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Agborbesong E, Li X. The Immune Checkpoint Protein PD-L1 Regulates Ciliogenesis and Hedgehog Signaling. Cells 2024; 13:1003. [PMID: 38920633 PMCID: PMC11201989 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, an antenna-like sensory organelle that protrudes from the surface of most eukaryotic cell types, has become a signaling hub of growing interest given that defects in its structure and/or function are associated with human diseases and syndromes, known as ciliopathies. With the continuously expanding role of primary cilia in health and diseases, identifying new players in ciliogenesis will lead to a better understanding of the function of this organelle. It has been shown that the primary cilium shares similarities with the immune synapse, a highly organized structure at the interface between an antigen-presenting or target cell and a lymphocyte. Studies have demonstrated a role for known cilia regulators in immune synapse formation. However, whether immune synapse regulators modulate ciliogenesis remains elusive. Here, we find that programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune checkpoint protein and regulator of immune synapse formation, plays a role in the regulation of ciliogenesis. We found that PD-L1 is enriched at the centrosome/basal body and Golgi apparatus of ciliated cells and depleting PD-L1 enhanced ciliogenesis and increased the accumulation of ciliary membrane trafficking proteins Rab8a, BBS5, and sensory receptor protein PC-2. Moreover, PD-L1 formed a complex with BBS5 and PC-2. In addition, we found that depletion of PD-L1 resulted in the ciliary accumulation of Gli3 and the downregulation of Gli1. Our results suggest that PD-L1 is a new player in ciliogenesis, contributing to PC-2-mediated sensory signaling and the Hh signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, R, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, R, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Shaikh Qureshi WM, Hentges KE. Functions of cilia in cardiac development and disease. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:4-26. [PMID: 37872827 PMCID: PMC10952336 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Errors in embryonic cardiac development are a leading cause of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including morphological abnormalities of the heart that are often detected after birth. In the past few decades, an emerging role for cilia in the pathogenesis of CHD has been identified, but this topic still largely remains an unexplored area. Mouse forward genetic screens and whole exome sequencing analysis of CHD patients have identified enrichment for de novo mutations in ciliary genes or non-ciliary genes, which regulate cilia-related pathways, linking cilia function to aberrant cardiac development. Key events in cardiac morphogenesis, including left-right asymmetric development of the heart, are dependent upon cilia function. Cilia dysfunction during left-right axis formation contributes to CHD as evidenced by the substantial proportion of heterotaxy patients displaying complex CHD. Cilia-transduced signaling also regulates later events during heart development such as cardiac valve formation, outflow tract septation, ventricle development, and atrioventricular septa formation. In this review, we summarize the role of motile and non-motile (primary cilia) in cardiac asymmetry establishment and later events during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasay Mohiuddin Shaikh Qureshi
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Kathryn E. Hentges
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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3
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Kim NH, Lee CH, Lee AY. Extraciliary OFD1 Is Involved in Melanocyte Survival through Cell Adhesion to ECM via Paxillin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17528. [PMID: 38139355 PMCID: PMC10743763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia play a significant role in influencing cell fate, including apoptosis in multiple cell types. In the lesional epidermis of vitiligo patients, a reduced number of ciliated cells was observed. Our study also revealed a downregulation of oral-facial digital syndrome type 1 (OFD1) in the affected skin of vitiligo patients. However, it remains unknown whether primary cilia are involved in the control of melanocyte apoptosis. While both intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88) and retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator-interacting protein-1 like (RPGRIP1L) are associated with ciliogenesis in melanocytes, only the knockdown of OFD1, but not IFT88 and RPGRIP1L, resulted in increased melanocyte apoptosis. OFD1 knockdown led to a decrease in the expression of proteins involved in cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, including paxillin. The OFD1 amino acid residues 601-1012 interacted with paxillin, while the amino acid residues 1-601 were associated with ciliogenesis, suggesting that the OFD1 domains responsible for paxillin binding are distinct from those involved in ciliogenesis. OFD1 knockdown, but not IFT88 knockdown, inhibited melanocyte adhesion to the ECM, a defect that was restored by paxillin overexpression. In summary, our findings indicate that the downregulation of OFD1 induces melanocyte apoptosis, independent of any impairment in ciliogenesis, by reducing melanocyte adhesion to the ECM via paxillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Hyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
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Gilloteaux J, De Swert K, Suain V, Nicaise C. Thalamic Neuron Resilience during Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS) Is Revealed by Primary Cilium Outgrowth and ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B Labeling in Axon Initial Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16448. [PMID: 38003639 PMCID: PMC10671465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A murine osmotic demyelinating syndrome (ODS) model was developed through chronic hyponatremia, induced by desmopressin subcutaneous implants, followed by precipitous sodium restoration. The thalamic ventral posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) relay nuclei were the most demyelinated regions where neuroglial damage could be evidenced without immune response. This report showed that following chronic hyponatremia, 12 h and 48 h time lapses after rebalancing osmolarity, amid the ODS-degraded outskirts, some resilient neuronal cell bodies built up primary cilium and axon hillock regions that extended into axon initial segments (AIS) where ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B (ARL13B)-immunolabeled rod-like shape content was revealed. These AIS-labeled shaft lengths appeared proportional with the distance of neuronal cell bodies away from the ODS damaged epicenter and time lapses after correction of hyponatremia. Fine structure examination verified these neuron abundant transcriptions and translation regions marked by the ARL13B labeling associated with cell neurotubules and their complex cytoskeletal macromolecular architecture. This necessitated energetic transport to organize and restore those AIS away from the damaged ODS core demyelinated zone in the murine model. These labeled structures could substantiate how thalamic neuron resilience occurred as possible steps of a healing course out of ODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- URPhyM, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; (J.G.); (K.D.S.)
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George’s University School of Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 JG8, UK
| | - Kathleen De Swert
- URPhyM, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; (J.G.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Valérie Suain
- Laboratoire d’Histologie Générale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Charles Nicaise
- URPhyM, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; (J.G.); (K.D.S.)
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Kim NH, Lee AY. Oxidative Stress Induces Skin Pigmentation in Melasma by Inhibiting Hedgehog Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1969. [PMID: 38001823 PMCID: PMC10669456 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that oxidative stress plays a role in melasma and disrupts primary cilia formation. Additionally, primary cilia have been suggested to have an inhibitory role in melanogenesis. This study examined the potential link between oxidative stress, skin hyperpigmentation, and primary cilia. We compared the expression levels of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88), and glioma-associated oncogene homologs (GLIs) in skin samples from patients with melasma, both in affected and unaffected areas. We also explored the roles of NRF2, IFT88, and GLIs in ciliogenesis and pigmentation using cultured adult human keratinocytes, with or without melanocytes. Our findings revealed decreased levels of NRF2, heme oxygenase-1, IFT88, and GLIs in lesional skin from melasma patients. The knockdown of NRF2 resulted in reduced expressions of IFT88 and GLI1, along with fewer ciliated cells. Furthermore, NRF2, IFT88, or GLI1 knockdown led to increased expressions in protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), K10, involucrin, tyrosinase, and/or melanin. These effects were reversed by the smoothened agonist 1.1. Calcium also upregulated these proteins, but not NRF2. The upregulation of involucrin and PAR2 after NRF2 knockdown was mitigated with a calcium chelator. In summary, our study suggests that oxidative stress in NRF2-downregulated melasma keratinocytes impedes ciliogenesis and related molecular processes. This inhibition stimulates keratinocyte differentiation, resulting in melanin synthesis and melanosome transfer, ultimately leading to skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-773, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Thirugnanam K, Gupta A, Nunez F, Prabhudesai S, Pan AY, Nauli SM, Ramchandran R. Brain microvascular endothelial cells possess a second cilium that arises from the daughter centriole. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1250016. [PMID: 38028541 PMCID: PMC10657992 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1250016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia from the brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are specialized cell-surface organelles involved in mediating sensory perception, cell signaling, and vascular stability. Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis of human primary brain microvascular ECs reveals two cilia per cell. To confirm the in vitro observation of the two-cilia phenotype in human primary brain ECs, ECs isolated from mouse brain were cultured and stained for cilium. Indeed, brain ECs from a ciliopathic mouse (polycystic kidney disease or Pkd2 -/-) also possess more than one cilium. Primary cilium emerges from the mother centriole. Centriole analysis by IF suggests that in brain ECs, markers for the mother and daughter centrioles stain both cilia, suggesting that the second cilium in brain ECs arises from the daughter centriole. Further quantification of cilia size in brain ECs revealed that cilia arising from the mother centriole are bigger in size compared with cilia from the daughter centriole. Cell cycle analyses using immunoblotting and flow cytometry suggest that the ciliary proteins ARL13B and IFT88 involved in brain EC ciliogenesis are highly expressed only in the G0/G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. The IF analyses of cells arrested at different cell cycle stages indicate that the two-cilia phenotype is highly specific to the G0/G1 phase. Our findings suggest that in addition to the mother centriole, the daughter centriole also plays a role in ciliogenesis in primary cultured ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Thirugnanam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Research Institute (CRI), Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ankan Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Research Institute (CRI), Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Francisco Nunez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shubhangi Prabhudesai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Research Institute (CRI), Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Amy Y. Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Surya M. Nauli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Research Institute (CRI), Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Jagirdar RM, Pitaraki E, Kotsiou OS, Rouka E, Sinis SI, Varsamas C, Marnas P, Stergiopoulou E, Giannou A, Hatzoglou C, Gourgoulianis KI, Zarogiannis SG. Effects of pharmacological primary cilium disturbance in the context of in vitro 2D and 3D malignant pleura mesothelioma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 654:128-135. [PMID: 36907140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary cilium (PC) is a single non-motile antenna-like organelle composed of a microtubule core axon originating from the mother centriole of the centrosome. The PC is universal in all mammalian cells and protrudes to the extracellular environment receiving mechanochemical cues that it transmits in the cell. AIM To investigate the role of PC in mesothelial malignancy in the context of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of pharmacological deciliation [using ammonium sulphate (AS) or chloral hydrate (CH)] and PC elongation [using lithium chloride (LC)] on cell viability, adhesion, and migration (2D cultures) as well as in mesothelial sphere formation, spheroid invasion and collagen gel contraction (3D cultures) was investigated in benign mesothelial MeT-5A cells and in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cell lines, M14K (epithelioid) and MSTO (biphasic), and primary malignant pleural mesothelioma cells (pMPM). RESULTS Pharmacological deciliation or elongation of the PC significantly affected cell viability, adhesion, migration, spheroid formation, spheroid invasion and collagen gel contraction in MeT-5A, M14K, MSTO cell lines and in pMPM cells compared to controls (no drug treatment). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a pivotal role of the PC in functional phenotypes of benign mesothelial cells and MPM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh M Jagirdar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleanna Pitaraki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ourania S Kotsiou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Department of Human Pathophysiology, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Erasmia Rouka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios I Sinis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Charalampos Varsamas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Periklis Marnas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Elpiniki Stergiopoulou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Faculty of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anastasios Giannou
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, UKE, Hamburg, 20246, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Chrissi Hatzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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Yealland G, Jevtic M, Eckardt KU, Schueler M. Modeling ciliopathies in patient-derived primary cells. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:139-158. [PMID: 37164535 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies comprise a group of inherited diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins that localize to cilia or centrosomes. They afflict multiple organs and are one of the most frequent monogenic causes of kidney failure in adults, adolescents and children. Primary cilia play diverse roles in cell signaling, cell cycle regulation, planar cell polarity and mechanosensing. The use of patient-derived cells possessing endogenous disease causing mutations enables the study of these processes and their dysregulation in disease. Here we describe methods to cultivate patient-derived dermal fibroblast and renal epithelial cells isolated from urine. Fibroblasts are highly robust, long-lived, and easy to culture cells in which ciliary assembly can be easily induced. Similarly, the ability to acquire and culture ciliated renal epithelial cells without patient-invasive-intervention holds great potential to further our understanding of ciliopathies. In addition to monolayer cultures, we also detail the formation of three-dimensional renal-epithelial organoids-so-called tubuloids-that demonstrate epithelial-polarization and transepithelial transport activities like those seen in vivo renal-tubules. These in vitro models are powerful tools to investigate the underlying disease mechanisms of human ciliopathies that can be employed without the need for heavy-handed genetic or molecular manipulations.
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Panda DK, Bai X, Zhang Y, Stylianesis NA, Koromilas AE, Lipman ML, Karaplis AC. SCF-SKP2 E3 ubiquitin ligase links mTORC1/ER stress/ISR with YAP activation in murine renal cystogenesis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:153943. [PMID: 36326820 PMCID: PMC9754004 DOI: 10.1172/jci153943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway nuclear effector Yes-associated protein (YAP) potentiates the progression of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) arising from ciliopathies. The mechanisms underlying the increase in YAP expression and transcriptional activity in PKD remain obscure. We observed that in kidneys from mice with juvenile cystic kidney (jck) ciliopathy, the aberrant hyperactivity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), driven by ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT cascades, induced ER proteotoxic stress. To reduce this stress by reprogramming translation, the protein kinase R-like ER kinase-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (PERK/eIF2α) arm of the integrated stress response (ISR) was activated. PERK-mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α drove the selective translation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), potentiating YAP expression. In parallel, YAP underwent K63-linked polyubiquitination by SCF S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) E3 ubiquitin ligase, a Hippo-independent, nonproteolytic ubiquitination that enhances YAP nuclear trafficking and transcriptional activity in cancer cells. Defective ISR cellular adaptation to ER stress in eIF2α phosphorylation-deficient jck mice further augmented YAP-mediated transcriptional activity and renal cyst growth. Conversely, pharmacological tuning down of ER stress/ISR activity and SKP2 expression in jck mice by administration of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) or tolvaptan impeded these processes. Restoring ER homeostasis and/or interfering with the SKP2-YAP interaction represent potential therapeutic avenues for stemming the progression of renal cystogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu K. Panda
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital,,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital
| | - Xiuying Bai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital
| | | | - Antonis E. Koromilas
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark L. Lipman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital
| | - Andrew C. Karaplis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital
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Primary Cilia: A Cellular Regulator of Articular Cartilage Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:2560441. [PMID: 36193252 PMCID: PMC9525753 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2560441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that can cause pain and disability in adults. The main pathological characteristic of OA is cartilage degeneration, which is caused by chondrocyte apoptosis, cartilage matrix degradation, and inflammatory factor destruction. The current treatment for patients with OA focuses on delaying its progression, such as oral anti-inflammatory analgesics or injection of sodium gluconate into the joint cavity. Primary cilia are an important structure involved in cellular signal transduction. Thus, they are very sensitive to mechanical and physicochemical stimuli. It is reported that the primary cilia may play an important role in the development of OA. Here, we review the correlation between the morphology (location, length, incidence, and orientation) of chondrocyte primary cilia and OA and summarize the relevant signaling pathways in chondrocytes that could regulate the OA process through primary cilia, including Hedgehog, Wnt, and inflammation-related signaling pathways. These data provide new ideas for OA treatment.
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Martín-Salazar JE, Valverde D. CPLANE Complex and Ciliopathies. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060847. [PMID: 35740972 PMCID: PMC9221175 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile organelles associated with the cell cycle, which can be found in most vertebrate cell types. Cilia formation occurs through a process called ciliogenesis, which involves several mechanisms including planar cell polarity (PCP) and the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Some gene complexes, such as BBSome or CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity effector), have been linked to ciliogenesis. CPLANE complex is composed of INTU, FUZ and WDPCP, which bind to JBTS17 and RSG1 for cilia formation. Defects in these genes have been linked to a malfunction of intraflagellar transport and defects in the planar cell polarity, as well as defective activation of the Hedgehog signalling pathway. These faults lead to defective cilium formation, resulting in ciliopathies, including orofacial-digital syndrome (OFDS) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Considering the close relationship, between the CPLANE complex and cilium formation, it can be expected that defects in the genes that encode subunits of the CPLANE complex may be related to other ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Valverde
- CINBIO, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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12
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Primary Cilia and Their Role in Acquired Heart Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060960. [PMID: 35326411 PMCID: PMC8946116 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile plasma membrane extrusions that display a variety of receptors and mechanosensors. Loss of function results in ciliopathies, which have been strongly linked with congenital heart disease, as well as abnormal development and function of most organ systems. Adults with congenital heart disease have high rates of acquired heart failure, and usually die from a cardiac cause. Here we explore primary cilia’s role in acquired heart disease. Intraflagellar Transport 88 knockout results in reduced primary cilia, and knockout from cardiac endothelium produces myxomatous degeneration similar to mitral valve prolapse seen in adult humans. Induced primary cilia inactivation by other mechanisms also produces excess myocardial hypertrophy and altered scar architecture after ischemic injury, as well as hypertension due to a lack of vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and the resultant left ventricular dysfunction. Finally, primary cilia have cell-to-cell transmission capacity which, when blocked, leads to progressive left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure, though this mechanism has not been fully established. Further research is still needed to understand primary cilia’s role in adult cardiac pathology, especially heart failure.
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Yakar O, Tatar A. INTU-related oral-facial-digital syndrome XVII: Clinical spectrum of a rare disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:590-594. [PMID: 34623732 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDSs) as a subgroup of ciliopathies are rare genetic disorders characterized by the association of abnormalities of the face, oral cavity, and extremities. OFDS XVII is a recently described subtype of OFDS that presents with developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, high palate, tongue nodules, brain malformations, cardiac anomaly, polydactyly, renal malformation, and various other findings. OFDS XVII is caused by biallelic variants in INTU gene and is inherited autosomal recessively. Intu is part of the CPLANE protein module that has an essential role in the ciliary transport system and function. INTU pathogenic variants have been reported in two patients with OFDS XVII, in two patients with short-rib thoracic dysplasia-20 with polydactyly (SRTD20), and one with nephronophthisis so far. We report the third family in the literature with OFDS XVII, with urogenital malformations as an additional finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Yakar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulgani Tatar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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14
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Primary cilia in hard tissue development and diseases. Front Med 2021; 15:657-678. [PMID: 34515939 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone and teeth are hard tissues. Hard tissue diseases have a serious effect on human survival and quality of life. Primary cilia are protrusions on the surfaces of cells. As antennas, they are distributed on the membrane surfaces of almost all mammalian cell types and participate in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis. Mutations in cilium-related genes result in a variety of developmental and even lethal diseases. Patients with multiple ciliary gene mutations present overt changes in the skeletal system, suggesting that primary cilia are involved in hard tissue development and reconstruction. Furthermore, primary cilia act as sensors of external stimuli and regulate bone homeostasis. Specifically, substances are trafficked through primary cilia by intraflagellar transport, which affects key signaling pathways during hard tissue development. In this review, we summarize the roles of primary cilia in long bone development and remodeling from two perspectives: primary cilia signaling and sensory mechanisms. In addition, the cilium-related diseases of hard tissue and the manifestations of mutant cilia in the skeleton and teeth are described. We believe that all the findings will help with the intervention and treatment of related hard tissue genetic diseases.
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15
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Shea CA, Murphy P. The Primary Cilium on Cells of Developing Skeletal Rudiments; Distribution, Characteristics and Response to Mechanical Stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725018. [PMID: 34490272 PMCID: PMC8418538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo movement is important for tissue differentiation and the formation of functional skeletal elements during embryonic development: reduced mechanical stimulation results in fused joints and misshapen skeletal rudiments with concomitant changes in the signaling environment and gene expression profiles in both mouse and chick immobile embryos. Despite the clear relationship between movement and skeletogenesis, the precise mechanisms by which mechanical stimuli influence gene regulatory processes are not clear. The primary cilium enables cells to sense mechanical stimuli in the cellular environment, playing a crucial mechanosensory role during kidney development and in articular cartilage and bone but little is known about cilia on developing skeletal tissues. Here, we examine the occurrence, length, position, and orientation of primary cilia across developing skeletal rudiments in mouse embryos during a period of pronounced mechanosensitivity and we report differences and similarities between wildtype and muscle-less mutant (Pax3Spd/Spd) rudiments. Strikingly, joint regions tend to have cilia positioned and oriented away from the joint, while there was a less obvious, but still significant, preferred position on the posterior aspect of cells within the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Regions of the developing rudiments have characteristic proportions of ciliated cells, with more cilia in the resting and joint zones. Comparing wildtype to muscle-less mutant embryos, cilia are shorter in the mutant with no significant difference in the proportion of ciliated cells. Cilia at the mutant joint were also oriented away from the joint line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Shea
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Gilloteaux J, Bouchat J, Bielarz V, Brion JP, Nicaise C. A primary cilium in oligodendrocytes: a fine structure signal of repairs in thalamic Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS). Ultrastruct Pathol 2021; 45:128-157. [PMID: 34154511 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.1891161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A murine osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) model of the central nervous system included the relay thalamic ventral posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei. Morphologic comparisons between treatments have revealed oligodendrocyte changes and, already 12 hours following the osmolality restoration, some heavily contrasted oligodendrocytes formed a unique intracellular primary cilium. This unique structure, found in vivo, in mature CNS oligodendrocytes, could account for a local awakening of some of the developmental proteome as it can be expressed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells. This resilience accompanied the emergence of arl13b protein expression along with restoration of nerve cell body axon hillocks shown in a previous issue of this journal. Additionally, the return of several thalamic oligodendrocyte fine features (nucleus, organelles) was shown 36 h later, including some mitosis. Those cell restorations and recognized translational activities comforted that local repairs could again take place, due to oligodendrocyte resilience after ODS instead or added to a postulated immigration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells distant from the sites of myelinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (Urphym - NARILIS), Départment of Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's University School of Medicine, KB Taylor Global Scholar's Program at UNN, School of Health and Life Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanna Bouchat
- Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (Urphym - NARILIS), Départment of Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Valery Bielarz
- Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (Urphym - NARILIS), Départment of Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculté de Médecine Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Nicaise
- Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (Urphym - NARILIS), Départment of Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
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17
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Strong A, Simone L, Krentz A, Vaccaro C, Watson D, Ron H, Kalish JM, Pedro HF, Zackai EH, Hakonarson H. Expanding the genetic landscape of oral-facial-digital syndrome with two novel genes. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2409-2416. [PMID: 34132027 PMCID: PMC8361718 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral‐facial‐digital syndromes (OFDS) are a heterogeneous and rare group of Mendelian disorders characterized by developmental abnormalities of the oral cavity, face, and digits caused by dysfunction of the primary cilium, a mechanosensory organelle that exists atop most cell types that facilitates organ patterning and growth. OFDS is inherited both in an X‐linked dominant, X‐linked recessive, and autosomal recessive manner. Importantly, though many of the causal genes for OFDS have been identified, up to 40% of OFD syndromes are of unknown genetic basis. Here we describe three children with classical presentations of OFDS including lingual hamartomas, polydactyly, and characteristic facial features found by exome sequencing to harbor variants in causal genes not previously associated with OFDS. We describe a female with hypothalamic hamartoma, urogenital sinus, polysyndactyly, and multiple lingual hamartomas consistent with OFDVI with biallelic pathogenic variants in CEP164, a gene associated with ciliopathy‐spectrum disease, but never before with OFDS. We additionally describe two unrelated probands with postaxial polydactyly, multiple lingual hamartomas, and dysmorphic features both found to be homozygous for an identical TOPORS missense variant, c.29 C>A; (p.Pro10Gln). Heterozygous TOPORS pathogenic gene variants are associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, but never before with syndromic ciliopathy. Of note, both probands are of Dominican ancestry, suggesting a possible founder allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Strong
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurie Simone
- Center for Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Courtney Vaccaro
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah Watson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hayley Ron
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kalish
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Helio F Pedro
- Center for Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Bao G, Xu R, Wang X, Ji J, Wang L, Li W, Zhang Q, Huang B, Chen A, Zhang D, Kong B, Yang Q, Yuan C, Wang X, Wang J, Li X. Identification of lncRNA Signature Associated With Pan-Cancer Prognosis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:2317-2328. [PMID: 32991297 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.3027680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as potential prognostic markers in various human cancers as they participate in many malignant behaviors. However, the value of lncRNAs as prognostic markers among diverse human cancers is still under investigation, and a systematic signature based on these transcripts that related to pan-cancer prognosis has yet to be reported. In this study, we proposed a framework to incorporate statistical power, biological rationale, and machine learning models for pan-cancer prognosis analysis. The framework identified a 5-lncRNA signature (ENSG00000206567, PCAT29, ENSG00000257989, LOC388282, and LINC00339) from TCGA training studies (n = 1,878). The identified lncRNAs are significantly associated (all P ≤ 1.48E-11) with overall survival (OS) of the TCGA cohort (n = 4,231). The signature stratified the cohort into low- and high-risk groups with significantly distinct survival outcomes (median OS of 9.84 years versus 4.37 years, log-rank P = 1.48E-38) and achieved a time-dependent ROC/AUC of 0.66 at 5 years. After routine clinical factors involved, the signature demonstrated better performance for long-term prognostic estimation (AUC of 0.72). Moreover, the signature was further evaluated on two independent external cohorts (TARGET, n = 1,122; CPTAC, n = 391; National Cancer Institute) which yielded similar prognostic values (AUC of 0.60 and 0.75; log-rank P = 8.6E-09 and P = 2.7E-06). An indexing system was developed to map the 5-lncRNA signature to prognoses of pan-cancer patients. In silico functional analysis indicated that the lncRNAs are associated with common biological processes driving human cancers. The five lncRNAs, especially ENSG00000206567, ENSG00000257989 and LOC388282 that never reported before, may serve as viable molecular targets common among diverse cancers.
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19
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Sun Z, Wang B, Chen C, Li C, Zhang Y. 5-HT6R null mutatrion induces synaptic and cognitive defects. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13369. [PMID: 33960602 PMCID: PMC8208783 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 6 receptor (5-HT6R) is a promising target for a variety of human diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. However, the detailed mechanism underlying 5-HT6R activity in the central nervous system (CNS) is not fully understood. In the present study, 5-HT6R null mutant (5-HT6R-/- ) mice were found to exhibit cognitive deficiencies and abnormal anxiety levels. 5-HT6R is considered to be specifically localized on the primary cilia. We found that the loss of 5-HT6R affected the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway in the primary cilia. 5-HT6R-/- mice showed remarkable alterations in neuronal morphology, including dendrite complexity and axon initial segment morphology. Neurons lacking 5-HT6R exhibited increased neuronal excitability. Our findings highlight the complexity of 5-HT6R functions in the primary ciliary and neuronal physiology, supporting the theory that this receptor modulates neuronal morphology and transmission, and contributes to cognitive deficits in a variety of human diseases, such as AD, schizophrenia, and ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Chenjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina,PKU/IDG McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
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20
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Boukhalfa A, Roccio F, Dupont N, Codogno P, Morel E. The autophagy protein ATG16L1 cooperates with IFT20 and INPP5E to regulate the turnover of phosphoinositides at the primary cilium. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109045. [PMID: 33910006 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) regulates signalization linked to external stress sensing. Previous works established a functional interplay between the PC and the autophagic machinery. When ciliogenesis is promoted by serum deprivation, the autophagy protein ATG16L1 and the ciliary protein IFT20 are co-transported to the PC. Here, we demonstrate that IFT20 and ATG16L1 are part of the same complex requiring the WD40 domain of ATG16L1 and a Y-E-F-I motif in IFT20. We show that ATG16L1-deficient cells exhibit aberrant ciliary structures, which accumulate PI4,5P2, whereas PI4P, a lipid normally concentrated in the PC, is absent. Finally, we demonstrate that INPP5E, a phosphoinositide-associated phosphatase responsible for PI4P generation, interacts with ATG16L1 and that a perturbation of the ATG16L1/IFT20 complex alters its trafficking to the PC. Altogether, our results reveal a function of ATG16L1 in ciliary lipid and protein trafficking, thus directly contributing to proper PC dynamics and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Boukhalfa
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Federica Roccio
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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21
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Duong Phu M, Bross S, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Limitations and opportunities in the pharmacotherapy of ciliopathies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107841. [PMID: 33771583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a family of rather diverse conditions, which have been grouped based on the finding of altered or dysfunctional cilia, potentially motile, small cellular antennae extending from the surface of postmitotic cells. Cilia-related disorders include embryonically arising conditions such as Joubert, Usher or Kartagener syndrome, but also afflictions with a postnatal or even adult onset phenotype, i.e. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The majority of ciliopathies are syndromic rather than affecting only a single organ due to cilia being found on almost any cell in the human body. Overall ciliopathies are considered rare diseases. Despite that, pharmacological research and the strive to help these patients has led to enormous therapeutic advances in the last decade. In this review we discuss new treatment options for certain ciliopathies, give an outlook on promising future therapeutic strategies, but also highlight the limitations in the development of therapeutic approaches of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Duong Phu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bross
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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22
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Maldonado E, Martínez-Sanz E, Partearroyo T, Varela-Moreiras G, Pérez-Miguelsanz J. Maternal Folic Acid Deficiency Is Associated to Developing Nasal and Palate Malformations in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:251. [PMID: 33467180 PMCID: PMC7830789 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development requires extremely fine-tuned developmental coordination of multiple specialized tissues. It has been evidenced that a folate deficiency (vitamin B9), or its synthetic form, folic acid (FA), in maternal diet could trigger multiple craniofacial malformations as oral clefts, tongue, or mandible abnormalities. In this study, a folic acid-deficient (FAD) diet was administered to eight-week-old C57/BL/6J female mouse for 2-16 weeks. The head symmetry, palate and nasal region were studied in 24 control and 260 experimental fetuses. Our results showed a significant reduction in the mean number of fetuses per litter according to maternal weeks on FAD diet (p < 0.01). Fetuses were affected by cleft palate (3.8%) as well as other severe congenital abnormalities, for the first time related to maternal FAD diet, as head asymmetries (4.6%), high arched palate (3.5%), nasal septum malformed (7.3%), nasopharynx duct shape (15%), and cilia and epithelium abnormalities (11.2% and 5.8%). Dysmorphologies of the nasal region were the most frequent, appearing at just four weeks following a maternal FAD diet. This is the first time that nasal region development is experimentally related to this vitamin deficiency. In conclusion, our report offers novel discoveries about the importance of maternal folate intake on midface craniofacial development of the embryos. Moreover, the longer the deficit lasts, the more serious the consequent effects appear to be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Maldonado
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (J.P.-M.)
- Grupo UCM de Investigación nº 920202 “Investigación en Desarrollo del Paladar y Fisura Palatina. Desarrollo Craneofacial”, Facultad de Odontología, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Sanz
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (J.P.-M.)
- Grupo UCM de Investigación nº 920202 “Investigación en Desarrollo del Paladar y Fisura Palatina. Desarrollo Craneofacial”, Facultad de Odontología, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain; (T.P.); (G.V.-M.)
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for life)”, ref: E02/0720, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain; (T.P.); (G.V.-M.)
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for life)”, ref: E02/0720, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliana Pérez-Miguelsanz
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (J.P.-M.)
- Grupo UCM de Investigación nº 911308 “Mecanismos Moleculares Cronobiológicos”, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), C/ del Prof. Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Shaheen R, Alsahli S, Ewida N, Alzahrani F, Shamseldin HE, Patel N, Al Qahtani A, Alhebbi H, Alhashem A, Al-Sheddi T, Alomar R, Alobeid E, Abouelhoda M, Monies D, Al-Hussaini A, Alzouman MA, Shagrani M, Faqeih E, Alkuraya FS. Biallelic Mutations in Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 26 (Intraflagellar Transport 56) Cause Severe Biliary Ciliopathy in Humans. Hepatology 2020; 71:2067-2079. [PMID: 31595528 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The clinical consequences of defective primary cilium (ciliopathies) are characterized by marked phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Although fibrocystic liver disease is an established ciliopathy phenotype, severe neonatal cholestasis is rarely recognized as such. APPROACH AND RESULTS We describe seven individuals from seven families with syndromic ciliopathy clinical features, including severe neonatal cholestasis (lethal in one and necessitating liver transplant in two). Positional mapping revealed a single critical locus on chromosome 7. Whole-exome sequencing revealed three different homozygous variants in Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 26 (TTC26) that fully segregated with the phenotype. TTC26 (intraflagellar transport [IFT] 56/DYF13) is an atypical component of IFT-B complex, and deficiency of its highly conserved orthologs has been consistently shown to cause defective ciliary function in several model organisms. We show that cilia in TTC26-mutated patient cells display variable length and impaired function, as indicated by dysregulated sonic hedgehog signaling, abnormal staining for IFT-B components, and transcriptomic clustering with cells derived from individuals with closely related ciliopathies. We also demonstrate a strong expression of Ttc26 in the embryonic mouse liver in a pattern consistent with its proposed role in the normal development of the intrahepatic biliary system. CONCLUSIONS In addition to establishing a TTC26-related ciliopathy phenotype in humans, our results highlight the importance of considering ciliopathies in the differential diagnosis of severe neonatal cholestasis even in the absence of more typical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alsahli
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour Ewida
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatema Alzahrani
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisha Patel
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad Al Qahtani
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatologist, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homoud Alhebbi
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatologist, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Department of Pediatric, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfa Al-Sheddi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Alomar
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alobeid
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abouelhoda
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dorota Monies
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Hussaini
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Abdullah Bin Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneerah A Alzouman
- Histopathology Division, Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shagrani
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Organ Transplant Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Peixoto E, Jin S, Thelen K, Biswas A, Richard S, Morleo M, Mansini A, Holtorf S, Carbone F, Pastore N, Ballabio A, Franco B, Gradilone SA. HDAC6-dependent ciliophagy is involved in ciliary loss and cholangiocarcinoma growth in human cells and murine models. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G1022-G1033. [PMID: 32338033 PMCID: PMC7311663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00033.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced ciliary expression is reported in several tumors, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). We previously showed primary cilia have tumor suppressor characteristics, and HDAC6 is involved in ciliary loss. However, mechanisms of ciliary disassembly are unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that HDAC6-dependent autophagy of primary cilia, i.e., ciliophagy, is the main mechanism driving ciliary disassembly in CCA. Using the cancer genome atlas database, human CCA cells, and a rat orthotopic CCA model, we assessed basal and HDAC6-regulated autophagy levels. The effects of RNA-silencing or pharmacological manipulations of ciliophagy on ciliary expression were assessed. Interactions of ciliary proteins with autophagy machinery was assessed by immunoprecipitations. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTS and IncuCyte. A CCA rat model was used to assess the effects of pharmacological inhibition of ciliophagy in vivo. Autophagy is increased in human CCA, as well as in a rat orthotopic CCA model and human CCA cell lines. Autophagic flux was decreased via inhibition of HDAC6, while it was increased by its overexpression. Inhibition of autophagy and HDAC6 restores cilia and decreases cell proliferation. LC3 interacts with HDAC6 and ciliary proteins, and the autophagy cargo receptor involved in targeting ciliary components to the autophagy machinery is primarily NBR1. Treatment with chloroquine, Ricolinostat (ACY-1215), or their combination decreased tumor growth in vivo. Mice that overexpress the autophagy transcription factor TFEB show a decrease of ciliary number. These results suggest that ciliary disassembly is mediated by HDAC6-regulated autophagy, i.e., ciliophagy. Inhibition of ciliophagy may decrease cholangiocarcinoma growth and warrant further investigations as a potential therapeutic approach.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work identifies novel targets against primary ciliary disassembly that can lead to new cholangiocarcinoma therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, ciliary loss has been described in different tumors, increasing the significance of our research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Peixoto
- 1The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota,2Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sujeong Jin
- 1The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Kristen Thelen
- 1The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Aalekhya Biswas
- 1The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Seth Richard
- 1The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Manuela Morleo
- 3Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy,4Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Adrian Mansini
- 1The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota,2Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Fabrizia Carbone
- 3Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Pastore
- 3Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy,5Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- 3Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy,5Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brunella Franco
- 3Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy,4Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio A. Gradilone
- 1The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota,2Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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25
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Peixoto E, Richard S, Pant K, Biswas A, Gradilone SA. The primary cilium: Its role as a tumor suppressor organelle. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113906. [PMID: 32169416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle that nearly all cells within the body contain. Its function is to sense the extracellular environment through its abundance of receptors and linked signaling pathways, working as an antenna. Ciliary defects lead to different pathologies. In particular, many tumors lose primary cilia, and this is linked with negative implications for the cell such as an increase in malignancy. In this work we will go through the knowledge of the role of primary cilia in normal conditions, how it is involved in diverse signaling pathways, and in disease, particularly in cancer, highlighting its tumor suppressor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Peixoto
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Seth Richard
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Kishor Pant
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Aalekhya Biswas
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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26
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Fabbri L, Dufies M, Lacas-Gervais S, Gardie B, Gad-Lapiteau S, Parola J, Nottet N, Meyenberg Cunha de Padua M, Contenti J, Borchiellini D, Ferrero JM, Leclercq NR, Ambrosetti D, Mograbi B, Richard S, Viotti J, Chamorey E, Sadaghianloo N, Rouleau M, Craigen WJ, Mari B, Clavel S, Pagès G, Pouysségur J, Bost F, Mazure NM. Identification of a new aggressive axis driven by ciliogenesis and absence of VDAC1-ΔC in clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma patients. Theranostics 2020; 10:2696-2713. [PMID: 32194829 PMCID: PMC7052902 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 2% of all adult cancers, and clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is the most common RCC histologic subtype. A hallmark of ccRCC is the loss of the primary cilium, a cellular antenna that senses a wide variety of signals. Loss of this key organelle in ccRCC is associated with the loss of the von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL). However, not all mechanisms of ciliopathy have been clearly elucidated. Methods: By using RCC4 renal cancer cells and patient samples, we examined the regulation of ciliogenesis via the presence or absence of the hypoxic form of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC1-ΔC) and its impact on tumor aggressiveness. Three independent cohorts were analyzed. Cohort A was from PREDIR and included 12 patients with hereditary pVHL mutations and 22 sporadic patients presenting tumors with wild-type pVHL or mutated pVHL; Cohort B included tissue samples from 43 patients with non-metastatic ccRCC who had undergone surgery; and Cohort C was composed of 375 non-metastatic ccRCC tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and was used for validation. The presence of VDAC1-ΔC and legumain was determined by immunoblot. Transcriptional regulation of IFT20/GLI1 expression was evaluated by qPCR. Ciliogenesis was detected using both mouse anti-acetylated α-tubulin and rabbit polyclonal ARL13B antibodies for immunofluorescence. Results: Our study defines, for the first time, a group of ccRCC patients in which the hypoxia-cleaved form of VDAC1 (VDAC1-ΔC) induces resorption of the primary cilium in a Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1)-dependent manner. An additional novel group, in which the primary cilium is re-expressed or maintained, lacked VDAC1-ΔC yet maintained glycolysis, a signature of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and more aggressive tumor progression, but was independent to VHL. Moreover, these patients were less sensitive to sunitinib, the first-line treatment for ccRCC, but were potentially suitable for immunotherapy, as indicated by the immunophenoscore and the presence of PDL1 expression. Conclusion: This study provides a new way to classify ccRCC patients and proposes potential therapeutic targets linked to metabolism and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Fabbri
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS-UMR 7284-Inserm U1081, IRCAN, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Ave. de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
- Present address: Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
| | - Maeva Dufies
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Sandra Lacas-Gervais
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, Nice, France
| | - Betty Gardie
- Institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Univ. Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Gad-Lapiteau
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Parola
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS-UMR 7284-Inserm U1081, IRCAN, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Ave. de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Oncology Department, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- Present address: Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
| | - Monique Meyenberg Cunha de Padua
- Present address: Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
| | - Julie Contenti
- Present address: Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Ferrero
- Present address: Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Oncology Department, Nice, France
| | | | - Damien Ambrosetti
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pathology, Nice, France
| | - Baharia Mograbi
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS-UMR 7284-Inserm U1081, IRCAN, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Ave. de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
| | - Stéphane Richard
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France
- REDIR Center, Department of Urology, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, 78 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Julien Viotti
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Statistics Department, Nice, France
| | | | - Nirvana Sadaghianloo
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS-UMR 7284-Inserm U1081, IRCAN, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Ave. de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
- Present address: Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Vascular Surgery, Nice, France
| | | | - William J. Craigen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Mitochondrial Diagnostic Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bernard Mari
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS, IPMC, FHUOncoAge, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphan Clavel
- Present address: Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS-UMR 7284-Inserm U1081, IRCAN, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Ave. de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS-UMR 7284-Inserm U1081, IRCAN, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Ave. de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Frédéric Bost
- Present address: Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
| | - Nathalie M. Mazure
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS-UMR 7284-Inserm U1081, IRCAN, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Ave. de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
- Present address: Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
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27
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Ritter A, Kreis NN, Roth S, Friemel A, Jennewein L, Eichbaum C, Solbach C, Louwen F, Yuan J. Restoration of primary cilia in obese adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting Aurora A or extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:255. [PMID: 31412932 PMCID: PMC6694567 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity impairs a variety of cell types including adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). ASCs are indispensable for tissue homeostasis/repair, immunomodulation, and cell renewal. It has been demonstrated that obese ASCs are defective in differentiation, motility, immunomodulation, and replication. We have recently reported that some of these defects are linked to impaired primary cilia, which are unable to properly convey and coordinate a variety of signaling pathways. We hypothesized that the rescue of the primary cilium in obese ASCs would restore their functional properties. METHODS Obese ASCs derived from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues were treated with a specific inhibitor against Aurora A or with an inhibitor against extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2). Multiple molecular and cellular assays were performed to analyze the altered functionalities and their involved pathways. RESULTS The treatment with low doses of these inhibitors extended the length of the primary cilium, restored the invasion and migration potential, and improved the differentiation capacity of obese ASCs. Associated with enhanced differentiation ability, the cells displayed an increased expression of self-renewal/stemness-related genes like SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG, mediated by reduced active glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β). CONCLUSION This work describes a novel phenomenon whereby the primary cilium of obese ASCs is rescuable by the low-dose inhibition of Aurora A or Erk1/2, restoring functional ASCs with increased stemness. These cells might be able to improve tissue homeostasis in obese patients and thereby ameliorate obesity-associated diseases. Additionally, these functionally restored obese ASCs could be useful for novel autologous mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ritter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Roth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friemel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lukas Jennewein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Eichbaum
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
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28
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Shaheen R, Jiang N, Alzahrani F, Ewida N, Al-Sheddi T, Alobeid E, Musaev D, Stanley V, Hashem M, Ibrahim N, Abdulwahab F, Alshenqiti A, Sonmez FM, Saqati N, Alzaidan H, Al-Qattan MM, Al-Mohanna F, Gleeson JG, Alkuraya FS. Bi-allelic Mutations in FAM149B1 Cause Abnormal Primary Cilium and a Range of Ciliopathy Phenotypes in Humans. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:731-737. [PMID: 30905400 PMCID: PMC6451727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are clinical disorders of the primary cilium with widely recognized phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. In two Arab consanguineous families, we mapped a ciliopathy phenotype that most closely matches Joubert syndrome (hypotonia, developmental delay, typical facies, oculomotor apraxia, polydactyly, and subtle posterior fossa abnormalities) to a single locus in which a founder homozygous truncating variant in FAM149B1 was identified by exome sequencing. We subsequently identified a third Arab consanguineous multiplex family in which the phenotype of Joubert syndrome/oral-facial-digital syndrome (OFD VI) was found to co-segregate with the same founder variant in FAM149B1. Independently, autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing in a consanguineous Turkish family with Joubert syndrome highlighted a different homozygous truncating variant in the same gene. FAM149B1 encodes a protein of unknown function. Mutant fibroblasts were found to have normal ciliogenesis potential. However, distinct cilia-related abnormalities were observed in these cells: abnormal accumulation IFT complex at the distal tips of the cilia, which assumed bulbous appearance, increased length of the primary cilium, and dysregulated SHH signaling. We conclude that FAM149B1 is required for normal ciliary biology and that its deficiency results in a range of ciliopathy phenotypes in humans along the spectrum of Joubert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nan Jiang
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fatema Alzahrani
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour Ewida
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfa Al-Sheddi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alobeid
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damir Musaev
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mais Hashem
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niema Ibrahim
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abduljabbar Alshenqiti
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 1211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Mujgan Sonmez
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Neurology, Retired Lecturer, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - Nadia Saqati
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 1211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alzaidan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 1211, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 245, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Lee J, Yi S, Chang JY, Kim JT, Sul HJ, Park KC, Zhu X, Cheng SY, Kero J, Kim J, Shong M. Loss of Primary Cilia Results in the Development of Cancer in the Murine Thyroid Gland. Mol Cells 2019; 42:113-122. [PMID: 30622229 PMCID: PMC6399002 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Communications at the interface between the apical membrane of follicular cells and the follicular lumen are critical for the homeostasis of thyroid gland. Primary cilia at the apical membrane of thyroid follicular cells may sense follicular luminal environment and regulate follicular homeostasis, although their role in vivo remains to be determined. Here, mice devoid of primary cilia were generated by thyroid follicular epithelial cell-specific deletion of the gene encoding intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88 ). Thyroid follicular cell-specific Ift88-deficient mice showed normal folliculogenesis and hormonogenesis; however, those older than 7 weeks showed irregularly dilated and destroyed follicles in the thyroid gland. With increasing age, follicular cells with malignant properties showing the characteristic nuclear features of human thyroid carcinomas formed papillary and solid proliferative nodules from degenerated thyroid follicles. Furthermore, malignant tumor cells manifested as tumor emboli in thyroid vessels. These findings suggest that loss-of-function of Ift88/primary cilia results in malignant transformation from degenerated thyroid follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943,
Korea
| | - Shinae Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
| | - Joon Young Chang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
| | - Jung Tae Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
| | - Hae Joung Sul
- Department of Pathology, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943,
Korea
| | - Ki Cheol Park
- Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943,
Korea
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, MD 20892-4264,
USA
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, MD 20892-4264,
USA
| | - Jukka Kero
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku,
Finland
| | - Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34040,
Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
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30
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Hearn T. ALMS1 and Alström syndrome: a recessive form of metabolic, neurosensory and cardiac deficits. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 97:1-17. [PMID: 30421101 PMCID: PMC6327082 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alström syndrome (AS) is characterised by metabolic deficits, retinal dystrophy, sensorineural hearing loss, dilated cardiomyopathy and multi-organ fibrosis. Elucidating the function of the mutated gene, ALMS1, is critical for the development of specific treatments and may uncover pathways relevant to a range of other disorders including common forms of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Interest in ALMS1 is heightened by the recent discovery of its involvement in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest, a process with potential relevance to regenerative medicine. ALMS1 encodes a ~ 0.5 megadalton protein that localises to the base of centrioles. Some studies have suggested a role for this protein in maintaining centriole-nucleated sensory organelles termed primary cilia, and AS is now considered to belong to the growing class of human genetic disorders linked to ciliary dysfunction (ciliopathies). However, mechanistic details are lacking, and recent studies have implicated ALMS1 in several processes including endosomal trafficking, actin organisation, maintenance of centrosome cohesion and transcription. In line with a more complex picture, multiple isoforms of the protein likely exist and non-centrosomal sites of localisation have been reported. This review outlines the evidence for both ciliary and extra-ciliary functions of ALMS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hearn
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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Muñoz IM, Morgan ME, Peltier J, Weiland F, Gregorczyk M, Brown FC, Macartney T, Toth R, Trost M, Rouse J. Phosphoproteomic screening identifies physiological substrates of the CDKL5 kinase. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899559. [PMID: 30266825 PMCID: PMC6293279 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the protein kinase CDKL5 cause a debilitating neurodevelopmental disease termed CDKL5 disorder. The impact of these mutations on CDKL5 function is poorly understood because the substrates and cellular processes controlled by CDKL5 are unclear. Here, we describe a quantitative phosphoproteomic screening which identified MAP1S, CEP131 and DLG5—regulators of microtubule and centrosome function—as cellular substrates of CDKL5. Antibodies against MAP1S phospho‐Ser900 and CEP131 phospho‐Ser35 confirmed CDKL5‐dependent phosphorylation of these targets in human cells. The phospho‐acceptor serine residues in MAP1S, CEP131 and DLG5 lie in the motif RPXSA, although CDKL5 can tolerate residues other than Ala immediately C‐terminal to the phospho‐acceptor serine. We provide insight into the control of CDKL5 activity and show that pathogenic mutations in CDKL5 cause a major reduction in CDKL5 activity in vitro and in cells. These data reveal the first cellular substrates of CDKL5, which may represent important biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of CDKL5 disorder, and illuminate the functions of this poorly characterized kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Muñoz
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael E Morgan
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Julien Peltier
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Florian Weiland
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Mateusz Gregorczyk
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Fiona Cm Brown
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas Macartney
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK .,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Rouse
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Perotin JM, Coraux C, Lagonotte E, Birembaut P, Delepine G, Polette M, Deslée G, Dormoy V. Alteration of primary cilia in COPD. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.00122-2018. [PMID: 29678947 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00122-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne-Marie Perotin
- Inserm U1250, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,Dept of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | | | - Eymeric Lagonotte
- Inserm U1250, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), SFR Cap-Santé, Reims, France
| | - Philippe Birembaut
- Inserm U1250, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), SFR Cap-Santé, Reims, France.,Dept of Biopathology, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Gonzague Delepine
- Inserm U1250, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,Dept of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Myriam Polette
- Inserm U1250, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), SFR Cap-Santé, Reims, France.,Dept of Biopathology, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Gaëtan Deslée
- Inserm U1250, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,Dept of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), SFR Cap-Santé, Reims, France
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- Inserm U1250, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), SFR Cap-Santé, Reims, France
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33
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Seidl E, Carlens J, Reu S, Wetzke M, Ley-Zaporozhan J, Brasch F, Wesselak T, Schams A, Rauch D, Schuch L, Kappler M, Schelstraete P, Wolf M, Stehling F, Haarmann E, Borensztajn D, van de Loo M, Rubak S, Lex C, Hinrichs B, Reiter K, Schwerk N, Griese M. Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis – A systematic analysis of new cases. Respir Med 2018; 140:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yue H, Zhu X, Li S, Wang F, Wang X, Guan Z, Zhu Z, Niu B, Zhang T, Guo J, Wang J. Relationship Between INPP5E Gene Expression and Embryonic Neural Development in a Mouse Model of Neural Tube Defect. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2053-2059. [PMID: 29626185 PMCID: PMC5903545 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The INPP5E gene encodes for the inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (INPP5E) 72 kDa protein that regulates the phosphoinositide signaling pathway and other cellular activities, but the functional role of this gene in embryonic neurodevelopment and neural tube defect (NTD) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to use a mouse model of NTD to investigate the expression levels of the INPP5E gene during neural development and the occurrence of NTD. Material/Methods In an established NTD mouse model, stereoscopy was used to look for morphological defects. Transcription and expression levels of the INPP5E gene in neural tissues were detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting in the NTD mouse embryos and compared with control mouse embryos. Results The expression levels of the INPP5E gene decreased as embryonic development progressed in the neural tissue of control mice embryos, but showed no obvious trend in the neural tissues of the NTD mouse embryos. The expression levels of the INPP5E gene in NTD mouse embryos were significantly lower compared with control embryos, at the time of neural tube closure (gestational day 11.5). Conclusions The INPP5E gene regulates the process of embryonic neural development. Abnormal levels of expression of the INPP5E gene may contribute to NTDs. Increased knowledge of the expression pattern of the INPP5E gene may lead to an advanced understanding of the molecular mechanism of embryonic neurodevelopment and identify more specific directions to explore potential treatments for NTDs associated with abnormalities in INPP5E gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixuan Yue
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiting Zhu
- Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Fang Wang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiuwei Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhen Guan
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Niu
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Zhang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jin Guo
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
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35
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Quantitative Comparison of Primary Cilia Marker Expression and Length in the Mouse Brain. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:397-409. [PMID: 29464516 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are small, special cellular organelles that provide important sensory and signaling functions during the development of mammalian organs and coordination of postnatal cellular processes. Dysfunction of primary cilia are thought to be the main cause of ciliopathies, a group of genetic disorders characterized by overlapping developmental defects and prominent neurodevelopmental features. Although, disrupted cilia-linked signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of numerous neuronal functions, the precise role of primary cilia in the brain are still unknown. Importantly, studies of recent years have highlighted that different functions of primary cilia are reflected by their diverse morphology and unique signaling components localized in the ciliary membrane. In the present study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the expression pattern, distribution and length of adenylyl cyclase 3, somatostatin receptor 3, and ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B expressing primary cilia in the mouse brain. We show that cilia of neurons and astrocytes display a well characterized distribution and ciliary marker arrangements. Moreover, quantitative comparison of their length, density and occurrence rate revealed that primary cilia exhibit region-specific alternations. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular organization and morphological traits of primary cilia in regions of the physiological adult mouse brain.
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Dzhindzhev NS, Tzolovsky G, Lipinszki Z, Abdelaziz M, Debski J, Dadlez M, Glover DM. Two-step phosphorylation of Ana2 by Plk4 is required for the sequential loading of Ana2 and Sas6 to initiate procentriole formation. Open Biol 2017; 7:170247. [PMID: 29263250 PMCID: PMC5746551 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved process of centriole duplication requires Plk4 kinase to recruit and promote interactions between Sas6 and Sas5/Ana2/STIL (respective nomenclature of worms/flies/humans). Plk4-mediated phosphorylation of Ana2/STIL in its conserved STAN motif has been shown to promote its interaction with Sas6. However, STAN motif phosphorylation is not required for recruitment of Ana2 to the centriole. Here we show that in Drosophila, Ana2 loads onto the site of procentriole formation ahead of Sas6 in a process that also requires Plk4. However, whereas Plk4 is first recruited to multiple sites around the ring of zone II at the periphery of the centriole, Ana2 is recruited to a single site in telophase before Plk4 becomes finally restricted to this same single site. When we over-ride the auto-destruction of Plk4, it remains localized to multiple sites in the outer ring of the centriole and, if catalytically active, recruits Ana2 to these sites. Thus, it is the active form of Plk4 that promotes Ana2's recruitment to the centriole. We now show that Plk4 phosphorylates Ana2 at a site other than the STAN motif, which lies in a conserved region we term the ANST (ANa2-STil) motif. Mutation of this site, S38, to a non-phosphorylatable residue prevents the procentriole loading of Ana2 and blocks centriole duplication. Thus the initiation of procentriole formation requires Plk4 to first phosphorylate a single serine residue in the ANST motif to promote Ana2's recruitment and, secondly, to phosphorylate four residues in the STAN motif enabling Ana2 to recruit Sas6. We discuss these findings in light of the multiple Plk4 phosphorylation sites on Ana2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Tzolovsky
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Zoltan Lipinszki
- MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation and Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Janus Debski
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dadlez
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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Calcium-axonemal microtubuli interactions underlie mechanism(s) of primary cilia morphological changes. J Biol Phys 2017; 44:53-80. [PMID: 29090363 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-017-9475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used cell culture of astrocytes aligned within microchannels to investigate calcium effects on primary cilia morphology. In the absence of calcium and in the presence of flow of media (10 μL.s-1) the majority (90%) of primary cilia showed reversible bending with an average curvature of 2.1 ± 0.9 × 10-4 nm-1. When 1.0 mM calcium was present, 90% of cilia underwent bending. Forty percent of these cilia demonstrated strong irreversible bending, resulting in a final average curvature of 3.9 ± 1 × 10-4 nm-1, while 50% of cilia underwent bending similar to that observed during calcium-free flow. The average length of cilia was shifted toward shorter values (3.67 ± 0.34 μm) when exposed to excess calcium (1.0 mM), compared to media devoid of calcium (3.96 ± 0.26 μm). The number of primary cilia that became curved after calcium application was reduced when the cell culture was pre-incubated with 15 μM of the microtubule stabilizer, taxol, for 60 min prior to calcium application. Calcium caused single microtubules to curve at a concentration ≈1.0 mM in vitro, but at higher concentration (≈1.5 mM) multiple microtubule curving occurred. Additionally, calcium causes microtubule-associated protein-2 conformational changes and its dislocation from the microtubule wall at the location of microtubule curvature. A very small amount of calcium, that is 1.45 × 1011 times lower than the maximal capacity of TRPPs calcium channels, may cause gross morphological changes (curving) of primary cilia, while global cytosol calcium levels are expected to remain unchanged. These findings reflect the non-linear manner in which primary cilia may respond to calcium signaling, which in turn may influence the course of development of ciliopathies and cancer.
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38
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Serotonin 5-HT6 receptors affect cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by regulating cilia function. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:76. [PMID: 28931427 PMCID: PMC5607612 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin receptor 5-HT6 is involved in cognition and Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. However, the mechanism of 5-HT6 in AD pathology is not clear. METHODS Since 5-HT6 is almost exclusively expressed in the primary cilia, using immunostaining we examined the number of cilia in the hippocampus of AD animal model APP/PS1 mice. By overexpressing and knocking down 5-HT6 in the primary cultured hippocampal neurons, we investigated the roles of 5-HT6 in alternating ciliary morphology. Furthermore, 5-HT6 antagonist was applied to confirm its roles in cognition using the Morris water maze test, Y maze, and fear conditioning. RESULTS In the present study, we found that the primary cilia were elongated in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice compared with WT mice. 5-HT6 regulated cilia length, influenced cilia and axon initial segment (AIS) morphology, and affected localization of ARL13B and AnkG. We also found that, by changing cilia morphology, the AIS was elongated, branched, and more proximal to the cell body in both WT and APP/PS1 mouse neurons. Alterations of cilia also decreased the axonal length in WT and APP/PS1 neurons. Furthermore, in the water maze test, Y maze, and fear conditioning test, 5-HT6 antagonist SB271046 recovered the cognitive impairment of APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION We suggest that 5-HT6 plays a critical role in AD development through regulating the morphology and function of neuronal primary cilia, which is possibly related to the AIS and axon alterations in AD development.
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Molinari E, Sayer JA. Emerging treatments and personalised medicine for ciliopathies associated with cystic kidney disease. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1372282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Takao D, Wang L, Boss A, Verhey KJ. Protein Interaction Analysis Provides a Map of the Spatial and Temporal Organization of the Ciliary Gating Zone. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2296-2306.e3. [PMID: 28736169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The motility and signaling functions of the primary cilium require a unique protein and lipid composition that is determined by gating mechanisms localized at the base of the cilium. Several protein complexes localize to the gating zone and may regulate ciliary protein composition; however, the mechanisms of ciliary gating and the dynamics of the gating components are largely unknown. Here, we used the BiFC (bimolecular fluorescence complementation) assay and report for the first time on the protein-protein interactions that occur between ciliary gating components and transiting cargoes during ciliary entry. We find that the nucleoporin Nup62 and the C termini of the nephronophthisis (NPHP) proteins NPHP4 and NPHP5 interact with the axoneme-associated kinesin-2 motor KIF17 and thus spatially map to the inner region of the ciliary gating zone. Nup62 and NPHP4 exhibit rapid turnover at the transition zone and thus define dynamic components of the gate. We find that B9D1, AHI1, and the N termini of NPHP4 and NPHP5 interact with the transmembrane protein SSTR3 and thus spatially map to the outer region of the ciliary gating zone. B9D1, AHI1, and NPHP5 exhibit little to no turnover at the transition zone and thus define components of a stable gating structure. These data provide the first comprehensive map of the molecular orientations of gating zone components along the inner-to-outer axis of the ciliary gating zone. These results advance our understanding of the functional roles of gating zone components in regulating ciliary protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Allison Boss
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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41
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Gadadhar S, Dadi H, Bodakuntla S, Schnitzler A, Bièche I, Rusconi F, Janke C. Tubulin glycylation controls primary cilia length. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2701-2713. [PMID: 28687664 PMCID: PMC5584158 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In motile cilia and flagella, tubulin glycylation is involved in axoneme stabilization. Using a newly developed antibody, Gadadhar et al. now show that glycylation also accumulates in primary cilia, where it controls ciliary length. This suggests an important role for this PTM in primary cilia homeostasis. As essential components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, microtubules fulfill a variety of functions that can be temporally and spatially controlled by tubulin posttranslational modifications. Tubulin glycylation has so far been mostly found on motile cilia and flagella, where it is involved in the stabilization of the axoneme. In contrast, barely anything is known about the role of glycylation in primary cilia because of limitations in detecting this modification in these organelles. We thus developed novel glycylation-specific antibodies with which we detected glycylation in many primary cilia. Glycylation accumulates in primary cilia in a length-dependent manner, and depletion or overexpression of glycylating enzymes modulates the length of primary cilia in cultured cells. This strongly suggests that glycylation is essential for the homeostasis of primary cilia, which has important implications for human disorders related to primary cilia dysfunctions, such as ciliopathies and certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Hala Dadi
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8000, Orsay, France
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Anne Schnitzler
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Rusconi
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8000, Orsay, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3348, Orsay, France .,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3348, Orsay, France
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Shaheen R, Szymanska K, Basu B, Patel N, Ewida N, Faqeih E, Al Hashem A, Derar N, Alsharif H, Aldahmesh MA, Alazami AM, Hashem M, Ibrahim N, Abdulwahab FM, Sonbul R, Alkuraya H, Alnemer M, Al Tala S, Al-Husain M, Morsy H, Seidahmed MZ, Meriki N, Al-Owain M, AlShahwan S, Tabarki B, Salih MA, Faquih T, El-Kalioby M, Ueffing M, Boldt K, Logan CV, Parry DA, Al Tassan N, Monies D, Megarbane A, Abouelhoda M, Halees A, Johnson CA, Alkuraya FS. Characterizing the morbid genome of ciliopathies. Genome Biol 2016; 17:242. [PMID: 27894351 PMCID: PMC5126998 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciliopathies are clinically diverse disorders of the primary cilium. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of these genetically heterogeneous conditions; however, our knowledge of their morbid genome, pleiotropy, and variable expressivity remains incomplete. Results We applied genomic approaches on a large patient cohort of 371 affected individuals from 265 families, with phenotypes that span the entire ciliopathy spectrum. Likely causal mutations in previously described ciliopathy genes were identified in 85% (225/265) of the families, adding 32 novel alleles. Consistent with a fully penetrant model for these genes, we found no significant difference in their “mutation load” beyond the causal variants between our ciliopathy cohort and a control non-ciliopathy cohort. Genomic analysis of our cohort further identified mutations in a novel morbid gene TXNDC15, encoding a thiol isomerase, based on independent loss of function mutations in individuals with a consistent ciliopathy phenotype (Meckel-Gruber syndrome) and a functional effect of its deficiency on ciliary signaling. Our study also highlighted seven novel candidate genes (TRAPPC3, EXOC3L2, FAM98C, C17orf61, LRRCC1, NEK4, and CELSR2) some of which have established links to ciliogenesis. Finally, we show that the morbid genome of ciliopathies encompasses many founder mutations, the combined carrier frequency of which accounts for a high disease burden in the study population. Conclusions Our study increases our understanding of the morbid genome of ciliopathies. We also provide the strongest evidence, to date, in support of the classical Mendelian inheritance of Bardet-Biedl syndrome and other ciliopathies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1099-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katarzyna Szymanska
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Basudha Basu
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nisha Patel
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour Ewida
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al Hashem
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Derar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hadeel Alsharif
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Aldahmesh
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M Alazami
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mais Hashem
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niema Ibrahim
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous M Abdulwahab
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawda Sonbul
- Department of Pediatrics, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Alkuraya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Specialized Medical Center Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alnemer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Al Tala
- Department of Pediatric, Genetic Unit, Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneera Al-Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Morsy
- Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Neama Meriki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad AlShahwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brahim Tabarki
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Salih
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tariq Faquih
- Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Kalioby
- Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clare V Logan
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David A Parry
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nada Al Tassan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dorota Monies
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed Abouelhoda
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anason Halees
- Health Information Technology Affairs, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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43
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Monroe GR, Kappen IF, Stokman MF, Terhal PA, van den Boogaard MJH, Savelberg SM, van der Veken LT, van Es RJ, Lens SM, Hengeveld RC, Creton MA, Janssen NG, Mink van der Molen AB, Ebbeling MB, Giles RH, Knoers NV, van Haaften G. Compound heterozygous NEK1 variants in two siblings with oral-facial-digital syndrome type II (Mohr syndrome). Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1752-1760. [PMID: 27530628 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndromes comprise a group of related disorders with a combination of oral, facial and digital anomalies. Variants in several ciliary genes have been associated with subtypes of OFD syndrome, yet in most OFD patients the underlying cause remains unknown. We investigated the molecular basis of disease in two brothers with OFD type II, Mohr syndrome, by performing single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-array analysis on the brothers and their healthy parents to identify homozygous regions and candidate genes. Subsequently, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) on the family. Using WES, we identified compound heterozygous variants c.[464G>C];[1226G>A] in NIMA (Never in Mitosis Gene A)-Related Kinase 1 (NEK1). The novel variant c.464G>C disturbs normal splicing in an essential region of the kinase domain. The nonsense variant c.1226G>A, p.(Trp409*), results in nonsense-associated alternative splicing, removing the first coiled-coil domain of NEK1. Candidate variants were confirmed with Sanger sequencing and alternative splicing assessed with cDNA analysis. Immunocytochemistry was used to assess cilia number and length. Patient-derived fibroblasts showed severely reduced ciliation compared with control fibroblasts (18.0 vs 48.9%, P<0.0001), but showed no significant difference in cilia length. In conclusion, we identified compound heterozygous deleterious variants in NEK1 in two brothers with Mohr syndrome. Ciliation in patient fibroblasts is drastically reduced, consistent with a ciliary defect pathogenesis. Our results establish NEK1 variants involved in the etiology of a subset of patients with OFD syndrome type II and support the consideration of including (routine) NEK1 analysis in patients suspected of OFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Monroe
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Fpm Kappen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn F Stokman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paulien A Terhal
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sanne Mc Savelberg
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars T van der Veken
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Jj van Es
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M Lens
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger C Hengeveld
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn A Creton
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nard G Janssen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michelle B Ebbeling
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel H Giles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Regenerative Medicine Center-Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nine V Knoers
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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44
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Gerhardt C, Leu T, Lier JM, Rüther U. The cilia-regulated proteasome and its role in the development of ciliopathies and cancer. Cilia 2016; 5:14. [PMID: 27293550 PMCID: PMC4901515 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an essential structure for the mediation of numerous signaling pathways involved in the coordination and regulation of cellular processes essential for the development and maintenance of health. Consequently, ciliary dysfunction results in severe human diseases called ciliopathies. Since many of the cilia-mediated signaling pathways are oncogenic pathways, cilia are linked to cancer. Recent studies demonstrate the existence of a cilia-regulated proteasome and that this proteasome is involved in cancer development via the progression of oncogenic, cilia-mediated signaling. This review article investigates the association between primary cilia and cancer with particular emphasis on the role of the cilia-regulated proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tristan Leu
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Maria Lier
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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45
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Lepanto P, Davison C, Casanova G, Badano JL, Zolessi FR. Characterization of primary cilia during the differentiation of retinal ganglion cells in the zebrafish. Neural Dev 2016; 11:10. [PMID: 27053191 PMCID: PMC4823885 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation in vivo is a highly stereotyped process, likely resulting from the interaction of cell type-specific transcription factors and tissue-derived signaling factors. The primary cilium, as a signaling hub in the cell, may have a role during this process but its presence and localization during RGC generation, and its contribution to the process of cell differentiation, have not been previously assessed in vivo. Methods In this work we analyzed the distribution of primary cilia in vivo using laser scanning confocal microscopy, as well as their main ultrastructural features by transmission electron microscopy, in the early stages of retinal histogenesis in the zebrafish, around the time of RGC generation and initial differentiation. In addition, we knocked-down ift88 and elipsa, two genes with an essential role in cilia generation and maintenance, a treatment that caused a general reduction in organelle size. The effect on retinal development and RGC differentiation was assessed by confocal microscopy of transgenic or immunolabeled embryos. Results Our results show that retinal neuroepithelial cells have an apically-localized primary cilium usually protruding from the apical membrane. We also found a small proportion of sub-apical cilia, before and during the neurogenic period. This organelle was also present in an apical position in neuroblasts during apical process retraction and dendritogenesis, although between these stages cilia appeared highly dynamic regarding both presence and position. Disruption of cilia caused a decrease in the proliferation of retinal progenitors and a reduction of neural retina volume. In addition, retinal histogenesis was globally delayed albeit RGC layer formation was preferentially reduced with respect to the amacrine and photoreceptor cell layers. Conclusions These results indicate that primary cilia exhibit a highly dynamic behavior during early retinal differentiation, and that they are required for the proliferation and survival of retinal progenitors, as well as for neuronal generation, particularly of RGCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-016-0064-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lepanto
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Camila Davison
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.,Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Casanova
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Jose L Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Flavio R Zolessi
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay. .,Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.
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46
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Vannuccini E, Paccagnini E, Cantele F, Gentile M, Dini D, Fino F, Diener D, Mencarelli C, Lupetti P. Two classes of short intraflagellar transport train with different 3D structures are present in Chlamydomonas flagella. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2064-74. [PMID: 27044756 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is responsible for the bidirectional trafficking of molecular components required for the elongation and maintenance of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Cargo is transported by IFT 'trains', linear rows of multiprotein particles moved by molecular motors along the axonemal doublets. We have previously described two structurally distinct categories of 'long' and 'short' trains. Here, we analyse the relative number of these trains throughout flagellar regeneration and show that long trains are most abundant at the beginning of flagellar growth whereas short trains gradually increase in number as flagella elongate. These observations are incompatible with the previous hypothesis that short trains are derived solely from the reorganization of long trains at the flagellar tip. We demonstrate with electron tomography the existence of two distinct ultrastructural organizations for the short trains, we name these 'narrow' and 'wide', and provide the first 3D model of the narrow short trains. These trains are characterized by tri-lobed units, which repeat longitudinally every 16 nm and contact protofilament 7 of the B-tubule. Functional implications of the new structural evidence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vannuccini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Eugenio Paccagnini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Cantele
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Gentile
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Dini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Fino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Dennis Diener
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Caterina Mencarelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Lupetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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47
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Li C, Jensen VL, Park K, Kennedy J, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Romani M, De Mori R, Bruel AL, Gaillard D, Doray B, Lopez E, Rivière JB, Faivre L, Thauvin-Robinet C, Reiter JF, Blacque OE, Valente EM, Leroux MR. MKS5 and CEP290 Dependent Assembly Pathway of the Ciliary Transition Zone. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002416. [PMID: 26982032 PMCID: PMC4794247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia have a unique diffusion barrier (“gate”) within their proximal region, termed transition zone (TZ), that compartmentalises signalling proteins within the organelle. The TZ is known to harbour two functional modules/complexes (Meckel syndrome [MKS] and Nephronophthisis [NPHP]) defined by genetic interaction, interdependent protein localisation (hierarchy), and proteomic studies. However, the composition and molecular organisation of these modules and their links to human ciliary disease are not completely understood. Here, we reveal Caenorhabditis elegans CEP-290 (mammalian Cep290/Mks4/Nphp6 orthologue) as a central assembly factor that is specific for established MKS module components and depends on the coiled coil region of MKS-5 (Rpgrip1L/Rpgrip1) for TZ localisation. Consistent with a critical role in ciliary gate function, CEP-290 prevents inappropriate entry of membrane-associated proteins into cilia and keeps ARL-13 (Arl13b) from leaking out of cilia via the TZ. We identify a novel MKS module component, TMEM-218 (Tmem218), that requires CEP-290 and other MKS module components for TZ localisation and functions together with the NPHP module to facilitate ciliogenesis. We show that TZ localisation of TMEM-138 (Tmem138) and CDKL-1 (Cdkl1/Cdkl2/Cdkl3/Cdlk4 related), not previously linked to a specific TZ module, similarly depends on CEP-290; surprisingly, neither TMEM-138 or CDKL-1 exhibit interdependent localisation or genetic interactions with core MKS or NPHP module components, suggesting they are part of a distinct, CEP-290-associated module. Lastly, we show that families presenting with Oral-Facial-Digital syndrome type 6 (OFD6) have likely pathogenic mutations in CEP-290-dependent TZ proteins, namely Tmem17, Tmem138, and Tmem231. Notably, patient fibroblasts harbouring mutated Tmem17, a protein not yet ciliopathy-associated, display ciliogenesis defects. Together, our findings expand the repertoire of MKS module-associated proteins—including the previously uncharacterised mammalian Tmem80—and suggest an MKS-5 and CEP-290-dependent assembly pathway for building a functional TZ. The transition zone is a barrier structure required to maintain the dynamic composition and functional integrity of the cilium. This study describes the pathway by which the transition zone is assembled during cilium formation. The primary cilium is a structure found in most animal cell types. Much like an antenna, it is responsible for sensing extracellular signals, including light and small molecules, and conveying this information to the receiving cell and respective tissue or organ. At the base of the cilium is the transition zone (TZ), which acts as a “gate” to regulate the entry and exit of ciliary proteins required for signal transduction. Here, we use the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system to dissect how different proteins within the TZ assemble to form a functional barrier. We find that the TZ protein MKS-5 (Rpgrip1/Rpgrip1L orthologue) forms the foundation for two different assembly pathways involving two distinct modules: Nephronophthisis (NPHP) and Meckel syndrome (MKS). We show that at the base of the MKS module is CEP-290, another TZ protein that assembles MKS module proteins, including a novel TZ protein we identify as TMEM-218. CEP-290 also helps assemble a potentially separate submodule containing TMEM-138 and CDKL-1. Notably, we provide evidence that the MKS module protein TMEM-17 facilitates cilium formation and is disrupted in the human disorder (ciliopathy) Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome type 6 (OFD6). Together, our findings provide essential insights into the assembly pathway of the ciliary TZ and suggest further connections between the transition zone and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victor L. Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kwangjin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julie Kennedy
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Francesc R. Garcia-Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marta Romani
- Neurogenetics Unit, Mendel Laboratory, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Roberta De Mori
- Neurogenetics Unit, Mendel Laboratory, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- EA4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU-TRANSLAD, Université Fédérale Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Bérénice Doray
- Service de Génétique clinique, CHRU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Estelle Lopez
- EA4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU-TRANSLAD, Université Fédérale Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- EA4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU-TRANSLAD, Université Fédérale Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- EA4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU-TRANSLAD, Université Fédérale Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique, FHU-TRANSLAD, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- EA4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU-TRANSLAD, Université Fédérale Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique, FHU-TRANSLAD, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Oliver E. Blacque
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Unit, Mendel Laboratory, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Michel R. Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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48
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Tsuji T, Matsuo K, Nakahari T, Marunaka Y, Yokoyama T. Structural basis of the Inv compartment and ciliary abnormalities in Inv/nphp2 mutant mice. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 73:45-56. [PMID: 26615802 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a hair like structure protruding from most mammalian cells. The basic design of the primary cilium consists of a nine microtubule doublet structure (the axoneme). The Inv compartment, a distinct proximal segment of the ciliary body, is defined as the region in which the Inv protein is localized. Inv gene is a responsible gene for human nephronophthisis type2 (NPHP2). Here, we show that renal cilia have a short proximal microtubule doublet region and a long distal microtubule singlet region. The length of the Inv compartment was similar to that of the microtubule doublet region, suggesting a possibility that the doublet region is the structural basis of the Inv compartment. Respiratory cilia of inv mouse mutants had ciliary rootlet malformation and showed reduced ciliary beating frequency and ciliary beating angle, which may explain recurrent bronchitis in NPHP2 patients. In multiciliated tracheal cells, most Inv proteins were retained in the basal body and did not accumulate in the Inv compartment. These results suggest that the machinery to transport and retain Inv in cilia is different between renal and tracheal cilia and that Inv may function in the basal body of tracheal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tsuji
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Division of Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Division of Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yokoyama
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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49
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Skinner BM, Sargent CA, Churcher C, Hunt T, Herrero J, Loveland JE, Dunn M, Louzada S, Fu B, Chow W, Gilbert J, Austin-Guest S, Beal K, Carvalho-Silva D, Cheng W, Gordon D, Grafham D, Hardy M, Harley J, Hauser H, Howden P, Howe K, Lachani K, Ellis PJI, Kelly D, Kerry G, Kerwin J, Ng BL, Threadgold G, Wileman T, Wood JMD, Yang F, Harrow J, Affara NA, Tyler-Smith C. The pig X and Y Chromosomes: structure, sequence, and evolution. Genome Res 2015; 26:130-9. [PMID: 26560630 PMCID: PMC4691746 DOI: 10.1101/gr.188839.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have generated an improved assembly and gene annotation of the pig X Chromosome, and a first draft assembly of the pig Y Chromosome, by sequencing BAC and fosmid clones from Duroc animals and incorporating information from optical mapping and fiber-FISH. The X Chromosome carries 1033 annotated genes, 690 of which are protein coding. Gene order closely matches that found in primates (including humans) and carnivores (including cats and dogs), which is inferred to be ancestral. Nevertheless, several protein-coding genes present on the human X Chromosome were absent from the pig, and 38 pig-specific X-chromosomal genes were annotated, 22 of which were olfactory receptors. The pig Y-specific Chromosome sequence generated here comprises 30 megabases (Mb). A 15-Mb subset of this sequence was assembled, revealing two clusters of male-specific low copy number genes, separated by an ampliconic region including the HSFY gene family, which together make up most of the short arm. Both clusters contain palindromes with high sequence identity, presumably maintained by gene conversion. Many of the ancestral X-related genes previously reported in at least one mammalian Y Chromosome are represented either as active genes or partial sequences. This sequencing project has allowed us to identify genes--both single copy and amplified--on the pig Y Chromosome, to compare the pig X and Y Chromosomes for homologous sequences, and thereby to reveal mechanisms underlying pig X and Y Chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Skinner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Carole A Sargent
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Churcher
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Hunt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Herrero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom; Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Loveland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Dunn
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Louzada
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - William Chow
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - James Gilbert
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathryn Beal
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Carvalho-Silva
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - William Cheng
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Daria Gordon
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Grafham
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Hardy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Harley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Hauser
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Howden
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Lachani
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J I Ellis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kelly
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Giselle Kerry
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - James Kerwin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Bee Ling Ng
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Threadgold
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wileman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M D Wood
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jen Harrow
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Nabeel A Affara
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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Bonilha VL, Rayborn ME, Bell BA, Marino MJ, Traboulsi EI, Hagstrom SA, Hollyfield JG. Histopathology of the Retina from a Three Year-Old Suspected to Have Joubert Syndrome. AUSTIN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015; 2:1057. [PMID: 27747301 PMCID: PMC5061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define the retinal pathology in a 3 year-old eye donor who died from complications of an undiagnosed genetic syndrome. METHODS Eyes were fixed and analyzed using macroscopic fundus photography (MF), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Small areas from the perifovea and periphery were processed for histology and indirect immunofluorescence, using antibodies specific to retinal proteins such as rhodopsin, cone arrestin, RPE65 and others. Available medical records were also reviewed. RESULTS With all three imaging modalities, the affected donor's eyes lacked the distinct morphological detail typically observed with these techniques in postmortem control eyes. MF images showed a "photonegative effect" due to a hypopigmented macula relative to a hyperpigmented retinal background. cSLO imaging demonstrated a weak autofuorescence signal that was largely devoid of the usual retinal structures compared to the control. SD-OCT suggested disorganization of the affected retina, absence of a photoreceptor layer, and degeneration of the choroid in the macular area. Histologic findings indicated a highly disorganized photoreceptor layer in the macula and periphery. The RPE layer displayed thinning in some regions of the periphery and decreased pigmentation in most areas. Rods and cones were significantly reduced in the affected retina but a few cones were detected in the perifovea. Centrin-2 labeling was mostly absent from the connecting cilium of the photoreceptor cells. Medical record review pointed to a possible clinical diagnosis of Joubert syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The retinal degenerative findings, and absence of centrin-2 labeling are compatible with the expected retinal phenotype in patients with Joubert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Bonilha
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - M E Rayborn
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - B A Bell
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - M J Marino
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - E I Traboulsi
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - S A Hagstrom
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - J G Hollyfield
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, USA
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