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Hawsawi T, Appleton J, Al-Adah R, Al-Mutairy A, Sinclair P, Wilson A. Mental health recovery in a collectivist society: Saudi consumers, carers and nurses' shared perspectives. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2024; 33:1013-1025. [PMID: 38348548 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In 2019, the World Health Organization urged a global shift towards recovery-focused practices in mental health care. In Western nations, this transition often prioritised individualism over collectivism. In contrast, collectivist societies prioritise recovery through community and social support. This study explored mental health recovery from the perspectives of consumers, carers and registered nurses in a mainly collectivist society (Saudi Arabia) using a qualitative exploratory descriptive design. Sixteen consumers, ten carers and eight registered nurses participated in online semi-structured interviews. Inductive thematic analysis was employed to analyse English-translated versions of the 34 interviews. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies 32-item checklist were used. The study found that recovery was perceived as a process of transforming towards living a meaningful life of goals and values supported by trusted people who share moments of comfort and empowerment. A unique finding was the 'bond of recovery' a collectivist value that aid consumers' community integration in society. Saudi consumers' experiences of recovery were similar to consumers' movement narratives of recovery. Future research should establish a recovery-focused educational program that incorporates our findings into a recovery-oriented approach. This will facilitate providing a collaborative care between consumers, carers and nurses that centres around consumers' recovery goals and values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Hawsawi
- Faculty of Nursing, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica Appleton
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rawan Al-Adah
- Al-Amal Hospital, Jeddah Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraheem Al-Mutairy
- Mental Health Hospital in Jeddah, Jeddah Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Sinclair
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
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Alquaiz AM, Kazi A, Almeneessier A, Alhalal E, Almuneef M, AlHabib Y. Relationship Between Violence Against Women, Social Support, Self-Esteem, and Mental Health in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:431-457. [PMID: 37688473 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231197135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of mental distress and to explore the relationship between violence against women (VAW), social support, self-esteem, and mental distress in women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire-guided, cross-sectional, interview-based study was conducted with 1,932 women, in primary healthcare centers. Around 29% reported moderate to severe distress levels, whereas 40% of women reported lifetime exposure to at least one type of violence. Linear regression analysis found that VAW was positively associated with mental distress with a unit increase associated with a 0.13 (0.58, 1.15) increase in distress level, whereas, for both social support and self-esteem, a unit increase in violence was associated with -0.23 (-0.47, -0.32) and -0.22 (-0.49, -0.33) unit decrease in the mental distress. Structural equation modeling found that violence had direct significant negative effects on social support (β = -.156, p < .001) and self-esteem (β = -.135, p < .001). Both social support (β = -.266, p < .001) and self-esteem (β = -.183, p < .001) had direct significant negative effects on distress. VAW exerted a direct significant positive effect on distress (β = .171, p < .001) as well as an indirect effect (β = .068, p < .001). Both social support (β = .044, p < .001) and self-esteem (β = .025, p < .001) were significant mediators of the effect of violence on mental distress. VAW can lead to mental distress and low self-esteem. Identification, counseling, and social support for women are important to improve their self-confidence and reduce the adverse effects of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljohara M Alquaiz
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Kazi
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljohara Almeneessier
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alhalal
- Community and Mental Health Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University Medical city, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Almuneef
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara AlHabib
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abo-Rass F, Nakash O, Abu-Kaf S. A scoping review of studies examining mental health literacy among Arabs worldwide. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2023; 30:1245-1256. [PMID: 37435844 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in Mental health literacy (MHL) worldwide, given its important role in overcoming barriers to service use and reducing mental health disparities. However, little is known about MHL among Arabs. AIM We conducted a scoping review to examine MHL levels and correlates among Arabs in both Arab and non-Arab countries, based on Jorm's MHL framework. METHODS We conducted a scoping review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, using six electronic databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Soc Index, Web of Science, and Scopus. Data were summarized and synthesized. RESULTS Nine studies examining MHL among Arabs met our inclusion criteria. Seven of them used a quantitative cross-sectional design. Four studies were conducted in Arab, and five were in non-Arab countries. Five studies were conducted among university students. The studies included indicate moderate to high levels of MHL. Higher MHL was associated with female gender, personal experience of mental health illness, and with help-seeking behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Our review shows a significant lack of empirical studies on Arabs' MHL. These findings should be considered as a call for action for public health researchers, mental health workers, and policymakers to prioritize research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeda Abo-Rass
- School for Social Work, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ora Nakash
- School for Social Work, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Abu-Kaf
- Conflict Management and Resolution Program, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Zedan HS, Bilal L, Hyder S, Naseem MT, Akkad M, Al-Habeeb A, Al-Subaie AS, Altwaijri Y. Understanding the burden of mental and physical health disorders on families: findings from the Saudi National Mental Health Survey. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072115. [PMID: 37802615 PMCID: PMC10565287 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess prevalence and correlation of factors of family burden associated with mental and physical disorders in the general population of Saudi Arabia. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A secondary analysis of data from the Saudi National Mental Health Survey (SNMHS). OUTCOME MEASURES Mental and physical health disorders of first-degree relatives and objective (time, financial) and subjective (distress, embarrassment) family burden. RESULTS We found significant caregiver burden for family members with mental health disorders. Around one-third of the sample was providing care for a family member with a health issue. Within this group, 40% had a mental health diagnosis. 73% of the study population reported experiencing some form of burden as a result of the care they are obligated to provide for their family members. We found the highest burden on male caregivers, in providing care for family members with serious memory disorders, mental retardation, schizophrenia or psychosis, followed by, alcohol and drug disorders, anxiety, depression or manic depression. CONCLUSION Our findings for family burden were statistically significant, indicating potential negative impact on caregiver coping ability with the demands of caring for family members with health issues. A comprehensive review of national mental health policies is required to integrate aspects of community mental health promotion, scale-up prevention, screening interventions and social support to protect against the difficulties of mental illness and reduce the burden on caregivers, the family, society, health system and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya S Zedan
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lisa Bilal
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanaa Hyder
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Talal Naseem
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marya Akkad
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhameed Al-Habeeb
- National Center for Mental Health Promotion (NCMH), Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al-Subaie
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Edrak Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmin Altwaijri
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alyousef SM, Alhamidi SA. Nurse views of obstacles encountered by nurses in Saudi Arabia during the provision of psychiatric care. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2023; 44:8-17. [PMID: 37197867 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing staff within the mental health sector are major actors in delivering healthcare. They face considerable obstacles that may hinder the provision of high-quality care to patients with mental health challenges. AIM The current study offers a description of mental health nurses' viewpoints, insights into obstacles encountered during their experiences, and recommendations for enhancing psychiatric inpatient nursing care and achieving progress toward the goals set out by Saudi Vision 2030. METHODS The study employed a phenomenological qualitative design. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 currently practicing mental health nurses during two focus group sessions. The inductive data produced underwent member and peer checking. Emergent themes and subthemes were extracted. RESULTS Two main themes and related subthemes were identified. The first theme-obstacles faced by mental health nurses-was composed of the following subthemes: policy at institutions; clear job roles; low professional self-confidence and inadequate support; stressed, insecure, and unsafe; and stigmatization. The second theme-recommendations to improve the quality of mental health nursing-was composed of two subthemes: to enhance mental health awareness and improve professional skills and education. CONCLUSION The data suggest that maintaining high-quality nursing standards within an inpatient psychiatric facility requires a consistent and accountable organizational structure, which can lead to fostering the development and improvement of relevant nursing skills through continuing education, improved awareness of mental health disorders and care within the community, and initiatives to combat the stigma of mental disorders among patients, families, and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham Mansour Alyousef
- Community and Psychiatric Department, Nursing College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 54995, Riyadh 11524, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sami Abdulrahman Alhamidi
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Nursing College, Postgraduate and Research Center, King Saud University, P.O. Box 54995, Riyadh 11524, Saudi Arabia.
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Al-Hayani M, AboTaleb H, Bazi A, Alghamdi B. Depression, anxiety and stress in Saudi migraine patients using DASS-21: local population-based cross-sectional survey. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:248-256. [PMID: 33843418 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1909011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Psychiatric comorbidity is common among migraineurs, such as anxiety and depression. This type of comorbidity contributed to migraine chronicity, management efficacy, and increasing the risk for other comorbidities. This study designed to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) symptoms among Saudi migraine patients using the validated instrument (DASS-21) and considering socio-demographic factors and individual differences that affect migraine progression and prognosis.Design/methods: Cross-sectional, self-administered, web-based-questionnaire distributed among Saudi Arabia general population. Only migraine patients with clinical diagnosis allowed to complete the survey.Results: A total of 247 migraine patients participated and they are predominantly females, with ages between 16 and 45 years, Saudi nationals, married, non-smokers but do not exercise regularly. About 73.3% met the abnormal score in anxiety on DASS-21, as well as 70.9% in depression and 72.3% in stress. Four statistically significant correlations with DAS were identified. Migraine patients who are smoking have a higher prevalence of depression and stress (p < 0.05). Those who do not exercise regularly have a higher prevalence only for depression (p = 0.03). A higher prevalence of all emotional states was found in patients with more than one co-morbidity and patients with a clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety disorders (p < 0.02). The sensitivity of DASS-21 for depression and anxiety are 96.9% and 93.3%, respectively.Conclusions: Both smoking cessation and exercise to prevent migraine attacks deserve a clinical trial. A holistic approach is needed to decrease psychiatry-related disability and promote management outcomes in migraineurs. Using DASS-21 for migraine patients as a routine screening instrument is valuable to prevent psychiatric comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Al-Hayani
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanin AboTaleb
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Bazi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badrah Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saud Arabia.,Pre-Clinical Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abo-Rass F, Abu-Kaf S, Matzri D, Braun-Lewensohn O. Mental Health Underutilization by Palestinian-Arabs in Israel: Stigma-Related, Attitudinal, and Instrumental Barriers. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023:207640231152213. [PMID: 36738081 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231152213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies show that members of minority groups underutilize mental health services and report more barriers to such utilization than majority groups. However, very little is known about these barriers and their relation to mental health service use among the Palestinian-Arab minority in Israel. AIMS This study examined barriers to mental health service use in this population based on the stigma-related, attitudinal, and instrumental barriers dimensions of the Barriers to Care Evaluation scale (BACE v3) and its correlates to mental health service use. METHODS The participants were a convenience sample of 231 Palestinian Arabs. They completed measures of BACE v3, mental health service use, and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS The findings showed that participants who reported using mental health services had lower levels of barriers in all dimensions compared to those who did not use such services. Attitudinal barriers were found to be the main determinants of mental health service use. CONCLUSIONS This study underscored the role of attitudinal barriers to the utilization of mental health services. The findings indicated that interventions addressing such barriers might be helpful in increasing mental health service use among the Palestinian-Arab minority in Israel as well as other minorities in Israel and elsewhere, who might share similar backgrounds and perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeda Abo-Rass
- Conflict Management and Resolution Program, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sarah Abu-Kaf
- Conflict Management and Resolution Program, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dvir Matzri
- Conflict Management and Resolution Program, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Orna Braun-Lewensohn
- Conflict Management and Resolution Program, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Alkahtani S, AL-Johani NS, Alarifi S. Mechanistic Insights, Treatment Paradigms, and Clinical Progress in Neurological Disorders: Current and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021340. [PMID: 36674852 PMCID: PMC9865061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a major cause of disability and are related to brain development. The neurological signs of brain lesions can vary from mild clinical shortfalls to more delicate and severe neurological/behavioral symptoms and learning disabilities, which are progressive. In this paper, we have tried to summarize a collective view of various NDs and their possible therapeutic outcomes. These diseases often occur as a consequence of the misfolding of proteins post-translation, as well as the dysfunctional trafficking of proteins. In the treatment of neurological disorders, a challenging hurdle to cross regarding drug delivery is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB plays a unique role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) by exchanging components between the circulations and shielding the brain from neurotoxic pathogens and detrimental compounds. Here, we outline the current knowledge about BBB deterioration in the evolving brain, its origin, and therapeutic interventions. Additionally, we summarize the physiological scenarios of the BBB and its role in various cerebrovascular diseases. Overall, this information provides a detailed account of BBB functioning and the development of relevant treatments for neurological disorders. This paper will definitely help readers working in the field of neurological scientific communities.
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Khatib HA, Alghamdi WA, Subki AH, Butt NS, Alsallum MS, Alsulaimani AS, Alnajjar SF, Alzaidi FD, Alasmari AA, Alshamrani HM, Al-Zaben F, Koenig HG. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Skin Picking Disorder Symptoms Among Adults in an Arab Middle Eastern Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:2583-2591. [DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s348258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Abo-Rass F, Abu-Kaf S, Nakash O. Barriers to Mental Health Service Use among Palestinian-Arab Women in Israel: Psychological Distress as Moderator. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12557. [PMID: 36231852 PMCID: PMC9566597 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies indicate that ethnic minority women, including women from the disadvantaged Palestinian-Arab minority in Israel, experience higher rates of psychological distress but are less likely to use mental health services. This study examined psychological distress and its role as a moderator in the relationship between mental health service use and stigma-related, attitudinal, and instrumental barriers. METHOD Cross-sectional study of 146 Palestinian-Arab women who completed measures of psychological distress, mental health service use, the Barriers to Care Evaluation scale, and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Participants who did not utilize mental health services reported higher levels of all barrier types compared to participants who reported previous use, but lower levels of psychological distress. Psychological distress was a significant moderator only in the relationship between attitudinal barriers and mental health service use. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the role of psychological distress in the relationship between barriers to and utilization of mental health services, helping professionals and policymakers increase mental health service use among Palestinian-Arab women in Israel and other vulnerable women elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeda Abo-Rass
- School for Social Work, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Sarah Abu-Kaf
- Conflict Management and Resolution Program, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ora Nakash
- School for Social Work, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
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Sayed AA, Lim JNW, McFarlane K. Physicians’ Awareness of Depression Among Their Patients in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2022; 14:e28742. [PMID: 36105904 PMCID: PMC9447935 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is a global public health burden, and although it is multifactorial, its development is highly associated with chronic diseases. Thus, physicians’ knowledge and attitude toward depression are vital for the recognition and treatment of depression among patients with chronic illnesses. This study aims to examine physicians’ knowledge and attitude toward depression in Saudi Arabia and to determine factors that significantly influence them. Methodology An online survey using a 12-item questionnaire was completed by 50 physicians between January and June 2020. Knowledge (K) and attitude (A) scores were calculated and compared nonparametrically based on scores by gender and years of experience. Results Participants’ years of clinical experience was found to significantly influence the participants’ K scores, with those with fewer than one year of experience having the highest K scores of all participants (p < 0.05). Years of experience had a similar influence on the A scores. Furthermore, gender was an influencing factor as male participants had higher A scores than female participants. Years of experience and gender influenced the A scores independently. Male physicians more commonly referred patients to a mental health specialist than female physicians, and had significantly higher A scores and more years of experience. There was a direct correlation between the K and A score, indicating that participants’ knowledge of depression positively influenced their attitude toward depression. Conclusions In this study, participants’ gender and years of experience have been identified to have a significant impact on their knowledge and attitude toward comorbid depression when treating patients with chronic illnesses. This identifies an important gap and offers preliminary insight into the readiness and practice of holistic care for patients, particularly for those treated by physicians of differing gender and experience levels. Findings further demonstrate that it is most beneficial to patients with chronic illnesses that physicians utilize a holistic approach and consider depression when developing their treatment plans. This would involve being able to detect and manage depression among their patients properly, as well as referring patients to mental health specialists when needed. Clinical guidelines should be updated to emphasize the use of depression screening tools for patients with chronic diseases.
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Alshahrani KM, Johnson J, Hill L, Alghunaim TA, Sattar R, O’Connor DB. A qualitative, cross-cultural investigation into the impact of potentially traumatic work events on Saudi and UK ambulance personnel and how they cope. BMC Emerg Med 2022; 22:116. [PMID: 35761202 PMCID: PMC9235175 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-022-00666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among ambulance personnel, but its prevalence varies between developed and developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the lived experience of potentially traumatic work events between Saudi and UK ambulance personnel. Methods Semi-structured interviews with 16 ambulance workers from Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom (8 participants from each country) were conducted to explore their lived experiences of potentially traumatic events at work. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Four key themes were identified from interviews: (1) some events are inherently more stressful than others; (2) pressure of organizational and interpersonal stressors; (3) convergence and divergence in cross-cultural coping strategies; and (4) preferring formal and confidential support. Conclusions There were differences in the nature of traumatic events and the ways of coping between the two cultures, but paramedics in both cultures had an agreement about their preference for individual and formal support. The results of this study may help inform the development of interventions and PTSD prevention programs for ambulance personnel. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12873-022-00666-w.
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Alamer M, Alsaad A, Al-Ghareeb M, Almomatten A, Alaethan M, AlAmeer MA. Mental Stigma Among Al-Ahsa Population in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021; 13:e19710. [PMID: 34976480 PMCID: PMC8681925 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Parkinson's Disease-Related Biomarkers That May Appear in Amphetamine Abusers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3081891. [PMID: 34712729 PMCID: PMC8548088 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3081891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Amphetamine addiction may cause serious of psychotic and physical damage to humans. There is some evidence that shows that amphetamine may increase the risk of PD. Thus, this study is aimed at comparing the PD serum biomarkers between amphetamine addicts and PD patients and utilizing them as diagnostic biomarkers for the early detection of PD incidence among amphetamine addicts. In the current study, nineteen amphetamine addicts, aged <40, were recruited from the Al Amal Psychiatric hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Nineteen PD patients and 19 healthy controls, who have never taken amphetamine, were also recruited. Blood samples were withdrawn from all groups. A biomarker multiplex assay from MILLIPLEX was used to assess the levels of serum amyloid-P (SAP), complement C4, C-reactive protein (CRP), and CRP/albumin ratio in serum samples (Vitros 350® slide was used to assess the albumin). All data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that SAP and CRP levels were significantly higher in amphetamine addicts compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0001, respectively). The results of amphetamine addicts were comparable to PD levels. However, there are no significant differences between all studied groups concerning complement C4 level. Moreover, albumin levels were significantly decreased and CRP/Albumin ratio levels were significantly increased in amphetamine addicts (p = 0.01 and p = 0.041, respectively) in contrast with controls. These findings indicate that the increased level of these inflammatory biomarkers (SAP and CRP) in the amphetamine addicts may give a potential possibility of their serum level to be used as screening markers to detect PD development in the amphetamine addict. It may be useful to evaluate the changes in easily accessible and cost-effective parameters such as the serum CRP/albumin ratio.
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Alabdulgader A, Mobarki AO, AlDuwayrij A, Albadran A, Almulhim MI, Almulhim A. Depression Screening for the Geriatric Population Visiting Primary Healthcare Centers in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021; 13:e17971. [PMID: 34667660 PMCID: PMC8516422 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is considered one of the most common psychiatric disorders that affects more than 260 million people in all age groups worldwide. Yet, among the geriatric population, in which it can show nonspecific symptoms, depression can be easily underdiagnosed. The objectives of this study are to assess the prevalence of depression among the geriatric population in primary healthcare centers and to estimate the effects of different sociodemographic and medical factors. Methodology A total of 408 patients aged 60 years or older were approached in the primary healthcare centers of the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, patients were either interviewed or filled the questionnaire by themselves. Questions about sociodemographic data and medical and medication histories were included in the questionnaire. Results Of the 408 participants, 173 (42.4%) reported depressive symptoms; 115 (28.2%) of the participants had mild depression, 50 (12.3%) had moderate depression, and 8 (2%) reported moderately severe depression. Correlates of depression included elderly patients aged 75 years or more, of whom 78.9% showed depression compared to 39.3% of those who were 60-65 years old (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the female elderly showed higher rates of depression compared to males (52.8% vs. 35.7%; P = 0.001). A reported 81.1% of the elderly were diagnosed with chronic diseases; approximately half of them were depressed, while only 32.9% of the elderly free of diseases were depressed (P = 0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of depression is high among the elderly in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia, especially in those who complain of chronic diseases, older patients, and females. Screening for depression must be employed early to manage depressive symptoms and prevent further complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrhman Alabdulgader
- Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ali O Mobarki
- Medicine and Surgery, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, SAU
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Alangari AS, Knox SS, Innes KE, Kristjansson AL, Wen S, Bilal L, Alhabeeb A, Al-Subaie AS, Altwaijri YA. Drop out from mental health treatment in the Saudi national mental health survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2021.1965406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz S. Alangari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S. Knox
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kim E. Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alfgeir L. Kristjansson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lisa Bilal
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research and Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhameed Alhabeeb
- National Center for Mental Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Al-Subaie
- SABIC Psychological Health Research and Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Edrak Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmin A. Altwaijri
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research and Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Analyzing User Digital Emotions from a Holy versus Non-Pilgrimage City in Saudi Arabia on Twitter Platform. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11156846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are the product of what society and their environment conditions them into being. People living in metropolitan cities have a very fast-paced life and are constantly exposed to different situations. A social media platform enables individuals to express their emotions and sentiments and thus acts as a reservoir for the digital emotion footprints of its users. This study proposes that the user data available on Twitter has the potential to showcase the contrasting emotions of people residing in a pilgrimage city versus those residing in other, non-pilgrimage areas. We collected the Arabic geolocated tweets of users living in Mecca (holy city) and Riyadh (non-pilgrimage city). The user emotions were classified on the basis of Plutchik’s eight basic emotion categories, Fear, Anger, Sadness, Joy, Surprise, Disgust, Trust, and Anticipation. A new bilingual dictionary, AEELex (Arabic English Emotion Lexicon), was designed to determine emotions derived from user tweets. AEELex has been validated on commonly known and popular lexicons. An emotion analysis revealed that people living in Mecca had more positivity than those residing in Riyadh. Anticipation was the emotion that was dominant or most expressed in both places. However, a larger proportion of users living in Mecca fell under this category. The proposed analysis was an initial attempt toward studying the emotional and behavioral differences between users living in different cities of Saudi Arabia. This study has several other important applications. First, the emotion-based study could contribute to the development of a machine learning-based model for predicting depression in netizens. Second, behavioral appearances mined from the text could benefit efforts to identify the regional location of a particular user.
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Meraya AM, Banji OJ, Khobrani MA, Alhossan A. Evaluation of psychotropic medications use among elderly with psychiatric disorders in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:603-608. [PMID: 34194267 PMCID: PMC8233536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Potentially inappropriate psychotropic medications (PIPMs) prescribed to older adults with psychiatric disorders can inadvertently affect their health. The use of standards and guidelines can ensure prudent prescribing and minimize the risk of morbidities. This study assessed the pattern and prevalence of prescription of PIPMs to older individuals in outpatient psychiatric settings in Saudi Arabia, using the updated 2015 Beers criteria, as well as the probability of polypharmacy. METHODS The study was conducted in the outpatient psychiatric clinics of the only psychiatric hospital in Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. A retrospective cross-sectional review of electronic medical records was undertaken during 2018 to assess PIPM use and psychotropic polypharmacy. Descriptive statistics were generated and associations between PIPM use and baseline characteristics were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, 68% of 1300 older adults received PIPMs, and 77.7% were on psychotropic polypharmacy. Amitriptyline, chlorpromazine, and trifluoperazine were extensively prescribed. Paroxetine (1.2%) and benzodiazepines were prescribed to a smaller proportion of the patients. Elderly with schizophrenia (AOR = 0.046, p < 0.001) and anxiety (AOR = 0.530, p = 0.036) were significantly less likely to have PIPMs than those with dementia. Likewise, elderly with depression and anxiety were less likely to have psychotropic polypharmacy as compared to those with dementia. CONCLUSION A substantial number of the elderly received PIPMs possibly based on implicit criteria. It is therefore important to provide mental health care providers in the region with educational programs to increase their awareness of PIPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Otilia J.F. Banji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moteb A. Khobrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alhossan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
- Corporate of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Saudi Arabia
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Parentela GM. Mental health research studies in Saudi Arabia for the years 2009-2019; a systematic scoping review. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2021; 35:232-241. [PMID: 33781406 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An updated systematic scoping review and narrative analysis of all possible mental health studies done during the concerned immediate years clarifies its present condition and status for all professionals, and concerned researchers. AIMS To synthesize published mental health research studies in and for Saudi Arabia for the years 2009-2019 with the confidence to evaluate current situation, identify research gaps and limitations (if any), and assist in conceptualizing the forthcoming directions of future mental health research activities. METHODS Scoping systematic review and modified narrative analysis were the methods utilized to achieve the aim and objective set for this formal academic endeavor. RESULTS Of the 1006 published studies identified from chosen databases, a total of 241 papers were included and had passed the stringent criteria set for the scoping review process. Basic characteristics of the reviewed studies were quantitative survey type with about 101-500 size range of respondents, utilizing non-patients and adults for participants which were common and randomly chosen from selected population, and most research activities were self-funded. Four major research themes were found including a list of research limitations. CONCLUSIONS This systematic scoping review identified a wide range of results characterizing the different studies that qualified using pre-determined inclusion-exclusion criteria. Though of increasing publication volume in the past decade, most researches done were quantitative survey type whose themes seemed to show no drastic difference or change from the previous years of output. More variety in research themes would further improve the over-all quality of mental health publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil M Parentela
- King Saud University-College of Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Al Mousa Y, Callaghan P, Michail M, Caswell G. Saudi service users' perceptions and experiences of the quality of their mental health care provision in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): A qualitative inquiry. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2021; 30:300-316. [PMID: 32876391 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents, as part of a larger mixed-methods design, a study generating a theoretical understanding of issues pertinent to the quality of mental health care in the KSA from the perspective of those using services. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with thirty service users admitted to inpatient psychiatric wards, using an interview guide developed by the researchers, based on relevant literature. Findings from the thematic analysis showed five themes: (1) The hospital as a prison: a custody versus care dilemma, (2) quality of interactions between staff and service users, (3) quality of services, (4) staff qualities and (5) suggestions for achieving quality of care. A theoretical model drawing upon Donabedian Health Care Model for Evaluating quality of care and the Andersen Behavioural Model of Health Service Use is evident from the data. Structural aspects of care include staff experience and qualifications and key enablers around social and financial support, service users' health needs and status and the physical infrastructure and ward rules. These drive processes of care based upon robust rates of interaction between staff and service users and appear central to quality of mental health care in KSA. Quality of mental health care in KSA is manifested by a therapeutic ethos with a high degree of interaction between professional carers and service users, with the former being highly educated, competent, compassionate, with a high degree of self-awareness, and specialized in mental health. We have uncovered elements of Fanon and Azoulay's 'Cultural Originality' as well as contemporary examples of Goffman's mortification of the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqoub Al Mousa
- Al Omran General Hospital, Directorate of Health Affairs in Al Hasa Governorate, Ministry of Health, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Patrick Callaghan
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Maria Michail
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Glenys Caswell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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21
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Alangari AS, Knox SS, Innes KE, Kristjansson AL, Wen S, Bilal L, Alhabeeb A, Al-Subaie AS, Altwaijri YA. Mental health service use among people without mental health disorders in the Saudi National Mental Health Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2020.1842689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz S. Alangari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S. Knox
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kim E. Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alfgeir L. Kristjansson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lisa Bilal
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhameed Alhabeeb
- National Center for Mental Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Al-Subaie
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Edrak Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmin A. Altwaijri
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Depression Illness Representations Among Arabs in Israel: a Qualitative Study Comparing Younger and Older Adults. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2020; 35:353-366. [PMID: 32949318 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-020-09413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There has been a noticeable increase in the number of studies assessing perceptions regarding depression (illness representations) among people diagnosed with the disorder. However, these studies have examined mainly younger adults (ages 18 to 65), and very little is known about older adults. This study examined illness representations among younger and older Israeli Arabs with depression based on the Self-Regulation Model (SRM). A total of 12 Israeli Arabs (six younger adults aged 18-64 and six older adults aged 65+) diagnosed with depression took part in semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The majority of the participants in the younger group were female and married, compared to the older group which has a gender equal ratio, half of which are married. The data were analyzed thematically, guided by the SRM illness representations' dimensions (identity; timeline; cause; consequences; control/cure; cyclical and coherence; and emotional representations). Differences between younger and older adults were found in some of the illness representations. Older adults described depression as a chronic illness associated with somatic symptoms, and did not believe in psychological treatment. Younger adults did not perceive depression as chronic, reported cognitive and emotional symptoms, and believed in the efficacy of psychological treatment. Our findings indicated that participants' perceptions about depression appeared to be associated with their age, along with their unique cultural background as they are traditional but undergoing processes of modernization. This study stress the importance of illness representations in intervention programs tailored for different age groups, and considering their specific cultural needs.
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Al-Subaie AS, Al-Habeeb A, Altwaijri YA. Overview of the Saudi National Mental Health Survey. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2020; 29:e1835. [PMID: 33245612 PMCID: PMC7507437 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present background information for the Saudi National Mental Health Survey (SNMHS) on the Saudi mental healthcare delivery system and previous epidemiological research on the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS Archival information and the results of a literature review are presented. RESULTS KSA is the largest sovereign nation in the Middle East and the largest free market economy in the Middle East and North Africa. A national mental health policy has been in existence since 2006, but mental health spending still is less than in most other high-income countries. The Ministry of Health has recently begun developing a new healthcare system based on a patient-centered model of care that will integrate care of mental disorders with care of physical disorders. Previous epidemiological research on mental disorders in KSA has been limited, making the SNMHS important for policy planning purposes to obtain accurate estimates of prevalence, treatment, and barriers to treatment. CONCLUSIONS The SNMHS will provide valuable information for policy planning purposes on the burden of untreated mental disorders in KSA and barriers to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Al-Subaie
- Edrak Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - AbdulHameed Al-Habeeb
- National Center for Mental Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmin A Altwaijri
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Mahsoon A, Sharif L, Banakhar M, Alasmee N, Almowallad E, Jabali R, Bahamil A, Assur S. Parental Support, Beliefs about Mental Illness, and Mental Help-Seeking among Young Adults in Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5615. [PMID: 32759778 PMCID: PMC7432931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mental illness is not uncommon among young adults, but negative attitudes towards mental disorders and lack of parental support might be associated with hesitancy in seeking professional help. This study aimed to examine the relationships of parental support, beliefs about mental illness, and mental help-seeking among young adults in Saudi Arabia. This quantitative cross-sectional study included a convenience sample of 236 young adults (ages 18-25) with the majority of the total (86.4%) being female. Data were collected via three self-administered questionnaires: The Perceived Parental Support Scale, Beliefs toward Mental Illness scale, and Mental Help Seeking Attitude Scale. Results indicated that the participants had a moderately negative attitude toward mental illness, a moderately positive attitude toward parental support, and a highly positive attitude toward mental help-seeking. No significant relationships were found among the study variables. The study highlights that despite young adults' positive attitude toward mental help-seeking and parental support, they have negative views toward people with mental illnesses. Educational programs in schools and media are needed to improve attitudes and enhance readiness to interact with people with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Mahsoon
- Nursing Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Loujain Sharif
- Nursing Mental Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (L.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Maram Banakhar
- Nursing Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Nofaa Alasmee
- Nursing Mental Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (L.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Esraa Almowallad
- Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (R.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Razan Jabali
- Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (R.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Amjad Bahamil
- Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (R.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Sara Assur
- Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (R.J.); (A.B.)
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25
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Prevalence of Depression among Type-II Diabetic Patients Attending the Diabetic Clinic at Arar National Guard Primary Health Care Center, Saudi Arabia. PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL 2020; 2020:9174818. [PMID: 32637427 PMCID: PMC7322613 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9174818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Depression is a common comorbidity in type-II diabetic patients, which if undiagnosed leads to poor clinical outcomes. Objectives To determine the prevalence and risk factors of depression among type-II diabetic patients attending the National Guard Diabetic Clinic in Arar city. Subjects and methods. This cross-sectional study included every third type-II diabetic patient attending the National Guard Primary Health Care Center between the 1st of January and 31st of March 2019. Participants were interviewed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). Patients who scored ≥5 were considered to have depression. Chi-square test (χ2) was used to compare differences between categorical variables. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Of the total 422 diabetic patients approached for this study, 397 provided complete responses (94% response rate). Of these, 37% had depression: 23% mild, 9% moderate, and 5% severe. Diabetic patients with low education, poor income, and long duration of diabetes mellitus were found to be at higher risk of depression. Poor compliance with physical activities, diet regimen, family history of DM, and the presence of complications was also significantly associated with depression. On logistic regression analysis, low family income, duration of DM, poor compliance to physical activity, and presence of complications as neuropathy or libido were the main predictors of depression in diabetic patients. Conclusion More than one-third of type-II diabetic patients had depression. Regular screening of type-II diabetic patients for depression is a necessity, as it can affect the clinical outcome.
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Assessment of Knowledge, Readiness and Barriers, Female Secondary School Teachers and Staff Regarding Adolescent Mental Health in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-020-09376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Alsubaie S, Almathami M, Alkhalaf H, Aboulyazid A, Abuhegazy H. A Survey on Public Attitudes Toward Mental Illness and Mental Health Services Among Four Cities in Saudi Arabia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:2467-2477. [PMID: 33149588 PMCID: PMC7603407 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s265872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our objectives are to assess the public attitude toward mentally ill people and mental health services and to compare the attitudes of those who have past history of mental illness, those who have been exposed to mentally ill people, and those who have not. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study among subjects (n=1268) in four Saudi Arabian cities (Riyadh, Abha, Dammam, and Jizan), recruiting participants from malls and parks. All participants were administered "the knowledge and attitudes toward mental illness and mental health services scale". RESULTS Participants were divided into three groups; non-exposed to mental illness group (n=687, 54.1%), exposed to mental illness group (n=305, 24%), and having past history of mental illness group (n=276, 21.8%). Results revealed that non-exposed group had the lowest knowledge about mental illness (p <0.001). Exposed group had the best attitude toward mentally ill people (p=0.002), mental health services (p< 0.001), the lowest impact of traditional beliefs (p<0.001), and the best help-seeking decisions (p = 0.001). Regression models show the variables that predicted attitude toward the mentally ill were the attitude toward mental health services (p=0.001), impact of traditional beliefs (p=0.001), and residency (p=0.04). The predictors of attitude toward mental health services were impact of traditional beliefs (p<0.001), knowledge (p<0.001), and residency (p=0.028). And the variables that account for predicting future decisions were impact of traditional beliefs (p<0.001), attitude toward mental health services (p=0.001), and having past history of mental illness (p=0.006). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates significant differences in attitudes toward mental illness among different groups of participants. Lesser impact of traditional beliefs and better knowledge about mental illness were the factors most associated with better attitudes toward mentally ill people and mental health services and with better help-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alsubaie
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Hospital, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Almathami
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Hospital, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanouf Alkhalaf
- Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Aboulyazid
- Preventive Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia.,Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hesham Abuhegazy
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Hospital, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia.,Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine for Boys, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Tammar R, Alibrahim O, Attia A, Laconi S, Graziani P. An exploratory research: factor structure and reliability of the Arabic version of the Assessment and Screening of Assistance Needs – Drugs (ASAN-Drugs). JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2019.1704081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Osama Alibrahim
- Administration of Addiction Services, Alamal Complex, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Attia
- Administration of Addiction Services, Alamal Complex, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Merhej R. Stigma on mental illness in the Arab world: beyond the socio-cultural barriers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HEALTH CARE 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/ijhrh-03-2019-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Research on mental illness stigma in the Arab world has traditionally focused on socio-cultural barriers that deprive persons with mental illness from their fundamental human right for privacy and informed consent. The purpose of this paper is to address the question whether or not mental health legislations in a number of Arab countries effectively safeguard the human rights of people with mental illness and protect them from stigmatizing and discriminatory practices.
Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative review of literature was performed over two rounds of search, targeting published research on mental illness stigma in the Arab world from year 2000 until now and existing national mental health legislations in the Arab world, using English and Arabic databases.
Findings
The review reveals that beyond society and culture, persistence of mental illness stigma in the Arab world may be explained by absent or inefficient monitoring mechanisms of mental health legislations and policies within the health-care setting. Although integration of mental health services into the primary health care system is being gradually implemented as a step toward de-stigmatization of mental illness, more remains to be done to change the stigmatizing behavior of the health personnel toward mental illness.
Originality/value
Mental health authorities in the Arab world need to be more aware of the public perceptions explaining people’s fear and reluctance to seek mental health care, so as to ensure that the control and monitoring mechanisms at both the primary and mental health care levels foster a human rights, culturally competent, patient-friendly and non-stigmatizing model of mental health care.
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Current Clinical Practice for the Use of Hypnotics to Manage Primary Insomnia in Adults in a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia: An Audit Study. PHARMACY 2019; 7:pharmacy7010015. [PMID: 30691097 PMCID: PMC6473234 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the risks associated with hypnotics and their recent increased use in Saudi Arabia, there are no specific national guidelines for using these medicines to treat insomnia nor are there any data on how these medicines are currently prescribed. There is the potential, however, that some physicians might be adhering to the United States guidelines. The current audit study was aimed to assess the current practice in treating insomnia with hypnotics in Saudi Arabia, and to evaluate its agreement with the US guidelines. The audit was conducted using data collected between April 2012 and March 2017 at King Fahad Central Hospital (KFCH; Jazan), of patients who were either prescribed benzodiazepines (BZDs) or Z-drugs or diagnosed with insomnia. The audit criteria followed two US guidelines for the management of insomnia in adults. Data included documented diagnosis, use of CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia), use of BZDs and Z-drugs including treatment regimen, and whether physicians prescribed anti-histamines for insomnia. The data were analyzed using STATA 14 after transcription to a MS XL file. Of the 504 records reviewed, 379 patients (75%) were prescribed BZDs or Z-drugs; only 182 (48%) of them had clearly documented indications for their use. Three hundred and seven patients (60%) were diagnosed with insomnia; none of them received CBT-I as initial treatment. No patients on long-term use of hypnotics were reviewed by their physicians after they began using the medication. More than 43% of patients were prescribed anti-histamines for insomnia. No records met all (or even six) of the seven criteria. KFCH physicians do not follow US guidelines. Therefore, the Ministry of Health (MOH) should improve its administrative systems including documentation, and instead of using international guidelines that are seldom followed, physicians should be trained in prescribing hypnotics and national guidelines need to be developed.
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Alhalal E, Ford-Gilboe M, Wong C, AlBuhairan F. Factors mediating the impacts of child abuse and intimate partner violence on chronic pain: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2018; 18:160. [PMID: 30285706 PMCID: PMC6171313 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most research on the health impacts of intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse has been conducted in Western countries and may not be generalizable to women living in different contexts, such as Saudi Arabia. Chronic pain, a disabling health issue associated with experiences of both child abuse and IPV among women, negatively impacts women's well-being, quality of life, and level of functioning. Yet, the psychosocial mechanisms that explain how abuse relates to chronic pain are poorly understood. We developed and tested a theoretical model that explains how both IPV and child abuse are related to chronic pain. METHODS We recruited a convenience sample of 299 Saudi women, who had experienced IPV in the past 12 months, from nine primary health care centers in Saudi Arabia between June and August 2015. Women completed a structured interview comprised of self-report measures of IPV, child abuse, PTSD, depressive symptoms, chronic pain, and social support. Using Structural equation modeling (SEM), we analyzed the proposed model twice with different mental health indicators as mediators: PTSD symptoms (Model 1) and depressive symptoms (Model 2). RESULTS Both models were found to fit the data, accounting for 31.6% (Model 1) and 32.4% (Model 2) of the variance in chronic pain severity. In both models, mental health problems (PTSD and depressive symptoms) fully mediated the relationship between severity of IPV and child abuse and chronic pain severity. Perceived family support partially mediated the relationship between abuse severity and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results underscore the significance of considering lifetime abuse, women's mental health (depressive and PTSD symptoms) and their social resources in chronic pain management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Alhalal
- Nursing College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marilyn Ford-Gilboe
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Carol Wong
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Fadia AlBuhairan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, AlDara Hospital and Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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Abstract
During the past 30 years the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has developed an extensive hospital-based mental health system culminating in the passing of a mental health law in 2014. This legislation embodies many of the international standards promoted by the World Health Organization. However, the mechanisms for protecting the human rights of psychiatric patients are neither sufficiently independent nor adequately robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Carlisle
- Qualitative Research Fellow, Centre for Science, Knowledge and Belief in Society, Newman University, Birmingham, UK; email
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Al-Mohaimeed AA. Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among type 2 diabetes in Qassim: A descriptive cross-sectional study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2017; 12:430-436. [PMID: 31435275 PMCID: PMC6694910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression and to identify their associated risk factors among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS A cross-sectional, single-centre study that included 300 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus was conducted at The Diabetic Center of King Saud Hospital in the Qassim region. Anxiety and depression were measured by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Multivariable analysis using multiple logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of various factors associated with anxiety and depression, adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS Overall, 43.6% (95% CI: 37.9-49.3%) and 34.8% (95% CI: 29-40%) of the participants experienced anxiety and depression, respectively. Anxiety was more common among patients who had poor social support (OR 5.35, P 0.001). Anxiety was less common among retired people (OR 0.36, P 0.048) and those having diabetes for more than ten years (OR 0.39, P 0.006). In contrast, depression was more common among patients who had received moderate (OR 2.47, P 0.031) or low social support (OR 6.62, P 0.000) but less common among those having diabetes for more than ten years (OR 0.44, P 0.022). CONCLUSION This study showed that the prevalence of anxiety and depression is high among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These results should alert clinicians to identify and treat anxiety and depression as part of multidisciplinary diabetes care. Larger community-based studies are needed to identify the magnitude of these problems and their related factors.
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Al-Ruthia YS, Mansy W, Barasin M, Ghawaa YM, AlSultan M, Alsenaidy MA, Alhawas S, AlGhadeer S. Shortage of psychotropic medications in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: Causes and solutions. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25:744-749. [PMID: 28725147 PMCID: PMC5506735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety, who seek medical care in private psychiatric clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, have recently expressed concerns to doctors about difficulty in filling psychotropic medications, such as Amitriptyline and Aripiprazole, at retail community pharmacies. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a shortage of some commonly prescribed psychotropic medications in retail community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia, and if so, to explore the possible reasons behind the shortage of these medications. Methods: The availability of 28 commonly prescribed psychotropic medications was checked in multiple retail community pharmacies in 4 different regions of Saudi Arabia. Further, potential reasons behind the shortage of some psychotropic medications in retail community pharmacies were also explored. Results: Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Aripiprazole, Bupropion, Buspirone, Duloxetine, Haloperidol, Hydroxyzine, Lithium, Prochlorperazine, Procyclidine, Promethazine, Thioridazine, Trazodone, and Trifluoperazine were unavailable in over half of the 248 community pharmacies surveyed. Four possible reasons behind the shortage of these medications were reported by 31 pharmacists working in different retail community pharmacies' purchasing departments, with a majority (58.06%) reporting the primary reason for a shortage of these medications that they are slow-moving items with low profit margins. Conclusions: The findings of this study should expedite the reform process in both the Ministry of Health and the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) to publish and enforce an essential list of medications for retail community pharmacies, which should include the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazed Sulaiman Al-Ruthia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Mansy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Barasin
- Drug Information Center, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed Mohammad Ghawaa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlSultan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Alsenaidy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Solaiman Alhawas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan AlGhadeer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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ALOSAIMI FAHADD, ALZAIN NASSER, ASIRI SAEED, FALLATA EBTIHAJ, ABALHASSAN MOHAMMED, QRMLI ABDULAZIZ, ALHABBAD ABDULHADI. Patterns of psychiatric diagnoses in inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings in Saudi Arabia. ARCH CLIN PSYCHIAT 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0101-60830000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Alzahrani SH, Fallata EO, Alabdulwahab MA, Alsafi WA, Bashawri J. Assessment of the burden on caregivers of patients with mental disorders in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:202. [PMID: 28558771 PMCID: PMC5450140 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental disorders are considered important public health problems not only to people with mental illness but also their caregivers. As is the case in many countries, the deinstitutionalization of mental health services in Saudi Arabia, has meant that informal caregivers are shouldering responsibilities for which they are not usually prepared; therefore, the current study was aimed at assessment of the burden on caregivers of people with mental illness. METHODS Through a cross-sectional design, a sample of the caregivers of people with mental illness (n = 377) was selected randomly from a psychiatric hospital in Jeddah. An Arabic version of the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ) was used for collection of data. The data were analyzed on the subscale scores and the 27 items in two ways. First, we used the summed scores for the subscales based on the Likert scale (0-4) for univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, as recommended. We also used parametric statistics (t-tests, one-way ANOVA) because the IEQ subscale scores were fairly normally distributed. RESULTS Males constituted more than one-half of the participating caregivers (55%), with a mean age of 36.6, SD = 11.4 years. As reported by the caregivers, most of the patients were males (62.7%) with a mean age of 33.8, SD = 13.7 years and a range of 17-90 years old. The total mean IEQ burden score of the caregivers was 38.4, SD = 17.5. "Tension" was significantly prominent among younger caregivers aged ≤30 years. "Worrying" was significantly higher among caregivers living with their spouse and children and those living in families with relatively fewer members (<6 members). "Urging" was significantly higher among caregivers who are living with the patient in the same household and those who had been in close contact with the patient for 28 days in the four weeks prior to the study (13.4, SD = 6.8) p < 0.05. Meanwhile, "Urging" was also significantly higher among caregivers caring for mentally ill females (13.5, SD = 6.6) and those not receiving any kind of professional support (12.8, SD = 6.7). The overall burden and the subscale scores were highest among caregivers caring for a close relative such as a parent (44.1, SD = 17.6), son/daughter (39.1, SD = 12.9), sibling (37.1, SD = 18.6), or spouse (37.1, SD = 18.6) p < 0.05. CONCLUSION Care for people with mental illness is burdensome for their caregivers, the magnitude of burden is potentially augmented by factors related to the patients and households. These factors should be considered when planning for preparing caregivers to cope with people with mental illness in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami H. Alzahrani
- 0000 0001 0619 1117grid.412125.1Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80205, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Wesam A. Alsafi
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamil Bashawri
- 0000 0001 0619 1117grid.412125.1Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80205, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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Hamaideh SH. Mental health nurses' perceptions of patient safety culture in psychiatric settings. Int Nurs Rev 2016; 64:476-485. [PMID: 27966218 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health nurses have a crucial role in preventing medical incidents and in promoting safety culture because they provide and coordinate most of patients' care. Therefore, they are able to enhance patients' outcomes and reduce nurses' injuries. AIMS The aims of this study were to assess the perception of mental health nurses about patients' safety culture and to detect the factors which may affect patients' safety culture at psychiatric hospitals. METHODS A predictive correlational design was employed to collect data about patient safety culture and safety outcomes from 224 mental health nurses working in psychiatric hospitals using Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. RESULTS Positive scores to patients' safety culture dimensions ranged between 13.4% and 81.2%. Two-thirds of mental health nurses perceived safety as excellent/very good, 20.5% perceived it as acceptable and 10.8% perceived it as poor/failing. Overall perception of safety correlated significantly with four dimensions and explained 32.6% of the variance. Frequency of events reported correlated significantly with six dimensions and explained 23.1% of the variance. CONCLUSION Of the 12 dimensions of patients' safety culture, only one was strong, six within acceptable range and five were weak and need improvement. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY Healthcare managers and policy-makers should encourage educational interventions and help to establish a reporting system that focus on improving systems, not on blaming individuals and encourage open communication among mental healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Hamaideh
- Community and Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Alotaibi T. Combating Anxiety and Depression among School Children and Adolescents through Student Counselling in Saudi Arabia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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