1
|
Sun Y, Jia X, Yang Z, Fu Q, Yang H, Xu X. Genome-Wide Identification of PEBP Gene Family in Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119185. [PMID: 37298136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The PEBP gene family is crucial for the growth and development of plants, the transition between vegetative and reproductive growth, the response to light, the production of florigen, and the reaction to several abiotic stressors. The PEBP gene family has been found in numerous species, but the SLPEBP gene family has not yet received a thorough bioinformatics investigation, and the members of this gene family are currently unknown. In this study, bioinformatics was used to identify 12 members of the SLPEBP gene family in tomato and localize them on the chromosomes. The physicochemical characteristics of the proteins encoded by members of the SLPEBP gene family were also examined, along with their intraspecific collinearity, gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements. In parallel, a phylogenetic tree was built and the collinear relationships of the PEBP gene family among tomato, potato, pepper, and Arabidopsis were examined. The expression of 12 genes in different tissues and organs of tomato was analyzed using transcriptomic data. It was also hypothesized that SLPEBP3, SLPEBP5, SLPEBP6, SLPEBP8, SLPEBP9, and SLPEBP10 might be related to tomato flowering and that SLPEBP2, SLPEBP3, SLPEBP7, and SLPEBP11 might be related to ovary development based on the tissue-specific expression analysis of SLPEBP gene family members at five different stages during flower bud formation to fruit set. This article's goal is to offer suggestions and research directions for further study of tomato PEBP gene family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Sun
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyi Jia
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhenru Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qingjun Fu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee A, Jung H, Park HJ, Jo SH, Jung M, Kim YS, Cho HS. Their C-termini divide Brassica rapa FT-like proteins into FD-interacting and FD-independent proteins that have different effects on the floral transition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1091563. [PMID: 36714709 PMCID: PMC9878124 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1091563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like clade of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs) induce flowering by associating with the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor FD and forming regulatory complexes in angiosperm species. However, the molecular mechanism of the FT-FD heterocomplex in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is unknown. In this study, we identified 12 BrPEBP genes and focused our functional analysis on four BrFT-like genes by overexpressing them individually in an FT loss-of-function mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana. We determined that BrFT1 and BrFT2 promote flowering by upregulating the expression of floral meristem identity genes, whereas BrTSF and BrBFT, although close in sequence to their Arabidopsis counterparts, had no clear effect on flowering in either long- or short-day photoperiods. We also simultaneously genetically inactivated BrFT1 and BrFT2 in Chinese cabbage using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, which revealed that BrFT1 and BrFT2 may play key roles in inflorescence organogenesis as well as in the transition to flowering. We show that BrFT-like proteins, except for BrTSF, are functionally divided into FD interactors and non-interactors based on the presence of three specific amino acids in their C termini, as evidenced by the observed interconversion when these amino acids are mutated. Overall, this study reveals that although BrFT-like homologs are conserved, they may have evolved to exert functionally diverse functions in flowering via their potential to be associated with FD or independently from FD in Brassica rapa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areum Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haemyeong Jung
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Jo
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, NongWoo Bio, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Jenong S&T, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He J, Gu L, Tan Q, Wang Y, Hui F, He X, Chang P, Gong D, Sun Q. Genome-wide analysis and identification of the PEBP genes of Brassica juncea var. Tumida. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:535. [PMID: 35870881 PMCID: PMC9308242 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) is widely present in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Plant PEBP genes are mainly involved in flowering transition and nutritional growth. These genes have been studied in several plants; however, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have explored them in Brassica juncea var. tumida. This study identified and characterized the entire PEBP gene family of Brassica juncea var. tumida.
Results
A total of 21 PEBP genes were identified from Brassica juncea var. tumida. Through phylogenetic analysis, the 21 corresponding proteins were classified into the following four clusters: TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)-like proteins (n = 8), MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (MFT)-like proteins (n = 5), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like proteins (n = 6), and ybhB-like proteins (n = 2). A total of 18 genes contained four exons and had similar gene structures in each subfamily except BjMFT1, BjPYBHB1, and Arabidopsis thaliana CENTRORADIALIS homolog of Brassica juncea var. tumida (BjATC1). In the analysis of conserved motif composition, the BjPEBP genes exhibited similar characteristics, except for BjFT3, BjMFT1, BjPYBHB1, BjPYBHB2, and BjATC1. The BjPEBP promoter includes multiple cis-acting elements such as the G-box and I-box elements that respond to light, ABRE and GARE-motif elements that respond to hormones, and MBSI and CAT-box elements that are associated with plant growth and development. Analysis of RNA-Seq data revealed that the expression of a few BjPEBP genes may be associated with the development of a tumorous stem. The results of qRT–PCR showed that BjTFL1 and BjPYBHB1 were highly expressed in the flower tissue, BjFT1 and BjATC1 were mainly expressed in the root, and BjMFT4 were highly detected in the stem. The results of yeast two-hybrid screening suggested that BjFT interacts with Bj14-3-3. These results indicate that BjFT is involved in flowering regulation.
Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to perform a genome-wide analysis of PEBP genes family in Brassica juncea var. tumida. The findings of this study may help improve the yield and molecular breeding of Brassica juncea var. tumida.
Collapse
|
4
|
Spitzer-Rimon B, Shafran-Tomer H, Gottlieb GH, Doron-Faigenboim A, Zemach H, Kamenetsky-Goldstein R, Flaishman M. Non-photoperiodic transition of female cannabis seedlings from juvenile to adult reproductive stage. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2022; 35:265-277. [PMID: 36063227 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-022-00449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative-to-reproductive phase transition in female cannabis seedlings occurs autonomously with the de novo development of single flowers. To ensure successful sexual reproduction, many plant species originating from seedlings undergo juvenile-to-adult transition. This phase transition precedes and enables the vegetative-to-reproductive shift in plants, upon perception of internal and/or external signals such as temperature, photoperiod, metabolite levels, and phytohormones. This study demonstrates that the juvenile seedlings of cannabis gradually shift to the adult vegetative stage, as confirmed by the formation of lobed leaves, and upregulation of the phase-transition genes. In the tested cultivar, the switch to the reproductive stage occurs with the development of a pair of single flowers in the 7th node. Histological analysis indicated that transition to the reproductive stage is accomplished by the de novo establishment of new flower meristems which are not present in a vegetative stage, or as dormant meristems at nodes 4 and 6. Moreover, there were dramatic changes in the transcriptomic profile of flowering-related genes among nodes 4, 6, and 7. Downregulation of flowering repressors and an intense increase in the transcription of phase transition-related genes occur in parallel with an increase in the transcription of flowering integrators and meristem identity genes. These results support and provide molecular evidence for previous findings that cannabis possesses an autonomous flowering mechanism and the transition to reproductive phase is controlled in this plant mainly by internal signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Hadas Shafran-Tomer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Gilad H Gottlieb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rina Kamenetsky-Goldstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Moshe Flaishman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Herath D, Voogd C, Mayo‐Smith M, Yang B, Allan AC, Putterill J, Varkonyi‐Gasic E. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of kiwifruit BFT genes results in an evergrowing but not early flowering phenotype. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2064-2076. [PMID: 35796629 PMCID: PMC9616528 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) genes regulate flowering and architecture in many plant species. Here, we study kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis, Ac) PEBP genes with homology to BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (BFT). CRISPR-Cas9 was used to target AcBFT genes in wild-type and fast-flowering kiwifruit backgrounds. The editing construct was designed to preferentially target AcBFT2, whose expression is elevated in dormant buds. Acbft lines displayed an evergrowing phenotype and increased branching, while control plants established winter dormancy. The evergrowing phenotype, encompassing delayed budset and advanced budbreak after defoliation, was identified in multiple independent lines with edits in both alleles of AcBFT2. RNA-seq analyses conducted using buds from gene-edited and control lines indicated that Acbft evergrowing plants had a transcriptome similar to that of actively growing wild-type plants, rather than dormant controls. Mutations in both alleles of AcBFT2 did not promote flowering in wild-type or affect flowering time, morphology and fertility in fast-flowering transgenic kiwifruit. In summary, editing of AcBFT2 has the potential to reduce plant dormancy with no adverse effect on flowering, giving rise to cultivars better suited for a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinum Herath
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
| | | | - Bo Yang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Joanna Putterill
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Erika Varkonyi‐Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Evolution and functional diversification of FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 family genes in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 109:20-30. [PMID: 32507412 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development, particularly the induction of flowering, are tightly controlled by key regulators in response to endogenous and environmental cues. The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) family of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) genes is central to plant development, especially the regulation of flowering time and plant architecture. FT, the long-sought florigen, promotes flowering and TFL1 represses flowering. The balance between FT and TFL1 modulates plant architecture by switching the meristem from indeterminate to determinate growth, or vice versa. Recent studies in a broad range of plant species demonstrated that, in addition to their roles in flowering time and plant architecture, FT/TFL1 family genes participate in diverse aspects of plant development, such as bamboo seed germination and potato tuber formation. In this review, we briefly summarize the evolution of the FT/TFL1 family and highlight recent findings on their conserved and divergent functions in different species.
Collapse
|
7
|
Fan T, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Wang Z, Huang Y. Genome-wide identification of lncRNAs during hickory (Carya cathayensis) flowering. Funct Integr Genomics 2020; 20:591-607. [PMID: 32215772 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-020-00737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs with lengths greater than 200 bp are known as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and these RNAs play important role in gene regulation and plant development. However, to date, little is known regarding the role played by lncRNAs during flowering in hickory (Carya cathayensis). Here, we performed whole transcriptome RNA-sequencing of samples from hickory female and male floral buds, in which three samples (H0311PF, H0318PF, and H0402PF) represent pre-flowering, flowering, and post-flowering, respectively, while eight male samples collected from May 8th to June 13th as this time course are the key stage for male floral bud differentiation. We identified 2163 lncRNAs in hickory during flowering, containing 213 intronic, 1488 intergenic, and 462 antisense lncRNAs. We noticed that 510 and 648 lncRNAs were differentially expressed corresponding to female and male floral buds, respectively. And some of the lncRNAs were in a tightly tissue-specific or stage-specific manner. To further understand the roles of the lncRNAs, we predicted the function of the lncRNAs in cis- and trans-acting modes. The results showed that 924 lncRNAs were cis-correlated with 1536 protein-coding genes, while 1207 lncRNAs co-expressed (trans-acting) with 7432 protein-coding genes (R > 0.95 or R < - 0.95). These lncRNAs were all enriched in flower development-associated biological processes, i.e., circadian rhythm, vernalization response, response to gibberellin, inflorescence development, floral organ development, etc. To further understand the relationships between lncRNAs and floral-core genes, we build a co-expressing lncRNA-mRNA flowering network. We classified these floral genes into different pathway (photoperiod, vernalization, gibberellin, autonomous, and sucrose pathway) according to their particular functions. We found a set of lncRNAs that preferentially expressed in these pathways. The network showed that some lncRNAs (i.e., XLOC_038669, XLOC_017938) functioned in a particular flowering time pathway, while others (i.e., XLOC_011251, XLOC_04110) were involved in multiple pathway. Furthermore, some lncRNAs (i.e., XLOC_038669, XLOC_009597, and XLOC_049539) played roles in single or multiple pathways via interaction with each other. This study provides a genome-wide survey of hickory flower-related lncRNAs and will contribute to further understanding of the molecular mechanism underpinning flowering in hickory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongqiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Youjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu Y, Chen W, Zhao L, Yao J, Li Y, Yang W, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Sun J. Different divergence events for three pairs of PEBPs in Gossypium as implied by evolutionary analysis. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:445-458. [PMID: 30610620 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene family plays a crucial role in seed germination, reproductive transformation, and other important developmental processes in plants, but its distribution in Gossypium genomes or species, evolutionary properties, and the fates of multiple duplicated genes remain unclear. OBJECTIVES The primary objectives of this study were to elucidate the distribution and characteristics of PEBP genes in Gossypium, as well as the evolutionary pattern of duplication and deletion, and functional differentiation of PEBPs in plants. METHODS Using the PEBP protein sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana as queries, blast alignment was carried out for the identification of PEBP genes in four sequenced cotton species. Using the primers designed according to the PEBP genome sequences, PEBP genes were cloned from 15 representative genomes of Gossypium genus, and the gene structure, CDS sequence, protein sequence and properties were predicted and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Taking PEBP proteins of grape as reference, grouping of orthologous gene, analysis of phylogeny and divergence of PEBPs in nine species were conducted to reconstruct the evolutionary pattern of PEBP genes in plants. RESULTS We identified and cloned 160 PEBPs from 15 cotton species, and the phylogenetic analysis showed that the genes could be classified into the following three subfamilies: MFT-like, FT-like and TFL1-like. There were eight single orthologous group (OG) members in each diploid and 16 double OG members in each tetraploid. An analysis of the expression and selective pressure indicated that expression divergence and strong purification selection within the same OG presented in the PEBP gene family. CONCLUSION An evolutionary pattern of duplication and deletion of the PEBP family in the evolutionary history of Gossypium was suggested, and three pairs of genes resulted from different whole-genome duplication events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Lu
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Huanghe Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Yao
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Huanghe Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen W, Yao J, Li Y, Zhao L, Liu J, Guo Y, Wang J, Yuan L, Liu Z, Lu Y, Zhang Y. Nulliplex-branch, a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 ortholog, controls plant growth habit in cotton. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:97-112. [PMID: 30288552 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nulliplex-branch (nb) mutants in cotton display a specific architecture. The gene responsible for the nb phenotype was identified, and its modulation mode was further studied. Plant architecture is an important agronomic factor influencing various traits such as yield and variety adaptability in crop plants. Cotton (Gossypium) simultaneously displays monopodial and sympodial growth. Nulliplex-branch (nb) mutants showing determinate sympodial shoots have been reported in both G. hirsutum (Ghnb) and G. barbadense (Gbnb). In this study, the gene responsible for the nb phenotype was identified. GhNB and GbNB were found to be allelic loci and are TERMINAL FLOWER 1 orthologs on the Dt subgenome, though the At copies remain native. Sequencing and association analyses identified four (Gh-nb1-Gh-nb4) and one (Gb-nb1) type of point mutation in the coding sequences of Ghnb and Gbnb, respectively. The NB gene was mainly expressed in the root and shoot apex, and expression rhythms were also observed in these tissues, suggesting that the expression of the NB gene could be regulated by photoperiod. Constitutive overexpression of GhNB suppresses the differentiation of the reproductive shoots. Knockout of both copies of GhNB caused the main and lateral shoots to terminate in flowers, which is a more determinate architecture than that of the nb mutants and implies that its function might be dosage dependent. A protein lipid overlay assay indicated that the amino acid substitutions in Gh-nb1 and Gb-nb1 weaken the ligand-binding activity of the NB protein in vitro. These findings suggest that the NB gene plays crucial roles in regulating the determinacy of shoots, and the modulation of this gene should constitute an effective crop improvement approach through adjusting the growth habit of cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jinbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- Art and Science College, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Youjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Voogd C, Brian LA, Wang T, Allan AC, Varkonyi-Gasic E. Three FT and multiple CEN and BFT genes regulate maturity, flowering, and vegetative phenology in kiwifruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1539-1553. [PMID: 28369532 PMCID: PMC5441913 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit is a woody perennial horticultural crop, characterized by excessive vegetative vigor, prolonged juvenility, and low productivity. To understand the molecular factors controlling flowering and winter dormancy, here we identify and characterize the kiwifruit PEBP (phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein) gene family. Five CEN-like and three BFT-like genes are differentially expressed and act as functionally conserved floral repressors, while two MFT-like genes have no impact on flowering time. FT-like genes are differentially expressed, with AcFT1 confined to shoot tip and AcFT2 to mature leaves. Both act as potent activators of flowering, but expression of AcFT2 in Arabidopsis resulted in a greater impact on plant morphology than that of AcFT1. Constitutive expression of either construct in kiwifruit promoted in vitro flowering, but AcFT2 displayed a greater flowering activation efficiency than AcFT1, leading to immediate floral transition and restriction of leaf development. Both leaf and flower differentiation were observed in AcFT1 kiwifruit lines. Sequential activation of specific PEBP genes in axillary shoot buds during growth and dormancy cycles indicated specific roles in regulation of kiwifruit vegetative and reproductive phenologies. AcCEN and AcCEN4 marked active growth, AcBFT2 was associated with suppression of latent bud growth during winter, and only AcFT was activated after cold accumulation and dormancy release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lara A Brian
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tianchi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hou CJ, Yang CH. Comparative analysis of the pteridophyte Adiantum MFT ortholog reveals the specificity of combined FT/MFT C and N terminal interaction with FD for the regulation of the downstream gene AP1. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:563-579. [PMID: 27216814 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To study the evolution of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene families in non-flowering plants, we performed a functional analysis of the PEBP gene AcMFT of the MFT clade in the pteridophyte Adiantum capillus-veneris. The expression of AcMFT was regulated by photoperiod similar to that for FT under both long day and short day conditions. Ectopic expression of AcMFT in Arabidopsis promotes the floral transition and partially complements the late flowering defect in transgenic Arabidopsis ft-1 mutants, suggesting that AcMFT functions similarly to FT in flowering plants. Interestingly, a similar partial compensation of the ft-1 late flowering phenotype was observed in Arabidopsis ectopically expressing only exon 4 of the C terminus of AcMFT and FT. This result indicated that the fourth exon of AcMFT and FT plays a similar and important role in promoting flowering. Further analysis indicated that exons 1-3 in the N terminus specifically enhanced the function of FT exon 4 in controlling flowering in Arabidopsis. Protein pull-down assays indicated that Arabidopsis FD proteins interact with full-length FT and AcMFT, as well as peptides encoded by 1-3 exon fragments or the 4th exon alone. Furthermore, similar FRET efficiencies for FT-FD and AcMFT-FD heterodimer in nucleus were observed. These results indicated that FD could form the similar complex with FT and AcMFT. Further analysis indicated that the expression of AP1, a gene downstream of FT, was up-regulated more strongly by FT than AcMFT in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our results revealed that AcMFT from a non-flowering plant could interact with FD to regulate the floral transition and that this function was reduced due to the weakened ability of AcMFT-FD to activate the downstream gene AP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jing Hou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Hsien Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park H, Kim WY, Pardo J, Yun DJ. Molecular Interactions Between Flowering Time and Abiotic Stress Pathways. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 327:371-412. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
13
|
Wang Z, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Liu T, Li Q, Ji Y, Li C, Fang C, Wang M, Wu M, Shen Y, Tang T, Ma J, Tian Z. Functional evolution of phosphatidylethanolamine binding proteins in soybean and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:323-36. [PMID: 25663621 PMCID: PMC4456927 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene duplication provides resources for novel gene functions. Identification of the amino acids responsible for functional conservation and divergence of duplicated genes will strengthen our understanding of their evolutionary course. Here, we conducted a systemic functional investigation of phosphatidylethanolamine binding proteins (PEBPs) in soybean (Glycine max) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results demonstrated that after the ancestral duplication, the lineage of the common ancestor of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) subfamilies functionally diverged from the MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (MFT) subfamily to activate flowering and repress flowering, respectively. They also underwent further specialization after subsequent duplications. Although the functional divergence increased with duplication age, we observed rapid functional divergence for a few pairs of young duplicates in soybean. Association analysis between amino acids and functional variations identified critical amino acid residues that led to functional differences in PEBP members. Using transgenic analysis, we validated a subset of these differences. We report clear experimental evidence for the functional evolution of the PEBPs in the MFT, FT, and TFL1 subfamilies, which predate the origin of angiosperms. Our results highlight the role of amino acid divergence in driving evolutionary novelty after duplication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhengkui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Tengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Congcong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Mian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Grant School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jianxin Ma
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ryu JY, Lee HJ, Seo PJ, Jung JH, Ahn JH, Park CM. The Arabidopsis floral repressor BFT delays flowering by competing with FT for FD binding under high salinity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:377-87. [PMID: 23935007 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most serious agricultural problems that significantly reduce crop yields in the arid and semi-arid regions. It influences various phases of plant growth and developmental processes, such as seed germination, leaf and stem growth, and reproductive propagation. Salt stress delays the onset of flowering in many plant species. We have previously reported that the Arabidopsis BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (BFT) acts as a floral repressor under salt stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the BFT function in the salt regulation of flowering induction is unknown. In this work, we found that BFT delays flowering under high salinity by competing with FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) for binding to the FD transcription factor. The flowering time of FD-deficient fd-2 mutant was insensitive to high salinity. BFT interacts with FD in the nucleus via the C-terminal domain of FD, which is also required for the interaction of FD with FT, and interferes with the FT-FD interaction. These observations indicate that BFT constitutes a distinct salt stress signaling pathway that modulates the function of the FT-FD module and possibly provides an adaptation strategy that fine-tunes photoperiodic flowering under high salinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Riboni M, Robustelli Test A, Galbiati M, Tonelli C, Conti L. Environmental stress and flowering time: the photoperiodic connection. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e29036. [PMID: 25763486 PMCID: PMC4091191 DOI: 10.4161/psb.29036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants maximize their chances to survive adversities by reprogramming their development according to environmental conditions. Adaptive variations in the timing to flowering reflect the need for plants to set seeds under the most favorable conditions. A complex network of genetic pathways allows plants to detect and integrate external (e.g., photoperiod and temperature) and/or internal (e.g., age) information to initiate the floral transition. Furthermore different types of environmental stresses play an important role in the floral transition. The emerging picture is that stress conditions often affect flowering through modulation of the photoperiodic pathway. In this review we will discuss different modes of cross talk between stress signaling and photoperiodic flowering, highlighting the central role of the florigen genes in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riboni
- Department of Biosciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Galbiati
- Department of Biosciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete; Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Department of Biosciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Conti
- Department of Biosciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
- Correspondence to: Lucio Conti,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Riboni M, Galbiati M, Tonelli C, Conti L. GIGANTEA enables drought escape response via abscisic acid-dependent activation of the florigens and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1706-19. [PMID: 23719890 PMCID: PMC3707542 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.217729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the transition to flowering plays an important role in the adaptation to drought. The drought-escape (DE) response allows plants to adaptively shorten their life cycle to make seeds before severe stress leads to death. However, the molecular basis of the DE response is unknown. A screen of different Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) flowering time mutants under DE-triggering conditions revealed the central role of the flower-promoting gene GIGANTEA (GI) and the florigen genes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) in the DE response. Further screens showed that the phytohormone abscisic acid is required for the DE response, positively regulating flowering under long-day conditions. Drought stress promotes the transcriptional up-regulation of the florigens in an abscisic acid- and photoperiod-dependent manner, so that early flowering only occurs under long days. Along with the florigens, the floral integrator SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 is also up-regulated in a similar fashion and contributes to the activation of TSF. The DE response was recovered under short days in the absence of the floral repressor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE or in GI-overexpressing plants. Our data reveal a key role for GI in connecting photoperiodic cues and environmental stress independently from the central FT/TSF activator CONSTANS. This mechanism explains how environmental cues may act upon the florigen genes in a photoperiodically controlled manner, thus enabling plastic flowering responses.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ryu JY, Park CM, Seo PJ. The floral repressor BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (BFT) modulates flowering initiation under high salinity in Arabidopsis. Mol Cells 2011; 32:295-303. [PMID: 21809215 PMCID: PMC3887636 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral transition is coordinately regulated by both endogenous and exogenous cues to ensure reproductive success under fluctuating environmental conditions. Abiotic stress conditions, including drought and high salinity, also have considerable influence on this developmental process. However, the signaling components and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of floral transition by environmental factors have not yet been defined. In this work, we show that the Arabidopsis BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (BFT) gene, which encodes a member of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) family, regulates floral transition under conditions of high salinity. The BFT gene was transcriptionally induced by high salinity in an abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent manner. Transgenic plants overexpressing the BFT gene (35S:BFT) and BFT-deficient mutant (bft-2) plants were phenotypically indistinguishable from Col-0 plants in seed germination and seedling growth under high salinity. In contrast, although the floral transition was delayed significantly in Col-0 plants under high salinity, that of the bft-2 mutant was not affected by high salinity. We also observed that expression of the APETALA1 (AP1) gene was suppressed to a lesser degree in the bft-2 mutant than in Col-0 plants. Taken together, our observations suggest that BFT mediates salt stress-responsive flowering, providing an adaptive strategy that ensures reproductive success under unfavorable stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| |
Collapse
|