) due to monogenic causes (n = 100). We identified a not previously reported heterozygous missense variant in COL4A1 in three siblings with isolated VUR. When examining 549 families with CAKUT, we identified nine additional different heterozygous missense mutations in COL4A1 in 11 individuals from 11 unrelated families with CAKUT, while no COL4A1 mutations were identified in a control cohort with NPHP and only one in the cohort with NS. Most individuals (12/14) had isolated CAKUT with no extrarenal features. The predominant phenotype was VUR (9/14). There were no clinical features of the COL4A1-related disorders (e.g., HANAC syndrome, porencephaly, tortuosity of retinal arteries). Whereas COL4A1-related disorders are typically caused by glycine substitutions in the collagenous domain (84.4% of variants), only one variant in our cohort is a glycine substitution within the collagenous domain (1/10). We identified heterozygous COL4A1 mutations as a potential novel autosomal dominant cause of CAKUT that is allelic to the established COL4A1-related disorders and predominantly caused by non-glycine substitutions.
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21
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Montano M, Bushman W. Morphoregulatory pathways in prostate ductal development. Dev Dyn 2018; 246:89-99. [PMID: 27884054 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse prostate is a male sex-accessory gland comprised of a branched ductal network arranged into three separate bilateral lobes: the anterior, dorsolateral, and ventral lobes. Prostate ductal development is the primary morphogenetic event in prostate development and requires a complex regulation of spatiotemporal factors. This review provides an overview of prostate development and the major genetic regulators and signaling pathways involved. To identify new areas for further study, we briefly highlight the likely important, but relatively understudied, role of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Finally, we point out the potential importance of the ECM in influencing the behavior and prognosis of prostate cancer. Developmental Dynamics 246:89-99, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montano
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wade Bushman
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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22
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Desgrange A, Heliot C, Skovorodkin I, Akram SU, Heikkilä J, Ronkainen VP, Miinalainen I, Vainio SJ, Cereghini S. HNF1B controls epithelial organization and cell polarity during ureteric bud branching and collecting duct morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:4704-4719. [PMID: 29158444 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kidney development depends crucially on proper ureteric bud branching giving rise to the entire collecting duct system. The transcription factor HNF1B is required for the early steps of ureteric bud branching, yet the molecular and cellular events regulated by HNF1B are poorly understood. We report that specific removal of Hnf1b from the ureteric bud leads to defective cell-cell contacts and apicobasal polarity during the early branching events. High-resolution ex vivo imaging combined with a membranous fluorescent reporter strategy show decreased mutant cell rearrangements during mitosis-associated cell dispersal and severe epithelial disorganization. Molecular analysis reveals downregulation of Gdnf-Ret pathway components and suggests that HNF1B acts both upstream and downstream of Ret signaling by directly regulating Gfra1 and Etv5 Subsequently, Hnf1b deletion leads to massively mispatterned ureteric tree network, defective collecting duct differentiation and disrupted tissue architecture, which leads to cystogenesis. Consistently, mRNA-seq analysis shows that the most impacted genes encode intrinsic cell-membrane components with transporter activity. Our study uncovers a fundamental and recurring role of HNF1B in epithelial organization during early ureteric bud branching and in further patterning and differentiation of the collecting duct system in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Desgrange
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IBPS - UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France .,CNRS, UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Claire Heliot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IBPS - UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilya Skovorodkin
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter, University of Oulu; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Oulu and InfoTech, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Saad U Akram
- Center for Machine Vision Research and Signal Analysis (CMVS), University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Janne Heikkilä
- Center for Machine Vision Research and Signal Analysis (CMVS), University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Seppo J Vainio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter, University of Oulu; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Oulu and InfoTech, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Silvia Cereghini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IBPS - UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France .,CNRS, UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005 Paris, France
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23
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Zheng X, Ning C, Dong Y, Zhao P, Li J, Fan Z, Li J, Yu Y, Mrode R, Liu JF. Quantitative proteome analysis of bovine mammary gland reveals protein dynamic changes involved in peak and late lactation stages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:292-297. [PMID: 29024632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland is an important organ for milk synthesis and secretion. It undergoes dramatic physiological changes to adapt the shift from peak to late lactation stage. Protein plays a final very vital role in many life functions, and the protein changes during different lactation stages potentially reflect the biology of lactation and the functions of mammary gland in cows. In current study, we adopted tandem mass tags label-based quantitative analysis technique and to investigate proteome changes occurring in bovine mammary gland from peak to late lactation stages. A total of 3753 proteins from mammary tissues taken at two lactation points from four individual cows by biopsy were quantified, out of which 179 proteins were expressed differentially between two stages. We observed five new DEPs (AACS, DHCR7, GSTM3, SFRP1 and SFRP4) and nine functional well-studies known proteins (PLIN2, LPIN1, PLIN3, GSN, CD74, MMP2, SOD1, SOD3 and GPX3) related to milk performance and mammary morphology. Bioinformatics analyses of the DEPs showed a majority of the up-regulated proteins during late lactation stage were related to apoptosis and immune process, while the downregulated proteins were mainly involved in localization, lipid metabolic and transport process. This suggests that the mammary gland can adapt to different molecular functions according to the biological need of the animal. From the integrated analysis of the differentially expressed proteins with known quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association study data, we identified 95 proteins may potentially affect milking performance. We expect findings in this study could be a valuable resource for future studies investigating the bovine proteome and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrui Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Ning
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yichun Dong
- Agricultural Commission of Haian County, Jiangsu Province, Haian 226600, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junhui Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziyao Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Raphael Mrode
- International Livestock Research Institute Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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24
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Rutledge EA, Benazet JD, McMahon AP. Cellular heterogeneity in the ureteric progenitor niche and distinct profiles of branching morphogenesis in organ development. Development 2017; 144:3177-3188. [PMID: 28705898 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis creates arborized epithelial networks. In the mammalian kidney, an epithelial progenitor pool at ureteric branch tips (UBTs) creates the urine-transporting collecting system. Using region-specific mouse reporter strains, we performed an RNA-seq screen, identifying tip- and stalk-enriched gene sets in the developing collecting duct system. Detailed in situ hybridization studies of tip-enriched predictions identified UBT-enriched gene sets conserved between the mouse and human kidney. Comparative spatial analysis of their UBT niche expression highlighted distinct patterns of gene expression revealing novel molecular heterogeneity within the UBT progenitor population. To identify kidney-specific and shared programs of branching morphogenesis, comparative expression studies on the developing mouse lung were combined with in silico analysis of the developing mouse salivary gland. These studies highlight a shared gene set with multi-organ tip enrichment and a gene set specific to UBTs. This comprehensive analysis extends our current understanding of the ureteric branch tip niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Rutledge
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jean-Denis Benazet
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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25
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Watanabe H, Takahashi H, Hata-Kawakami M, Tanaka A. Expression of c-kit and Cytokeratin 5 in the Submandibular Gland after Release of Long-Term Ligation of the Main Excretory Duct in Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2017; 50:111-118. [PMID: 28744028 PMCID: PMC5519490 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.17004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term submandibular duct obstruction is thought to cause irreversible atrophy and dysfunction of the submandibular gland. As an atrophic gland may be induced clinically by chronic or recurrent infection, it is generally removed surgically. However, the regenerative capacity of atrophic submandibular glands after long-term obstruction is not completely understood. We studied the regenerative capacity of the mouse submandibular duct using an aneurysm clip ligation model. We documented changes in the size, histologic structure and gene expression of the submandibular gland after 2 months of ligation, and 1 week, 1 month and 2 months after clip removal. Two months of ligation caused atrophy, particularly in the acinar portion. In the 2 months after clip removal, we observed a steady and significant increase in the expression of the acinar cell precursor gene cytokeratin 5 (CK5), and a significant decrease in the expression of the stem cell marker c-kit. These findings suggest that the submandibular gland retains some capacity for regeneration even after long-term obstruction, and that CK5 could serve as a marker of this regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Watanabe
- Course of Clinical Science, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Systemic Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University Graduate School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| | - Haruka Takahashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University at Niigata
| | - Miyuki Hata-Kawakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University at Niigata
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University at Niigata
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26
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Daley WP, Matsumoto K, Doyle AD, Wang S, DuChez BJ, Holmbeck K, Yamada KM. RETRACTED: Btbd7 is essential for region-specific epithelial cell dynamics and branching morphogenesis in vivo. Development 2017; 144:2200-2211. [PMID: 28506999 PMCID: PMC5482991 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis of developing organs requires coordinated but poorly understood changes in epithelial cell-cell adhesion and cell motility. We report that Btbd7 is a crucial regulator of branching morphogenesis in vivo. Btbd7 levels are elevated in peripheral cells of branching epithelial end buds, where it enhances cell motility and cell-cell adhesion dynamics. Genetic ablation of Btbd7 in mice disrupts branching morphogenesis of salivary gland, lung and kidney. Btbd7 knockout results in more tightly packed outer bud cells, which display stronger E-cadherin localization, reduced cell motility and decreased dynamics of transient cell separations associated with cleft formation; inner bud cells remain unaffected. Mechanistic analyses using in vitro MDCK cells to mimic outer bud cell behavior establish that Btbd7 promotes loss of E-cadherin from cell-cell adhesions with enhanced migration and transient cell separation. Btbd7 can enhance E-cadherin ubiquitination, internalization, and degradation in MDCK and peripheral bud cells for regulating cell dynamics. These studies show how a specific regulatory molecule, Btbd7, can function at a local region of developing organs to regulate dynamics of cell adhesion and motility during epithelial branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Daley
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kazue Matsumoto
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian J DuChez
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenn Holmbeck
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Miller AJ, Spence JR. In Vitro Models to Study Human Lung Development, Disease and Homeostasis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:246-260. [PMID: 28404740 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00041.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main function of the lung is to support gas exchange, and defects in lung development or diseases affecting the structure and function of the lung can have fatal consequences. Most of what we currently understand about human lung development and disease has come from animal models. However, animal models are not always fully able to recapitulate human lung development and disease, highlighting an area where in vitro models of the human lung can compliment animal models to further understanding of critical developmental and pathological mechanisms. This review will discuss current advances in generating in vitro human lung models using primary human tissue, cell lines, and human pluripotent stem cell derived lung tissue, and will discuss crucial next steps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Miller
- PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason R Spence
- PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; .,PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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28
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Unachukwu U, Trischler J, Goldklang M, Xiao R, D'Armiento J. Maternal smoke exposure decreases mesenchymal proliferation and modulates Rho-GTPase-dependent actin cytoskeletal signaling in fetal lungs. FASEB J 2017; 31:2340-2351. [PMID: 28209772 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601063r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal smoke exposure results in fetal lung growth retardation due to dysregulation in various signaling pathways, including the Wnt (wingless-related integration site)/β-catenin pathway. Pregnant female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (100-150 mg/m3) or room air, and offspring were humanely killed on 12.5, 14.5, 16.5, and 18.5 d post coitum (dpc). We assessed lung stereology with Cavalieri estimation; apoptosis with proliferating cell nuclear antigen, TUNEL, and caspase assays; and gene expression with quantitative PCR (qPCR) and RNA sequencing on lung epithelium and mesenchyme retrieved by laser capture microdissection. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in body weight and lung volume of smoke-exposed embryos. At 16.5 dpc, the reduction in lung volume was due to loss of lung mesenchymal tissue correlating with a decrease in cell proliferation (n = 10; air: 61.65% vs. smoke: 44.21%, P < 0.05). RNA sequence analysis demonstrated an alteration in the Wnt pathway, and qPCR confirmed an increased expression of secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP-1) [n = 12; relative quantification (RQ) 1 vs. 2.33, P < 0.05] and down-regulation of Cyclin D1 (n = 7; RQ 1 vs. 0.61, P < 0.05) in mesenchymal tissue. Furthermore, genome expression studies revealed a smoke-induced up-regulation of Rho-GTPase-dependent actin cytoskeletal signaling that can lead to loss of tissue integrity.-Unachukwu, U., Trischler, J., Goldklang, M., Xiao, R., D'Armiento, J. Maternal smoke exposure decreases mesenchymal proliferation and modulates Rho-GTPase-dependent actin cytoskeletal signaling in fetal lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Unachukwu
- Center for Pulmonary Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordis Trischler
- Center for Pulmonary Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monica Goldklang
- Center for Pulmonary Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Center for Pulmonary Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeanine D'Armiento
- Center for Pulmonary Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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29
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Short KM, Smyth IM. Imaging, Analysing and Interpreting Branching Morphogenesis in the Developing Kidney. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 60:233-256. [PMID: 28409348 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51436-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The kidney develops as an outgrowth of the epithelial nephric duct known as the ureteric bud, in a position specified by a range of rostral and caudal factors which serve to ensure two kidneys form in the appropriate positions in the body. At its simplest level, kidney development can be viewed as the process by which this single bud then undergoes a process of arborisation to form a complex connected network of ducts which will serve to drain urine from the nephrons in the adult organ. The process of bud elaboration is dictated by factors expressed by both the bud itself and by surrounding cells of the metanephric mesenchyme which control cell division and bifurcation. These cells play two critical roles. Firstly, they potentiate the ongoing elaboration of the ureteric tree: remove them and branching ceases. Secondly, they harbour progenitor cells which are fated to undergo their own process of tubulogenesis to form the nephrons of the adult organ. In this chapter, we will discuss how the ureteric bud arises in the developing embryo, how it undergoes branching, how we can measure and study this process and finally the likely relevance that this process has for our understanding of congenital and acquired kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Short
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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30
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Abdeen AA, Lee J, Bharadwaj NA, Ewoldt RH, Kilian KA. Temporal Modulation of Stem Cell Activity Using Magnetoactive Hydrogels. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2536-2544. [PMID: 27276521 PMCID: PMC5061612 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell activity is coordinated by dynamic interactions with the extracellular matrix, often through stimuli-mediated spatiotemporal stiffening and softening. Dynamic changes in mechanics occur in vivo through enzymatic or chemical means, processes which are challenging to reconstruct in cell culture materials. Here a magnetoactive hydrogel material formed by embedding magnetic particles in a hydrogel matrix is presented whereby elasticity can be modulated reversibly by attenuation of a magnetic field. Orders of magnitude change in elasticity using low magnetic fields are shown and reversibility of stiffening with simple permanent magnets is demonstrated. The broad applicability of this technique is demonstrated with two therapeutically relevant bioactivities in mesenchymal stem cells: secretion of proangiogenic molecules, and dynamic control of osteogenesis. The ability to reversibly stiffen cell culture materials across the full spectrum of soft tissue mechanics, using simple materials and commercially available permanent magnets, makes this approach viable for a broad range of laboratory environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Abdeen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - N Ashwin Bharadwaj
- Department of Mechanical Scienceand Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Department of Mechanical Scienceand Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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31
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Abdeen AA, Lee J, Kilian KA. Capturing extracellular matrix properties in vitro: Microengineering materials to decipher cell and tissue level processes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:930-8. [PMID: 27075930 PMCID: PMC4950351 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216644532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in biology have led to the establishment of new fields with tremendous translational potential including regenerative medicine and immunoengineering. One commonality to these fields is the need to extract cells for manipulation in vitro; however, results obtained in laboratory cell culture will often differ widely from observations made in vivo. To more closely emulate native cell biology in the laboratory, designer engineered environments have proved a successful methodology to decipher the properties of the extracellular matrix that govern cellular decision making. Here, we present an overview of matrix properties that affect cell behavior, strategies for recapitulating important parameters in vitro, and examples of how these properties can affect cell and tissue level processes, with emphasis on leveraging these tools for immunoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Abdeen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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32
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Dye BR, Miller AJ, Spence JR. How to Grow a Lung: Applying Principles of Developmental Biology to Generate Lung Lineages from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:47-57. [PMID: 27340610 PMCID: PMC4882378 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number and severity of diseases affecting human lung development and adult respiratory function has stimulated great interest in new in vitro models to study the human lung. This review summarizes the most recent breakthroughs deriving lung lineages in a dish by directing the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. A variety of culturing platforms have been developed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional (organoid) culture platforms, to derive specific cell types and structures of the lung. These stem cell-derived lung models will further our understanding of human lung development, disease, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Dye
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Alyssa J. Miller
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
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33
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Foo KY, Chee HY. Interaction between Flavivirus and Cytoskeleton during Virus Replication. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:427814. [PMID: 26347881 PMCID: PMC4546964 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are potentially human pathogens that cause major epidemics worldwide. Flavivirus interacts with host cell factors to form a favourable virus replication site. Cell cytoskeletons have been observed to have close contact with flaviviruses, which expands the understanding of cytoskeleton functions during virus replication, although many detailed mechanisms are still unclear. The interactions between the virus and host cytoskeletons such as actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments have provided insight into molecular alterations during the virus infection, such as viral entry, in-cell transport, scaffold assembly, and egress. This review article focuses on the utilization of cytoskeleton by Flavivirus and the respective functions during virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Yue Foo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Morrison MM, Young CD, Wang S, Sobolik T, Sanchez VM, Hicks DJ, Cook RS, Brantley-Sieders DM. mTOR Directs Breast Morphogenesis through the PKC-alpha-Rac1 Signaling Axis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005291. [PMID: 26132202 PMCID: PMC4488502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt phosphorylation is a major driver of cell survival, motility, and proliferation in development and disease, causing increased interest in upstream regulators of Akt like mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). We used genetic disruption of Rictor to impair mTORC2 activity in mouse mammary epithelia, which decreased Akt phosphorylation, ductal length, secondary branching, cell motility, and cell survival. These effects were recapitulated with a pharmacological dual inhibitor of mTORC1/mTORC2, but not upon genetic disruption of mTORC1 function via Raptor deletion. Surprisingly, Akt re-activation was not sufficient to rescue cell survival or invasion, and modestly increased branching of mTORC2-impaired mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in culture and in vivo. However, another mTORC2 substrate, protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha, fully rescued mTORC2-impaired MEC branching, invasion, and survival, as well as branching morphogenesis in vivo. PKC-alpha-mediated signaling through the small GTPase Rac1 was necessary for mTORC2-dependent mammary epithelial development during puberty, revealing a novel role for Rictor/mTORC2 in MEC survival and motility during branching morphogenesis through a PKC-alpha/Rac1-dependent mechanism. The protein kinase mTOR is frequently activated in breast cancers, where it enhances cancer cell growth, survival, and metastastic spread to distant organs. Thus, mTOR is an attractive, clinically relevant molecular target for drugs designed to treat metastatic breast cancers. However, mTOR exists in two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and the relative roles of each complex have not been elucidated. Moreover, as pathways that regulate normal tissue growth and development are often highjacked to promote cancer, understanding mTOR function in normal mammary epithelial development will likely provide insight into its role in tumor progression. In this study, we assessed the role of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes in normal mammary epithelial cell branching, survival, and invasion. Interestingly, while mTORC1 was not required for branching, survival and invasion of mammary epithelial cells, mTORC2 was necessary for these processes in both mouse and human models. Furthermore, we found that mTORC2 exerts its effects primarily through downstream activation of a PKC-alpha-Rac1 signaling axis rather than the more well-studied Akt signaling pathway. Our studies identify a novel role for the mTORC2 complex in mammary morphogenesis, including cell survival and motility, which are relevant to breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M. Morrison
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christian D. Young
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tammy Sobolik
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Violeta M. Sanchez
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Donna J. Hicks
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Cook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dana M. Brantley-Sieders
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Zhang J, Ahn J, Suh Y, Hwang S, Davis ME, Lee K. Identification of CTLA2A, DEFB29, WFDC15B, SERPINA1F and MUP19 as Novel Tissue-Specific Secretory Factors in Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124962. [PMID: 25946105 PMCID: PMC4422522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory factors in animals play an important role in communication between different cells, tissues and organs. Especially, the secretory factors with specific expression in one tissue may reflect important functions and unique status of that tissue in an organism. In this study, we identified potential tissue-specific secretory factors in the fat, muscle, heart, lung, kidney and liver in the mouse by analyzing microarray data from NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public repository and searching and predicting their subcellular location in GeneCards and WoLF PSORT, and then confirmed tissue-specific expression of the genes using semi-quantitative PCR reactions. With this approach, we confirmed 11 lung, 7 liver, 2 heart, 1 heart and muscle, 7 kidney and 2 adipose and liver-specific secretory factors. Among these genes, 1 lung-specific gene - CTLA2A (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 2 alpha), 3 kidney-specific genes - SERPINA1F (serpin peptidase inhibitor, Clade A, member 1F), WFDC15B (WAP four-disulfide core domain 15B) and DEFB29 (defensin beta 29) and 1 liver-specific gene - MUP19 (major urinary protein 19) have not been reported as secretory factors. These genes were tagged with hemagglutinin at the 3’end and then transiently transfected to HEK293 cells. Through protein detection in cell lysate and media using Western blotting, we verified secretion of the 5 genes and predicted the potential pathways in which they may participate in the specific tissue through data analysis of GEO profiles. In addition, alternative splicing was detected in transcripts of CTLA2A and SERPINA1F and the corresponding proteins were found not to be secreted in cell culture media. Identification of novel secretory factors through the current study provides a new platform to explore novel secretory factors and a general direction for further study of these genes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Nelson DA, Larsen M. Heterotypic control of basement membrane dynamics during branching morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2015; 401:103-9. [PMID: 25527075 PMCID: PMC4465071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many mammalian organs undergo branching morphogenesis to create highly arborized structures with maximized surface area for specialized organ function. Cooperative cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions that sculpt the emerging tissue architecture are guided by dynamic basement membranes. Properties of the basement membrane are reciprocally controlled by the interacting epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations. Here we discuss how basement membrane remodeling is required for branching morphogenesis to regulate cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions that are required for cell patterning during morphogenesis and how basement membrane impacts morphogenesis by stimulation of cell patterning, force generation, and mechanotransduction. We suggest that in addition to creating mature epithelial architecture, remodeling of the epithelial basement membrane during branching morphogenesis is also essential to promote maturation of the stromal mesenchyme to create mature organ structure. Recapitulation of developmental cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions are of critical importance in tissue engineering and regeneration strategies that seek to restore organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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Dye BR, Hill DR, Ferguson MAH, Tsai YH, Nagy MS, Dyal R, Wells JM, Mayhew CN, Nattiv R, Klein OD, White ES, Deutsch GH, Spence JR. In vitro generation of human pluripotent stem cell derived lung organoids. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25803487 PMCID: PMC4370217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in 3-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures for many organ systems have led to new physiologically complex in vitro models to study human development and disease. Here, we report the step-wise differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) (embryonic and induced) into lung organoids. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways hPSCs generate ventral-anterior foregut spheroids, which are then expanded into human lung organoids (HLOs). HLOs consist of epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the lung, organized with structural features similar to the native lung. HLOs possess upper airway-like epithelium with basal cells and immature ciliated cells surrounded by smooth muscle and myofibroblasts as well as an alveolar-like domain with appropriate cell types. Using RNA-sequencing, we show that HLOs are remarkably similar to human fetal lung based on global transcriptional profiles, suggesting that HLOs are an excellent model to study human lung development, maturation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R Dye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Michael A H Ferguson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Melinda S Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rachel Dyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Roy Nattiv
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Gail H Deutsch
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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Minuth WW, Denk L. When morphogenetic proteins encounter special extracellular matrix and cell-cell connections at the interface of the renal stem/progenitor cell niche. Anat Cell Biol 2015; 48:1-9. [PMID: 25806116 PMCID: PMC4371175 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2015.48.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal exchange of morphogenetic proteins between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in a stem/progenitor cell niche results in formation of a nephron. To maintain diffusion of morphogenetic proteins, it is assumed that a close contact exists between involved cells. However, recent publications underline that both types of stem/progenitor cells are separated by a striking interface. To explore this microarchitecture in detail, neonatal rabbit kidneys were fixed in traditional glutaraldehyde (GA) solution for transmission electron microscopy. For contrast enhancing specimens were fixed in GA solution including cupromeronic blue, ruthenium red or tannic acid. To record same perspectives, embedded blocks of parenchyma were cut in exactly orientated vertical and transverse planes to lining collecting ducts. Electron microscopy of specimens fixed by traditional GA solution illustrates a spatial separation of stem/progenitor cells and an unobstrusively looking interface. In contrast, advanced fixation of specimens in GA solution including cupromeronic blue, ruthenium red and tannic acid unmasks earlier not visible extracellular matrix. In addition, projections of mesenchymal cells covered by matrix cross the interface to contact epithelial cells. Surprisingly, the end of a mesenchymal cell projection does not dangle but is enclosed in a fitting sleeve and connected via tunneling nanotubes with the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell. Regarding this complex ensemble the question is to what extent illustrated cell-cell connections and extracellular matrix are involved in communication and transmission of morphogenetic proteins during induction of a nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will W Minuth
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Denk
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Bonnans C, Chou J, Werb Z. Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 15:786-801. [PMID: 25415508 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2668] [Impact Index Per Article: 296.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic structure that is present in all tissues and continuously undergoes controlled remodelling. This process involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the ECM, mediated by specific enzymes that are responsible for ECM degradation, such as metalloproteinases. The ECM interacts with cells to regulate diverse functions, including proliferation, migration and differentiation. ECM remodelling is crucial for regulating the morphogenesis of the intestine and lungs, as well as of the mammary and submandibular glands. Dysregulation of ECM composition, structure, stiffness and abundance contributes to several pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and invasive cancer. A better understanding of how the ECM regulates organ structure and function and of how ECM remodelling affects disease progression will contribute to the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bonnans
- 1] Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA. [2] Oncology Department, INSERM U661, Functional Genomic Institute, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Chou
- 1] Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
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40
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Bonnans C, Chou J, Werb Z. Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:786-801. [PMID: 25415508 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3904.remodelling] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic structure that is present in all tissues and continuously undergoes controlled remodelling. This process involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the ECM, mediated by specific enzymes that are responsible for ECM degradation, such as metalloproteinases. The ECM interacts with cells to regulate diverse functions, including proliferation, migration and differentiation. ECM remodelling is crucial for regulating the morphogenesis of the intestine and lungs, as well as of the mammary and submandibular glands. Dysregulation of ECM composition, structure, stiffness and abundance contributes to several pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and invasive cancer. A better understanding of how the ECM regulates organ structure and function and of how ECM remodelling affects disease progression will contribute to the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bonnans
- 1] Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA. [2] Oncology Department, INSERM U661, Functional Genomic Institute, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Chou
- 1] Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
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41
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Mandrup KR, Johansson HKL, Boberg J, Pedersen AS, Mortensen MS, Jørgensen JS, Vinggaard AM, Hass U. Mixtures of environmentally relevant endocrine disrupting chemicals affect mammary gland development in female and male rats. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 54:47-57. [PMID: 25305543 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogenic chemicals are able to alter mammary gland development in female rodents, but little is known on the effects of anti-androgens and mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with dissimilar modes of action. Pregnant rat dams were exposed during gestation and lactation to mixtures of environmentally relevant EDCs with estrogenic, anti-androgenic or dissimilar modes of action (TotalMix) of 100-, 200- or 450-fold high end human intake estimates. Mammary glands of prepubertal and adult female and male offspring were examined. Oestrogens increased mammary outgrowth in prepubertal females and the mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-3, which may be a potential biomarker for increased outgrowth. Mixtures of EDCs gave rise to ductal hyperplasia in adult males. Adult female mammary glands of the TotalMix group showed morphological changes possibly reflecting increased prolactin levels. In conclusion both estrogenic and anti-androgenic chemicals given during foetal life and lactation affected mammary glands in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Riiber Mandrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1).
| | - Hanna Katarina Lilith Johansson
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1)
| | - Julie Boberg
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1).
| | - Anne Stilling Pedersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1)
| | - Mette Sidsel Mortensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1)
| | - Jennifer Solgaard Jørgensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1)
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1)
| | - Ulla Hass
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1)
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42
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Harunaga JS, Doyle AD, Yamada KM. Local and global dynamics of the basement membrane during branching morphogenesis require protease activity and actomyosin contractility. Dev Biol 2014; 394:197-205. [PMID: 25158168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Many epithelial tissues expand rapidly during embryonic development while remaining surrounded by a basement membrane. Remodeling of the basement membrane is assumed to occur during branching morphogenesis to accommodate epithelial growth, but how such remodeling occurs is not yet clear. We report that the basement membrane is highly dynamic during branching of the salivary gland, exhibiting both local and global remodeling. At the tip of the epithelial end bud, the basement membrane becomes perforated by hundreds of well-defined microscopic holes at regions of rapid expansion. Locally, this results in a distensible, mesh-like basement membrane for controlled epithelial expansion while maintaining tissue integrity. Globally, the basement membrane translocates rearward as a whole, accumulating around the forming secondary ducts, helping to stabilize them during branching. Both local and global dynamics of the basement membrane require protease and myosin II activity. Our findings suggest that the basement membrane is rendered distensible by proteolytic degradation to allow it to be moved and remodeled by cells through actomyosin contractility to support branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Harunaga
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Building 30, Room 403, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Building 30, Room 403, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Building 30, Room 403, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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43
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Chen Z, Huang J, Liu Y, Dattilo LK, Huh SH, Ornitz D, Beebe DC. FGF signaling activates a Sox9-Sox10 pathway for the formation and branching morphogenesis of mouse ocular glands. Development 2014; 141:2691-701. [PMID: 24924191 DOI: 10.1242/dev.108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Murine lacrimal, harderian and meibomian glands develop from the prospective conjunctival and eyelid epithelia and produce secretions that lubricate and protect the ocular surface. Sox9 expression localizes to the presumptive conjunctival epithelium as early as E11.5 and is detected in the lacrimal and harderian glands as they form. Conditional deletion showed that Sox9 is required for the development of the lacrimal and harderian glands and contributes to the formation of the meibomian glands. Sox9 regulates the expression of Sox10 to promote the formation of secretory acinar lobes in the lacrimal gland. Sox9 and FGF signaling were required for the expression of cartilage-associated extracellular matrix components during early stage lacrimal gland development. Fgfr2 deletion in the ocular surface epithelium reduced Sox9 and eliminated Sox10 expression. Sox9 deletion from the ectoderm did not affect Fgf10 expression in the adjacent mesenchyme or Fgfr2 expression in the epithelium, but appeared to reduce FGF signaling. Sox9 heterozygotes showed a haploinsufficient phenotype, in which the exorbital branch of the lacrimal gland was absent in most cases. However, enhancement of epithelial FGF signaling by expression of a constitutively active FGF receptor only partially rescued the lacrimal gland defects in Sox9 heterozygotes, suggesting a crucial role of Sox9, downstream of FGF signaling, in regulating lacrimal gland branching and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lisa K Dattilo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Sung-Ho Huh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - David Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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44
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Faulk DM, Johnson SA, Zhang L, Badylak SF. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Whole Organ Engineering. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:984-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Denver M. Faulk
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Scott A. Johnson
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Li Zhang
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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45
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Wang X, Qi S, Wang J, Xia D, Qin L, Zheng Z, Wang L, Zhang C, Jin L, Ding G, Wang S, Fan Z. Spatial and temporal expression of c-Kit in the development of the murine submandibular gland. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:381-9. [PMID: 24554067 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The c-Kit pathway is important in the development of many mammalian cells and organs and is indispensable for the development of hematopoiesis, melanocytes, and primordial germ cells. Loss-of-function mutations in c-Kit lead to perinatal death in mouse embryos. Previously, c-Kit has been used as one of salivary epithelial stem or progenitor cell markers in mouse, its specific temporo-spatial expression pattern and function in developing murine submandibular gland (SMG) is still unclear. Here we used quantitative real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry analysis to detect c-Kit expression during the development of the murine SMG. We found that c-Kit was expressed in the epithelia of developing SMGs from embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5; initial bud stage) to postnatal day 90 (P90; when the SMG is completely mature). c-Kit expression in the end bud epithelium increased during prenatal development and then gradually decreased after birth until its expression was undetectable in mature acini at P30. Moreover, c-Kit was expressed in the SMG primordial cord at the initial bud, pseudoglandular, canacular, and terminal end bud stages. c-Kit was also expressed in the presumptive ductal cells adjacent to the developing acini. By the late terminal end bud stage on P14, c-Kit expression could not be detected in ductal cells. However, c-Kit expression was detected in ductal cells at P30, and its expression had increased dramatically at P90. Taken together, these findings describe the spatial and temporal expression pattern of c-Kit in the developing murine SMG and suggest that c-Kit may play roles in epithelial histo-morphogenesis and in ductal progenitor cell homeostasis in the SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiu Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
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46
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Paroly SS, Wang F, Spraggon L, Merregaert J, Batourina E, Tycko B, Schmidt-Ott KM, Grimmond S, Little M, Mendelsohn C. Stromal protein Ecm1 regulates ureteric bud patterning and branching. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84155. [PMID: 24391906 PMCID: PMC3877229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the nephrogenic mesenchyme and the ureteric bud during kidney development are well documented. While recent studies have shed some light on the importance of the stroma during renal development, many of the signals generated in the stroma, the genetic pathways and interaction networks involving the stroma are yet to be identified. Our previous studies demonstrate that retinoids are crucial for branching of the ureteric bud and for patterning of the cortical stroma. In the present study we demonstrate that autocrine retinoic acid (RA) signaling in stromal cells is critical for their survival and patterning, and show that Extracellular matrix 1, Ecm1, a gene that in humans causes irritable bowel syndrome and lipoid proteinosis, is a novel RA-regulated target in the developing kidney, which is secreted from the cortical stromal cells surrounding the cap mesenchyme and ureteric bud. Our studies suggest that Ecm1 is required in the ureteric bud for regulating the distribution of Ret which is normally restricted to the tips, as inhibition of Ecm1 results in an expanded domain of Ret expression and reduced numbers of branches. We propose a model in which retinoid signaling in the stroma activates expression of Ecm1, which in turn down-regulates Ret expression in the ureteric bud cleft, where bifurcation normally occurs and normal branching progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneeta S. Paroly
- Department of Urology, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Fengwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lee Spraggon
- Department of Urology, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Merregaert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics & Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kai M. Schmidt-Ott
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Robert-Roessle-Str. Berlin, Germany
| | - Sean Grimmond
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD, Australia
| | - Cathy Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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47
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A Dictyostelium cellobiohydrolase orthologue that affects developmental timing. Dev Genes Evol 2013; 224:25-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-013-0460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Many organs of higher organisms are heavily branched structures and arise by an apparently similar process of branching morphogenesis. Yet the regulatory components and local interactions that have been identified differ greatly in these organs. It is an open question whether the regulatory processes work according to a common principle and how far physical and geometrical constraints determine the branching process. Here, we review the known regulatory factors and physical constraints in lung, kidney, pancreas, prostate, mammary gland and salivary gland branching morphogenesis, and describe the models that have been formulated to analyse their impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Menshykau
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Hsu JC, Koo H, Harunaga JS, Matsumoto K, Doyle AD, Yamada KM. Region-specific epithelial cell dynamics during branching morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1066-77. [PMID: 23780688 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial cells of developing embryonic organs, such as salivary glands, can display substantial motility during branching morphogenesis. Their dynamic movements and molecules involved in their migration are not fully characterized. RESULTS We generated transgenic mice expressing photo-convertible KikGR and tracked the movements of individual cells highlighted by red fluorescence in different regions of developing salivary glands. Motility was highest for outer bud epithelial cells adjacent to the basement membrane, lower in inner bud cells, and lowest in duct cells. The highly motile outer cells contacting the basement membrane were pleomorphic, whereas inner cells were rounded. Peripheral cell motility was disrupted by antibodies inhibiting α6+β1 integrins and the nonmuscle myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin. Inner bud cell migration was unaffected by these inhibitors, but their rate of migration was stimulated by inhibiting E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS Cell motility in developing salivary glands was highest in cells in contact with the basement membrane. The basement membrane-associated motility of these outer bud cells depended on integrins and myosin II, but not E-cadherin. In contrast, motility of inner bud cells was restrained by E-cadherin. These findings identify the importance of integrin-dependent basement membrane association for the morphology, tissue organization, and lateral motility of morphogenetic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff C Hsu
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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50
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Li Z, Shen J, Wu WKK, Yu X, Liang J, Qiu G, Liu J. The role of leptin on the organization and expression of cytoskeleton elements in nucleus pulposus cells. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:847-57. [PMID: 23335226 PMCID: PMC3664408 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an important risk factor for intervertebral disc degeneration and leptin is a biomarker of obesity. However, the expression of leptin receptors has not been determined in disc tissue. It is not known whether leptin has a direct effect on the nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. To determine whether the NP tissues and cells express leptin receptors (OBRa and OBRb) and whether leptin affects the organization and the expression of major cytoskeletal elements in NP cells. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of OBRa and OBRb were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively, in NP tissues and cells. Immunofluorescence and real-time PCR and Western blot were performed to investigate the effect of leptin on cytoskeleton reorganization and expression. Results show that mRNA and proteins of OBRa and OBRb were expressed in all NP tissues and cells, and that OBRb expression was correlated with patients' body weight. Increased expression of β-actin and reorganization of F-actin were evident in leptin-stimulated NP cells. Leptin also induced vimentin expression but had no effect on β-tubulin in NP cells. These findings provide novel evidence supporting the possible involvement of leptin in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jianxiong Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jinqian Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
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