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Bernstein EE, Wolfe EC, Huguenel BM, Wilhelm S. Lessons and Untapped Potential of Smartphone-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Mental Health: Narrative Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2024; 12:e45860. [PMID: 38488834 PMCID: PMC10981024 DOI: 10.2196/45860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has well-known and broad health benefits, including antidepressive and anxiolytic effects. However, only approximately half of Americans meet even the minimum exercise recommendations. Individuals with anxiety, depression, or related conditions are even less likely to do so. With the advent of mobile sensors and phones, experts have quickly noted the utility of technology for the enhanced measurement of and intervention for physical activity. In addition to being more accessible than in-person approaches, technology-driven interventions may uniquely engage key mechanisms of behavior change such as self-awareness. OBJECTIVE This study aims to provide a narrative overview and specific recommendations for future research on smartphone-based physical activity interventions for psychological disorders or concerns. METHODS In this paper, we summarized early efforts to adapt and test smartphone-based or smartphone-supported physical activity interventions for mental health. The included articles described or reported smartphone-delivered or smartphone-supported interventions intended to increase physical activity or reduce sedentary behavior and included an emotional disorder, concern, or symptom as an outcome measure. We attempted to extract details regarding the intervention designs, trial designs, study populations, outcome measures, and inclusion of adaptations specifically for mental health. In taking a narrative lens, we drew attention to the type of work that has been done and used these exemplars to discuss key directions to build on. RESULTS To date, most studies have examined mental health outcomes as secondary or exploratory variables largely in the context of managing medical concerns (eg, cancer and diabetes). Few trials have recruited psychiatric populations or explicitly aimed to target psychiatric concerns. Consequently, although there are encouraging signals that smartphone-based physical activity interventions could be feasible, acceptable, and efficacious for individuals with mental illnesses, this remains an underexplored area. CONCLUSIONS Promising avenues for tailoring validated smartphone-based interventions include adding psychoeducation (eg, the relationship between depression, physical activity, and inactivity), offering psychosocial treatment in parallel (eg, cognitive restructuring), and adding personalized coaching. To conclude, we offer specific recommendations for future research, treatment development, and implementation in this area, which remains open and promising for flexible, highly scalable support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emma C Wolfe
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Brynn M Huguenel
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Garcia D, Kazemitabar M, Asgarabad MH. The 18-item Swedish version of Ryff's psychological wellbeing scale: psychometric properties based on classical test theory and item response theory. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1208300. [PMID: 37854148 PMCID: PMC10580072 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1208300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psychological wellbeing is conceptualized as the full engagement and optimal performance in existential challenges of life. Our understanding of psychological wellbeing is important for us humans to survive, adapt, and thrive during the challenges of the 21st century. Hence, the measurement of psychological wellbeing is one cornerstone for the identification and treatment of both mental illness and health promotion. In this context, Ryff operationalized psychological wellbeing as a six-dimensional model of human characteristics: self-acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, personal growth, autonomy, and purpose in life. Ryff's Psychological Wellbeing Scale has been developed and translated into different versions. Here, we examine and describe the psychometric properties of the 18-item Swedish version of Ryff's Psychological Wellbeing Scale using both Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). Methods The data used in the present study was earlier published elsewhere and consists of 768 participants (279 women and 489 men). In addition to the 18-item version of the scale, participants answered the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, and the Background and Health Questionnaire. We examined, the 18-item version's factor structure using different models and its relationship with subjective wellbeing, sociodemographic factors (e.g., education level, gender, age), lifestyle habits (i.e., smoking, frequency of doing exercise, and exercise intensity), and health issues (i.e., pain and sleeping problems). We also analyzed measurement invariance with regard to gender. Moreover, as an addition to the existing literature, we analyzed the properties of the 18 items using Graded Response Model (GRM). Results Although the original six-factor structure showed a good fit, both CTT and IRT indicated that a five-factor model, without the purpose in life subscale, provided a better fit. The results supported the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the 18-item Swedish version. Moreover, invariance testing showed similar measurement precision by the scale across gender. Finally, we found several items, especially the purpose in life's item "I live life one day at a time and do not really think about the future," that might need revision or modification in order to improve measurement. Conclusion A five-factor solution is a valid and reliable measure for the assessment of psychological wellbeing in the general Swedish population. With some modifications, the scale might achieve enough accuracy to measure the more appropriate and correct six-dimensional theoretical framework as detailed by Ryff. Fortunately, Ryff's original version contains 20 items per subscale and should therefore act as a perfect pool of items in this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maryam Kazemitabar
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mojtaba Habibi Asgarabad
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Positive Youth Development Lab, Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Center of Excellence in Cognitive Neuropsychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Santo TJ, Brown JA, Hawkins SA, Whittaker KS, Liu K, Teyhen BDS. Sleep, Activity, and Nutrition Among an Army Sample: Strengths, Deficits, and Demographic Differences. EVALUATION REVIEW 2023; 47:871-894. [PMID: 37019854 DOI: 10.1177/0193841x231166971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep, activity, and nutrition (SAN) are key components in overall health, and an individual's knowledge about and self-confidence to engage in healthy SAN behaviors can have an impact on their actions. This evaluation examined SAN knowledge, self-confidence, and behaviors among U.S. Army Soldiers prior to participating in a health promotion program. Baseline surveys from participating Soldiers provide evidence in this evaluation. U.S. Army Soldiers (N = 11,485) participating in a health promotion program completed surveys. Participants completed an online survey assessing SAN knowledge, self-confidence, and behaviors (among other constructs). We examined the common patterns of SAN behaviors, the associations between them, and the differences based on gender and rank. Knowledge, self-confidence, and behaviors were correlated within each of the three SAN domains. Men reported more aerobic exercise (d = .48) and more resistance training (d = .34) per week than women. Officers reported greater self-confidence in their ability to consume a post-exercise snack (i.e., refuel; d = .38), greater refueling behaviors (d = .43), greater activity knowledge (d = .33), and greater self-confidence in their ability to achieve activity goals (d ranging from .33 to .39), compared to enlisted Soldiers. Finally, greater confidence in one's ability to achieve healthy sleep correlated with getting more sleep, both during workweek (r = .56, p < .001) and weekend (r = .25, p < .001). These baseline data support the need for health promotion of SAN behaviors among these Soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Jackson Santo
- Army Public Health Center, Public Health Assessment Division, US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Jill A Brown
- Army Public Health Center, Public Health Assessment Division, US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Stacy Ann Hawkins
- Research Facilitation Laboratory, Army Analytics Group, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Kerry S Whittaker
- Research Facilitation Laboratory, Army Analytics Group, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Liu
- Research Facilitation Laboratory, Army Analytics Group, Monterey, CA, USA
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4
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Li D, Li L, Zang W, Wang D, Miao C, Li C, Zhou L, Yan J. Effect of physical activity on attention in school-age children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1189443. [PMID: 37576338 PMCID: PMC10415683 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1189443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Attention problems are one of the core symptoms of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Previous studies have shown that physical activity intervention has a positive impact on executive function in children and adolescents with ADHD, but there is limited research on attention problems in school-aged children with ADHD. There are still uncertainties about the appropriate physical activity interventions to improve attention problems in this population. This study conducted a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to physical activity intervention for attention problems in school-aged children with ADHD, providing a certain reference for precise intervention in attention problems for this population. Methods: We systematically searched the following databases up to October 2022: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, to identify RCTs that investigated the effects of physical activity interventions on children with ADHD. Two investigators independently conducted literature screening, extraction, and quality assessment. We performed a meta-analysis using Stata 15.1. Results: In total, we included 10 studies in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that physical activity intervention had a moderate effect in improving attention problems in school-aged children with ADHD (SMD = -0.48, 95% CI: 0.85, -0.07, p < 0.05). Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed that the effect of physical activity intervention was moderated by intervention type, frequency, and period, rather than the physical activity environment or single intervention time. Conclusion: Our study suggests that cognitively engaging exercise is more effective in improving attention problems in school-aged children with ADHD. Specifically, when cognitive-engaging exercise is used as the type of physical activity and the intervention frequency is less than 3 times per week, with an intervention period of less than weeks, it is most beneficial for improving attention problems in school-aged children with ADHD. However, we should also consider individual differences in children with respect to their ADHD symptoms and accurately evaluate each child's specific symptoms before intervention. Systematic Review Registration: identifier (CRD42022363255).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- School of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of International Culture Education, Chodang University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lan Li
- Universuty of Maine at Presque Isle, Presque Isle, ME, United States
| | - Wanli Zang
- Postgraduate School, University of Harbin Sport, Harbin, China
| | - Deng Wang
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Chuyuan Miao
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenmu Li
- School of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Sports and Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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5
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Tamura A, Murayama K, Ishii R, Sakaki M, Tanaka A. The effect of low-intensity exercise on emotional and cognitive engagement in the classroom. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2022; 7:9. [PMID: 35618747 PMCID: PMC9135685 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether engaging in physical exercise during a university class would have beneficial effect on students' learning motivation. One hundred and forty-nine participants took part in a psychology class over nine weeks (one lesson per week); for each lesson, participants engaged in a three-minute physical activity (low-intensity aerobic exercise) or control activity (watching a video), about 20 min after the lesson started. Participants reported higher vigour and lower fatigue during the class when they exercised than when they engaged in control activities. These findings suggest the utility of incorporating a short exercise activity in university settings to enhance students' classroom motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayame Tamura
- University of Human Environments, 6-2 Motojuku-cho Sanbonmatsu, Okazaki-shi, Aichi, 444-3505, Japan.
| | - Kou Murayama
- University of Tübingen, Europastraße 6, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
- University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 217, Reading, RG6 6AH, United Kingdom
| | - Ryo Ishii
- Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara-shi, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
| | - Michiko Sakaki
- University of Tübingen, Europastraße 6, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
- University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 217, Reading, RG6 6AH, United Kingdom
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- University of Human Environments, 6-2 Motojuku-cho Sanbonmatsu, Okazaki-shi, Aichi, 444-3505, Japan
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Sun CW, Wang YJ, Fang YQ, He YQ, Wang X, So BCL, Shum DHK, Yan C. The effect of physical activity on anhedonia in individuals with depressive symptoms. Psych J 2021; 11:214-226. [PMID: 34530499 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of antidepressants has been demonstrated for anhedonia in patients with depression. However, antidepressants may cause side-effects, such as cardiovascular dysfunction. Although physical activity has minor side-effects, it may serve as an alternative for improving anhedonia and depression. We sought to investigate whether physical activity reduces the level of anhedonia in individuals with depression. Fifty-six university students with moderate depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory total score > 16) were divided into three training groups: the Running Group (RG, n = 19), the Stretching Group (SG, n = 19), and the Control Group (n = 18). We employed the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task and the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) to evaluate hedonic capacity. All participants in the RG and SG received 8 weeks of jogging and stretching training, respectively. The RG experienced an increase in the level of arousal during anticipation of a future reward and recalled less negativity towards the loss condition. The SG exhibited enhanced scores on the Anticipatory and Consummatory Pleasure subscales of the TEPS after training. Moreover, in the RG, greater improvements in anticipatory arousal ratings for pleasure and remembered valence ratings for negative affect were associated with longer training duration, lower maximum heart rate, and higher consumed calories during training. To conclude, physical activity is effective in improving anticipatory anhedonia in individuals with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jing Wang
- Department of Psychology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qian He
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Billy C L So
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - David H K Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
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7
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Hunt CA, Smith MT, Mun CJ, Irwin MR, Finan PH. Trait positive affect buffers the association between experimental sleep disruption and inflammation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 129:105240. [PMID: 33975149 PMCID: PMC8314429 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances and insufficient sleep are highly prevalent. Both clinical sleep disorders and multiple forms of experimental sleep loss predict heightened inflammation. As such, it is necessary to investigate potential protective factors. Given that trait positive affect (PA) is associated with reduced inflammation, and buffers the proinflammatory effects of stress, it is possible that high trait positive affect might protect individuals from an inflammatory response to sleep disruption. The present study tested this hypothesis in an experimental sleep disruption paradigm with assessment of cellular inflammation. METHODS Data were drawn from good sleeping adults (n = 79) who participated in a randomized, within-subjects crossover experiment comparing the effects of two nights of sleep disruption versus two nights of uninterrupted sleep. Stimulated monocytic production of intracellular proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assayed using flow cytometric methods and indexed as the percentage of monocytes expressing TNF, IL-6, or co-expressing both. Hypotheses were evaluated using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS Controlling for negative affect, body mass index, age, and sex, PA significantly moderated the associations between sleep condition and stimulated monocyte production of IL-6 (b = -1.03, t = -2.02, p = .048) and its co-expression with TNF (b = -0.93, t = -2.00, p = .049), such that inflammatory responses were blunted among those high in PA with increases principally among those low in PA. The effect on TNF was similar in terms of effect size, but marginally significant. CONCLUSIONS Activation of cellular inflammation in response to sleep disruption is buffered by PA independent of negative affect. Interventions that promote PA might protect persons from the inflammatory activation following sleep loss, with the potential to mitigate the adverse health consequences of sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A. Hunt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael T. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chung Jung Mun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick H. Finan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Perchtold‐Stefan CM, Fink A, Rominger C, Weiss EM, Papousek I. More habitual physical activity is linked to the use of specific, more adaptive cognitive reappraisal strategies in dealing with stressful events. Stress Health 2020; 36:274-286. [PMID: 31957957 PMCID: PMC7497133 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity may improve stress resilience and well-being. However, specific links to individuals' coping abilities with stressful events are sparse. This study tested whether individuals reporting more physical activity in daily life showed a higher capacity for cognitive reappraisal in dealing with potential stressors. Ninety-eight participants reported their regular physical activity in the Freiburger Questionnaire on Physical Activity and completed a maximum performance test of their inventiveness in generating reappraisals for situations depicting real-life stressors. The latter provides scores for overall cognitive reappraisal capacity (quantity of ideas) and preference for specific cognitive reappraisal strategies (quality of ideas; positive reinterpretation; problem-oriented, de-emphasizing reappraisals). Additionally, participants' anxious and depressive dispositions and general creative abilities were assessed. Results showed no association between time spent on physical activities per week and total quantity of generated reappraisal ideas. However, a higher degree of physical activity was specifically linked to a greater relative preference for the reappraisal strategy of positive reinterpretation. Opposite associations emerged for the strategy of de-emphasizing reappraisals. The findings support the notion of more adaptive cognitive reappraisal use in more physically active individuals and may advance research on interrelationships between physical activity and cognitive and affective functions implicated in stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Fink
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
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9
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Schnitker S, Shubert J, Houltberg B, Fernandez N. Bidirectional Associations across Time between Entitativity, Positive Affect, Generosity, and Religiousness in Adolescents Training with a Religiously Affiliated Charity Marathon Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E686. [PMID: 31973070 PMCID: PMC7037786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have established that participation in regular physical activity provides physical, cognitive, and affective benefits to adolescents, but fewer studies have examined how athletic involvement might affect character, social, or religious developmental markers of psychosocial functioning. The purpose of this study is to examine the bidirectional associations between entitativity (group closeness), positive affect, generosity, and religiousness across time among adolescents and emerging adults involved in charitable marathon training. We collected data from 396 adolescents and emerging adults who trained for half/full marathons with a religiously affiliated charity team. Participants completed measures at three occasions over 18 weeks (pre-training, mid-training, post-race). We conducted cross-lagged path analysis of latent factors to study concurrent and longitudinal effects of intrinsic religiousness, positive affectivity, and entitativity on interpersonal generosity and fundraising. Participants who reported higher levels of pre-training generosity were more likely to experience positive affect during training, which predicted higher levels of post-race generosity. Likewise, the internalization of religious ideas, reflected in increased intrinsic religiousness during training, was associated with higher post-race generosity. Overall, results support the potential of charitable sporting events to promote positive psychosocial developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schnitker
- Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
| | - Jennifer Shubert
- Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
| | - Benjamin Houltberg
- Performance Science Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
| | - Nathaniel Fernandez
- University Counseling Center, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, USA;
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10
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Takatori K, Matsumoto D, Miyazaki M, Yamasaki N, Moon JS. The difference between self-perceived and chronological age in the elderly may correlate with general health, personality and the practice of good health behavior: A cross-sectional study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 83:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060841. [PMID: 31212854 PMCID: PMC6617109 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex symptomatology, and core symptoms as well as functional impairment often persist into adulthood. Recent investigations estimate the worldwide prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents to be ~7%, which is a substantial increase compared to a decade ago. Conventional treatment most often includes pharmacotherapy with central nervous stimulants, but the number of non-responders and adverse effects call for treatment alternatives. Exercise has been suggested as a safe and low-cost adjunctive therapy for ADHD and is reported to be accompanied by positive effects on several aspects of cognitive functions in the general child population. Here we review existing evidence that exercise affects cognitive functions in children with and without ADHD and present likely neurophysiological mechanisms of action. We find well-described associations between physical activity and ADHD, as well as causal evidence in the form of small to moderate beneficial effects following acute aerobic exercise on executive functions in children with ADHD. Despite large heterogeneity, meta-analyses find small positive effects of exercise in population-based control (PBC) children, and our extracted effect sizes from long-term interventions suggest consistent positive effects in children and adolescents with ADHD. Paucity of studies probing the effect of different exercise parameters impedes finite conclusions in this regard. Large-scale clinical trials with appropriately timed exercise are needed. In summary, the existing preliminary evidence suggests that exercise can improve cognitive performance intimately linked to ADHD presentations in children with and without an ADHD diagnosis. Based on the findings from both PBC and ADHD children, we cautiously provide recommendations for parameters of exercise.
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12
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Kaspar K, Weber SL, Wilbers AK. Personally relevant online advertisements: Effects of demographic targeting on visual attention and brand evaluation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212419. [PMID: 30768628 PMCID: PMC6377143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global investments in online advertising rise quickly but internet users often avoid looking at ads due to established banner blindness. Demographic targeting is expected to overcome this tendency by attracting users' attention to more self-relevant ad content. However, little is known about the effect of demographically targeted versus non-targeted ads on users' actual attention allocation during exposure to webpages. The present study aimed to further fill this empirical gap by clarifying whether demographic targeting attracts visual attention and to exploratively examine whether it also affects brand attitude and website evaluation, as suggested by previous studies. Eye tracking data revealed that demographic targeting can have medium- to large-sized effects on several eye movement parameters when internet users are in a free-viewing mode. In contrast, demographic targeting did not influence brand attitude and website evaluation. We conclude that attention for personally relevant advertisement can be strong. However, attention, although being a necessary condition for subsequent judgment formation according to the model of human information processing, is not sufficient to elicit positive effects at the level of subjective judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kaspar
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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13
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Okely JA, Čukić I, Shaw RJ, Chastin SF, Dall PM, Deary IJ, Der G, Dontje ML, Skelton DA, Gale CR. Positive and negative well-being and objectively measured sedentary behaviour in older adults: evidence from three cohorts. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 30700261 PMCID: PMC6354406 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sedentary behaviour is related to poorer health independently of time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether wellbeing or symptoms of anxiety or depression predict sedentary behaviour in older adults. Method Participants were drawn from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) (n = 271), and the West of Scotland Twenty-07 1950s (n = 309) and 1930s (n = 118) cohorts. Sedentary outcomes, sedentary time, and number of sit-to-stand transitions, were measured with a three-dimensional accelerometer (activPAL activity monitor) worn for 7 days. In the Twenty-07 cohorts, symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed in 2008 and sedentary outcomes were assessed ~ 8 years later in 2015 and 2016. In the LBC1936 cohort, wellbeing and symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed concurrently with sedentary behaviour in 2015 and 2016. We tested for an association between wellbeing, anxiety or depression and the sedentary outcomes using multivariate regression analysis. Results We observed no association between wellbeing or symptoms of anxiety and the sedentary outcomes. Symptoms of depression were positively associated with sedentary time in the LBC1936 and Twenty-07 1950s cohort, and negatively associated with number of sit-to-stand transitions in the LBC1936. Meta-analytic estimates of the association between depressive symptoms and sedentary time or number of sit-to-stand transitions, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, long-standing illness, and education, were β = 0.11 (95% CI = 0.03, 0.18) and β = − 0.11 (95% CI = − 0.19, −0.03) respectively. Conclusion Our findings indicate that depressive symptoms are positively associated with sedentary behavior. Future studies should investigate the causal direction of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Okely
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Iva Čukić
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sebastien F Chastin
- Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippa M Dall
- Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Geoff Der
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Manon L Dontje
- Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dawn A Skelton
- Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Young KC, Machell KA, Kashdan TB, Westwater ML. The cascade of positive events: Does exercise on a given day increase the frequency of additional positive events? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Murdock KW, LeRoy AS, Fagundes CP. Early-life Socio-economic Status and Adult Health: The Role of Positive Affect. Stress Health 2017; 33:190-198. [PMID: 27443423 PMCID: PMC5253328 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to develop a further understanding of the relationship between early-life socio-economic status (SES) and adult health disparities. This was accomplished through evaluation of state indicators of positive and negative affect as mechanisms through which early-life SES was associated with susceptibility to a rhinovirus (i.e. the common cold). Analyses were conducted among 286 adults in a viral challenge study in which participants were exposed to a rhinovirus via nasal drops and cold symptoms were evaluated over a period of 5 days. Participant age, body mass index, sex, education, ethnicity, pre-challenge virus-specific antibody titres and subjective adult SES, along with virus type and season of participation, were included as covariates. Early-life SES was associated with cold incidence through state positive affect, but not state negative affect. In addition, contrast analysis indicated that the indirect effect through state positive affect was stronger than the indirect effect through state negative affect. Findings provide further support for early-life SES being an important variable associated with adult health, and that state self-reported positive affect may be an underlying mechanism associated with susceptibility to rhinoviruses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angie S. LeRoy
- Rice University, Houston, TX USA,University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christopher P. Fagundes
- Rice University, Houston, TX USA,Correspondence: Christopher Fagundes, Rice University, BRC 780D, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Different forms of conscious and planned physical exercise and activity that individuals perform improve not only physical but also psychological health, well-being, and both physical and intellectual performance. Here we put forward and test the predictive validity of the Archer-Garcia Ratio, a brief measure for exercise frequency computed using participants' responses to two questions. METHOD The participants (N = 158) were recruited from a training facility in the south of Sweden. The Archer-Garcia Ratio was constructed by standardizing (i.e., z-scores) and then summarizing individuals' responses to two questions: "How often do you exercise?" (1 = never, 5 = 5 times/week or more) and "Estimate the level of effort when you exercise" (1 = none or very low, 10 = very high). Participants responded also to the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire and allowed the collection of electronic data to track the number of times they had trained six months before and both six and twelve months after the survey. RESULTS The Archer-Garcia Ratio predicted, moderately, how often individuals had trained during the six months before and both six months and twelve months after the survey. CONCLUSION The Archer-Garcia Ratio is a brief and valid self-report measure that can be used to predict actual retrospective and prospective exercise behavior. It offers a simple and straightforward form to estimate adherence, compliance and propensities of peoples' exercise habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Blekinge Centre of Competence, Blekinge County Council, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thiago Medeiros da Costa Daniele
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Laboratório do sono e ritmos biológicos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil
| | - Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden
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Teixeira DS, Palmeira AL. Needs Satisfaction Effect on Exercise Emotional Response: A Serial Mediation Analysis with Motivational Regulations and Exercise Intensity. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201600040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - António Labisa Palmeira
- Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Portugal; Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Davids EL, Roman NV, Kerchhoff LJ. Adolescent goals and aspirations in search of psychological well-being: from the perspective of self-determination theory. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246316653744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to self-determination theory, an individual’s goal content and the processes involved in goal setting often represent the status of the individual’s mental health and well-being. When examining the importance placed on goal setting, an individual’s goals and aspirations are often synonymous with mental health and well-being. Aspiring to achieve intrinsic life goals has been associated with greater psychological well-being in literature. This study therefore aimed to establish the relationships between goals and aspirations, mental health behaviour (interpersonal relations, stress management, and spiritual growth), and psychological well-being (measured by positive affect). A sample of 457 secondary school learners in the Overberg Educational District, Western Cape, South Africa, participated in the study. The results suggest a significant positive relationship between placing importance on intrinsic goals and aspirations, and psychological well-being (as indicated by positive affect). However, psychological well-being was not correlated with mental health behaviour. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis suggest that importance placed on intrinsic goals and aspirations predicts psychological well-being and accounts for 8% of the variance. The results highlight the role of intrinsic goals and aspirations in predicting the psychological well-being of adolescents. The findings are supported by the theoretical assumptions of self-determination theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lee Davids
- Child and Family Studies Programme, Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Nicolette Vanessa Roman
- Child and Family Studies Programme, Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lynn Joy Kerchhoff
- Child and Family Studies Programme, Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
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Effects of Moderate Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Abilities and Redox State Biomarkers in Older Adults. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2545168. [PMID: 27195073 PMCID: PMC4852338 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2545168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We used a moderate aerobic exercise program for 24 weeks to measure the positive impact of physical activity on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and its association with cognitive performance in healthy older adults. A total of 100 healthy subjects (65–95 Yrs) were randomly classified into two groups: control group (n = 50) and exercise group (n = 50). Cognitive functioning, physical activity score, MDA, 8-OHdG, TAC, and hs-CRP were assessed using LOTCA battery, prevalidated PA questionnaire, and immunoassay techniques. LOTCA 7-set scores of cognitive performance showed a significant correlation with physical activity status and the regulation of both oxidative stress free radicals and inflammatory markers in all older subjects following 24 weeks of moderate exercise. Physically active persons showed a higher cognitive performance along with reduction in the levels of MDA, 8-OHdG, and hs-CRP and increase in TAC activity compared with sedentary participants. Cognitive performance correlated positively with the increase in TAC activity and physical fitness scores and negatively with MDA, 8-OHdG, and hs-CRP, respectively. There was a significant improvement in motor praxis, vasomotor organization, thinking operations, and attention and concentration among older adults. In conclusion, moderate aerobic training for 24 weeks has a positive significant effect in improving cognitive functions via modulating redox and inflammatory status of older adults.
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Evaluating Emotional Well-Being after a Short-Term Traditional Yoga Practice Approach in Yoga Practitioners with an Existing Western-Type Yoga Practice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7216982. [PMID: 27123033 PMCID: PMC4829792 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7216982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of a traditional yoga practice approach (morning daily practice, TY) compared to that of a Western yoga practice approach (once-twice weekly, evening practice, WY) on determinants of emotional well-being. To that end, in a pre/posttest between-subject design, measures of positive (PA) and negative affect (NA), mindfulness, perceived stress, and arousal states were taken in 24 healthy participants (20 women; mean age: 30.5, SD = 8.1 years) with an already existing WY practice, who either maintained WY or underwent a 2-week, five-times-per-week morning practice (TY). While WY participants maintained baseline values for all measures taken, TY participants showed significant beneficial changes for PA, NA, and mindfulness and a trend for improved ability to cope with stress at the completion of the intervention. Furthermore, TY participants displayed decreased subjective energy and energetic arousal. Altogether, findings indicate that the 2-week TY is beneficial over WY for improving perceived emotional well-being. The present findings (1) undermine and inspire a careful consideration and utilization of yoga practice approach to elicit the best benefits for emotional well-being and (2) support yoga as an evidence-based practice among healthy yoga practitioners.
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Garcia D, Jimmefors A, Mousavi F, Adrianson L, Rosenberg P, Archer T. Self-regulatory mode (locomotion and assessment), well-being (subjective and psychological), and exercise behavior (frequency and intensity) in relation to high school pupils' academic achievement. PeerJ 2015; 3:e847. [PMID: 25861553 PMCID: PMC4389278 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Self-regulation is the procedure implemented by an individual striving to reach a goal and consists of two inter-related strategies: assessment and locomotion. Moreover, both subjective and psychological well-being along exercise behaviour might also play a role on adolescents academic achievement. Method. Participants were 160 Swedish high school pupils (111 boys and 49 girls) with an age mean of 17.74 (sd = 1.29). We used the Regulatory Mode Questionnaire to measure self-regulation strategies (i.e., locomotion and assessment). Well-being was measured using Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales short version, the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule. Exercise behaviour was self-reported using questions pertaining to frequency and intensity of exercise compliance. Academic achievement was operationalized through the pupils’ mean value of final grades in Swedish, Mathematics, English, and Physical Education. Both correlation and regressions analyses were conducted. Results. Academic achievement was positively related to assessment, well-being, and frequent/intensive exercise behaviour. Assessment was, however, negatively related to well-being. Locomotion on the other hand was positively associated to well-being and also to exercise behaviour. Conclusions. The results suggest a dual (in)direct model to increase pupils’ academic achievement and well-being—assessment being directly related to higher academic achievement, while locomotion is related to frequently exercising and well-being, which in turn, increase academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden
| | - Alexander Jimmefors
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden ; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | | | - Lillemor Adrianson
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden ; The Academy of Library, Information, Pedagogy and Information Technology, University of Borås , Borås , Sweden
| | | | - Trevor Archer
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden ; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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22
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Archer T, Garcia D. Exercise and Dietary Restriction for Promotion of Neurohealth Benefits. Health (London) 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2015.71016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Garcia D, Archer T. Positive affect and age as predictors of exercise compliance. PeerJ 2014; 2:e694. [PMID: 25548730 PMCID: PMC4273932 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is linked to individuals whose affect profiles are invariably positive and it induces anti-apoptotic and anti-excitotoxic effects, buttressing blood–brain barrier intactness in both healthy individuals and those suffering from disorders accompanying overweight and obesity. In this regard, exercise offers a unique non-pharmacologic, non-invasive intervention that incorporates different regimes, whether dynamic or static, endurance, or resistance. In this brief report we present a self-reported study carried out on an adolescent and adult population (N = 280, 144 males and 136 females), which indicated that the propensity and compliance for exercise, measured as the “Archer ratio”, was predicted by a positive affect. This association is discussed from the perspective of health, well-being, affect dimensions, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden
| | - Trevor Archer
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden ; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Rapp Ricciardi M, Åkerman J, Eerikäinen P, Ambjörnsson A, Andersson Arntén AC, Mihailovic M, Archer T, Garcia D. Understanding Group and Leader (UGL) trainers' personality characteristics and affective profiles. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1191. [PMID: 25374553 PMCID: PMC4204454 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Understanding Group and Leader (UGL), provided by the Swedish National Defense College and mentored by UGL-trainers, is one of the most popular management programs among civilians in Sweden. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the training. We used the affective profile model (i.e., the combination of positive, PA, and negative affect, NA) to mapp important markers of empowerment, self-awareness, adaptive coping skills, and maturity among the UGL-trainers. The aims were: (1) to compare profiles between UGL-trainers and managers/supervisors and (2) to investigate differences in personal characteristics. METHOD UGL-trainers (N = 153) and the comparison group (104 Swedish Chiefs of Police) completed an online survey on optimism, self-esteem, locus of control, and affect. The four profiles are: self-fulfilling (high PA, low NA), high affective (high PA, high NA), low affective (high PA, low NA), and self-destructive (low PA, high NA). RESULTS The self-fulfilling profile was more common among UGL-trainers (25.70%) than among Chiefs of Police (19.20%). UGL-trainers, compared to Chiefs of Police, were more likely to express a self-fulling than a low affective profile (OR = 2.22, p < 0.05) and a high affective than a low affective profile (OR = 1.43, p < 0.001). UGL-trainers with a self-fulfilling profile, compared to those with a self-destructive profile, scored higher in optimism, higher in self-esteem, and lower in external locus of control. CONCLUSIONS The probability of self-fulfillment rather than low affectivity was higher among UGL-trainers. Self-fulfillment was associated to markers of self-awareness and adaptive coping skills. However, the most common profile was the low affective, which is associated to low performance during stress, low degree of personal development, low degree of purpose in life, and low resilience. Hence, it might be important for UGL-trainers to have a continuous training in awareness after certification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Rapp Ricciardi
- Department of Psychology, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
- Network for Empowerment and Well-BeingGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Åkerman
- Department of Psychology, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Eerikäinen
- Department of Psychology, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Ambjörnsson
- Department of Psychology, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
- Network for Empowerment and Well-BeingGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Andersson Arntén
- Network for Empowerment and Well-BeingGothenburg, Sweden
- Office of the National Police Commissioner, National Police BoardStockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
- Network for Empowerment and Well-BeingGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Danilo Garcia
- Network for Empowerment and Well-BeingGothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
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Moradi S, Nima AA, Rapp Ricciardi M, Archer T, Garcia D. Exercise, character strengths, well-being, and learning climate in the prediction of performance over a 6-month period at a call center. Front Psychol 2014; 5:497. [PMID: 25002853 PMCID: PMC4066948 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Performance monitoring might have an adverse influence on call center agents' well-being. We investigate how performance, over a 6-month period, is related to agents' perceptions of their learning climate, character strengths, well-being (subjective and psychological), and physical activity. Method: Agents (N = 135) self-reported perception of the learning climate (Learning Climate Questionnaire), character strengths (Values In Action Inventory Short Version), well-being (Positive Affect, Negative Affect Schedule, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Psychological Well-Being Scales Short Version), and how often/intensively they engaged in physical activity. Performance, “time on the phone,” was monitored for 6 consecutive months by the same system handling the calls. Results: Performance was positively related to having opportunities to develop, the character strengths clusters of Wisdom and Knowledge (e.g., curiosity for learning, perspective) and Temperance (e.g., having self-control, being prudent, humble, and modest), and exercise frequency. Performance was negatively related to the sense of autonomy and responsibility, contentedness, the character strengths clusters of Humanity and Love (e.g., helping others, cooperation) and Justice (e.g., affiliation, fairness, leadership), positive affect, life satisfaction and exercise Intensity. Conclusion: Call centers may need to create opportunities to develop to increase agents' performance and focus on individual differences in the recruitment and selection of agents to prevent future shortcomings or worker dissatisfaction. Nevertheless, performance measurement in call centers may need to include other aspects that are more attuned with different character strengths. After all, allowing individuals to put their strengths at work should empower the individual and at the end the organization itself. Finally, physical activity enhancement programs might offer considerable positive work outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Moradi
- Department of Management, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand ; Network for Empowerment and Well-Being Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ali A Nima
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being Gothenburg, Sweden ; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Max Rapp Ricciardi
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being Gothenburg, Sweden ; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trevor Archer
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being Gothenburg, Sweden ; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Danilo Garcia
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being Gothenburg, Sweden ; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
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Regular Exercise Is Strongly Associated With Anticipated Success for Reducing Health Risks. J Ambul Care Manage 2014; 37:273-6. [DOI: 10.1097/01.jac.0000450881.58195.6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Anxiety, affect, self-esteem, and stress: mediation and moderation effects on depression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73265. [PMID: 24039896 PMCID: PMC3767811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mediation analysis investigates whether a variable (i.e., mediator) changes in regard to an independent variable, in turn, affecting a dependent variable. Moderation analysis, on the other hand, investigates whether the statistical interaction between independent variables predict a dependent variable. Although this difference between these two types of analysis is explicit in current literature, there is still confusion with regard to the mediating and moderating effects of different variables on depression. The purpose of this study was to assess the mediating and moderating effects of anxiety, stress, positive affect, and negative affect on depression. Methods Two hundred and two university students (males = 93, females = 113) completed questionnaires assessing anxiety, stress, self-esteem, positive and negative affect, and depression. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted using techniques based on standard multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses. Main Findings The results indicated that (i) anxiety partially mediated the effects of both stress and self-esteem upon depression, (ii) that stress partially mediated the effects of anxiety and positive affect upon depression, (iii) that stress completely mediated the effects of self-esteem on depression, and (iv) that there was a significant interaction between stress and negative affect, and between positive affect and negative affect upon depression. Conclusion The study highlights different research questions that can be investigated depending on whether researchers decide to use the same variables as mediators and/or moderators.
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Garcia D, Kerekes N, Archer T. A will and a proper way leading to happiness: Self-Directedness Mediates the Effect of Persistence on Positive Affectivity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Temperament, character, and adolescents' depressive symptoms: focusing on affect. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:925372. [PMID: 22844588 PMCID: PMC3403316 DOI: 10.1155/2012/925372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) are two separate systems markers of subjective well-being and measures of the state depression (low PA combined with high NA). The present study investigated differences in temperament, character, locus of control, and depressive symptoms (sleep quality, stress, and lack of energy) between affective profiles in an adolescent sample. Participants (N = 304) were categorized into four affective profiles: "self-fulfilling" (high PA, low NA), "high affective" (high PA, high NA), "low affective" (low PA, low NA), and "self-destructive" (low PA, high NA). Personality was measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory and affective profiles by the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule. The "self-fulfilling" profile was characterized by, compared to the other affective profiles, higher levels of sleep quality, less stress and more energy and also higher levels of persistence and a mature character (i.e., high scores in self-directedness and cooperativeness). "Self-destructive" adolescents reported higher levels of external locus of control, high scores in harm avoidance and reward dependence combined with less mature character. The results identify the importance of character maturity in well-being and suggest that depressive state can be positively influenced by promoting positive emotions which appears to be achieved by character development.
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