1
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Kim M, Bhargava HK, Shavey GE, Lim WA, El-Samad H, Ng AH. Degron-Based bioPROTACs for Controlling Signaling in CAR T Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2313-2327. [PMID: 38991546 PMCID: PMC11334183 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have made a tremendous impact in the clinic, but potent signaling through the CAR can be detrimental to treatment safety and efficacy. The use of protein degradation to control CAR signaling can address these issues in preclinical models. Existing strategies for regulating CAR stability rely on small molecules to induce systemic degradation. In contrast to small molecule regulation, genetic circuits offer a more precise method to control CAR signaling in an autonomous cell-by-cell fashion. Here, we describe a programmable protein degradation tool that adopts the framework of bioPROTACs, heterobifunctional proteins that are composed of a target recognition domain fused to a domain that recruits the endogenous ubiquitin proteasome system. We develop novel bioPROTACs that utilize a compact four-residue degron and demonstrate degradation of cytosolic and membrane protein targets using either a nanobody or synthetic leucine zipper as a protein binder. Our bioPROTACs exhibit potent degradation of CARs and can inhibit CAR signaling in primary human T cells. We demonstrate the utility of our bioPROTACs by constructing a genetic circuit to degrade the tyrosine kinase ZAP70 in response to recognition of a specific membrane-bound antigen. This circuit can disrupt CAR T cell signaling only in the presence of a specific cell population. These results suggest that bioPROTACs are powerful tools for expanding the CAR T cell engineering toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
S. Kim
- Tetrad
Graduate Program, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Cell
Design Institute, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University
of California San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Hersh K. Bhargava
- Cell
Design Institute, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University
of California San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Biophysics
Graduate Program, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Gavin E. Shavey
- Cell
Design Institute, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Wendell A. Lim
- Cell
Design Institute, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Hana El-Samad
- Cell
Design Institute, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University
of California San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Chan-Zuckerberg
Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Altos
Labs Inc., Redwood City, California, 94065, United States
| | - Andrew H. Ng
- Cell
Design Institute, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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2
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Kelly JJ, Bloodworth N, Shao Q, Shabanowitz J, Hunt D, Meiler J, Pires MM. A Chemical Approach to Assess the Impact of Post-translational Modification on MHC Peptide Binding and Effector Cell Engagement. ACS Chem Biol 2024. [PMID: 39150956 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a pivotal role in the presentation of peptidic fragments from proteins, which can originate from self-proteins or from nonhuman antigens, such as those produced by viruses or bacteria. To prevent cytotoxicity against healthy cells, thymocytes expressing T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize self-peptides are removed from circulation (negative selection), thus leaving T cells that recognize nonself-peptides. Current understanding suggests that post-translationally modified (PTM) proteins and the resulting peptide fragments they generate following proteolysis are largely excluded from negative selection; this feature means that PTMs can generate nonself-peptides that potentially contribute to the development of autoreactive T cells and subsequent autoimmune diseases. Although it is well-established that PTMs are prevalent in peptides present on MHCs, the precise mechanisms by which PTMs influence the antigen presentation machinery remain poorly understood. In the present work, we introduce chemical modifications mimicking PTMs on synthetic peptides. This is the first systematic study isolating the impact of PTMs on MHC binding and also their impact on TCR recognition. Our findings reveal various ways PTMs alter antigen presentation, which could have implications for tumor neoantigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey J Kelly
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Nathaniel Bloodworth
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Qianqian Shao
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Donald Hunt
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Institute of Drug Discovery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Leipzig, Leipzig, SAC 04103, Germany
- Center for Structural Biology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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3
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Kelly JJ, Ankrom ET, Newkirk SE, Thévenin D, Pires MM. Targeted acidosis mediated delivery of antigenic MHC-binding peptides. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1337973. [PMID: 38665920 PMCID: PMC11043575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1337973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the primary effector immune cells responsible for protection against cancer, as they target peptide neoantigens presented through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on cancer cells, leading to cell death. Targeting peptide-MHC (pMHC) complex offers a promising strategy for immunotherapy due to their specificity and effectiveness against cancer. In this work, we exploit the acidic tumor micro-environment to selectively deliver antigenic peptides to cancer using pH(low) insertion peptides (pHLIP). We demonstrated the delivery of MHC binding peptides directly to the cytoplasm of melanoma cells resulted in the presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC, and activation of T cells. This work highlights the potential of pHLIP as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of antigenic peptides and its presentation via MHC-bound complexes on cancer cell surface for activation of T cells with implications for enhancing anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey J. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Emily T. Ankrom
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Sarah E. Newkirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Damien Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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4
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Kim MS, Bhargava HK, Shavey GE, Lim WA, El-Samad H, Ng AH. Degron-based bioPROTACs for controlling signaling in CAR T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.16.580396. [PMID: 38405763 PMCID: PMC10888892 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.16.580396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have made a tremendous impact in the clinic, but potent signaling through the CAR can be detrimental to treatment safety and efficacy. The use of protein degradation to control CAR signaling can address these issues in pre-clinical models. Existing strategies for regulating CAR stability rely on small molecules to induce systemic degradation. In contrast to small molecule regulation, genetic circuits offer a more precise method to control CAR signaling in an autonomous, cell-by-cell fashion. Here, we describe a programmable protein degradation tool that adopts the framework of bioPROTACs, heterobifunctional proteins that are composed of a target recognition domain fused to a domain that recruits the endogenous ubiquitin proteasome system. We develop novel bioPROTACs that utilize a compact four residue degron and demonstrate degradation of cytosolic and membrane protein targets using either a nanobody or synthetic leucine zipper as a protein binder. Our bioPROTACs exhibit potent degradation of CARs and can inhibit CAR signaling in primary human T cells. We demonstrate the utility of our bioPROTACs by constructing a genetic circuit to degrade the tyrosine kinase ZAP70 in response to recognition of a specific membrane-bound antigen. This circuit is able to disrupt CAR T cell signaling only in the presence of a specific cell population. These results suggest that bioPROTACs are a powerful tool for expanding the cell engineering toolbox for CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Kim
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hersh K Bhargava
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gavin E Shavey
- Current: Arsenal Biociences, Inc., South San Francisco, CA; Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Wendell A Lim
- Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hana El-Samad
- Current: Altos Labs, Redwood City, CA; Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew H Ng
- Current: Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA; Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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5
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Liang W, Li K, Gao H, Li K, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Jiao X, Yang J, Wei X. Full T-cell activation and function in teleosts require collaboration of first and co-stimulatory signals. Zool Res 2024; 45:13-24. [PMID: 38114429 PMCID: PMC10839663 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian T-cell responses require synergism between the first signal and co-stimulatory signal. However, whether and how dual signaling regulates the T-cell response in early vertebrates remains unknown. In the present study, we discovered that the Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) encodes key components of the LAT signalosome, namely, LAT, ITK, GRB2, VAV1, SLP-76, GADS, and PLC-γ1. These components are evolutionarily conserved, and CD3ε mAb-induced T-cell activation markedly increased their expression. Additionally, at least ITK, GRB2, and VAV1 were found to interact with LAT for signalosome formation. Downstream of the first signal, the NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K-AKT pathways were activated upon CD3ε mAb stimulation. Furthermore, treatment of lymphocytes with CD28 mAbs triggered the AKT-mTORC1 pathway downstream of the co-stimulatory signal. Combined CD3ε and CD28 mAb stimulation enhanced ERK1/2 and S6 phosphorylation and elevated NFAT1, c-Fos, IL-2, CD122, and CD44 expression, thereby signifying T-cell activation. Moreover, rather than relying on the first or co-stimulatory signal alone, both signals were required for T-cell proliferation. Full T-cell activation was accompanied by marked apoptosis and cytotoxic responses. These findings suggest that tilapia relies on dual signaling to maintain an optimal T-cell response, providing a novel perspective for understanding the evolution of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haiyou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China. E-mail:
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China. E-mail:
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6
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Kelly JJ, Ankrom E, Thévenin D, Pires MM. Targeted Acidosis Mediated Delivery of Antigenic MHC-Binding Peptides. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562409. [PMID: 37904977 PMCID: PMC10614887 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the primary effector immune cells responsible for protection against cancer, as they target peptide neoantigens presented through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on cancer cells, leading to cell death. Targeting peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes offers a promising strategy for immunotherapy due to its specificity and effectiveness against cancer. In this work, we exploit the acidic tumor micro-environment to selectively deliver antigenic peptides to cancer cells using pH(low) insertion peptides (pHLIP). We demonstrated that the delivery of MHC binding peptides directly to the cytoplasm of melanoma cells resulted in the presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC, and subsequent activation of T cells. This work highlights the potential of pHLIP as a vehicle for targeted delivery of antigenic peptides and their presentation via MHC-bound complexes on cancer cell surfaces for activation of T cells with implications for enhancing anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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7
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Wang X, Bajpai AK, Gu Q, Ashbrook DG, Starlard-Davenport A, Lu L. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identifies key hub genes and pathways in acute myeloid leukemia. Front Genet 2023; 14:1009462. [PMID: 36923792 PMCID: PMC10008864 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1009462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of leukemia in adults. However, there is a gap in understanding the molecular basis of the disease, partly because key genes associated with AML have not been extensively explored. In the current study, we aimed to identify genes that have strong association with AML based on a cross-species integrative approach. Methods: We used Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify co-expressed gene modules significantly correlated with human AML, and further selected the genes exhibiting a significant difference in expression between AML and healthy mouse. Protein-protein interactions, transcription factors, gene function, genetic regulation, and coding sequence variants were integrated to identify key hub genes in AML. Results: The cross-species approach identified a total of 412 genes associated with both human and mouse AML. Enrichment analysis confirmed an association of these genes with hematopoietic and immune-related functions, phenotypes, processes, and pathways. Further, the integrated analysis approach identified a set of important module genes including Nfe2, Trim27, Mef2c, Ets1, Tal1, Foxo1, and Gata1 in AML. Six of these genes (except ETS1) showed significant differential expression between human AML and healthy samples in an independent microarray dataset. All of these genes are known to be involved in immune/hematopoietic functions, and in transcriptional regulation. In addition, Nfe2, Trim27, Mef2c, and Ets1 harbor coding sequence variants, whereas Nfe2 and Trim27 are cis-regulated, making them attractive candidates for validation. Furthermore, subtype-specific analysis of the hub genes in human AML indicated high expression of NFE2 across all the subtypes (M0 through M7) and enriched expression of ETS1, LEF1, GATA1, and TAL1 in M6 and M7 subtypes. A significant correlation between methylation status and expression level was observed for most of these genes in AML patients. Conclusion: Findings from the current study highlight the importance of our cross-species approach in the identification of multiple key candidate genes in AML, which can be further studied to explore their detailed role in leukemia/AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Akhilesh K Bajpai
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Qingqing Gu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - David G Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Athena Starlard-Davenport
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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8
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Wang J, Gu X, Cao L, Ouyang Y, Qi X, Wang Z, Wang J. A novel prognostic biomarker CD3G that correlates with the tumor microenvironment in cervical cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:979226. [PMID: 36176400 PMCID: PMC9513466 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.979226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CESC) is the fourth most common and death-causing gynecological cancer, mostly induced by infection of human papillomavirus (HPV). Multiple components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as tumor infiltrating immune cells, could be targets of immunotherapy for HPV-related CESC. However, little is known about the TME of CESC until now. Here, we aimed to uncover the pathogenesis as well as to identify novel biomarkers to predict prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy for CESC. Combining the transcriptomic data and clinical characteristics, we identified differentially expressed genes in CESC samples from TCGA database by comparing the two groups with different ImmuneScore and StromalScore. Next, we detected ten key genes based on the PPI network and survival analyses with the univariate Cox regression model. Thereafter, we focused on CD3G, the only gene exhibiting increased RNA and protein expression in tumors by multiple analyses. Higher CD3G expression was associated with better survival; and it was also significantly associated with immune-related pathways through GSEA analysis. Furthermore, we found that CD3G expression was correlated with 16 types of TICs. Single cell RNA-sequencing data of CD3G in lymphocytes subgroup indicated its possible role in HPV defense. Hence, CD3G might be a novel biomarker in prognosis and immunotherapy for CESC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshuai Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemin Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Ouyang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianjun Wang, ; Zhijie Wang,
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianjun Wang, ; Zhijie Wang,
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9
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Kent A, Longino NV, Christians A, Davila E. Naturally Occurring Genetic Alterations in Proximal TCR Signaling and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658611. [PMID: 34012443 PMCID: PMC8126620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-based immunotherapies including genetically engineered T cells, adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and immune checkpoint blockade highlight the impressive anti-tumor effects of T cells. These successes have provided new hope to many cancer patients with otherwise poor prognoses. However, only a fraction of patients demonstrates durable responses to these forms of therapies and many develop significant immune-mediated toxicity. These heterogeneous clinical responses suggest that underlying nuances in T cell genetics, phenotypes, and activation states likely modulate the therapeutic impact of these approaches. To better characterize known genetic variations that may impact T cell function, we 1) review the function of early T cell receptor-specific signaling mediators, 2) offer a synopsis of known mutations and genetic alterations within the associated molecules, 3) discuss the link between these mutations and human disease and 4) review therapeutic strategies under development or in clinical testing that target each of these molecules for enhancing anti-tumor T cell activity. Finally, we discuss novel engineering approaches that could be designed based on our understanding of the function of these molecules in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kent
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie V. Longino
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Allison Christians
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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10
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Mehdi A, Rabbani SA. Role of Methylation in Pro- and Anti-Cancer Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030545. [PMID: 33535484 PMCID: PMC7867049 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA and RNA methylation play a vital role in the transcriptional regulation of various cell types including the differentiation and function of immune cells involved in pro- and anti-cancer immunity. Interactions of tumor and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are complex. TME shapes the fate of tumors by modulating the dynamic DNA (and RNA) methylation patterns of these immune cells to alter their differentiation into pro-cancer (e.g., regulatory T cells) or anti-cancer (e.g., CD8+ T cells) cell types. This review considers the role of DNA and RNA methylation in myeloid and lymphoid cells in the activation, differentiation, and function that control the innate and adaptive immune responses in cancer and non-cancer contexts. Understanding the complex transcriptional regulation modulating differentiation and function of immune cells can help identify and validate therapeutic targets aimed at targeting DNA and RNA methylation to reduce cancer-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mehdi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shafaat A. Rabbani
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-843-1632
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11
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Zhang X, Mariano CF, Ando Y, Shen K. Bioengineering tools for probing intracellular events in T lymphocytes. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1510. [PMID: 33073545 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are the central coordinator and executor of many immune functions. The activation and function of T lymphocytes are mediated through the engagement of cell surface receptors and regulated by a myriad of intracellular signaling network. Bioengineering tools, including imaging modalities and fluorescent probes, have been developed and employed to elucidate the cellular events throughout the functional lifespan of T cells. A better understanding of these events can broaden our knowledge in the immune systems biology, as well as accelerate the development of effective diagnostics and immunotherapies. Here we review the commonly used and recently developed techniques and probes for monitoring T lymphocyte intracellular events, following the order of intracellular events in T cells from activation, signaling, metabolism to apoptosis. The techniques introduced here can be broadly applied to other immune cells and cell systems. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Immune System Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Infectious Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chelsea F Mariano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuta Ando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keyue Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,USC Stem Cell, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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12
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Bruzzaniti S, Cirillo E, Prencipe R, Giardino G, Lepore MT, Garziano F, Perna F, Procaccini C, Mascolo L, Pagano C, Fattorusso V, Mozzillo E, Bifulco M, Matarese G, Franzese A, Pignata C, Galgani M. CD4 + T Cell Defects in a Mulibrey Patient With Specific TRIM37 Mutations. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1742. [PMID: 33042106 PMCID: PMC7530177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulibrey (muscle-liver-brain-eye) syndrome (MUL) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the TRIpartite motif (TRIM)37 gene, encoding for TRIM37 a member of the TRIM E3 ubiquitin ligase protein family. MUL patients are characterized by growth retardation, dysmorphic features, and a wide range of abnormalities affecting different organs. However, T-cell abnormalities have not been observed in MUL subjects, to date. Here we described the immunological features of a MUL child carrying recently identified TRIM37 mutations, a 17q22 deletion of maternal origin combined with a TRIM37 variant of paternal origin. Here we found quantitative and functional defects in CD4+ T cells from this MUL case. Low levels of TRIM37 protein were specifically detected in CD4+ T cells of MUL patient and associated with their altered proliferation and cytokine production. Of note, both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes of MUL child displayed an effector memory phenotype compared with healthy children. This clinical case research highlighted the possible role of TRIM37 in the control of immune cell number and function, especially in CD4+ T cells. Finally, this study may contribute to the novel mechanistic studies aim of identifying, in depth, the role of the TRIM37 protein in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bruzzaniti
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Cirillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Prencipe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Perna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,Unità di Neuroimmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mascolo
- Divisione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Mozzillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Adriana Franzese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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13
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Yang J, Wang HX, Xie J, Li L, Wang J, Wan ECK, Zhong XP. DGK α and ζ Activities Control T H1 and T H17 Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3048. [PMID: 32010133 PMCID: PMC6974463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (TH) cells are critical for protective adaptive immunity against pathogens, and they also contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. How TH differentiation is regulated by the TCR's downstream signaling is still poorly understood. We describe here that diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), which are enzymes that convert diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid, exert differential effects on TH cell differentiation in a DGK dosage-dependent manner. A deficiency of either DGKα or ζ selectively impaired TH1 differentiation without obviously affecting TH2 and TH17 differentiation. However, simultaneous ablation of both DGKα and ζ promoted TH1 and TH17 differentiation in vitro and in vivo, leading to exacerbated airway inflammation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dysregulation of TH17 differentiation of DGKα and ζ double-deficient CD4+ T cells was, at least in part, caused by increased mTOR complex 1/S6K1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Yang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jinhai Xie
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jinli Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Edwin C K Wan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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Marakhova I, Yurinskaya V, Aksenov N, Zenin V, Shatrova A, Vereninov A. Intracellular K + and water content in human blood lymphocytes during transition from quiescence to proliferation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16253. [PMID: 31700012 PMCID: PMC6838062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many evidence shows that K+ ions are required for cell proliferation, however, changes in intracellular K+ concentration during transition of cells from quiescence to cycling are insufficiently studied. Here, we show using flame emission assay that a long-term increase in cell K+ content per g cell protein is a mandatory factor for transition of quiescent human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin, phorbol ester with ionomycin, and anti-CD3 antibodies with interleukin-2 (IL-2). The long-term increase in K+ content is associated with IL-2-dependent stage of PBL activation and accompanies the growth of small lymphocytes and their transformation into blasts. Inhibition of PBL proliferation with drugs specific for different steps of G0/G1/S transit prevented both blast-transformation and an increase in K+ content per cell protein. Determination of the water content in cells by measuring the density of cells in the Percoll gradient showed that, unlike the K+ content, the concentration of K+ in cell water remains unchanged, since water and K+ change in parallel. Correlation of proliferation with high cell K+ and water content has been confirmed by the data obtained in comparative study of PBL and permanently cycling Jurkat cells. Our data suggest that K+ is important for successful proliferation as the main intracellular ion that participates in regulation of cell water content during cell transition from quiescence to proliferation. We concluded that high K+ content in cells and the associated high water content is a characteristic feature of proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Marakhova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport and Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Valentina Yurinskaya
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport and Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolay Aksenov
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport and Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valeriy Zenin
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport and Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alla Shatrova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport and Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Vereninov
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport and Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
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15
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Magni M, Biancon G, Rizzitano S, Cavanè A, Paolizzi C, Dugo M, Corradini P, Carniti C. Tyrosine kinase inhibition to improve anthracycline-based chemotherapy efficacy in T-cell lymphoma. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:567-577. [PMID: 31474759 PMCID: PMC6889385 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracycline-containing regimens, namely cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) or CHOEP (CHOP + etoposide), represent the current standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs), although responses are unsatisfactory. In this study, we investigated the pathways able to mitigate the sensitivity to CHOP-based regimens in preclinical models of T-cell lymphoma (TCL) to select agents for the development of CHOP-based drug combinations. METHODS We performed gene expression profiling of malignant T-cell lines exposed to CHOEP; flow cytometry was employed to study the effects of drug combinations on cell viability, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation. Western blot analyses were performed to study cell signalling downstream of the T-cell receptor and apoptosis. The in vivo effect of the drug combination was tested in xenograft models. RESULTS We highlighted a modulation of tyrosine kinases belonging to the T-cell receptor pathway upon chemotherapy that provided the rationale for combining the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib with CHOEP. Dasatinib improves CHOEP activity and reduces viability in vitro. Furthermore, combination treatment results in tumour growth inhibition in in vivo xenograft mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide the rationale for clinical testing of the dasatinib-CHOEP combination in patients with T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Magni
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Biancon
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Yale University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hematology, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sara Rizzitano
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cavanè
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Paolizzi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Corradini
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Carniti
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Chen P, Wang S, Janardhan KS, Zemans RL, Deng W, Karmaus P, Shen S, Sunday M, Que LG, Fessler MB, Zhong XP. Efficient CD4Cre-Mediated Conditional KRas Expression in Alveolar Macrophages and Alveolar Epithelial Cells Causes Fatal Hyperproliferative Pneumonitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:1208-1217. [PMID: 31315887 PMCID: PMC6702086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The CD4Cre transgenic model has been widely used for T cell-specific gene manipulation. We report unexpected highly efficient Cre-mediated recombination in alveolar macrophages (AMFs), bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) in this strain of mice. Different from CD4 T cells, AMFs, AECs, and BECs do not express detectable Cre protein, suggesting that Cre protein is either very transiently expressed in these cells or only expressed in their precursors. Mice carrying a conditional constitutively active KRas (caKRas) allele and the CD4Cre transgene contain not only hyperactivated T cells but also develop severe AMF accumulation, AEC and BEC hyperplasia, and adenomas in the lung, leading to early lethality correlated with caKRas expression in these cells. We propose that caKRas-CD4Cre mice represent, to our knowledge, a novel model of proliferative pneumonitis involving macrophages and epithelial cells and that the CD4Cre model may offer unique usefulness for studying gene functions simultaneously in multilineages in the lung. Our observations, additionally, suggest that caution in data interpretation is warranted when using the CD4Cre transgenic model for T cell-specific gene manipulation, particularly when lung pathophysiological status is being examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Kyathanahalli S Janardhan
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., and National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Peer Karmaus
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Shudan Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Mary Sunday
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Loretta G Que
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710;
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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17
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Zenere G, Olwenyi OA, Byrareddy SN, Braun SE. Optimizing intracellular signaling domains for CAR NK cells in HIV immunotherapy: a comprehensive review. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:983-991. [PMID: 30771481 PMCID: PMC7065919 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes with a key role in host defense against HIV infection. Recent advances in chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have made NK cells a prime target for expressing recombinant receptors capable of redirecting NK cytotoxic functions towards HIV-infected cells. In this review, we discuss the role of NK cells in HIV and the mechanisms of actions of HIV-targeting CAR strategies. Furthermore, we also review NK cells signal transduction and its application to CAR NK cell strategies to develop new combinations of CAR intracellular domains and to improve CAR NK signaling and cytotoxic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zenere
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Omalla Allan Olwenyi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Stephen E Braun
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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18
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Lin JJY, Low-Nam ST, Alfieri KN, McAffee DB, Fay NC, Groves JT. Mapping the stochastic sequence of individual ligand-receptor binding events to cellular activation: T cells act on the rare events. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/564/eaat8715. [PMID: 30647147 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat8715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) binding to agonist peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) triggers signaling events that initiate T cell responses. This system is remarkably sensitive, requiring only a few binding events to successfully activate a cellular response. On average, activating pMHC ligands exhibit mean dwell times of at least a few seconds when bound to the TCR. However, a T cell accumulates pMHC-TCR interactions as a stochastic series of discrete, single-molecule binding events whose individual dwell times are broadly distributed. With activation occurring in response to only a handful of such binding events, individual cells are unlikely to experience the average binding time. Here, we mapped the ensemble of pMHC-TCR binding events in space and time while simultaneously monitoring cellular activation. Our findings revealed that T cell activation hinges on rare, long-dwell time binding events that are an order of magnitude longer than the average agonist pMHC-TCR dwell time. Furthermore, we observed that short pMHC-TCR binding events that were spatially correlated and temporally sequential led to cellular activation. These observations indicate that T cell antigen discrimination likely occurs by sensing the tail end of the pMHC-TCR binding dwell time distribution rather than its average properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J Y Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shalini T Low-Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Katherine N Alfieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Darren B McAffee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicole C Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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19
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Dinkel BA, Kremer KN, Rollins MR, Medlyn MJ, Hedin KE. GRK2 mediates TCR-induced transactivation of CXCR4 and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation that drives PI3Kγ/PREX1 signaling and T cell cytokine secretion. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14022-14039. [PMID: 30018141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system includes abundant examples of biologically-relevant cross-regulation of signaling pathways by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor, CXCR4. TCR ligation induces transactivation of CXCR4 and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation, permitting the TCR to signal via CXCR4 to activate a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchanger 1 protein (PREX1)-dependent signaling pathway that drives robust cytokine secretion by T cells. To understand this receptor heterodimer and its regulation, we characterized the molecular mechanisms required for TCR-mediated TCR-CXCR4 complex formation. We found that the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of CXCR4 and specifically phosphorylation of Ser-339 within this region were required for TCR-CXCR4 complex formation. Interestingly, siRNA-mediated depletion of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) or inhibition by the GRK2-specific inhibitor, paroxetine, inhibited TCR-induced phosphorylation of CXCR4-Ser-339 and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation. Either GRK2 siRNA or paroxetine treatment of human T cells significantly reduced T cell cytokine production. Upstream, TCR-activated tyrosine kinases caused inducible tyrosine phosphorylation of GRK2 and were required for the GRK2-dependent events of CXCR4-Ser-339 phosphorylation and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation. Downstream of TCR-CXCR4 complex formation, we found that GRK2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) were required for TCR-stimulated membrane recruitment of PREX1 and for stabilization of cytokine mRNAs and robust cytokine secretion. Together, our results identify a novel role for GRK2 as a target of TCR signaling that is responsible for TCR-induced transactivation of CXCR4 and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation that signals via PI3Kγ/PREX1 to mediate cytokine production. Therapeutic regulation of GRK2 or PI3Kγ may therefore be useful for limiting cytokines produced by T cell malignancies or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney A Dinkel
- From the Mayo IMM Ph.D. Training Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Kimberly N Kremer
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Meagan R Rollins
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael J Medlyn
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Karen E Hedin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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20
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Freitas CMT, Johnson DK, Weber KS. T Cell Calcium Signaling Regulation by the Co-Receptor CD5. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1295. [PMID: 29701673 PMCID: PMC5983667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium influx is critical for T cell effector function and fate. T cells are activated when T cell receptors (TCRs) engage peptides presented by antigen-presenting cells (APC), causing an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration. Co-receptors stabilize interactions between the TCR and its ligand, the peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC), and enhance Ca2+ signaling and T cell activation. Conversely, some co-receptors can dampen Ca2+ signaling and inhibit T cell activation. Immune checkpoint therapies block inhibitory co-receptors, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1), to increase T cell Ca2+ signaling and promote T cell survival. Similar to CTLA-4 and PD-1, the co-receptor CD5 has been known to act as a negative regulator of T cell activation and to alter Ca2+ signaling and T cell function. Though much is known about the role of CD5 in B cells, recent research has expanded our understanding of CD5 function in T cells. Here we review these recent findings and discuss how our improved understanding of CD5 Ca2+ signaling regulation could be useful for basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Tellez Freitas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
| | - Deborah K Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
| | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
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21
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Mishima T, Fukaya S, Toda S, Ando Y, Matsunaga T, Inobe M. Rapid G0/1 transition and cell cycle progression in CD8 + T cells compared to CD4 + T cells following in vitro stimulation. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:168-175. [PMID: 28370382 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T-cell population consists of two major subsets, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, which can be distinguished by the expression of CD4 or CD8 molecules, respectively. Although they play quite different roles in the immune system, many of their basic cellular processes such as proliferation following stimulation are presumably common. In this study, we have carefully analyzed time-course of G0/1 transition as well as cell cycle progression in the two subsets of quiescent T-cell population following in vitro growth stimulation. We found that CD8+ T cells promote G0/1 transition more rapidly and drive their cell cycle progression faster compared to CD4+ T cells. In addition, expression of CD25 and effects of its blockade revealed that IL-2 is implicated in the rapid progression, but not the earlier G0/1 transition, of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Mishima
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shotaro Fukaya
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shoko Toda
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ando
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Manabu Inobe
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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22
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Ballbach M, Dannert A, Singh A, Siegmund DM, Handgretinger R, Piali L, Rieber N, Hartl D. Expression of checkpoint molecules on myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:1-6. [PMID: 28987474 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous cell population expanded in cancer, infection and autoimmunity capable of suppressing T-cell functions. Checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a key therapeutic strategy in immune-oncology. While checkpoint molecules were initially associated with T cell functions, recent evidence suggests a broader expression and function in innate myeloid cells. Previous studies provided first evidence for a potential role for checkpoints on MDSCs, yet the human relevance remained poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the expression and functional relevance of checkpoint molecules in human MDSC-T-cell interactions. Our studies demonstrate that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed on granulocytic MDSCs upon co-culture with T cells. Transwell experiments showed that cell-to-cell contact was required for MDSC-T-cell interactions and antibody blocking studies showed that targeting PD-L1 partially impaired MDSC-mediated T-cell suppression. Collectively, these studies suggest a role for PD-L1 in human MDSC function and thereby expand the functionality of this checkpoint beyond T cells, which could pave the way for further understanding and therapeutic targeting of PD-1/PD-L1 in innate immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Ballbach
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Angelika Dannert
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Darina M Siegmund
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Luca Piali
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (I3) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Rieber
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Kinderklinik Muenchen Schwabing, Klinikum Schwabing, StKM GmbH und Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (I3) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Saxena A, Sachin K, Bhatia AK. System Level Meta-analysis of Microarray Datasets for Elucidation of Diabetes Mellitus Pathobiology. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:298-304. [PMID: 28659725 PMCID: PMC5476948 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170105093339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common multi-factorial disease that is primarily ac-counted to ineffective insulin action in lowering blood glucose level and later escalates to impaired insu-lin secretion by pancreatic β cells. Deregulation in insulin signaling to its target organs is attributed to this disease phenotype. Various genome-wide microarray studies from multiple insulin responsive tis-sues have been conducted in past but due to inherent noise in microarray data and heterogeneity in dis-ease etiology; reproduction of prioritized pathways/genes is very low across various studies. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aim to identify consensus signaling and metabolic pathways through system level meta-analysis of multiple expression-sets to elucidate T2D pathobiology. METHOD We used 'R', an open source statistical environment, which is routinely used for Microarray data analysis particularly using special sets of packages available at Bioconductor. We primarily focused on gene-set analysis methods to elucidate various aspects of T2D. RESULT Literature-based evidences have shown the success of our approach in exploring various known aspects of diabetes pathophysiology. CONCLUSION Our study stressed the need to develop novel bioinformatics workflows to advance our understanding further in insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura (U.P.) India
- Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun (U.K.) India
| | - Kumar Sachin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, S.B.S. (PG) Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Dehradun (U.K.) India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura (U.P.) India
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24
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Shatrova AN, Mityushova EV, Vassilieva IO, Aksenov ND, Zenin VV, Nikolsky NN, Marakhova II. Time-Dependent Regulation of IL-2R α-Chain (CD25) Expression by TCR Signal Strength and IL-2-Induced STAT5 Signaling in Activated Human Blood T Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167215. [PMID: 27936140 PMCID: PMC5172478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the IL-2R α-chain (IL-2Rα) is regulated at the transcriptional
level via TCR- and IL-2R-signaling. The question is how to precede in time the
activation signals to induce the IL-2Rα expression in native primary T cells. By
comparing the effects of selective drugs on the dynamics of CD25 expression
during the mitogen stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, we
identified distinct Src- and JAK-dependent stages of IL-2Rα upregulation. PP2, a
selective inhibitor of TCR-associated Src kinase, prevents CD25 expression at
initial stages of T cell activation, prior to the cell growth. This early IL-2Rα
upregulation underlies the T cell competence and the IL-2 responsiveness. We
found that the activated with “weak” mitogen, the population of blood
lymphocytes has some pool of competent CD25+ cells bearing a high affinity
IL-2R. A distinct pattern of IL-2R signaling in resting and competent T
lymphocytes has been shown. Based on the inhibitory effect of WHI-P131, a
selective drug of JAK3 kinase activity, we concluded that in quiescent primary T
lymphocytes, the constitutive STAT3 and the IL-2-induced prolonged STAT5
activity (assayed by tyrosine phosphorylation) is mostly JAK3-independent. In
competent T cells, in the presence of IL-2 JAK3/STAT5 pathway is switched to
maintain the higher and sustained IL-2Rα expression as well as cell growth and
proliferation. We believe that understanding the temporal coordination of
antigen- and cytokine-evoked signals in primary T cells may be useful for
improving immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla N. Shatrova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport,
Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Elena V. Mityushova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport,
Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Irina O. Vassilieva
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport,
Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Nikolay D. Aksenov
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport,
Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Valery V. Zenin
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport,
Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Nikolay N. Nikolsky
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport,
Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Irina I. Marakhova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport,
Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg,
Russia
- * E-mail:
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25
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White AM, Wraith DC. Tr1-Like T Cells - An Enigmatic Regulatory T Cell Lineage. Front Immunol 2016; 7:355. [PMID: 27683580 PMCID: PMC5021682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system evolved to respond to foreign invaders and prevent autoimmunity to self-antigens. Several types of regulatory T cells facilitate the latter process. These include a subset of Foxp3− CD4+ T cells able to secrete IL-10 in an antigen-specific manner, type 1 regulatory (Tr1) T cells. Although their suppressive function has been confirmed both in vitro and in vivo, their phenotype remains poorly defined. It has been suggested that the surface markers LAG-3 and CD49b are biomarkers for murine and human Tr1 cells. Here, we discuss these findings in the context of our data regarding the expression pattern of inhibitory receptors (IRs) CD49b, TIM-3, PD-1, TIGIT, LAG-3, and ICOS on Tr1-like human T cells generated in vitro from CD4+ memory T cells stimulated with αCD3 and αCD28 antibodies. We found that there were no differences in IR expression between IL-10+ and IL-10− T cells. However, CD4+IL-10+ T cells isolated ex vivo, following a short stimulation and cytokine secretion assay, contained significantly higher proportions of TIM-3+ and PD-1+ cells. They also expressed significantly higher TIGIT mRNA and showed a trend toward increased TIM-3 mRNA levels. These data led us to conclude that large pools of IRs may be stored intracellularly; hence, they may not represent ideal candidates as cell surface biomarkers for Tr1-like T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Wraith
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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26
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Healy ZR, Murdoch DM. OMIP-036: Co-inhibitory receptor (immune checkpoint) expression analysis in human T cell subsets. Cytometry A 2016; 89:889-892. [PMID: 27623134 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Healy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - David M Murdoch
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
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27
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mTOR and its tight regulation for iNKT cell development and effector function. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:536-45. [PMID: 26253278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, which express the invariant Vα14Jα18 TCR that recognizes lipid antigens, have the ability to rapidly respond to agonist stimulation, producing a variety of cytokines that can shape both innate and adaptive immunity. iNKT cells have been implicated in host defense against microbial infection, in anti-tumor immunity, and a multitude of diseases such as allergies, asthma, graft versus host disease, and obesity. Emerging evidence has demonstrated crucial role for mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in immune cells, including iNKT. In this review we will discuss current understanding of how mTOR and its tight regulation control iNKT cell development, effector lineage differentiation, and function.
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28
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Martinez N, Vallerskog T, West K, Nunes-Alves C, Lee J, Martens GW, Behar SM, Kornfeld H. Chromatin decondensation and T cell hyperresponsiveness in diabetes-associated hyperglycemia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4457-68. [PMID: 25246495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is linked to increased inflammation and susceptibility to certain infectious diseases including tuberculosis (TB). We previously reported that aerosol TB in mice with chronic (≥ 12 wk) hyperglycemia features increased bacterial load, overproduction of several cytokines, and increased immune pathology compared with normoglycemic controls. A similar phenotype exists in human patients with diabetes with TB. The mechanisms of increased T cell activation in diabetes are unknown. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that hyperglycemia modifies the intrinsic responsiveness of naive T cells to TCR stimulation. Purified T cells from chronically hyperglycemic (HG) mice produced higher levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines and proliferated more than T cells from normoglycemic controls after anti-CD3e or Ag stimulation. In this way, naive T cells from HG mice resembled Ag-experienced cells, although CD44 expression was not increased. Chromatin decondensation, another characteristic of Ag-experienced T cells, was increased in naive T cells from HG mice. That phenotype depended on expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and could be reversed by inhibiting p38 MAPK. Chromatin decondensation and hyperresponsiveness to TCR stimulation persisted following transfer of T cells from HG mice into normoglycemic mice. We propose that chronic hyperglycemia causes receptor for advanced glycation end products-mediated epigenetic modification of naive T cells leading to p38 MAPK-dependent chromatin decondensation. This preactivation state facilitates transcription factor access to DNA, increasing cytokine production and proliferation following TCR stimulation. This mechanism may contribute to pathological inflammation associated with diabetes and might offer a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martinez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Therese Vallerskog
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Kim West
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Claudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Gregory W Martens
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
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29
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Lee SH, Choi J, Kim H, Lee DH, Roh GS, Kim HJ, Kang SS, Choi WS, Cho GJ. FK506 reduces calpain-regulated calcineurin activity in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Anat Cell Biol 2014; 47:91-100. [PMID: 24987545 PMCID: PMC4076426 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2014.47.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive immune responses induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) are known to lead to necrotic and apoptotic cell death, and calcineurin plays a major role in this process. Calcineurin dephosphorylates the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), permitting its translocation into the nucleus. As a result, calcineurin promotes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α. The overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines causes renal cell death. Calcineurin activity is regulated by calpain, a cysteine protease present in the nucleus. Calpain-mediated proteolysis increases the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, resulting in NFAT dephosphorylation. This process has been studied in cardiomyocytes but its role in renal IRI is unknown. Thus, we examined whether calpain regulates calcineurin in renal tubule nuclei. We established an in vivo renal IRI model in mice and identified the protective role of a calcineurin inhibitor, FK506, in this process. Calcineurin is expressed in the nucleus, where it is present in its calpain-cleaved form. FK506 reduced nuclear expression of calcineurin and prevented calcineurin-mediated NFAT activation. Our study shows clearly that FK506 reduces calpain-mediated calcineurin activity. Consequently, calcineurin could not maintain NFAT activation. FK506 reduced renal cell death by suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. This study provides evidence that FK506 protects against inflammation in a renal IRI mouse model. We also provided a mechanism of calcineurin action in the nucleus. Therefore, FK506 could improve renal function by decreasing calcineurin activity in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of renal tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jungil Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Gyeong Jae Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
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