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Wagh SG, Bhor SA, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Toriba T, Hirano HY, Kobayashi K, Yaeno T, Nishiguchi M. Synergy between virus and three kingdom pathogens, fungus, bacterium and virus is lost in rice mutant lines of OsRDR1/6. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 349:112244. [PMID: 39244093 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Co-infection, caused by multiple pathogen attacks on an organism, can lead to disease development or immunity. This complex interaction can be synergetic, co-existing, or antagonistic, ultimately influencing disease severity. The interaction between fungus, bacterium, and virus (three kingdom pathogens) is most prevalent. However, the underlying mechanisms of co-infection need to be explored further. In this study, we investigated the co-infection phenomenon in rice plants exposed to multiple pathogen species, specifically Rice necrosis mosaic virus (RNMV) and rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae, MO), bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, XO) or Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Our research showed that RNMV interacts synergistically with MO, XO, or CMV, increasing pathogen growth and lesion size. These findings suggest positive synergy in RNMV co-infections with three kingdom pathogens, increasing accumulation and symptoms. Additionally, to investigate the role of RNAi in pathogen synergism, we analyzed rice mutant lines deficient in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (OsRDR1) or 6 (OsRDR6). Notably, we observed the loss of synergy in each mutant line, highlighting the crucial role of OsRDR1 and OsRDR6 in maintaining the positive interaction between RNMV and three kingdom pathogens. Hence, our study emphasized the role of the RNA silencing pathway in the intricate landscape of pathogen interactions; the study's outcome could be applied to understand the plant defense response to improve crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopan Ganpatrao Wagh
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 60300, Czech Republic.
| | - Sachin Ashok Bhor
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Akio Miyao
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirochika
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Taiyo Toriba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; School of Food Industrial Sciences, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 982-0215, Japan
| | - Hiro-Yuki Hirano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kappei Kobayashi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaeno
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nishiguchi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
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Zuniga JM, Prachniak C, Policek N, Magula N, Gandhi A, Anderson J, Diallo DD, Lima VD, Ravishankar S, Acharya S, Achrekar A, Adeleke M, Aïna É, Baptiste S, Barrow G, Begovac J, Bukusi E, Castel A, Castellanos E, Cestou J, Chirambo G, Crowley J, Dedes N, Ditiu L, Doherty M, Duncombe C, Durán A, Futterman D, Hader S, Kounkeu C, Lawless F, Lazarus JV, Lex S, Lobos C, Mayer K, Mejia M, Moheno HR, d'Arminio Monforte A, Morán-Arribas M, Nagel D, Ndugwa R, Ngunu C, Poonkasetwattana M, Prins M, Quesada A, Rudnieva O, Ruth S, Saavedra J, Toma L, Wanjiku Njenga L, Williams B. IAPAC-Lancet HIV Commission on the future of urban HIV responses. Lancet HIV 2024; 11:e607-e648. [PMID: 39043198 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(24)00124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- José M Zuniga
- International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, Washington, DC, USA; Fast-Track Cities Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Anisha Gandhi
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Solange Baptiste
- International Treatment Preparedness Coalition, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Bukusi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Jorge Cestou
- Chicago Department of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Meg Doherty
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris Duncombe
- International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adriana Durán
- Ministry of Health, City of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Chyrol Kounkeu
- Cameroonian Association for the Development and Empowerment of Vulnerable People, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Fran Lawless
- Mayor's Office of Health Policy, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth Mayer
- Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol Ngunu
- Nairobi City County Department of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Maria Prins
- Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amara Quesada
- Action for Health Initiatives, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Simon Ruth
- Thorne Harbour Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Lance Toma
- San Francisco Community Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Challen R, Chatzilena A, Qian G, Oben G, Kwiatkowska R, Hyams C, Finn A, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Danon L. Combined multiplex panel test results are a poor estimate of disease prevalence without adjustment for test error. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012062. [PMID: 38669293 PMCID: PMC11078360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiplex panel tests identify many individual pathogens at once, using a set of component tests. In some panels the number of components can be large. If the panel is detecting causative pathogens for a single syndrome or disease then we might estimate the burden of that disease by combining the results of the panel, for example determining the prevalence of pneumococcal pneumonia as caused by many individual pneumococcal serotypes. When we are dealing with multiplex test panels with many components, test error in the individual components of a panel, even when present at very low levels, can cause significant overall error. Uncertainty in the sensitivity and specificity of the individual tests, and statistical fluctuations in the numbers of false positives and false negatives, will cause large uncertainty in the combined estimates of disease prevalence. In many cases this can be a source of significant bias. In this paper we develop a mathematical framework to characterise this issue, we determine expressions for the sensitivity and specificity of panel tests. In this we identify a counter-intuitive relationship between panel test sensitivity and disease prevalence that means panel tests become more sensitive as prevalence increases. We present novel statistical methods that adjust for bias and quantify uncertainty in prevalence estimates from panel tests, and use simulations to test these methods. As multiplex testing becomes more commonly used for screening in routine clinical practice, accumulation of test error due to the combination of large numbers of test results needs to be identified and corrected for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Challen
- Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Chatzilena
- Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Qian
- Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Glenda Oben
- Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Kwiatkowska
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hyams
- Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Finn
- Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leon Danon
- Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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4
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Wan Y, Zhang L, Xu Z, Su Q, Leung TF, Chan D, Wong OWH, Chan S, Chan FKL, Tun HM, Ng SC. Alterations in fecal virome and bacteriome virome interplay in children with autism spectrum disorder. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101409. [PMID: 38307030 PMCID: PMC10897546 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with altered gut bacteria. However, less is known about the gut viral community and its role in shaping microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders. Herein, we perform a metagenomic analysis of gut-DNA viruses in 60 children with ASD and 64 age- and gender-matched typically developing children to investigate the effect of the gut virome on host bacteria in children with ASD. ASD is associated with altered gut virome composition accompanied by the enrichment of Clostridium phage, Bacillus phage, and Enterobacteria phage. These ASD-enriched phages are largely associated with disrupted viral ecology in ASD. Importantly, changes in the interplay between the gut bacteriome and virome seen in ASD may influence the encoding capacity of microbial pathways for neuroactive metabolite biosynthesis. These findings suggest an impaired bacteriome-virome ecology in ASD, which sheds light on the importance of bacteriophages in pathogenesis and the development of microbial therapeutics in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wan
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The D.H. Chen Foundation Hub of Advanced Technology for Child Health (HATCH), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The D.H. Chen Foundation Hub of Advanced Technology for Child Health (HATCH), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhilu Xu
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Su
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting-Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The D.H. Chen Foundation Hub of Advanced Technology for Child Health (HATCH), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dorothy Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Oscar W H Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The D.H. Chen Foundation Hub of Advanced Technology for Child Health (HATCH), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sandra Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The D.H. Chen Foundation Hub of Advanced Technology for Child Health (HATCH), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The D.H. Chen Foundation Hub of Advanced Technology for Child Health (HATCH), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hein M Tun
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The D.H. Chen Foundation Hub of Advanced Technology for Child Health (HATCH), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Diabankana RGC, Frolov M, Islamov B, Shulga E, Filimonova MN, Afordoanyi DM, Validov S. Identification and Aggressiveness of Fusarium Species Associated with Onion Bulb ( Allium cepa L.) during Storage. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:161. [PMID: 38392833 PMCID: PMC10890437 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens present a major challenge to crop production, leading to decreased yield and quality during growth and storage. During long-term storage, healthy onions can develop diseases from latent pathogen infections. This poses a challenge for onion growers because infected bulbs without visible symptoms can lead to significant crop losses during the growing season. In this study, we aimed to isolate and identify Fusarium species from yellow onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) that developed disease symptoms during storage. The aggressiveness of these strains against onion bulbs and seedlings was also evaluated. The isolated strains were further subjected to morphological and molecular differentiation. The results revealed that all 16 isolated strains belonged to the Fusarium complex species incarnatum-equiseti and Fusarium fujikuroi, namely, F. proliferatum (98%), F. oxysporum (1%), and Fusarium sp. (1%). Koch's postulate analysis of isolated strains revealed varying aggressiveness on onion bulbs and plants depending on fungal species. Disease symptoms developed more slowly on plants than on onion bulb plants according to Koch's postulates. Moreover, the results revealed that Fusarium strains that can infect onion plants were less pathogenic to onion bulbs and vice versa. In addition, three isolates were found to be non-pathogenic to onions. Furthermore, the in vitro control of Fusarium species through Bacillus velezensis KS04-AU and Streptomyces albidoflavus MGMM6 showed high potential for controlling the growth of these pathogenic fungi. These results may contribute to the development of environmentally friendly approaches for controlling onion spoilage caused by pathogens during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderic Gilles Claret Diabankana
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Frolov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Bakhtiyar Islamov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Shulga
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria Nikolaevna Filimonova
- Academic and Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Daniel Mawuena Afordoanyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Shamil Validov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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6
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Li H, Guo W, Li S, Sun B, Li N, Xie D, Dong Z, Luo D, Chen W, Fu W, Zheng J, Zhu J. Alteration of the gut microbiota profile in children with autism spectrum disorder in China. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1326870. [PMID: 38420215 PMCID: PMC10899803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1326870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome. However, there are few studies on gut microbiota of children with ASD in China, and there is a lack of consensus on the changes of bacterial species. Purpose Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome. However, there are few studies on gut microbiota of children with ASD in China, and there is a lack of consensus on the changes of bacterial species. Methods We used 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze ASD children (2 to 12 years), HC (2 to 12 years). Results Our findings showed that the α-diversity, composition, and relative abundance of gut microbiota in the ASD group were significantly different from those in the HC groups. Compared with the HC group, the α-diversity in the ASD group was significantly decreased. At the genus level, the relative abundance of g_Faecalibacterium, g_Blautia, g_Eubacterium_eligens_group, g_Parasutterella, g_Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and g_Veillonella in ASD group was significantly increased than that in HC groups, while the relative abundance of g_Prevotella 9 and g_Agathobacter was significantly decreased than that in HC groups. In addition, KEGG pathway analysis showed that the microbial functional abnormalities in ASD patients were mainly concentrated in metabolic pathways related to fatty acid, amino acid metabolism and aromatic compound metabolism, and were partially involved in neurotransmitter metabolism. Conclusion This study revealed the characteristics of gut microbiota of Chinese children with ASD and provided further evidence of gut microbial dysbiosis in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Stroke Center, Puyang People's Hospital, Puyang, China
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bishao Sun
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningshan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongjing Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongming Dong
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Yunyang People's Hospital, Yunyang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Fu
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingzhen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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7
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Stanton AM, Goodman GR, Blyler A, Kirakosian N, Labbe AK, Robbins GK, Park ER, Psaros C. Mental Health, Social Connectedness, and Fear During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Perspective from Older Women with HIV. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:2176-2189. [PMID: 36538139 PMCID: PMC9764305 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Older women with HIV (WWH) confront significant biopsychosocial challenges that may be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Between May 2020 and April 2021, following a resiliency intervention conducted as part of a randomized parent trial, 24 cisgender WWH (M = 58 years old) completed quantitative assessments and qualitative interviews exploring the impact of COVID-19 on mental health. Qualitative data were analyzed via rapid analysis. Most participants were Black (62.5%) and non-Hispanic or Latina (87.5%). Emergent themes included (1) increased anxiety and depression; (2) a loss of social connectedness; (3) fear of unknown interactions among COVID-19, HIV, and other comorbidities; and (4) the use of largely adaptive strategies to cope with these issues. Findings suggest that older WWH face significant COVID-19-related mental health challenges, compounding existing stressors. As the pandemic persists, it will be important to assess the impact of these stressors on wellbeing, identify effective coping strategies, and provide increased support to mitigate COVID-19-related mental health issues over time. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03071887.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Stanton
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgia R Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abigail Blyler
- Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norik Kirakosian
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Allison K Labbe
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory K Robbins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elyse R Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Psaros
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- One Bowdoin Square, 7th Floor, 02114, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Ramírez MI, Ruiz RDC, Nogueira-Melo GDA, Miletti LC, Cortez M, Negri M, Palmisano G, González J. Challenges and perspectives in research and teaching of host pathogen interaction topics: new post-pandemic times to Brazil and other South American countries. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220212. [PMID: 37222308 PMCID: PMC10207901 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Here is our proposal to improve learning in biomedical sciences for graduate and undergraduate courses with a broad vision integrating disciplines such as molecular cell biology, biochemistry, and biophysics around concepts of pathogen interaction within vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Our paradigm is based on the possibility offered by the pandemic to have remote activities that give access to students and researchers from different places in Brazil and Latin American countries to discuss science. A multidisciplinary view of host-pathogen interaction allows us to understand better the mechanisms involved in the pathology of diseases, as well as to formulate broad strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and control of thereof. The approach to integrating heterogeneous groups in science involves the critical analysis of national scientific resource distribution, where only some have the possibilities to conduct competitive scientific research. Solid theoretical training, contact, collaboration with groups of excellence, and training within a multidisciplinary network are our proposals for a permanent platform of scientific strengthening and dissemination for Latin America. Here we will review the concept of host-pathogen interaction, the type of institutions where it is taught and researched, new trends in active teaching methodologies, and the current political context in science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel I Ramírez
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de Tripanossomatideos, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | | | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Lages, SC, Brasil
| | - Mauro Cortez
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jorge González
- Universidad de Antofagasta, Unidad de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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9
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Rymer TL, Pillay N. The effects of antibiotics and illness on gut microbial composition in the fawn-footed mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys cervinipes). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281533. [PMID: 36827295 PMCID: PMC9956021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota are critical for maintaining the health and physiological function of individuals. However, illness and treatment with antibiotics can disrupt bacterial community composition, the consequences of which are largely unknown in wild animals. In this study, we described and quantified the changes in bacterial community composition in response to illness and treatment with antibiotics in a native Australian rodent, the fawn-footed mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys cervinipes). We collected faecal samples during an undiagnosed illness outbreak in a captive colony of animals, and again at least one year later, and quantified the microbiome at each time point using 16s ribosomal rRNA gene sequencing. Gut bacterial composition was quantified at different taxonomic levels, up to family. Gut bacterial composition changed between time periods, indicating that illness, treatment with antibiotics, or a combination affects bacterial communities. While some bacterial groups increased in abundance, others decreased, suggesting differential effects and possible co-adapted and synergistic interactions. Our findings provide a greater understanding of the dynamic nature of the gut microbiome of a native Australian rodent species and provides insights into the management and ethical well-being of animals kept under captive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmin L. Rymer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neville Pillay
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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10
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Saqib K, Qureshi AS, Butt ZA. COVID-19, Mental Health, and Chronic Illnesses: A Syndemic Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3262. [PMID: 36833955 PMCID: PMC9962717 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is an epidemiological and psychological crisis; what it does to the body is quite well known by now, and more research is underway, but the syndemic impact of COVID-19 and mental health on underlying chronic illnesses among the general population is not completely understood. METHODS We carried out a literature review to identify the potential impact of COVID-19 and related mental health issues on underlying comorbidities that could affect the overall health of the population. RESULTS Many available studies have highlighted the impact of COVID-19 on mental health only, but how complex their interaction is in patients with comorbidities and COVID-19, the absolute risks, and how they connect with the interrelated risks in the general population, remain unknown. The COVID-19 pandemic can be recognized as a syndemic due to; synergistic interactions among different diseases and other health conditions, increasing overall illness burden, emergence, spread, and interactions between infectious zoonotic diseases leading to new infectious zoonotic diseases; this is together with social and health interactions leading to increased risks in vulnerable populations and exacerbating clustering of multiple diseases. CONCLUSION There is a need to develop evidence to support appropriate and effective interventions for the overall improvement of health and psychosocial wellbeing of at-risk populations during this pandemic. The syndemic framework is an important framework that can be used to investigate and examine the potential benefits and impact of codesigning COVID-19/non-communicable diseases (NCDs)/mental health programming services which can tackle these epidemics concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Saqib
- School of Public health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Afaf Saqib Qureshi
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Zahid Ahmad Butt
- School of Public health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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11
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van Doren TP. Biocultural perspectives of infectious diseases and demographic evolution: Tuberculosis and its comorbidities through history. Evol Anthropol 2022; 32:100-117. [PMID: 36436141 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anthropologists recognize the importance of conceptualizing health in the context of the mutually evolving nature of biology and culture through the biocultural approach, but biocultural anthropological perspectives of infectious diseases and their impacts on humans (and vice versa) through time are relatively underrepresented. Tuberculosis (TB) has been a constant companion of humans for thousands of years and has heavily influenced population health in almost every phase of cultural and demographic evolution. TB in human populations has been dramatically influenced by behavior, demographic and epidemiological shifts, and other comorbidities through history. This paper critically discusses TB and some of its major comorbidities through history within a biocultural framework to show how transitions in human demography and culture affected the disease-scape of TB. In doing so, I address the potential synthesis of biocultural and epidemiological transition theory to better comprehend the mutual evolution of infectious diseases and humans.
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12
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Agudelo-Botero M, Giraldo-Rodríguez L, Dávila-Cervantes CA. Type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms in the adult population in Mexico: a syndemic approach based on National Health and Nutrition Survey. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2049. [PMID: 36352364 PMCID: PMC9643915 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The syndemic approach allows the analysis of clusters of diseases that affect a population in contexts of geographic, social and economic inequalities at the same moment and time. This study aims to analyze, from a syndemic perspective, the relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and depressive symptoms in Mexican adults and its association with individual, contextual and structural factors. METHODS Observational, cross-sectional study based on secondary data from Mexico's National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19. The sample of this study consisted of 16 835 adults, which represented a total of 78 463 734 persons aged ≥ 20 years. Bivariate descriptive analyses were performed and logistic regression models were estimated to analyze the association between T2D and depressive symptoms with various co-variables. In addition, interactions between T2D and depressive symptoms with obesity, educational level, and socioeconomic status were tested. RESULTS In the study population, 12.2% of adults aged 20 years and older self-reported having T2D, 14.7% had depressive symptoms and 2.8% had both diseases. There was a statistically significant relationship between T2D and depressive symptoms. The prevalence of T2D and depressive symptoms was higher compared to people who did not have these two conditions. Obesity increased the probability of having T2D, while violence was statistically associated with people having depressive symptoms. A low level of education increased the odds ratio of having T2D and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION The availability of analytical frameworks such as the syndemic perspective could help to identify areas of opportunity for decision making and actions for population groups that-because of their individual, contextual and structural disadvantages-are at greater risk of experiencing poorer health outcomes due to the presence of T2D and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Agudelo-Botero
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Wan Y, Zuo T, Xu Z, Zhang F, Zhan H, Chan D, Leung TF, Yeoh YK, Chan FKL, Chan R, Ng SC. Underdevelopment of the gut microbiota and bacteria species as non-invasive markers of prediction in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gut 2022; 71:910-918. [PMID: 34312160 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-324015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gut microbiota has been suggested to play a role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We postulate that children with ASD harbour an altered developmental profile of the gut microbiota distinct from that of typically developing (TD) children. Here, we aimed to characterise compositional and functional alterations in gut microbiome in association with age in children with ASD and to identify novel faecal bacterial markers for predicting ASD. DESIGN We performed deep metagenomic sequencing in faecal samples of 146 Chinese children (72 ASD and 74 TD children). We compared gut microbial composition and functions between children with ASD and TD children. Candidate bacteria markers were identified and validated by metagenomic analysis. Gut microbiota development in relation to chronological age was assessed using random forest model. RESULTS ASD and chronological age had the most significant and largest impacts on children's faecal microbiome while diet showed no correlation. Children with ASD had significant alterations in faecal microbiome composition compared with TD children characterised by increased bacterial richness (p=0.021) and altered microbiome composition (p<0.05). Five bacterial species were identified to distinguish gut microbes in ASD and TD children, with areas under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 82.6% and 76.2% in the discovery cohort and validation cohort, respectively. Multiple neurotransmitter biosynthesis related pathways in the gut microbiome were depleted in children with ASD compared with TD children (p<0.05). Developing dynamics of growth-associated gut bacteria (age-discriminatory species) seen in TD children were lost in children with ASD across the early-life age spectrum. CONCLUSIONS Gut microbiome in Chinese children with ASD was altered in composition, ecological network and functionality compared with TD children. We identified novel bacterial markers for prediction of ASD and demonstrated persistent underdevelopment of the gut microbiota in children with ASD which lagged behind their respective age-matched peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wan
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Zuo
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhilu Xu
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Zhan
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, China
| | - Dorothy Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting-Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Kit Yeoh
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, China.,Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruth Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China .,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong, China
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14
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Psychological and Emotional Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on People Living with Chronic Disease: HIV and Cancer. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:2920-2930. [PMID: 35249178 PMCID: PMC8898333 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
People living with chronic disease (PLWCD) are the frailest category, both for the risk of severe COVID-19 illness and for the impact on the care continuum. Aim of this study was to analyze coping strategies and resilience in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to people living with oncological diseases (PLWOD) during COVID-19 pandemic. We administrated an anonymous questionnaire, which explored the emotional experience, the demographic factors linked to a COVID-19-related stress syndrome, the patient’s perception about the adequacy of clinical undertaking from the hospital and the resilience. We analyzed 324 questionnaires. There were no significant differences in prevalence of psychological distress among the whole cohort; however, PLWOD were calmer, less troubled, and more serene than PLWH. Moreover, PLWH smoked more, ate more, and gained more weight than PLWOD. Most patients didn’t feel lonely and continued to take pleasure from their activities. No differences in resilience were found between the groups. In the whole cohort lower levels of resilience were found in patients that were unemployed, with history of psychological disorders and in those who experienced more feelings of anger, anxiety and concern. In our study, patients seemed to preserve their well-being, and to activate adaptive coping during the pandemic.
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15
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Burstein R, Althouse BM, Adler A, Akullian A, Brandstetter E, Cho S, Emanuels A, Fay K, Gamboa L, Han P, Huden K, Ilcisin M, Izzo M, Jackson ML, Kim AE, Kimball L, Lacombe K, Lee J, Logue JK, Rogers J, Chung E, Sibley TR, Van Raay K, Wenger E, Wolf CR, Boeckh M, Chu H, Duchin J, Rieder M, Shendure J, Starita LM, Viboud C, Bedford T, Englund JA, Famulare M. Interactions among 17 respiratory pathogens: a cross-sectional study using clinical and community surveillance data. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.02.04.22270474. [PMID: 35169816 PMCID: PMC8845514 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.04.22270474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Co-circulating respiratory pathogens can interfere with or promote each other, leading to important effects on disease epidemiology. Estimating the magnitude of pathogen-pathogen interactions from clinical specimens is challenging because sampling from symptomatic individuals can create biased estimates. Methods We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study using samples collected by the Seattle Flu Study between 11 November 2018 and 20 August 2021. Samples that tested positive via RT-qPCR for at least one of 17 potential respiratory pathogens were included in this study. Semi-quantitative cycle threshold (Ct) values were used to measure pathogen load. Differences in pathogen load between monoinfected and coinfected samples were assessed using linear regression adjusting for age, season, and recruitment channel. Results 21,686 samples were positive for at least one potential pathogen. Most prevalent were rhinovirus (33·5%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn, 29·0%), SARS-CoV-2 (13.8%) and influenza A/H1N1 (9·6%). 140 potential pathogen pairs were included for analysis, and 56 (40%) pairs yielded significant Ct differences (p < 0.01) between monoinfected and co-infected samples. We observed no virus-virus pairs showing evidence of significant facilitating interactions, and found significant viral load decrease among 37 of 108 (34%) assessed pairs. Samples positive with SPn and a virus were consistently associated with increased SPn load. Conclusions Viral load data can be used to overcome sampling bias in studies of pathogen-pathogen interactions. When applied to respiratory pathogens, we found evidence of viral-SPn facilitation and several examples of viral-viral interference. Multipathogen surveillance is a cost-efficient data collection approach, with added clinical and epidemiological informational value over single-pathogen testing, but requires careful analysis to mitigate selection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Burstein
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle WA USA
| | - Benjamin M. Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle WA USA
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle WA USA
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM
| | - Amanda Adler
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle WA USA
| | - Adam Akullian
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Shari Cho
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle WA USA
| | - Anne Emanuels
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
| | - Kairsten Fay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA USA
| | - Luis Gamboa
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle WA USA
| | - Peter Han
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle WA USA
| | - Kristen Huden
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
| | - Misja Ilcisin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA USA
| | - Mandy Izzo
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Ashley E. Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
| | - Louise Kimball
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Jover Lee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Julia Rogers
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
| | - Erin Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle
| | - Thomas R. Sibley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Edward Wenger
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle WA USA
| | - Caitlin R. Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle WA USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA USA
| | - Helen Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA USA
| | - Jeff Duchin
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Public Health Seattle & King County, Seattle WA USA
| | - Mark Rieder
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle WA USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle WA USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle WA USA
| | - Lea M. Starita
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle WA USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
| | - Cecile Viboud
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle WA USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle WA USA
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle WA USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle WA USA
| | - Michael Famulare
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle WA USA
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16
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Shrestha S, Bauer CX, Hendricks B, Stopka TJ. Spatial epidemiology: An empirical framework for syndemics research. Soc Sci Med 2022; 295:113352. [PMID: 32950331 PMCID: PMC7962030 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Syndemics framework describes two or more co-occurring epidemics that synergistically interact with each other and the complex structural social forces that sustain them leading to excess disease burden. The term syndemic was first used to describe the interaction between substance abuse, violence, and AIDS by Merrill Singer. A broader range of syndemic studies has since emerged describing the framework's applicability to other public health scenarios. With syndemic theory garnering significant attention, the focus is shifting towards developing robust empirical analytical approaches. Unfortunately, the complex nature of the disease-disease interactions nested within several social contexts complicates empirical analyses. In answering the call to analyze syndemics at the population level, we propose the use of spatial epidemiology as an empirical framework for syndemics research. Spatial epidemiology, which typically relies on geographic information systems (GIS) and statistics, is a discipline that studies spatial variations to understand the geographic landscape and the risk environment within which disease epidemics occur. GIS maps provide visualization aids to investigate the spatial distribution of disease outcomes, the associated social factors, and environmental exposures. Analytical inference, such as estimation of disease risks and identification of spatial disease clusters, can provide a detailed statistical view of spatial distributions of diseases. Spatial and spatiotemporal models can help us to understand, measure, and analyze disease syndemics as well as the social, biological, and structural factors associated with them in space and time. In this paper, we present a background on syndemics and spatial epidemiological theory and practice. We then present a case study focused on the HIV and HCV syndemic in West Virginia to provide an example of the use of GIS and spatial analytical methods. The concepts described in this paper can be considered to enhance understanding and analysis of other syndemics for which space-time data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Cici X.C. Bauer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas, Health Sciences Center at Houston, USA
| | - Brian Hendricks
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, USA
| | - Thomas J. Stopka
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. , (T.J. Stopka)
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17
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Sharifi Y, Ebrahimpur M, Payab M, Larijani B. The Syndemic Theory, the COVID-19 Pandemic, and The Epidemics of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Med J Islam Repub Iran 2022; 36:177. [PMID: 36919009 PMCID: PMC10008253 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.36.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The syndemic theory is based on the interaction of two or more epidemics. This phenomenon is important in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Results: This pandemic affects all aspects of human life, including the management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and so on. This effect may have an impact not only on the management of the underlying NCDs but also on the infection and prognosis of COVID-19. Another aspect of this syndemic is that the health policies in each country have been revolutionized as a result of this pandemic, and the association of COVID-19 with other NCDs necessitates the implementation of new policies to properly manage this syndemic. Conclusion: In this paper, we review the syndemic theory, how the COVID-19 pandemic could be classified as a syndemic with other NCDs, and how this pandemic changes circumstances for policymakers in any country, particularly the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Sharifi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahbube Ebrahimpur
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moloud Payab
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Uwishema O, Taylor C, Lawal L, Hamiidah N, Robert I, Nasir A, Chalhoub E, Sun J, Akin BT, Adanur I, Mwazighe RM, Onyeaka H. The syndemic burden of HIV/AIDS in Africa amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 10:26-32. [PMID: 34606689 PMCID: PMC8652687 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has long affected millions of individuals across the globe. Historically, the prevalence of this disease is particularly noted within the African continent. Before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many African countries struggled to effectively manage the increasing burden associated with HIV/AIDS. There is now a need to reassess this in a COVID-19 pandemic context so that the impact of COVID-19 on HIV/AIDS healthcare within Africa can be adequately evaluated. METHODS Data collection was performed on the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and Embase bibliographical databases with a predefined search strategy. Searches were performed in blind duplicate and all articles considering COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS within African healthcare were considered. RESULTS The COVID-19 pandemic has severely exacerbated the many issues surrounding HIV/AIDS care within many African countries. These impacts are noticeable in medical, psychological, and socio-political contexts. CONCLUSIONS Before efforts are made to improve the provision of HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 care within Africa, it is important that this issue is brought to the attention of the scientific and clinical community so that the continent can receive the necessary support and aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Charles Taylor
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lukman Lawal
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Nakyanzi Hamiidah
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lira University, Lira, Uganda
| | - Isoke Robert
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lira University, Lira, Uganda
| | - Abdulrasheed Nasir
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Elie Chalhoub
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Joseph of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jeffrey Sun
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Burak T Akin
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Irem Adanur
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Rehema M Mwazighe
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Medical Laboratory Technologist, The Mombasa Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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19
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Sexual Exposure to HIV Infection during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM): A Multicentric Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189584. [PMID: 34574508 PMCID: PMC8470798 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The practice of sex with casual partners without the use of adequate prevention in the period of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) can expose them to the risk of infection by the HIV virus. To assess this, we conducted an online survey in April and May 2020 in the entire national territory of Brazil and Portugal. We used the snowball technique for sampling, associated with circulation in social networks, totaling 2934 participants. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to produce the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR). Eight-hundred-and-forty-two (28.7%) MSM presented at-risk sexual exposure in this period. In general, the types of sexual practices that most increased the chances of sexual exposure were having multiple partners (aOR:14.045); having practiced chemsex (aOR:2.246) and group sex (aOR:2.431), as well as presenting a history of at-risk sexual exposure (aOR:5.136). When we consider each country separately, the chances are increased in Brazil since the probability of the outcome was increased in those who practiced group sex (aOR:5.928), had multiple partners (aOR:19.132), and reported a sexual history of at-risk exposure (aOR:8.861). Our findings indicate that practices that are classically associated with greater chances of engaging in risky sexual exposure to HIV infection were the factors that most increased the chances of acquiring the virus in the pandemic context.
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Potnis N. Harnessing Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Xanthomonads on Tomato and Pepper to Tackle New Problems of an Old Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:289-310. [PMID: 34030449 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot is an endemic seedborne disease responsible for recurring outbreaks on tomato and pepper around the world. The disease is caused by four diverse species, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans, and Xanthomonas vesicatoria. There are no commercially available disease-resistant tomato varieties, and the disease is managed by chemical/biological control options, although these have not reduced the incidence of outbreaks. The disease on peppers is managed by disease-resistant cultivars that are effective against X. euvesicatoria but not X. gardneri. A significant shift in composition and prevalence of different species and races of the pathogen has occurred over the past century. Here, I attempt to review ecological and evolutionary processes associated with the population dynamics leading to disease emergence and spread. The goal of this review is to integrate the knowledge on population genomics and molecular plant-microbe interactions for this pathosystem to tailor disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA;
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Trunfio M, Scabini S, Mornese Pinna S, Rugge W, Alcantarini C, Pirriatore V, Di Perri G, Bonora S, Castelnuovo B, Calcagno A. The Manifesto of Pharmacoenosis: Merging HIV Pharmacology into Pathocoenosis and Syndemics in Developing Countries. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081648. [PMID: 34442727 PMCID: PMC8399770 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathocoenosis and syndemics theories have emerged in the last decades meeting the frequent need of better understanding interconnections and reciprocal influences that coexistent communicable and non-communicable diseases play in a specific population. Nevertheless, the attention to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics interactions of co-administered drugs for co-present diseases is to date limitedly paid to alert against detrimental pharmacological combos. Low and middle-income countries are plagued by the highest burden of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and helminthiasis, and they are experiencing an alarming rise in non-communicable disorders. In these settings, co-infections and comorbidities are common, but no tailored prescribing nor clinical trials are used to assess and exploit existing opportunities for the simultaneous and potentially synergistic treatment of intertwined diseases. Pharmacoenosis is the set of interactions that take place within a host as well as within a population due to the compresence of two or more diseases and their respective treatments. This framework should pilot integrated health programmes and routine clinical practice to face drug–drug interaction issues, avoiding negative co-administrations but also exploiting potential favourable ones to make the best out of the worst situations; still, to date, guiding data on the latter possibility is limited. Therefore, in this narrative review, we have briefly described both detrimental and favourable physiopathological interactions between HIV and other common co-occurring pathologies (malaria, tuberculosis, helminths, and cardiovascular disorders), and we have presented examples of advantageous potential pharmacological interactions among the drugs prescribed for these diseases from a pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Trunfio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy; (W.R.); (C.A.); (V.P.); (G.D.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-439-3884
| | - Silvia Scabini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10150 Torino, Italy; (S.S.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Simone Mornese Pinna
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10150 Torino, Italy; (S.S.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Walter Rugge
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy; (W.R.); (C.A.); (V.P.); (G.D.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Chiara Alcantarini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy; (W.R.); (C.A.); (V.P.); (G.D.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Veronica Pirriatore
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy; (W.R.); (C.A.); (V.P.); (G.D.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy; (W.R.); (C.A.); (V.P.); (G.D.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy; (W.R.); (C.A.); (V.P.); (G.D.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Barbara Castelnuovo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala 22418, Uganda;
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy; (W.R.); (C.A.); (V.P.); (G.D.P.); (S.B.); (A.C.)
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Voisin DR, Takahashi LM. The Relationship Between Violence Syndemics and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among African American Adolescents: Implications for Future Research. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:937-944. [PMID: 33431249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present a conceptual framework based on a review of the literature to highlight the interconnecting and reinforcing elements of a violence syndemic and how this syndemic influences sexual risk behaviors among African American heterosexual adolescents. METHODS We review existing peer-reviewed published research from 2000 to 2020 that links a violence syndemic (i.e., racism and race-related stress, neighborhood and police violence, peer violence, and family violence and disruptions) to adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Empirical findings and theoretical underpinnings are used to document this relationship and illuminate the factors that mediate this relationship. RESULTS Empirical studies support the links between specific types of violence and sexual risk behaviors among African American adolescents. Further, existing studies point to the important relationships among the specific types of violence, supporting a violence syndemic approach. CONCLUSIONS While more researchers are examining socio-ecological contextual factors as important predictors for sexual risk behaviors, there remains inadequate understanding about how violence types reinforce one another to heighten sexual risk behaviors among African American heterosexual adolescents. This article presents new directions for adolescent research, especially how a violence syndemic approach can be used to explain sexual risk, but also to refocus intervention design on the complex burdens experienced by this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter R Voisin
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lois M Takahashi
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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Sorbera M, Fischetti B, Khaimova R, Niewinski M, Wen K. Evaluation of virologic suppression rates during the COVID-19 pandemic with outpatient interdisciplinary HIV care. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021; 4:964-968. [PMID: 34230911 PMCID: PMC8250635 DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented social distancing challenges leading healthcare systems to adapt and utilize telemedicine platforms more than ever before. Reducing patient exposure to COVID-19 became a primary concern, especially for populations at an increased risk for severe illness, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to measure the impact of pharmacy services including telehealth through the percentage of virologically suppressed patients (HIV ribonucleic acid [RNA] < 200 copies/mL) during the pre-COVID and post-COVID time periods. Secondary objectives included the percentage of patients with undetectable viral loads (HIV RNA < 20 copies/mL), percentage of patients with cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell counts greater than 200 cells/mm3, and changes in CD4 cell counts and percentages pre-COVID and post-COVID. Methods This was a retrospective chart review at a single center HIV primary care clinic in Brooklyn, NY evaluating electronic medical records (EMRs) of 211 HIV-positive patients. Pre-COVID was defined as 1 year prior to March 13, 2020, and post-COVID was defined as March 13 to July 20, 2020. Results Viral load suppression rates for pre and post-COVID were 88.6% and 85.3%, respectively (P = .28). Undetectable viral load rates for pre and post-COVID were approximately 81.5% and 74.4% (P = .096). Mean CD4 cell counts and percentages were 617 cells/mm3 and 29% for pre-COVID, and 460 cells/mm3 and 22% for post-COVID. CD4 cell counts greater than 200 cells/mm3 pre-COVID and post-COVID was 92.6% and 78.3%, respectively (P = .001). Conclusion Utilization of pharmacy services including telehealth, may allow clinical pharmacists to collaboratively provide remote services without jeopardizing patient outcomes. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings, and display the long-term impact and satisfaction of these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sorbera
- The Brooklyn Hospital Center Long Island University Brooklyn New York USA.,Long Island University Brooklyn New York USA
| | - Briann Fischetti
- The Brooklyn Hospital Center Long Island University Brooklyn New York USA.,Long Island University Brooklyn New York USA
| | | | | | - Kelly Wen
- Long Island University Brooklyn New York USA
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Sangaramoorthy T, Benton A. Intersectionality and syndemics: A commentary. Soc Sci Med 2021; 295:113783. [PMID: 33642069 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This commentary addresses the possibilities and pitfalls of putting intersectionality and syndemics into conversation with each other. We engage with two studies published in this issue: the first on the health-related vulnerabilities among LGBTQ + Latinx men in Orlando after the Pulse nightclub shooting, and the other on syndemic health issues brought about by social and structural inequities among young Black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM). Both manuscripts suggest that intersectionality and sydemics can be integrated or possibly merged to build effective health equity focused interventions for marginalized populations. We, however, argue that there are several methodological, ontological, and epistemological challenges in bringing together intersectionality and syndemics. Our argument coalesces around three key points. First, we contend that while it is feasible to think of their integration as useful to the study of health disparities, syndemics offers no added benefit to health scholarship grounded in intersectional analysis. Second, we argue that assumptions of common ground between intersectionality and syndemics rest on equating theories of interaction and additivity with critiques of mutual configurations of ideology, power structures, and social categories. Finally, we maintain that if intersectionality and syndemics are to be in conversation with each other, it must be done with the recognition and examination of where each framework situates itself relative to methodology, praxis, and power. Using our own work and those of intersectional feminist scholars, we demonstrate how the stakes of intersectionality diverge radically from those of syndemics, and how syndemics has the potential to undermine the significance of intersectionality for addressing issues of health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adia Benton
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, USA
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25
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Fronteira I, Sidat M, Magalhães JP, de Barros FPC, Delgado AP, Correia T, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferrinho P. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A syndemic perspective. One Health 2021; 12:100228. [PMID: 33614885 PMCID: PMC7887445 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected communities, populations, and countries throughout the world. As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic developed, the extent to which the disease interacted with already existing endemic, non-communicable and infectious diseases became evident, hence deeply influencing health outcomes. Additionally, a synergistic effect has been demonstrated also with socio-economic, cultural, and contextual determinants of health which seem to contribute to poorer health and accumulating social disadvantages. In this essay, using as a starting point the syndemic theory that translates the cumulative and intertwined factors between different epidemics, we argue that the SARS-CoV-2 is a one health issue of a syndemic nature and that the failure to acknowledge this contributes to weakened policy-making processes and public health responses and ineffective health policies and programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Fronteira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal,Corresponding author.
| | - Mohsin Sidat
- Community Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique
| | - João Paulo Magalhães
- Public Health Unit, Group of Primary Care Centers of Porto Oriental, North Health Regional Administration, Ministry of Health, Portugal
| | | | - António Pedro Delgado
- University of Cabo Verde, Cabo Verde, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Correia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro and Centro de Pesquisa Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Fiocruz e Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ferrinho
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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Govender R, Moodley J, Naicker T. The COVID-19 Pandemic: an Appraisal of its Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Pre-Eclampsia. Curr Hypertens Rep 2021; 23:9. [PMID: 33570681 PMCID: PMC7877335 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-021-01126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is profound, with distressing consequences on many individuals, especially those with co-morbidities. Pregnant women are one such group of individuals who are at in increased risk of contracting COVID-19, due to their immunocompromised state. In South Africa, HIV infection and pre-eclampsia are the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, with South Africa being the HIV epicentre of the world. The relationship between COVID-19 superimposed on HIV infection and preeclampsia is complex and uncertain due to their different immune responses, and therefore requires further research. RECENT FINDINGS Notably evidence suggests that pregnant women with chronic comorbidities (HIV and pre-eclampsia) may be at a greater risk of contracting or encountering complications from COVID-19. Maternal stress, during a pandemic, as well as home delivery have become potential options for pregnant woman. Nonetheless there is currently a paucity of information on the combined effect of COVID-19 in HIV-associated preeclampsia. Understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 could potentially aid in developing effective treatment strategies for COVID-19 in HIV associated preeclampsia. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current data in relation to COVID-19 and its effect on pregnant women, including symptoms, pathogenesis and the possible risk of vertical transmission. This paper also reviews its' interactions and effects on preeclamptic and HIV positive pregnant women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowen Govender
- Optics & Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag 7, Congella, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4013, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics & Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag 7, Congella, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4013, South Africa
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27
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Patterns and drivers of fungal disease communities on Arabica coffee along a management gradient. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shiau S, Krause KD, Valera P, Swaminathan S, Halkitis PN. The Burden of COVID-19 in People Living with HIV: A Syndemic Perspective. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:2244-2249. [PMID: 32303925 PMCID: PMC7165075 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the novel coronavirus disease known as COVID-19 creates another health burden for people living with HIV (PLWH) who face multiple morbidities and may be at heightened risk for severe physical health illness from COVID-19. Our abilities to address these morbidities in PLWH must be considered alongside the socially-produced burdens that both place this population at risk for COVID-19 and heighten the likelihood of adverse outcomes. These burdens can affect the physical, emotional, and social well-being of PLWH and interfere with the delivery of effective healthcare and access to HIV treatment. We posit that a syndemic framework can be used to conceptualize the potential impact of COVID-19 among PLWH to inform the development of health programming services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Shiau
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Kristen D Krause
- Center for Health, Identity, Behavior & Prevention Studies, Rutgers School of Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers School of Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pamela Valera
- Department of Urban-Global Health, Rutgers School of Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shobha Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Practice, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
- Infectious Diseases Practice, University Hospital, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Perry N Halkitis
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Health, Identity, Behavior & Prevention Studies, Rutgers School of Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Urban-Global Health, Rutgers School of Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
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Syndemic statuses: Intersectionality and mobilizing for LGBTQ+ Latinx health equity after the Pulse shooting. Soc Sci Med 2020; 295:113260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Ford N, Wi T, Easterbrook P, Penazzato M, Vitoria M. Global public health efforts to address HIV and related communicable disease syndemics. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 15:261-265. [PMID: 32496325 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent progress in public health efforts to address HIV, and the extent to which key approaches can be applied to three key epidemics that commonly co-occur with HIV: TB, viral hepatitis, and STIs. RECENT FINDINGS The public health approach to tackling HIV in low-income and middle-income settings relied on standardized treatment regimens and monitoring approaches, task sharing and community involvement, and decentralized and integrated service delivery. These approaches can all be applied to three key epidemics that commonly co-occur with HIV: TB, viral hepatitis, and STIs. SUMMARY HIV, viral hepatitis, and STIs share common routes of infection, and HIV weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of TB. A public health approach can be applied to address these syndemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ford
- Department of HIV, STIs, and Global Hepatitis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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31
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Pearson CR, Kaysen D, Huh D, Bedard-Gillgan M, Walker D, Marin R, Saluskin K. A randomized comparison trial of culturally adapted HIV prevention approaches for Native Americans reducing trauma symptoms versus substance misuse: The Healing Seasons protocol. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 95:106070. [PMID: 32561467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Native Americans (NA) experience interrelated risks of trauma exposure, substance use, and HIV risk behaviors that put them at increased risk for HIV infection. Despite these known risk factors, there are very few published randomized trials testing interventions to reduce trauma-related symptoms and substance misuse among NA. METHODS The Healing Seasons study is a randomized comparsion trial of two counseling strategies, Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) addressing PTSD or Motivational interviewing with cognitive behavioral therapy skills training (MIST) addressing substance misuse as a means to prevent HIV among NA. Using a community-based participatory research approach, we adapted both evidence-based interventions to be specific to the risk contexts and realities of NA and to include psychoeducational and skill-building components that include cultural-specific stories, virtues, and traditional treatment strategies. Participants, 16 years and older, were recruited from a Pacific Northwest tribal community, screened over the phone, enrolled in person, and randomized in equal numbers to NET or MIST. We stratified by age (16-29 years and 30 or older) and gender (male or female identified) to ensure balance between treatment arms. The primary outcomes were number of sex partners and frequency of sexual acts (with and without condoms), sex under the influence of substances, frequency of substance use, and PTSD severity. DISCUSSION Behavioral interventions for NA are needed to prevent HIV risk behaviors when faced with trauma symptoms and substance misuse. This study will provide evidence to determine feasibility and efficacy of addressing related risk factors as part of counseling-based HIV prevention intervention to reduce sexual risk among this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03112369, registered April 12, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Pearson
- Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - D Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - D Huh
- Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Bedard-Gillgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D Walker
- Innovative Programs Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Marin
- Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Saluskin
- Yakama Nation Behavioral Health Services, Toppenish, WA, USA
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Singer M, Bulled N, Ostrach B. Whither syndemics?: Trends in syndemics research, a review 2015-2019. Glob Public Health 2020; 15:943-955. [PMID: 32037962 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1724317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As originally conceived, syndemics refers to complex epidemics involving two types of adverse interaction - the clustering and interactions of two or more diseases or health conditions (the biological-biological interface) and social environmental factors (the biological-social interface). The theory has been widely applied in the fields of medicine, public health and anthropology, but how the concept is conceptualised and investigated in new syndemics literature remains unclear. This paper offers a scoping review of recent syndemics literature aiming to address the question: Where have scholars taken the syndemics concept? Five bibliographic databases were searched for titles containing 'syndemic[s]' revealing 334 records. A total of 143 journal articles, 23 book chapters, 21 commentaries, 2 books and 5 dissertations were assessed. Citations were classified into five categories: syndemics (n = 22), potential syndemics (n = 34), socially determined heightened burden of disease (n = 29), harmful disease cluster (n = 32) and additive adverse conditions (n = 71). The limited number of citations meeting the definition of a syndemic arrangement highlights the challenges related to describing and empirically supporting the biological-biological and biological-social relationships. Nevertheless, there is value in retaining the original, holistic, biosocial meaning of syndemics to identify and detail the casual pathways and mechanisms of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrill Singer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Nicola Bulled
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Bayla Ostrach
- Boston University School of Medicine, Family Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Cellini A, Donati I, Fiorentini L, Vandelle E, Polverari A, Venturi V, Buriani G, Vanneste JL, Spinelli F. N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones and Lux Solos Regulate Social Behaviour and Virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:383-396. [PMID: 31359073 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The phyllosphere is a complex environment where microbes communicate through signalling molecules in a system, generally known as quorum sensing (QS). One of the most common QS systems in Gram-negative proteobacteria is based on the production of N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) by a LuxI synthase and their perception by a LuxR sensor. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the aetiological agent of the bacterial canker of kiwifruit, colonises plant phyllosphere before penetrating via wounds and natural openings. Since Psa genome encodes three LuxR solos without a cognate LuxI, this bacterium may perceive diffusible signals, but it cannot produce AHLs, displaying a non-canonical QS system. The elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the perception of environmental cues in the phyllosphere by this pathogen and their influence on the onset of pathogenesis are of crucial importance for a long-lasting and sustainable management of the bacterial canker of kiwifruit. Here, we report the ability of Psa to sense its own population density and the presence of surrounding bacteria. Moreover, we show that Psa can perceive AHLs, indicating that AHL-producing neighbouring bacteria may regulate Psa virulence in the host. Our results suggest that the ecological environment is important in determining Psa fitness and pathogenic potential. This opens new perspectives in the use of more advanced biochemical and microbiological tools for the control of bacterial canker of kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cellini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Donati
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Fiorentini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Department of Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annalisa Polverari
- Department of Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vittorio Venturi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Buriani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joel L Vanneste
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
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Miller WM, Miller WC, Barrington C, Weir SS, Chen SY, Emch ME, Pettifor AE, Paz-Bailey G. Sex work, discrimination, drug use and violence: a pattern for HIV risk among transgender sex workers compared to MSM sex workers and other MSM in Guatemala. Glob Public Health 2020; 15:262-274. [PMID: 31599193 PMCID: PMC10885015 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1671984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The risk of HIV infection is higher among transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM) compared to the general population due in part to social and contextual factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and association of alcohol and drug abuse, discrimination and violence among transgender sex workers compared to cisgender male sex workers and cisgender men who had not received money for sex in Guatemala City. In 2010, transgender women and cisgender men who had had sex with men or transgender women were recruited into a cross-sectional behavioural survey. Among transgender women, 86% received money for sex in the past year. Transgender sex workers were more likely to use drugs and binge drink, three times as likely to be discriminated against and eight times as likely to be forced to have sex compared to non-sex worker men. Male sex workers were twice as likely to use illicit drugs or experience physical violence and six times as likely to experience forced sex compared to non-sex worker men. Transgender and male sex workers would benefit from harm reduction for substance use, violence prevention, response and strategies to mitigate discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William C Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clare Barrington
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sharon S Weir
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sanny Y Chen
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Central America Regional Office, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Michael E Emch
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Audrey E Pettifor
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health Interventions Network (TEPHINET) Central American office, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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35
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Mair C, Nickbakhsh S, Reeve R, McMenamin J, Reynolds A, Gunson RN, Murcia PR, Matthews L. Estimation of temporal covariances in pathogen dynamics using Bayesian multivariate autoregressive models. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007492. [PMID: 31834896 PMCID: PMC6934324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognised that animal and plant pathogens form complex ecological communities of interacting organisms within their hosts, and there is growing interest in the health implications of such pathogen interactions. Although community ecology approaches have been used to identify pathogen interactions at the within-host scale, methodologies enabling robust identification of interactions from population-scale data such as that available from health authorities are lacking. To address this gap, we developed a statistical framework that jointly identifies interactions between multiple viruses from contemporaneous non-stationary infection time series. Our conceptual approach is derived from a Bayesian multivariate disease mapping framework. Importantly, our approach captures within- and between-year dependencies in infection risk while controlling for confounding factors such as seasonality, demographics and infection frequencies, allowing genuine pathogen interactions to be distinguished from simple correlations. We validated our framework using a broad range of synthetic data. We then applied it to diagnostic data available for five respiratory viruses co-circulating in a major urban population between 2005 and 2013: adenovirus, human coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza B virus and respiratory syncytial virus. We found positive and negative covariances indicative of epidemiological interactions among specific virus pairs. This statistical framework enables a community ecology perspective to be applied to infectious disease epidemiology with important utility for public health planning and preparedness. Disease-causing microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi, form complex communities within animals and plants. These microorganisms can coexist harmoniously or even beneficially, or they may competitively interact for host resources. Well-studied examples include interactions between viruses and bacteria in the respiratory tract. Whilst ecological studies have revealed that some pathogens do interact within their hosts, identifying interactions from available population scale data from health authorities is challenging. This is exacerbated by a lack of large-scale data describing the infection patterns of multiple pathogens within single populations over long time frames. Furthermore, methods for evaluating whether infection frequencies of different pathogens fluctuate together or not over time cannot readily account for alternative explanations. For example, human pathogens may have related seasonal patterns depending on the age groups they infect and the weather conditions they survive in, and not because they are interacting. We developed a robust statistical framework to identify pathogen-pathogen interactions from population scale diagnostic data. This framework serves as a crucial step in identifying such important interactions and will guide new studies to elucidate their underpinning mechanisms. This will have important consequences for public health preparedness and the design of effective disease control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Mair
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sema Nickbakhsh
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jim McMenamin
- Health Protection Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arlene Reynolds
- Health Protection Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rory N. Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Matthews
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Scott J, Sueiro-Olivares M, Ahmed W, Heddergott C, Zhao C, Thomas R, Bromley M, Latgé JP, Krappmann S, Fowler S, Bignell E, Amich J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Derived Volatile Sulfur Compounds Promote Distal Aspergillus fumigatus Growth and a Synergistic Pathogen-Pathogen Interaction That Increases Pathogenicity in Co-infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2311. [PMID: 31649650 PMCID: PMC6794476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-pathogen interactions in polymicrobial infections are known to directly impact, often to worsen, disease outcomes. For example, co-infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively the most common bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) airways, leads to a worsened prognosis. Recent studies of in vitro microbial cross-talk demonstrated that P. aeruginosa-derived volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) can promote A. fumigatus growth in vitro. However, the mechanistic basis of such cross-talk and its physiological relevance during co-infection remains unknown. In this study we combine genetic approaches and GC-MS-mediated volatile analysis to show that A. fumigatus assimilates VSCs via cysteine (CysB)- or homocysteine (CysD)-synthase. This process is essential for utilization of VSCs as sulfur sources, since P. aeruginosa-derived VSCs trigger growth of A. fumigatus wild-type, but not of a ΔcysBΔcysD mutant, on sulfur-limiting media. P. aeruginosa produces VSCs when infecting Galleria mellonella and co-infection with A. fumigatus in this model results in a synergistic increase in mortality and of fungal and bacterial burdens. Interestingly, the increment in mortality is much greater with the A. fumigatus wild-type than with the ΔcysBΔcysD mutant. Therefore, A. fumigatus' ability to assimilate P. aeruginosa derived VSCs significantly triggers a synergistic association that increases the pathobiology of infection. Finally, we show that P. aeruginosa can promote fungal growth when growing on substrates that resemble the lung environment, which suggests that this volatile based synergism is likely to occur during co-infection of the human respiratory airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Scott
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Sueiro-Olivares
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Respiratory and Allergy Research Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Can Zhao
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Riba Thomas
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sven Krappmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Respiratory and Allergy Research Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre - Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Bignell
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Amich
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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37
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Kline N. When deservingness policies converge: US immigration enforcement, health reform and patient dumping. Anthropol Med 2019; 26:280-295. [PMID: 31550907 DOI: 10.1080/13648470.2018.1507101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As immigration and health policy continue to be contentious topics globally, anthropologists must examine how policy creates notions of health-related deservingness, which may have broad consequences. This paper explores hidden relationships between immigration enforcement laws and the most recent health reform law in the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), which excludes immigrants from certain types of health services. Findings in this paper show how increasingly harsh immigration enforcement efforts provide health facilities a 'license to discriminate' against undocumented immigrants, resulting in some facilities 'dumping' undocumented patients or unlawfully transferring them from one hospital to another. Due to changes made through the ACA, patient dumping disproportionately complicates public hospitals' financial viability and may have consequences on public facilities' ability to provide care for all indigent patients. By focusing on the converging consequences of immigrant policing and health reform, findings in this paper ultimately show that examining deservingness assessments and how they become codified into legislation, which I call 'deservingness projects', can reveal broader elements of state power and demonstrate how such power extends beyond targeted populations. Exercises of state power can thus have 'spillover effects' that harm numerous vulnerable populations, highlighting the importance of medical anthropology in documenting the broad, hidden consequences of governmental actions that construct populations as undeserving of social services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Kline
- Rollins College, Anthropology, Winter Park, Florida, USA
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38
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Knittel AK, Graham LF, Peterson J, Lopez W, Snow RC. Access to Health Care Services among Young People Exchanging Sex in Detroit. J Urban Health 2019; 96:452-468. [PMID: 29623656 PMCID: PMC6565764 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-018-0239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within the related epidemics of sex exchange, drug use, and poverty, access to health care is shaped by intersecting identities, policy, and infrastructure. This study uses a unique survey sample of young adults in Detroit, who are exchanging sex on the street, in strip clubs, and at after-hours parties and other social clubs. Factors predicting access to free or affordable health care services, such as venue, patterns of sexual exchange influence, drug use and access to transportation, were examined using multivariable logistic regression and qualitative comparative analysis. The most significant predictors of low access to health care services were unstable housing and lack of access to reliable transportation. In addition, working on the street was associated with decreased access to services. Coordinated policy and programming changes are needed to increase health care access to this group, including improved access to transportation, housing, and employment, and integration of health care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Division of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Louis F Graham
- Department of Community Health Education, School of Public Health and HealthSciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - William Lopez
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel C Snow
- Population and Development Branch, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), NewYork, NY, USA
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39
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Purahong W, Orrù L, Donati I, Perpetuini G, Cellini A, Lamontanara A, Michelotti V, Tacconi G, Spinelli F. Plant Microbiome and Its Link to Plant Health: Host Species, Organs and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Infection Shaping Bacterial Phyllosphere Communities of Kiwifruit Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1563. [PMID: 30464766 PMCID: PMC6234494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is the causal agent of the bacterial canker, the most devastating disease of kiwifruit vines. Before entering the host tissues, this pathogen has an epiphytic growth phase on kiwifruit flowers and leaves, thus the ecological interactions within epiphytic bacterial community may greatly influence the onset of the infection process. The bacterial community associated to the two most important cultivated kiwifruit species, Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa, was described both on flowers and leaves using Illumina massive parallel sequencing of the V3 and V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. In addition, the effect of plant infection by Psa on the epiphytic bacterial community structure and biodiversity was investigated. Psa infection affected the phyllosphere microbiome structures in both species, however, its impact was more pronounced on A. deliciosa leaves, where a drastic drop in microbial biodiversity was observed. Furthermore, we also showed that Psa was always present in syndemic association with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Pseudomonas viridiflava, two other kiwifruit pathogens, suggesting the establishment of a pathogenic consortium leading to a higher pathogenesis capacity. Finally, the analyses of the dynamics of bacterial populations provided useful information for the screening and selection of potential biocontrol agents against Psa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany
| | - Luigi Orrù
- CREA Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics – Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy
| | - Irene Donati
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Perpetuini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Cellini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Vania Michelotti
- CREA Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics – Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy
| | - Gianni Tacconi
- CREA Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics – Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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40
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Chellapandi P, Bharathi M, Sangavai C, Prathiviraj R. Methanobacterium formicicum as a target rumen methanogen for the development of new methane mitigation interventions: A review. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:86-94. [PMID: 32734058 PMCID: PMC7386643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanobacterium formicicum (Methanobacteriaceae family) is an endosymbiotic methanogenic Archaean found in the digestive tracts of ruminants and elsewhere. It has been significantly implicated in global CH4 emission during enteric fermentation processes. In this review, we discuss current genomic and metabolic aspects of this microorganism for the purpose of the discovery of novel veterinary therapeutics. This microorganism encompasses a typical H2 scavenging system, which facilitates a metabolic symbiosis across the H2 producing cellulolytic bacteria and fumarate reducing bacteria. To date, five genome-scale metabolic models (iAF692, iMG746, iMB745, iVS941 and iMM518) have been developed. These metabolic reconstructions revealed the cellular and metabolic behaviors of methanogenic archaea. The characteristics of its symbiotic behavior and metabolic crosstalk with competitive rumen anaerobes support understanding of the physiological function and metabolic fate of shared metabolites in the rumen ecosystem. Thus, systems biological characterization of this microorganism may provide a new insight to realize its metabolic significance for the development of a healthy microbiota in ruminants. An in-depth knowledge of this microorganism may allow us to ensure a long term sustainability of ruminant-based agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chellapandi
- Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India
| | - M Bharathi
- Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India
| | - C Sangavai
- Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India
| | - R Prathiviraj
- Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India
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41
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In situ relationships between microbiota and potential pathobiota in Arabidopsis thaliana. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2024-2038. [PMID: 29849170 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A current challenge in microbial pathogenesis is to identify biological control agents that may prevent and/or limit host invasion by microbial pathogens. In natura, hosts are often infected by multiple pathogens. However, most of the current studies have been performed under laboratory controlled conditions and by taking into account the interaction between a single commensal species and a single pathogenic species. The next step is therefore to explore the relationships between host-microbial communities (microbiota) and microbial members with potential pathogenic behavior (pathobiota) in a realistic ecological context. In the present study, we investigated such relationships within root-associated and leaf-associated bacterial communities of 163 ecologically contrasted Arabidopsis thaliana populations sampled across two seasons in southwest of France. In agreement with the theory of the invasion paradox, we observed a significant humped-back relationship between microbiota and pathobiota α-diversity that was robust between both seasons and plant organs. In most populations, we also observed a strong dynamics of microbiota composition between seasons. Accordingly, the potential pathobiota composition was explained by combinations of season-specific microbiota operational taxonomic units. This result suggests that the potential biomarkers controlling pathogen's invasion are highly dynamic.
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42
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Card KG, Lachowsky N, Hawkins BW, Jollimore J, Baharuddin F, Hogg RS. Predictors of Facebook User Engagement With Health-Related Content for Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men: Content Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018; 4:e38. [PMID: 29625953 PMCID: PMC5910534 DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.8145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social media is used by community-based organizations (CBOs) to promote the well-being of gay and bisexual men (GBM). However, few studies have quantified which factors facilitate the diffusion of health content tailored for sexual minorities. Objective The aim of this study was to identify post characteristics that can be leveraged to optimize the health promotion efforts of CBOs on Facebook. Methods The Facebook application programming interface was used to collect 5 years’ of posts shared across 10 Facebook pages administered by Vancouver-based CBOs promoting GBM health. Network analysis assessed basic indicators of network structure. Content analyses were conducted using informatics-based approaches. Hierarchical negative binomial regression of post engagement data was used to identify meaningful covariates of engagement. Results In total, 14,071 posts were shared and 21,537 users engaged with these posts. Most users (n=13,315) engaged only once. There was moderate correlation between the number of posts and the number of CBOs users engaged with (r=.53, P<.001). Higher user engagement was positively associated with positive sentiment, sharing multimedia, and posting about pre-exposure prophylaxis, stigma, and mental health. Engagement was negatively associated with asking questions, posting about dating, and sharing posts during or after work (versus before). Conclusions Results highlight the existence of a core group of Facebook users who facilitate diffusion. Factors associated with greater user engagement present CBOs with a number of strategies for improving the diffusion of health content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiffer George Card
- Faculty of Health Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathan Lachowsky
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Blake W Hawkins
- Interdisciplinary Studies Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jody Jollimore
- Community-Based Research Centre for Gay Men's Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Robert S Hogg
- Faculty of Health Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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43
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Straub C, Colombi E, Li L, Huang H, Templeton MD, McCann HC, Rainey PB. The ecological genetics ofPseudomonas syringaefrom kiwifruit leaves. Environ Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Straub
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey UniversityAuckland New Zealand
| | - Elena Colombi
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey UniversityAuckland New Zealand
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty AgricultureWuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty AgricultureWuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou People's Republic of China
| | | | - Honour C. McCann
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey UniversityAuckland New Zealand
| | - Paul B. Rainey
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey UniversityAuckland New Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Microbial Population BiologyPlön Germany
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris Tech), Laboratoire de Génétique de l'EvolutionParis France
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44
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Understanding HIV Disparities Among Transgender Women in Guatemala: Linking Social and Structural Factors to HIV Vulnerability. SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HIV 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63522-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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45
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Rooney BM, Tulloch TG, Blashill AJ. Psychosocial Syndemic Correlates of Sexual Compulsivity Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:75-93. [PMID: 28840435 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efforts have been made to better understand sexual compulsivity by examining salient psychosocial syndemic correlates, though examination of such factors has yielded inconclusive results. Given that research on sexual compulsivity has predominately involved men who have sex with men (MSM), the aims of the current study were to establish the mean effect sizes of seven psychosocial syndemic indicators with sexual compulsivity, to determine if the effect varied as a function of the type of psychosocial syndemic, and investigate the potential moderating effects using MSM samples. A total of 95 studies were included for analyses among the psychosocial syndemic indicators of interest (i.e., depression, anxiety, alcohol use, drug use, intimate partner violence, childhood sexual abuse, and sexual risk behavior). Results revealed a medium mean effect size of sexual compulsivity, the strength of which was significantly moderated by type of psychosocial syndemic indicator. Significant mean effect sizes for all syndemic indicators on sexual compulsivity were found, with depression and anxiety having the strongest relationships; significant moderating effects were found and are discussed. Findings highlight clinical considerations regarding sexual compulsivity and its role within the HIV syndemic framework among MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Rooney
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA.
| | - Tyler G Tulloch
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
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46
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Eybpoosh S, Haghdoost AA, Mostafavi E, Bahrampour A, Azadmanesh K, Zolala F. Molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases. Electron Physician 2017; 9:5149-5158. [PMID: 28979755 PMCID: PMC5614305 DOI: 10.19082/5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology (ME) is a branch of epidemiology developed by merging molecular biology into epidemiological studies. In this paper, the authors try to discuss the ways that molecular epidemiology studies identify infectious diseases' causation and pathogenesis, and unravel infectious agents' sources, reservoirs, circulation pattern, transmission pattern, transmission probability, and transmission order. They bring real-world examples of research works in each area to make each study design more understandable. They also address some research areas and study design aspects that need further attention in future. They close with some thoughts about future directions in this field and emphasize on the need for training competent molecular epidemiology specialists that are capable of dealing with rapid advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Eybpoosh
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahrampour
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Zolala
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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47
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García-Rubio VG, Bautista-Gómez LG, Martínez-Castañeda JS, Romero-Núñez C. Multicausal etiology of the enteric syndrome in rabbits from Mexico. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 49:132-138. [PMID: 28431785 PMCID: PMC7117011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathies in rabbits are difficult to diagnose; their etiology involves pathogens that act synergistically, causing damage to the intestine. The aim of the present study was isolate enteric pathogens from rabbits in Mexico. Using parasitological, bacteriological and molecular analyses, we screened 58 samples of the intestinal content of rabbits having a clinical history of enteric disease from the southeastern part of the State of Mexico. Out of the 58 samples analyzed, a total of 86 identifications were made, Eimeria spp. were found in 77.5%, followed by Aeromonas spp. in 15.5% and Escherichia coli in 8.6%, which were identified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and the presence of the following agents was also confirmed: Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Mannheimia spp. and Rotavirus. The concurrent presence of Eimeria spp. with Aeromonas was frequent (15.5%); there was statistical significance for the presence of an association between the clinical profiles and Eimeria spp. (p=0.000), Mannheimia spp. (p=0.001), Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. (p=0.006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia G García-Rubio
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango, C.P. 56900 Amecameca, Estado de México, México
| | - Linda G Bautista-Gómez
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango, C.P. 56900 Amecameca, Estado de México, México.
| | - José S Martínez-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera de Cuota Toluca-Atlacomulco km 15.5, C.P. 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Camilo Romero-Núñez
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango, C.P. 56900 Amecameca, Estado de México, México
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48
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Malagón T, Lemieux-Mellouki P, Laprise JF, Brisson M. Bias Due to Correlation Between Times-at-Risk for Infection in Epidemiologic Studies Measuring Biological Interactions Between Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Case Study Using Human Papillomavirus Type Interactions. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184:873-883. [PMID: 27927619 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustering of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in some individuals is often interpreted as the result of common risk factors rather than biological interactions between different types of HPV. The intraindividual correlation between times-at-risk for all HPV infections is not generally considered in the analysis of epidemiologic studies. We used a deterministic transmission model to simulate cross-sectional and prospective epidemiologic studies measuring associations between 2 HPV types. When we assumed no interactions, the model predicted that studies would estimate odds ratios and incidence rate ratios greater than 1 between HPV types even after complete adjustment for sexual behavior. We demonstrated that this residual association is due to correlation between the times-at-risk for different HPV types, where individuals become concurrently at risk for all of their partners' HPV types when they enter a partnership and are not at risk when they are single. This correlation can be controlled in prospective studies by restricting analyses to susceptible individuals with an infected sexual partner. The bias in the measured associations was largest in low-sexual-activity populations, cross-sectional studies, and studies which evaluated infection with a first HPV type as the exposure. These results suggest that current epidemiologic evidence does not preclude the existence of competitive biological interactions between HPV types.
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49
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Parreira DR, Jansen AM, Abreu UGP, Macedo GC, Silva ARS, Mazur C, Andrade GB, Herrera HM. Health and epidemiological approaches of Trypanosoma evansi and equine infectious anemia virus in naturally infected horses at southern Pantanal. Acta Trop 2016; 163:98-102. [PMID: 27497875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and Trypanossoma evansi are endemic in Brazilian Pantanal Biome, an important area for livestock production. In this sense, we evaluated the epidemiological single and co-infection effects of T. evansi and EIAV in naturally infected horses in the southern Pantanal wetland by serological tests and hematological assays. Both higher seroprevalence and heath poor condition of the sampled animals were associated with differences in horse management between farms. We found that the negative animals for both infectious agents (NN) represented the major group in F1 (37%), and the smallest group in F2 (19%). Furthermore, we recorded higher EIAV seroprevalence (56%) in F2, compared to F1 (38%). We observed that T. evansi infection was mostly related to young horses, as seen by their higher seroprevalence, ranging from 70.7% in the beginning of the rainy season to 81% in the end of flood period, in comparison with the values of 42% and 68%, respectively, in working animals. on the other hand, working animals showed a higher seroprevalence for EIAV (48%) in both seasons than young horses. We observed that the management of working horses could be a risk factor of EIAV infection. On the other hand, as T. evansi is maintained in the study region by many species of wild mammals, the mechanical transmission through blood-sucking vectors ensures the infection to horses since early. Our results showed that single or co-infection by EIAV and T. evansi caused different degree of anemia in the infected animals. Moreover, the health of horses in Brazilian Pantanal is also influenced by differences in horse management and environmental circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana M Jansen
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Urbano G P Abreu
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - EMBRAPA Pantanal, Corumbá, CEP 79320-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C Macedo
- Universidade Católica Dom Bosco - UCDB, Campo Grande, CEP 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Antônia R S Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, CEP 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Mazur
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, CEP 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Gisele B Andrade
- Universidade Católica Dom Bosco - UCDB, Campo Grande, CEP 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Heitor M Herrera
- Universidade Católica Dom Bosco - UCDB, Campo Grande, CEP 79117-900, Brazil.
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50
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Krasnoselskikh TV, Sokolovskiy EV. Strategies and methodological basics for prevention of sexually transmitted infections in the high-risk subpopulations. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2016. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2016-92-1-21-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A review article presents theoretical basics of the development of innovative STI prevention programs for high-risk groups Urgent need for integrated multidisciplinary preventive strategies aimed at correcting risky behaviors and adapted for the particular vulnerable populations is justified.
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