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Rozi IE, Permana DH, Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Zubaidah S, Risandi R, Wangsamuda S, Dewayanti FK, Demetouw MR, Mabui S, Robaha MMF, Sumiwi ME, Bangs MJ, Lobo NF, Hawley WA, Syafruddin D. Rapid entomological assessment in eight high malaria endemic regencies in Papua Province revealed the presence of indoor and outdoor malaria transmissions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14603. [PMID: 38918533 PMCID: PMC11199675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria in eastern Indonesia remains high despite significant reduction and elimination in other parts of the country. A rapid entomological assessment was conducted in eight high malaria endemic regencies of Papua Province, Indonesia, to expedite malaria elimination efforts in this region. This study aims to characterize specific, actionable endpoints toward understanding where and when malaria transmission is happening, where interventions may function best, and identify gaps in protection that result in continued transmission. The entomological assessment included identifying potential vectors through human landing catch (HLC), indoor morning and night resting collections, identification of larval sites through surveillance of water bodies, and vector incrimination toward understanding exposure to malaria transmission. Human landing catches (HLCs) and larval collections identified 10 Anopheles species, namely Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles punctulatus, Anopheles farauti, Anopheles hinesorum, Anopheles longirostris, Anopheles peditaeniatus, Anopheles tesselatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles kochi. The most common and abundant species found overall were An. koliensis and An. punctulatus, while An. farauti was found in large numbers in the coastal areas of Mimika and Sarmi Regencies. Vector incrimination on Anopheles collected from HLCs and night indoor resting demonstrated that An. koliensis and An. punctulatus carried Plasmodium in Keerom, Jayapura, and Sarmi Regencies. Analysis of HLCs for the most common species revealed that the An. koliensis and An. punctulatus, bite indoors and outdoors at equal rates, while An. farauti predominantly bite outdoors. Larval surveillance demonstrated that most water bodies in and surrounding residential areas contained Anopheles larvae. This study demonstrated indoor and outdoor exposure to mosquito bites and gaps in protection, enabling exposure to infectious bites in all regencies. This explains why current malaria control efforts focusing on indoor protection have failed to substantially reduce malaria incidence in the region. Optimization of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), as well as installment of mosquito screens in houses, may further reduce indoor transmission. For outdoor transmission, the use of community-centric approaches to reduce or eliminate larval sources within and surrounding the village through the guidance of locally stationed entomologists, along with Social and Behavior Change mediated health education towards the local adoption of mosquito protection tools during outdoor activities, may reduce malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail E Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dendi H Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Puji B S Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Suradi Wangsamuda
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Farahana K Dewayanti
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | | | - Silas Mabui
- Papua Province Health Office, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Maria E Sumiwi
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Michael J Bangs
- PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Freeport Medical Services, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - William A Hawley
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center (HUMRC), Makassar, Indonesia.
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Máquina M, Opiyo MA, Cuamba N, Marrenjo D, Rodrigues M, Armando S, Nhate S, Luis F, Saúte F, Candrinho B, Lobo NF, Paaijmans KP. Multiple Anopheles species complicate downstream analysis and decision-making in a malaria pre-elimination area in southern Mozambique. Malar J 2024; 23:23. [PMID: 38238774 PMCID: PMC10797956 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different anopheline species (even within a species group/complex) can differ in their feeding and resting behaviours, which impact both malaria transmission patterns as well as the efficacy of vector control interventions. While morphological identification of sampled specimens is an important first step towards understanding species diversity and abundance, misidentification can result in the implementation of less effective vector control measures, and consequently smaller reductions in the number of local malaria cases. Focusing on southern Mozambique, a malaria pre-elimination area where malaria remains persistent, the aims of this preliminary study were to use molecular identification (CO1 and ITS2 barcoding) to (1) validate the results from the morphological identification (with a particular focus on Anopheles pharoensis and Anopheles squamosus), and (2) have a closer look at the Anopheles coustani group (which includes Anopheles tenebrosus and Anopheles ziemanni). METHODS Female anopheline mosquitoes (n = 81) were identified morphologically and subsequently sequenced at the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and/or cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) loci towards species determination. RESULTS Out of the 62 specimens that were identified morphologically to species, 4 (6.5%) were misidentified. Regarding the An. coustani group, morphological identification showed that several members are present in southern Mozambique, including An. coustani sensu lato (s.l.), An. ziemanni and An. tenebrosus. However, based on both ITS2 and CO1 sequences, the exact species remains unknown for the latter two members until voucher sequences are available for comparison. CONCLUSION The reason(s) for morphological misidentification of anopheline mosquitoes need to be mitigated. This is usually related to both the capacity (i.e. training) of the microscopist to identify anopheline species, and the information provided in the dichotomous identification key. As the An. coustani complex contributes to (residual) malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, it may play a role in the observed persistent malaria in southern Mozambique. A better baseline characterizing of the local anophelines species diversity and behaviours will allow us to improve entomological surveillance strategies, better understand the impact of vector control on each local vector species, and identify new approaches to target those vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Máquina
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
| | - Mercy A Opiyo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nelson Cuamba
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Dulcisária Marrenjo
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Sheila Nhate
- Maputo Provincial Health Service, Matola, Mozambique
| | - Fabião Luis
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
| | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
| | - Baltazar Candrinho
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Krijn P Paaijmans
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique.
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Walker T. Detection of Natural Wolbachia Strains in Anopheles Mosquitoes. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2739:205-218. [PMID: 38006554 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3553-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium that naturally infects many insect species, including mosquitoes that transmit human diseases. Wolbachia strains have been shown to inhibit the transmission of both arboviruses and malaria Plasmodium parasites. The existence of natural strains in wild Anopheles (An.) mosquitoes, the vectors of malaria parasites, in an endosymbiotic relationship is still to be fully determined. Although Wolbachia has been reported to be present in wild populations of the An. gambiae complex, the primary vectors of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa, Wolbachia DNA sequence density and infection frequencies are low. As most studies have used highly sensitive nested PCR as the only detection method, more robust evidence is required to determine whether Wolbachia strains are established as endosymbionts in Anopheles species. Techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridization, microbiome sequencing, and Wolbachia whole genome sequencing have provided concrete evidence for genuine Wolbachia strains in two mosquito species: An. moucheti and An. demeilloni. In this chapter, the current methodology used to determine if resident strains exist in Anopheles mosquitoes will be reviewed, including both PCR- and non-PCR-based protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walker
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Owino EA. Kenya must wake up to the threat of cryptic Anopheles species and their impact on residual malaria transmission. J Vector Borne Dis 2024; 61:1-4. [PMID: 38648401 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.392264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major health problem in Kenya despite the huge efforts put in place to control it. The non-relenting malaria threat has partly been attributed to residual malaria transmission driven by vectors that cannot effectively be controlled by the two popularly applied control methods: long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Reports indicate that residual transmission is widely spread in areas where malaria is endemic. This could mean that the World Health Organization's vision of a world free of malaria remains a mirage as elimination and prevention of re-establishment of malaria are rendered unachievable. Amongst the major contributors to residual malaria transmission are cryptic rare species, species of mosquitoes that are morphologically indistinguishable, but isolated genetically, that have not been the focus of malaria control programs. Recent studies have reported extensive new Anopheles cryptic species believed to be involved in malaria transmission in Kenya. This underscores the need to understand these malaria vector species, their distribution and bionomics and their impact on malaria transmission. This article discusses reports of these cryptic species, their importance to malaria transmission, especially in the arid and semi-arid areas, and what can be done to mitigate the situation.
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Hadebe MT, Malgwi SA, Okpeku M. Revolutionizing Malaria Vector Control: The Importance of Accurate Species Identification through Enhanced Molecular Capacity. Microorganisms 2023; 12:82. [PMID: 38257909 PMCID: PMC10818655 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Many factors, such as the resistance to pesticides and a lack of knowledge of the morphology and molecular structure of malaria vectors, have made it more challenging to eradicate malaria in numerous malaria-endemic areas of the globe. The primary goal of this review is to discuss malaria vector control methods and the significance of identifying species in vector control initiatives. This was accomplished by reviewing methods of molecular identification of malaria vectors and genetic marker classification in relation to their use for species identification. Due to its specificity and consistency, molecular identification is preferred over morphological identification of malaria vectors. Enhanced molecular capacity for species identification will improve mosquito characterization, leading to accurate control strategies/treatment targeting specific mosquito species, and thus will contribute to malaria eradication. It is crucial for disease epidemiology and surveillance to accurately identify the Plasmodium spp. that are causing malaria in patients. The capacity for disease surveillance will be significantly increased by the development of more accurate, precise, automated, and high-throughput diagnostic techniques. In conclusion, although morphological identification is quick and achievable at a reduced cost, molecular identification is preferred for specificity and sensitivity. To achieve the targeted malaria elimination goal, proper identification of vectors using accurate techniques for effective control measures should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Afrane YA, Abdulai A, Mohammed AR, Akuamoah-Boateng Y, Owusu-Asenso CM, Sraku IK, Yanney SA, Malm K, Lobo NF. First detection of Anopheles stephensi in Ghana using molecular surveillance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569589. [PMID: 38076990 PMCID: PMC10705536 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The invasive Anopheles stephensi mosquito has been rapidly expanding in range in Africa over the last decade, spreading from the Indian sub-continent to several East African countries (Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia and Kenya) and now in West Africa, Nigeria. The rapid expansion of this invasive vector poses a major threat to current malaria control and elimination efforts. In line with the WHO's strategy to stop the spread of this invasive species by enhancing surveillance and control measures in Africa, we incorporated morphological and molecular surveillance of An. stephensi into routine entomological surveillance of malaria vectors in the city of Accra, Ghana. Here, we report on the first detection of An. stephensi in Ghana. An. stephensi mosquitoes were confirmed using PCR and sequencing of the ITS2 regions. These findings highlight the urgent need for increased surveillance and response strategies to mitigate the spread of An. stephensi in Ghana.
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Permana DH, Hasmiwati, Suryandari DA, Rozi IE, Syahrani L, Setiadi W, Irawati N, Rizaldi, Wangsamuda S, Yusuf Y, Irdayanti, Aswad H, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D. The potential for zoonotic malaria transmission in five areas of Indonesia inhabited by non-human primates. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:267. [PMID: 37550692 PMCID: PMC10405420 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indonesia is home to many species of non-human primates (NHPs). Deforestation, which is still ongoing in Indonesia, has substantially reduced the habitat of NHPs in the republic. This has led to an intensification of interactions between NHPs and humans, which opens up the possibility of pathogen spillover. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malarial parasite infections in NHPs in five provinces of Indonesia in 2022. Species of the genus Anopheles that can potentially transmit malarial pathogens to humans were also investigated. METHODS An epidemiological survey was conducted by capturing NHPs in traps installed in several localities in the five provinces, including in the surroundings of a wildlife sanctuary. Blood samples were drawn aseptically after the NHPs had been anesthetized; the animals were released after examination. Blood smears were prepared on glass slides, and dried blood spot tests on filter paper. Infections with Plasmodium spp. were determined morphologically from the blood smears, which were stained with Giemsa solution, and molecularly through polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing using rplU oligonucleotides. The NHPs were identified to species level by using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 gene as barcoding DNA markers. Mosquito surveillance included the collection of larvae from breeding sites and that of adults through the human landing catch (HLC) method together with light traps. RESULTS Analysis of the DNA extracted from the dried blood spot tests of the 110 captured NHPs revealed that 50% were positive for Plasmodium, namely Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium sp. Prevalence determined by microscopic examination of the blood smears was 42%. Species of the primate genus Macaca and family Hylobatidae were identified by molecular analysis. The most common mosquito breeding sites were ditches, puddles and natural ponds. Some of the Anopheles letifer captured through HLC carried sporozoites of malaria parasites that can cause the disease in primates. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of malaria in the NHPs was high. Anopheles letifer, a potential vector of zoonotic malaria, was identified following its collection in Central Kalimantan by the HLC method. In sum, the potential for the transmission of zoonotic malaria in several regions of Indonesia is immense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dendi Hadi Permana
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Hasmiwati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Anita Suryandari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Ismail Ekoprayitno Rozi
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wuryantari Setiadi
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Nuzulia Irawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Rizaldi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Suradi Wangsamuda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Yenni Yusuf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Irdayanti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Hijral Aswad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Puji Budi Setia Asih
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
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Al-Amin HM, Rodriguez I, Phru CS, Khan WA, Haque R, Nahlen BL, Burton TA, Alam MS, Lobo NF. Composition of Anopheles species and bionomic characteristics over the peak malaria transmission season in Bandarban, Bangladesh. Malar J 2023; 22:176. [PMID: 37280591 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint efforts by government and non-government organizations have helped to reduce malaria in Bangladesh and set the country on a clear path to eventual malaria elimination. However, achieving that goal would be challenging without a comprehensive understanding of vector bionomics. METHODS Targeted capturing of Anopheles mosquitoes over a rainy season, utilizing specific sampling methods, including human landing catches (HLCs), CDC-light traps (CDC-LTs), and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) were aimed to characterize entomological drivers of transmission in four sites of Bandarban, Bangladesh. RESULTS Molecular characterization of a subset of 4637 mosquitoes has demonstrated the presence of at least 17 species whose capture rates were representative of the rainy season. Species compositions and bionomic traits did not vary between sites with Anopheles maculatus having the highest landing rate by HLCs and Anopheles vagus having the highest capture rate with CDC-LTs. Interestingly, Anopheles species compositions and capture rates varied significantly (p < 0.05) for An. vagus, between HLCs and its often-used proxy-CDC-LTs- suggesting impacts on downstream analysis. CDC-LTs capture rates demonstrated differing compositions with indoor and outdoor biting rates. For example, Anopheles nigerrimus and Anopheles nivipes were more endophagic by HLCs and more exophagic by CDC-LTs. The use of a cow-baited CDC-LT also demonstrated significantly different results when compared to a human-baited CDC-LT considering the high degree of anthropophily in these species. The exception to both zoophily and indoor resting was An. vagus, which demonstrated both anthropophily and high resting rates indoors-pointing to this species being a possible primary vector at this site. CONCLUSION A diverse Anopheles fauna in Bandarban has been confirmed through molecular methods, highlighting the potential impact of sampling techniques. Given the complexity of the local ecosystem, a better understanding of mosquito behaviour and ecology is required to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Isabella Rodriguez
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ching Swe Phru
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bernard L Nahlen
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Burton TA, Kabinga LH, Simubali L, Hayre Q, Moore SJ, Stevenson JC, Lobo NF. Semi-field evaluation of a volatile transfluthrin-based intervention reveals efficacy as a spatial repellent and evidence of other modes of action. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285501. [PMID: 37167335 PMCID: PMC10174509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently, the most common malaria control tools-i.e., long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)-are limited to targeting indoor biting and resting behaviors of Anopheles mosquito species. Few interventions are targeted towards malaria control in areas where transmission is driven or persists due to outdoor biting behaviors. This study investigated a volatile pyrethroid-based spatial repellent (VPSR) designed to bridge this gap and provide protection from mosquito bites in outdoor spaces. Southern Province, Zambia, is one such environment where outdoor biting is suspected to contribute to malaria transmission, where people are active in the evening in open-walled outdoor kitchens. This study assessed the VPSR in replica kitchens within a controlled semi-field environment. Endpoints included effects on mosquito host seeking, immediate and delayed mortality, deterrence, blood feeding inhibition, and fertility. Host-seeking was reduced by approximately 40% over the course of nightly releases in chambers containing VPSR devices. Mosquito behavior was not uniform throughout the night, and the modeled effect of the intervention was considerably higher when hourly catch rates were considered. These two observations highlight a limitation of this overnight semi-field design and consideration of mosquito circadian rhythms is recommended for future semi-field studies. Additionally, deterrence and immediate mortality were both observed in treatment chambers, with evidence of delayed mortality and a dose related response. These results demonstrate a primarily personal protective mode of action with possible positive and negative community effects. Further investigation into this primary mode of action will be conducted through a field trial of the same product in nearby communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | | | | | - Quinton Hayre
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health, and Ecological Sciences, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Choma District, Zambia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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Mwema T, Lukubwe O, Joseph R, Maliti D, Iitula I, Katokele S, Uusiku P, Walusimbi D, Ogoma SB, Tambo M, Gueye CS, Williams YA, Vajda E, Tatarsky A, Eiseb SJ, Mumbengegwi DR, Lobo NF. Human and vector behaviors determine exposure to Anopheles in Namibia. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:436. [PMID: 36397152 PMCID: PMC9673320 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the Republic of Namibia has significantly reduced malaria transmission, regular outbreaks and persistent transmission impede progress towards elimination. Towards an understanding of the protective efficacy, as well as gaps in protection, associated with long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), human and Anopheles behaviors were evaluated in parallel in three malaria endemic regions, Kavango East, Ohangwena and Zambezi, using the Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool to answer the question: where and when are humans being exposed to bites of Anopheles mosquitoes? Methods Surveillance activities were conducted during the malaria transmission season in March 2018 for eight consecutive nights. Four sentinel structures per site were selected, and human landing catches and human behavior observations were consented to for a total of 32 collection nights per site. The selected structures were representative of local constructions (with respect to building materials and size) and were at least 100 m from each other. For each house where human landing catches were undertaken, a two-person team collected mosquitoes from 1800 to 0600 hours. Results Surveillance revealed the presence of the primary vectors Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles funestus s.s., along with secondary vectors (Anopheles coustani sensu lato and Anopheles squamosus), with both indoor and outdoor biting behaviors based on the site. Site-specific human behaviors considerably increased human exposure to vector biting. The interaction between local human behaviors (spatial and temporal presence alongside LLIN use) and vector behaviors (spatial and temporal host seeking), and also species composition, dictated where and when exposure to infectious bites occurred, and showed that exposure was primarily indoors in Kavango East (78.6%) and outdoors in Ohangwena (66.7%) and Zambezi (81.4%). Human behavior-adjusted exposure was significantly different from raw vector biting rate. Conclusions Increased LLIN use may significantly increase protection and reduce exposure to malaria, but may not be enough to eliminate the disease, as gaps in protection will remain both indoors (when people are awake and not using LLINs) and outdoors. Alternative interventions are required to address these exposure gaps. Focused and question-based operational entomological surveillance together with human behavioral observations may considerably improve our understanding of transmission dynamics as well as intervention efficacy and gaps in protection. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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11
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Fernández Montoya L, Martí-Soler H, Máquina M, Comiche K, Cuamba I, Alafo C, Koekemoer LL, Sherrard-Smith E, Bassat Q, Galatas B, Aide P, Cuamba N, Jotamo D, Saúte F, Paaijmans KP. The mosquito vectors that sustained malaria transmission during the Magude project despite the combined deployment of indoor residual spraying, insecticide-treated nets and mass-drug administration. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271427. [PMID: 36084031 PMCID: PMC9462736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The "Magude project" aimed but failed to interrupt local malaria transmission in Magude district, southern Mozambique, by using a comprehensive package of interventions, including indoor residual spraying (IRS), pyrethroid-only long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) and mass-drug administration (MDA). Here we present detailed information on the vector species that sustained malaria transmission, their association with malaria incidence and behaviors, and their amenability to the implemented control interventions. Mosquitoes were collected monthly between May 2015 and October 2017 in six sentinel sites in Magude district, using CDC light traps both indoors and outdoors. Anopheles arabiensis was the main vector during the project, while An. funestus s.s., An. merus, An. parensis and An. squamosus likely played a secondary role. The latter two species have never previously been found positive for Plasmodium falciparum in southern Mozambique. The intervention package successfully reduced vector sporozoite rates in all species throughout the project. IRS was effective in controlling An. funestus s.s. and An. parensis, which virtually disappeared after its first implementation, but less effective at controlling An. arabiensis. Despite suboptimal use, LLINs likely provided significant protection against An. arabiensis and An. merus that sought their host largely indoors when people where in bed. Adding IRS on top of LLINs and MDA likely added value to the control of malaria vectors during the Magude project. Future malaria elimination attempts in the area could benefit from i) increasing the use of LLINs, ii) using longer-lasting IRS products to counteract the increase in vector densities observed towards the end of the high transmission season, and iii) a higher coverage with MDA to reduce the likelihood of human infection. However, additional interventions targeting vectors that survive IRS and LLINs by biting outdoors or indoors before people go to bed, will be likely needed to achieve local malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández Montoya
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
| | | | - Mara Máquina
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Kiba Comiche
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Inocencia Cuamba
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Celso Alafo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Lizette L. Koekemoer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, WITS Research Institute for Malaria, University of the Witswatersrand and the Natitonal Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ellie Sherrard-Smith
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Galatas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Pedro Aide
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nelson Cuamba
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Dulcisaria Jotamo
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Krijn P. Paaijmans
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Mozambique
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
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12
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Alafo C, Martí-Soler H, Máquina M, Malheia A, Aswat AS, Koekemoer LL, Colborn J, Lobo NF, Tatarsky A, Williams YA, Marrenjo D, Cuamba N, Rabinovich R, Alonso P, Aide P, Saúte F, Paaijmans KP. To spray or target mosquitoes another way: focused entomological intelligence guides the implementation of indoor residual spraying in southern Mozambique. Malar J 2022; 21:215. [PMID: 35820899 PMCID: PMC9275269 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To eliminate malaria in southern Mozambique, the National Malaria Control Programme and its partners are scaling up indoor residual spraying (IRS) activities in two provinces, Gaza and Inhambane. An entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) was used to answer the programmatic question of whether IRS would be effective in target geographies, given limited information on local vector bionomics. METHODS Entomological intelligence was collected in six sentinel sites at the end of the rainy season (April-May 2018) and the beginning of the dry season (June-July 2018). The primary objective was to provide an 'entomological snapshot' by collecting question-based, timely and high-quality data within one single week in each location. Host-seeking behaviour (both indoors and outdoors) was monitored by human-baited tent traps. Indoor resting behaviour was quantified by pyrethrum spray catches and window exit traps. RESULTS Five different species or species groups were identified: Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) (66.0%), Anopheles gambiae s.l. (14.0%), Anopheles pharoensis (1.4%), Anopheles tenebrosus (14.1%) and Anopheles ziemanni (4.5%). Anopheles funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) was the major vector among its sibling species, and 1.9% were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infections. Anopheles arabiensis was the most abundant vector species within the An. gambiae complex, but none tested positive for P. falciparum infections. Some An. tenebrosus were positive for P. falciparum (1.3%). When evaluating behaviours that impact IRS efficacy, i.e. endophily, the known primary vector An. funestus s.s., was found to rest indoors-demonstrating at least part of its population will be impacted by the intervention if insecticides are selected to which this vector is susceptible. However, other vector species, including An. gambiae s.l., An. tenebrosus, An. pharoensis and An. ziemanni, showed exophilic and exophagic behaviours in several of the districts surveilled. CONCLUSION The targeted approach to entomological surveillance was successful in collecting question-based entomological intelligence to inform decision-making about the use of IRS in specific districts. Endophilic An. funestus s.s. was documented as being the most prevalent and primary malaria vector suggesting that IRS can reduce malaria transmission, but the presence of other vector species both indoors and outdoors suggests that alternative vector control interventions that target these gaps in protection may increase the impact of vector control in southern Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Alafo
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Mara Máquina
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Arlindo Malheia
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ayesha S Aswat
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, & National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, & National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yasmin A Williams
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dulcisária Marrenjo
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nelson Cuamba
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Regina Rabinovich
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Alonso
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Aide
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Krijn P Paaijmans
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Gebhardt ME, Krizek RS, Coetzee M, Koekemoer LL, Dahan-Moss Y, Mbewe D, Lupiya JS, Muleba M, Stevenson JC, Moss WJ, Norris DE. Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia. Malar J 2022; 21:211. [PMID: 35780113 PMCID: PMC9250713 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nchelenge District in northern Zambia suffers from holoendemic malaria transmission despite a decade of yearly indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated net (ITN) distributions. One hypothesis for this lack of impact is that some vectors in the area may forage in the early evening or outdoors. Anopheles gibbinsi specimens were identified in early evening mosquito collections performed in this study area, and further insight was gleaned into this taxon, including characterizing its genetic identity, feeding preferences, and potential role as a malaria vector. Methods Mosquitoes were collected in July and August 2019 by CDC light traps in Nchelenge District in indoor sitting rooms, outdoor gathering spaces, and animal pens from 16:00–22:00. Host detection by PCR, COI and ITS2 PCR, and circumsporozoite (CSP) ELISA were performed on all samples morphologically identified as An. gibbinsi, and a subset of specimens were selected for COI and ITS2 sequencing. To determine risk factors for increased abundance of An. gibbinsi, a negative binomial generalized linear mixed-effects model was performed with household-level variables of interest. Results Comparison of COI and ITS2 An. gibbinsi reference sequences to the NCBI database revealed > 99% identity to “Anopheles sp. 6” from Kenya. More than 97% of specimens were morphologically and molecularly consistent with An. gibbinsi. Specimens were primarily collected in animal pen traps (59.2%), followed by traps outdoors near where humans gather (24.3%), and traps set indoors (16.5%). Host DNA detection revealed a high propensity for goats, but 5% of specimens with detected host DNA had fed on humans. No specimens were positive for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Animal pens and inland households > 3 km from Lake Mweru were both associated with increased An. gibbinsi abundance. Conclusions This is the first report of An. gibbinsi in Nchelenge District, Zambia. This study provided a species identity for unknown “An. sp. 6” in the NCBI database, which has been implicated in malaria transmission in Kenya. Composite data suggest that this species is largely zoophilic and exophilic, but comes into contact with humans and the malaria parasites they carry. This species should continue to be monitored in Zambia and neighbouring countries as a potential malaria vector. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04231-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Gebhardt
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rachel S Krizek
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and the Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, Vector Control Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and the Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, Vector Control Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yael Dahan-Moss
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and the Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, Vector Control Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Mbewe
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | | | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - William J Moss
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas E Norris
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Permana DH, Zubaidah S, Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D, Rozi IE, Hidayati APN, Kosasih S, Dewayanti FK, Rachmawati N, Risandi R, Bangs MJ, Bøgh C, Davidson JR, Hendershot AL, Burton TA, Grieco JP, Eugenio EC, Liu F, Achee NL, Lobo NF. Impact of a spatial repellent product on Anopheles and non-Anopheles mosquitoes in Sumba, Indonesia. Malar J 2022; 21:166. [PMID: 35659231 PMCID: PMC9166507 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia, contributed to 5% of malaria cases nationally in 2020, with other mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue and filariasis also being endemic. Monitoring of spatial and temporal vector species compositions and bionomic traits is an efficient method for generating evidence towards intervention strategy optimization and meeting disease elimination goals. METHODS The impact of a spatial repellent (SR) on human biting mosquitoes was evaluated as part of a parent cluster-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, in Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. A 10-month (June 2015-March 2016) baseline study was followed by a 24-month intervention period (April 2016 to April 2018)-where half the clusters were randomly assigned either a passive transfluthrin emanator or a placebo control. RESULTS Human-landing mosquito catches documented a reduction in landing rates related to the SR. Overall, there was a 16.4% reduction (21% indoors, and 11.3% outdoors) in human biting rates (HBR) for Anopheles. For Aedes, there was a 44.3% HBR reduction indoors and a 35.6% reduction outdoors. This reduction was 38.3% indoors and 39.1% outdoors for Armigeres, and 36.0% indoors and 32.3% outdoors for Culex species. Intervention impacts on the HBRs were not significant and are attributed to large inter-household and inter cluster variation. Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles balabacensis and Anopheles maculatus individually impacted the overall malaria infections hazard rate with statistically significance. Though there was SR-based protection against malaria for all Anopheles species (except Anopheles sundaicus), only five (Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles tessellatus, An. maculatus and An. sundaicus) demonstrated statistical significance. The SR numerically reduced Anopheles parity rates indoors and outdoors when compared to the placebo. CONCLUSION Evidence demonstrating that Anopheles vectors bite both indoors and outdoors indicates that currently implemented indoor-based vector control tools may not be sufficient to eliminate malaria. The documented impact of the SR intervention on Aedes, Armigeres and Culex species points to its importance in combatting other vector borne diseases. Studies to determine the impact of spatial repellents on other mosquito-borne diseases is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dendi H. Permana
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Puji B. S. Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Anggi P. N. Hidayati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Farahana K. Dewayanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Nia Rachmawati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Jenna R. Davidson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Allison L. Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Timothy A. Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | | | - Fang Liu
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
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Kinya F, Mutero CM, Sang R, Owino EA, Rotich G, Ogola EO, Wondji CS, Torto B, Tchouassi DP. Outdoor malaria vector species profile in dryland ecosystems of Kenya. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7131. [PMID: 35505087 PMCID: PMC9065082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Outdoor biting by anopheline mosquitoes is one of the contributors to residual malaria transmission, but the profile of vectors driving this phenomenon is not well understood. Here, we studied the bionomics and genetically characterized populations of An. gambiae and An. funestus complexes trapped outdoors in three selected dryland areas including Kerio Valley, Nguruman and Rabai in Kenya. We observed a higher abundance of Anopheles funestus group members (n = 639, 90.6%) compared to those of the An. gambiae complex (n = 66, 9.4%) with An. longipalpis C as the dominant vector species with a Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rate (Pfsp) of 5.2% (19/362). The known malaria vectors including An. funestus s.s. (8.7%, 2/23), An. gambiae (14.3%, 2/14), An. rivulorum (14.1%, 9/64), An. arabiensis (1.9%, 1/52) occurred in low densities and displayed high Pfsp rates, which varied with the site. Additionally, six cryptic species found associated with the An. funestus group harbored Pf sporozoites (cumulative Pfsp rate = 7.2%, 13/181). We detected low frequency of resistant 119F-GSTe2 alleles in An. funestus s.s. (15.6%) and An. longipalpis C (3.1%) in Kerio Valley only. Evidence of outdoor activity, emergence of novel and divergent vectors and detection of mutations conferring metabolic resistance to pyrethroid/DDT could contribute to residual malaria transmission posing a threat to effective malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Kinya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-30100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clifford M Mutero
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eunice A Owino
- University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-30100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gilbert Rotich
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edwin O Ogola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L35QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit at the Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 1359, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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16
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Syahrani L, Permana DH, Syafruddin D, Zubaidah S, Asih PBS, Rozi IE, Hidayati APN, Kosasih S, Dewayanti FK, Rachmawati N, Risandi R, Bangs MJ, Bøgh C, Davidson J, Hendershot A, Burton T, Grieco JP, Achee NL, Lobo NF. An inventory of human night-biting mosquitoes and their bionomics in Sumba, Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010316. [PMID: 35312689 PMCID: PMC8970493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vectors that transmit pathogens to human and other vertebrates. Each mosquito species has specific ecological requirements and bionomic traits that impact human exposure to mosquito bites, and hence disease transmission and vector control. A study of human biting mosquitoes and their bionomic characteristics was conducted in West Sumba and Southwest Sumba Districts, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia from May 2015 to April 2018. Biweekly human landing catches (HLC) of night biting mosquitoes both indoors and outdoors caught a total of 73,507 mosquito specimens (59.7% non-Anopheles, 40.3% Anopheles). A minimum of 22 Culicinae species belonging to four genera (Aedes, Armigeres, Culex, Mansonia), and 13 Anophelinae species were identified. Culex quinquefasciatus was the dominant Culicinae species, Anopheles aconitus was the principal Anopheles species inland, while An. sundaicus was dominant closer to the coast. The overall human biting rate (HBR) was 10.548 bites per person per night (bpn) indoors and 10.551 bpn outdoors. Mosquitoes biting rates were slightly higher indoors for all genera with the exception of Anopheles, where biting rates were slightly higher outdoors. Diurnal and crepuscular Aedes and Armigeres demonstrated declining biting rates throughout the night while Culex and Anopheles biting rates peaked before midnight and then declined. Both anopheline and non-anopheline populations did not have a significant association with temperature (p = 0.3 and 0.88 respectively), or rainfall (p = 0.13 and 0.57 respectively). The point distribution of HBR and seasonal variables did not have a linear correlation. Data demonstrated similar mosquito–human interactions occurring outdoors and indoors and during early parts of the night implying both indoor and outdoor disease transmission potential in the area–pointing to the need for interventions in both spaces. Integrated vector analysis frameworks may enable better surveillance, monitoring and evaluation strategies for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Nia Rachmawati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Jenna Davidson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Allison Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Timothy Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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17
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Zhang C, Luo C, Yang R, Yang Y, Guo X, Deng Y, Zhou H, Zhang Y. Morphological and molecular identification reveals a high diversity of Anopheles species in the forest region of the Cambodia-Laos border. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:94. [PMID: 35303948 PMCID: PMC8933986 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To develop an effective malaria vector intervention method in forested international border regions within the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), more in-depth studies should be conducted on local Anopheles species composition and bionomic features. There is a paucity of comprehensive surveys of biodiversity integrating morphological and molecular species identification conducted within the border of Laos and Cambodia. Methods A total of 2394 adult mosquitoes were trapped in the Cambodia–Laos border region. We first performed morphological identification of Anopheles mosquitoes and subsequently performed molecular identification using 412 recombinant DNA–internal transcribed spacer 2 (rDNA-ITS2) and 391 mitochondrial DNA–cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (mtDNA-COII) sequences. The molecular and morphological identification results were compared, and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA-ITS2 and mtDNA-COII was conducted for the sequence divergence among species. Results Thirteen distinct species of Anopheles were molecularly identified in a 26,415 km2 border region in Siem Pang (Cambodia) and Pathoomphone (Laos). According to the comparisons of morphological and molecular identity, the interpretation of local species composition for dominant species in the Cambodia–Laos border (An. dirus, An. maculatus, An. philippinensis, An. kochi and An. sinensis) achieved the highest accuracy of morphological identification, from 98.37 to 100%. In contrast, the other species which were molecularly identified were less frequently identified correctly (0–58.3%) by morphological methods. The average rDNA-ITS2 and mtDNA-COII interspecific divergence was respectively 318 times and 15 times higher than their average intraspecific divergence. The barcoding gap ranged from 0.042 to 0.193 for rDNA-ITS2, and from 0.033 to 0.047 for mtDNA-COII. Conclusions The Cambodia–Laos border hosts a high diversity of Anopheles species. The morphological identification of Anopheles species provides higher accuracy for dominant species than for other species. Molecular methods combined with morphological analysis to determine species composition, population dynamics and bionomic characteristics can facilitate a better understanding of the factors driving malaria transmission and the effects of interventions, and can aid in achieving the goal of eliminating malaria. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05167-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canglin Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhai Luo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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18
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Cross DE, Healey AJE, McKeown NJ, Thomas CJ, Macarie NA, Siaziyu V, Singini D, Liywalii F, Sakala J, Silumesii A, Shaw PW. Temporally consistent predominance and distribution of secondary malaria vectors in the Anopheles community of the upper Zambezi floodplain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:240. [PMID: 34997149 PMCID: PMC8742069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Regional optimisation of malaria vector control approaches requires detailed understanding both of the species composition of Anopheles mosquito communities, and how they vary over spatial and temporal scales. Knowledge of vector community dynamics is particularly important in settings where ecohydrological conditions fluctuate seasonally and inter-annually, such as the Barotse floodplain of the upper Zambezi river. DNA barcoding of anopheline larvae sampled in the 2019 wet season revealed the predominance of secondary vector species, with An. coustani comprising > 80% of sampled larvae and distributed ubiquitously across all ecological zones. Extensive larval sampling, plus a smaller survey of adult mosquitoes, identified geographic clusters of primary vectors, but represented only 2% of anopheline larvae. Comparisons with larval surveys in 2017/2018 and a contemporaneous independent 5-year dataset from adult trapping corroborated this paucity of primary vectors across years, and the consistent numerical dominance of An. coustani and other secondary vectors in both dry and wet seasons, despite substantial inter-annual variation in hydrological conditions. This marked temporal consistency of spatial distribution and anopheline community composition presents an opportunity to target predominant secondary vectors outdoors. Larval source management should be considered, alongside prevalent indoor-based approaches, amongst a diversification of vector control approaches to more effectively combat residual malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dónall Eoin Cross
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Amy J E Healey
- Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Niall J McKeown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Christopher James Thomas
- Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Nicolae Adrian Macarie
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Vincent Siaziyu
- Limulunga District Health Office, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia
| | - Douglas Singini
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Francis Liywalii
- Provincial Health Office, Western Province, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia
| | - Jacob Sakala
- Provincial Health Office, Western Province, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia
| | | | - Paul W Shaw
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
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Makunin A, Korlević P, Park N, Goodwin S, Waterhouse RM, von Wyschetzki K, Jacob CG, Davies R, Kwiatkowski D, St Laurent B, Ayala D, Lawniczak MKN. A targeted amplicon sequencing panel to simultaneously identify mosquito species and Plasmodium presence across the entire Anopheles genus. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:28-44. [PMID: 34053186 PMCID: PMC7612955 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles is a diverse genus of mosquitoes comprising over 500 described species, including all known human malaria vectors. While a limited number of key vector species have been studied in detail, the goal of malaria elimination calls for surveillance of all potential vector species. Here, we develop a multilocus amplicon sequencing approach that targets 62 highly variable loci in the Anopheles genome and two conserved loci in the Plasmodium mitochondrion, simultaneously revealing both the mosquito species and whether that mosquito carries malaria parasites. We also develop a cheap, nondestructive, and high-throughput DNA extraction workflow that provides template DNA from single mosquitoes for the multiplex PCR, which means specimens producing unexpected results can be returned to for morphological examination. Over 1000 individual mosquitoes can be sequenced in a single MiSeq run, and we demonstrate the panel's power to assign species identity using sequencing data for 40 species from Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. We also show that the approach can be used to resolve geographic population structure within An. gambiae and An. coluzzii populations, as the population structure determined based on these 62 loci from over 1000 mosquitoes closely mirrors that revealed through whole genome sequencing. The end-to-end approach is quick, inexpensive, robust, and accurate, which makes it a promising technique for very large-scale mosquito genetic surveillance and vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Makunin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Petra Korlević
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naomi Park
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Diego Ayala
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
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20
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Jones CM, Ciubotariu II, Muleba M, Lupiya J, Mbewe D, Simubali L, Mudenda T, Gebhardt ME, Carpi G, Malcolm AN, Kosinski KJ, Romero-Weaver AL, Stevenson JC, Lee Y, Norris DE. Multiple Novel Clades of Anopheline Mosquitoes Caught Outdoors in Northern Zambia. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021; 2. [PMID: 35983564 PMCID: PMC9384971 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.780664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual vector populations that do not come in contact with the most frequently utilized indoor-directed interventions present major challenges to global malaria eradication. Many of these residual populations are mosquito species about which little is known. As part of a study to assess the threat of outdoor exposure to malaria mosquitoes within the Southern and Central Africa International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research, foraging female anophelines were collected outside households in Nchelenge District, northern Zambia. These anophelines proved to be more diverse than had previously been reported in the area. In order to further characterize the anopheline species, sequencing and phylogenetic approaches were utilized. Anopheline mosquitoes were collected from outdoor light traps, morphologically identified, and sent to Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health for sequencing. Sanger sequencing from 115 field-derived samples yielded mitochondrial COI sequences, which were aligned with a homologous 488 bp gene segment from known anophelines (n = 140) retrieved from NCBI. Nuclear ITS2 sequences (n = 57) for at least one individual from each unique COI clade were generated and compared against NCBI’s nucleotide BLAST database to provide additional evidence for taxonomical identity and structure. Molecular and morphological data were combined for assignment of species or higher taxonomy. Twelve phylogenetic groups were characterized from the COI and ITS2 sequence data, including the primary vector species Anopheles funestus s.s. and An. gambiae s.s. An unexpectedly large proportion of the field collections were identified as An. coustani and An. sp. 6. Six phylogenetic groups remain unidentified to species-level. Outdoor collections of anopheline mosquitoes in areas frequented by people in Nchelenge, northern Zambia, proved to be extremely diverse. Morphological misidentification and underrepresentation of some anopheline species in sequence databases confound efforts to confirm identity of potential malaria vector species. The large number of unidentified anophelines could compromise the malaria vector surveillance and malaria control efforts not only in northern Zambia but other places where surveillance and control are focused on indoor-foraging and resting anophelines. Therefore, it is critical to continue development of methodologies that allow better identification of these populations and revisiting and cleaning current genomic databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Jones
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ilinca I. Ciubotariu
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - James Lupiya
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | - David Mbewe
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | | | - Mary E. Gebhardt
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Giovanna Carpi
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ashley N. Malcolm
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, United States
| | - Kyle J. Kosinski
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, United States
| | - Ana L. Romero-Weaver
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Stevenson
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, United States
- Correspondence: Yoosook Lee, ; Douglas E. Norris,
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21
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Senjarini K, Abdullah MK, Azizah N, Septianasari MA, Tosin A, Oktarianti R, Wathon S, Raras TYM. Redesigning Primer of ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2) for Specific Molecular Characterization of Malaria Vectors Anopheles Species. Med Arch 2021; 75:418-423. [PMID: 35169368 PMCID: PMC8802678 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2021.75.418-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles mosquitoes are vectors of malaria, which is a serious health issue in Indonesia. Thus, vector control is an important approach taken to overcome this disease. The first and most important step in vector control is vector identification. As some Anopheles species share similar morphological features, molecular identification helps make the process more accurate by using specific DNA sequences as molecular markers such as Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2). Many of the available ITS2 primers are universally designed for insects and, as such, are typically less specific for identifying certain genera, such as Anopheles sp. Therefore, redesigning a specific ITS2 primer is needed for specific Anopheles identification. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to redesign a specific PCR primer for Anopheles species. METHODS The redesigned primer, named sma-ITS2, was then tested using mosquito samples from the Anopheles genus and other genera. Each mosquito was identified morphologically and their genomes were extracted. DNA samples were then amplified using the redesigned primer. RESULTS The sma-ITS2 primer pair was capable of amplifying ITS2 sequences from all of the Anopheles samples and unable to amplify any of the non-Anopheles samples, suggesting that it is specific to Anopheles only. ll Anopheles samples were also able to be identified, only An. indefinitus were not able to be separated from its complex species, An. vagus. CONCLUSION The sma-ITS2 primer pair was able to identify intra-species of Anopheles, but its efficiency in making differentiations within a species complex should be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Senjarini
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Khalid Abdullah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nuril Azizah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Miatin Alvin Septianasari
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Tosin
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Rike Oktarianti
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Syubbanul Wathon
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Tri Yudani Mardining Raras
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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22
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Knols BGJ. Review of “Mosquitoes of the World” by Richard C. Wilkerson, Yvonne-Marie Linton, and Daniel Strickman. PARASITES & VECTORS 2021. [PMCID: PMC8235834 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ávila MI, Vajda ÉA, Gutiérrez EJ, Gibson DA, Renteria MM, Presley N, O'Reilly D, Burton TA, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. Anopheles drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala, Panamá: an operational investigation. Malar J 2021; 20:443. [PMID: 34819092 PMCID: PMC8611962 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically-relevant questions that would enhance the understanding of both local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection that result in persisting malaria transmission to guide local vector control decision-making. Methods The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan centered around the collection of minimum essential indicators to investigate the relevance of LLINs and IRS in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala, as well as to pinpoint any remaining spaces and times where humans are exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection). Adult Anopheles were collected at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs), CDC Light Traps (LT), and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) during the rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were identified to species via molecular methods. Insecticide susceptibility testing of the main vector species to fenitrothion was conducted. Results In total, 7537 adult Anopheles were collected from both sites. Of the 493 specimens molecularly confirmed to species, two thirds (n = 340) were identified as Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles aquasalis. Overall Anopheles human biting rates (HBRs) were higher outdoors than indoors, and were higher in Permé than in Puerto Obaldía: nightly outdoor HBR ranged from 2.71 bites per person per night (bpn) (Puerto Obaldía), to 221.00 bpn (Permé), whereas indoor nightly HBR ranged from 0.70 bpn (Puerto Obaldía) to 81.90 bpn (Permé). Generally, peak biting occurred during the early evening. The CDC LT trap yields were significantly lower than that of HLCs and this collection method was dropped after the first collection. Pyrethrum spray catches resulted in only three indoor resting Anopheles collected. Insecticide resistance (IR) of Ny. albimanus to fenitrothion was confirmed, with only 65.5% mortality at the diagnostic time. Conclusion The early evening exophagic behaviour of Anopheles vectors, the absence of indoor resting behaviours, and the presence of resistance to the primary intervention insecticide demonstrate limitations of the current malaria strategy, including indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and point to both gaps in protection and to the drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala. These findings highlight the need for continued and directed entomological surveillance, based on programmatic questions, that generates entomological evidence to inform an adaptive malaria elimination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ávila
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.
| | | | - Daragh A Gibson
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | - Daniel O'Reilly
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Hendershot AL, Esayas E, Sutcliffe AC, Irish SR, Gadisa E, Tadesse FG, Lobo NF. A comparison of PCR and ELISA methods to detect different stages of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles arabiensis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:473. [PMID: 34526109 PMCID: PMC8442364 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In characterizing malaria epidemiology, measuring mosquito infectiousness informs the entomological inoculation rate, an important metric of malaria transmission. PCR-based methods have been touted as more sensitive than the current “gold-standard” circumsporozoite (CSP) ELISA. Wider application of PCR-based methods has been limited by lack of specificity for the infectious sporozoite stage. We compared a PCR method for detecting the parasite’s mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome oxidase I (COX-I) gene with ELISA for detecting circumsporozoite protein for identification of different life stages of the parasite during development within a mosquito. Methods A PCR-based method targeting the Plasmodium mt COX-I gene was compared with the CSP ELISA method to assess infectivity in Anopheles arabiensis colony mosquitoes fed on blood from patients infected with Plasmodium vivax. Mosquitoes were tested at six post-infection time points (days 0.5, 1, 6, 9, 12, 15). The head and thorax and the abdomen for each specimen were tested separately with each method. Agreement between methods at each infection stage was measured using Cohen’s kappa measure of test association. Results Infection status of mosquitoes was assessed in approximately 90 head/thorax and 90 abdomen segments at each time point; in total, 538 head/thorax and 534 abdomen segments were tested. In mosquitoes bisected after 0.5, 1, and 6 days post-infection (dpi), the mt COX-I PCR detected Plasmodium DNA in both the abdomen (88, 78, and 67%, respectively) and head/thorax segments (69, 60, and 44%, respectively), whilst CSP ELISA detected sporozoites in only one abdomen on day 6 post-infection. PCR was also more sensitive than ELISA for detection of Plasmodium in mosquitoes bisected after 9, 12, and 15 dpi in both the head and thorax and abdomen. There was fair agreement between methods for time points 9–15 dpi (κ = 0.312, 95% CI: 0.230–0.394). Conclusions The mt COX-I PCR is a highly sensitive, robust method for detecting Plasmodium DNA in mosquitoes, but its limited Plasmodium life-stage specificity cannot be overcome by bisection of the head and thorax from the abdomen prior to PCR. Thus, the mt COX-I PCR is a poor candidate for identifying infectious mosquitoes. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Endashaw Esayas
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alice C Sutcliffe
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Seth R Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,President's Malaria Initiative, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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25
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Abstract
Almost 20 years have passed since the first reference genome assemblies were published for Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite, and Anopheles gambiae, the most important mosquito vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Reference genomes now exist for all human malaria parasites and nearly half of the ~40 important vectors around the world. As a foundation for genetic diversity studies, these reference genomes have helped advance our understanding of basic disease biology and drug and insecticide resistance, and have informed vaccine development efforts. Population genomic data are increasingly being used to guide our understanding of malaria epidemiology, for example by assessing connectivity between populations and the efficacy of parasite and vector interventions. The potential value of these applications to malaria control strategies, together with the increasing diversity of genomic data types and contexts in which data are being generated, raise both opportunities and challenges in the field. This Review discusses advances in malaria genomics and explores how population genomic data could be harnessed to further support global disease control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Neafsey
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Aimee R Taylor
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bronwyn L MacInnis
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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26
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Mustapha AM, Musembi S, Nyamache AK, Machani MG, Kosgei J, Wamuyu L, Ochomo E, Lobo NF. Secondary malaria vectors in western Kenya include novel species with unexpectedly high densities and parasite infection rates. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:252. [PMID: 33980273 PMCID: PMC8117294 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria vector control has been implemented chiefly through indoor interventions targeting primary vectors resulting in population declines-pointing to a possible greater proportional contribution to transmission by secondary malaria vectors with their predominant exophagic and exophilic traits. With a historical focus on primary vectors, there is paucity of data on secondary malaria vectors in many countries in Africa. This study sought to determine the species compositions and bionomic traits, including proportions infected with Plasmodium falciparum and phenotypic insecticide resistance, of secondary vectors in three sites with high malaria transmission in Kisumu County, western Kenya. METHODS Cross-sectional sampling of adult Anopheles was conducted using indoor and outdoor CDC light traps (CDC-LT) and animal-baited traps (ABTs) in Kakola-Ombaka and Kisian, while larvae were sampled in Ahero. Secondary vectors captured were exposed to permethrin using WHO bioassays and then analyzed by ELISA to test for proportions infected with P. falciparum sporozoites. All Anopheles were identified to species using morphological keys with a subset being molecularly identified using ITS2 and CO1 sequencing for species identification. RESULTS Two morphologically identified secondary vectors captured-An. coustani and An. pharoensis-were determined to consist of four species molecularly. These included An. christyi, An. sp. 15 BSL-2014, an unidentified member of the An. coustani complex (An. cf. coustani) and a species similar to that of An. pharoensis and An. squamosus (An. cf. pharoensis). Standardized (Anopheles per trap per night) capture rates demonstrate higher proportions of secondary vectors across most trapping methods-with overall indoor and outdoor CDC-LTs and ABT captures composed of 52.2% (n = 93), 78.9% (n = 221) and 58.1% (n = 573) secondary vectors respectively. Secondary vectors were primarily caught outdoors. The overall proportion of secondary vectors with P. falciparum sporozoite was 0.63% (n = 5), with the unidentified species An. cf. pharoensis, determined to carry Plasmodium. Overall secondary vectors were susceptible to permethrin with a > 99% mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS Given their high densities, endophily equivalent to primary vectors, higher exophily and Plasmodium-positive proportions, secondary vectors may contribute substantially to malaria transmission. Unidentified species demonstrate the need for further morphological and molecular identification studies towards further characterization. Continued monitoring is essential for understanding their temporal contributions to transmission, the possible elevation of some to primary vectors and the development of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine M Mustapha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Susan Musembi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony K Nyamache
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maxwell G Machani
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jackline Kosgei
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Lucy Wamuyu
- Institute of Biotechnology Research (IBR), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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27
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Walker T, Quek S, Jeffries CL, Bandibabone J, Dhokiya V, Bamou R, Kristan M, Messenger LA, Gidley A, Hornett EA, Anderson ER, Cansado-Utrilla C, Hegde S, Bantuzeko C, Stevenson JC, Lobo NF, Wagstaff SC, Nkondjio CA, Irish SR, Heinz E, Hughes GL. Stable high-density and maternally inherited Wolbachia infections in Anopheles moucheti and Anopheles demeilloni mosquitoes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2310-2320.e5. [PMID: 33857432 PMCID: PMC8210651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia, a widespread bacterium that can reduce pathogen transmission in mosquitoes, has recently been reported to be present in Anopheles (An.) species. In wild populations of the An. gambiae complex, the primary vectors of Plasmodium malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa, Wolbachia DNA sequences at low density and infection frequencies have been detected. As the majority of studies have used highly sensitive nested PCR as the only method of detection, more robust evidence is required to determine whether Wolbachia strains are established as endosymbionts in Anopheles species. Here, we describe high-density Wolbachia infections in geographically diverse populations of An. moucheti and An. demeilloni. Fluorescent in situ hybridization localized a heavy infection in the ovaries of An. moucheti, and maternal transmission was observed. Genome sequencing of both Wolbachia strains obtained genome depths and coverages comparable to those of other known infections. Notably, homologs of cytoplasmic incompatibility factor (cif) genes were present, indicating that these strains possess the capacity to induce the cytoplasmic incompatibility phenotype, which allows Wolbachia to spread through host populations. These strains should be further investigated as candidates for use in Wolbachia biocontrol strategies in Anopheles aiming to reduce the transmission of malaria. High-density Wolbachia strains found in An. moucheti and An. demeilloni mosquitoes Infections are visualized in the ovaries, and maternal transmission was observed Sequencing at depths and coverages comparable to other known Wolbachia strains Homologs of cytoplasmic incompatibility factor genes are present in both genomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Shannon Quek
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Janvier Bandibabone
- Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Vishaal Dhokiya
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Roland Bamou
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Alexandra Gidley
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emily A Hornett
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Enyia R Anderson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shivanand Hegde
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chimanuka Bantuzeko
- Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Simon C Wagstaff
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christophe Antonio Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Seth R Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Eva Heinz
- Departments of Vector Biology and Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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28
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Jeffries CL, Cansado-Utrilla C, Beavogui AH, Stica C, Lama EK, Kristan M, Irish SR, Walker T. Evidence for natural hybridization and novel Wolbachia strain superinfections in the Anopheles gambiae complex from Guinea. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202032. [PMID: 33868697 PMCID: PMC8025300 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia, a widespread bacterium which can influence mosquito-borne pathogen transmission, has recently been detected within Anopheles (An.) species that are malaria vectors in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although studies have reported Wolbachia strains in the An. gambiae complex, apparent low density and prevalence rates require confirmation. In this study, wild Anopheles mosquitoes collected from two regions of Guinea were investigated. In contrast with previous studies, RNA was extracted from adult females (n = 516) to increase the chances for the detection of actively expressed Wolbachia genes, determine Wolbachia prevalence rates and estimate relative strain densities. Molecular confirmation of mosquito species and Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were carried out to analyse phylogenetic relationships of mosquito hosts and newly discovered Wolbachia strains. Strains were detected in An. melas (prevalence rate of 11.6%-16/138) and hybrids between An. melas and An. gambiae sensu stricto (prevalence rate of 40.0%-6/15) from Senguelen in the Maferinyah region. Furthermore, a novel high-density strain, termed wAnsX, was found in an unclassified Anopheles species. The discovery of novel Wolbachia strains (particularly in members, and hybrids, of the An. gambiae complex) provides further candidate strains that could be used for future Wolbachia-based malaria biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Abdoul H. Beavogui
- Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Mafèrinyah B.P. 2649, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Caleb Stica
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Eugene K. Lama
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Guinée, B.P. 6339 Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Seth R. Irish
- The US President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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29
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Hoffman JE, Ciubotariu II, Simubali L, Mudenda T, Moss WJ, Carpi G, Norris DE, Stevenson JC. Phylogenetic Complexity of Morphologically Identified Anopheles squamosus in Southern Zambia. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020146. [PMID: 33567609 PMCID: PMC7915044 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite dramatic reductions in malaria cases in the catchment area of Macha Hospital, Choma District, Southern Province in Zambia, prevalence has remained near 1-2% by RDT for the past several years. To investigate residual malaria transmission in the area, this study focuses on the relative abundance, foraging behavior, and phylogenetic relationships of Anopheles squamosus specimens. In 2011, higher than expected rates of anthropophily were observed among "zoophilic" An. squamosus, a species that had sporadically been found to contain Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The importance of An. squamosus in the region was reaffirmed in 2016 when P. falciparum sporozoites were detected in numerous An. squamosus specimens. This study analyzed Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light trap collections of adult mosquitoes from two collection schemes: one performed as part of a reactive-test-and-treat program and the second performed along a geographical transect. Morphological identification, molecular verification of anopheline species, and blood meal source were determined on individual samples. Data from these collections supported earlier studies demonstrating An. squamosus to be primarily exophagic and zoophilic, allowing them to evade current control measures. The phylogenetic relationships generated from the specimens in this study illustrate the existence of well supported clade structure among An. squamosus specimens, which further emphasizes the importance of molecular identification of vectors. The primarily exophagic behavior of An. squamosus in these collections also highlights that indoor vector control strategies will not be sufficient for elimination of malaria in southern Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E. Hoffman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Ilinca I. Ciubotariu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (I.I.C.); (G.C.)
| | | | - Twig Mudenda
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia; (L.S.); (T.M.); (J.C.S.)
| | - William J. Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Giovanna Carpi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (I.I.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Douglas E. Norris
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-614-2710
| | - Jennifer C. Stevenson
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia; (L.S.); (T.M.); (J.C.S.)
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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30
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Cross DE, Thomas C, McKeown N, Siaziyu V, Healey A, Willis T, Singini D, Liywalii F, Silumesii A, Sakala J, Smith M, Macklin M, Hardy AJ, Shaw PW. Geographically extensive larval surveys reveal an unexpected scarcity of primary vector mosquitoes in a region of persistent malaria transmission in western Zambia. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:91. [PMID: 33522944 PMCID: PMC7849156 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Barotse floodplains of the upper Zambezi River and its tributaries are a highly dynamic environment, with seasonal flooding and transhumance presenting a shifting mosaic of potential larval habitat and human and livestock blood meals for malaria vector mosquitoes. However, limited entomological surveillance has been undertaken to characterize the vector community in these floodplains and their environs. Such information is necessary as, despite substantial deployment of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) against Anopheles vectors, malaria transmission persists across Barotseland in Zambia’s Western Province. Methods Geographically extensive larval surveys were undertaken in two health districts along 102 km of transects, at fine spatial resolution, during a dry season and following the peak of the successive wet season. Larvae were sampled within typical Anopheles flight range of human settlements and identified through genetic sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase I and internal transcribed spacer two regions of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. This facilitated detailed comparison of taxon-specific abundance patterns between ecological zones differentiated by hydrological controls. Results An unexpected paucity of primary vectors was revealed, with An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus representing < 2% of 995 sequenced anophelines. Potential secondary vectors predominated in the vector community, primarily An. coustani group species and An. squamosus. While the distribution of An. gambiae s.l. in the study area was highly clustered, secondary vector species were ubiquitous across the landscape in both dry and wet seasons, with some taxon-specific relationships between abundance and ecological zones by season. Conclusions The diversity of candidate vector species and their high relative abundance observed across diverse hydro-ecosystems indicate a highly adaptable transmission system, resilient to environmental variation and, potentially, interventions that target only part of the vector community. Larval survey results imply that residual transmission of malaria in Barotseland is being mediated predominantly by secondary vector species, whose known tendencies for crepuscular and outdoor biting renders them largely insensitive to prevalent vector control methods.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dónall Eoin Cross
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Chris Thomas
- Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health, School of Geography, College of Science, Think Tank, University of Lincoln, Ruston Way, Lincoln, LN6 7DW, UK.
| | - Niall McKeown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Vincent Siaziyu
- Limulunga District Health Office, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia
| | - Amy Healey
- Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health, School of Geography, College of Science, Think Tank, University of Lincoln, Ruston Way, Lincoln, LN6 7DW, UK
| | - Tom Willis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Douglas Singini
- Provincial Health Office, Western Province, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia.,School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Francis Liywalii
- Provincial Health Office, Western Province, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia
| | | | - Jacob Sakala
- Provincial Health Office, Western Province, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia
| | - Mark Smith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Macklin
- Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health, School of Geography, College of Science, Think Tank, University of Lincoln, Ruston Way, Lincoln, LN6 7DW, UK
| | - Andy J Hardy
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, UK
| | - Paul W Shaw
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK.,Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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31
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Ciubotariu II, Jones CM, Kobayashi T, Bobanga T, Muleba M, Pringle JC, Stevenson JC, Carpi G, Norris DE. Genetic Diversity of Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malaria Transmission Foci in Southern and Central Africa. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1782-1792. [PMID: 32614047 PMCID: PMC7899271 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite ongoing malaria control efforts implemented throughout sub-Saharan Africa, malaria remains an enormous public health concern. Current interventions such as indoor residual spraying with insecticides and use of insecticide-treated bed nets are aimed at targeting the key malaria vectors that are primarily endophagic and endophilic. Anopheles coustani s.l., an understudied vector of malaria, is a species previously thought to exhibit mostly zoophilic behavior. Like many of these understudied species, An. coustani has greater anthropophilic tendencies than previously appreciated, is often both endophagic and exophagic, and carries Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The aim of this study was to explore genetic variation of An. coustani mosquitoes and the potential of this species to contribute to malaria parasite transmission in high transmission settings in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Morphologically identified An. coustani specimens that were trapped outdoors in these study sites were analyzed by PCR and sequencing for species identification and bloodmeal sources, and malaria parasite infection was determined by ELISA and qPCR. Fifty An. coustani s.s. specimens were confirmed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of COI and ITS2 sequences revealed two distinct phylogenetic groups within this relatively small regional collection. Our findings indicate that both An. coustani groups have anthropophilic and exophagic habits and come into frequent contact with P. falciparum, suggesting that this potential alternative malaria vector might elude current vector control measures in northern Zambia and southern DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca I Ciubotariu
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Christine M Jones
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- The Department of Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thierry Bobanga
- The Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Université Protestante au Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- The Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Julia C Pringle
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Giovanna Carpi
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Douglas E Norris
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Bokore GE, Ouma P, Onyango PO, Bukhari T, Fillinger U. A cross-sectional observational study investigating the association between sedges (swamp grasses, Cyperaceae) and the prevalence of immature malaria vectors in aquatic habitats along the shore of Lake Victoria, western Kenya. F1000Res 2020; 9:1032. [PMID: 33093949 PMCID: PMC7551511 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25673.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Strategies that involve manipulations of the odour-orientation of gravid malaria vectors could lead to novel attract-and-kill interventions. Recent work has highlighted the potential involvement of graminoid plants in luring vectors to oviposition sites. This study aimed to analyse the association between water-indicating graminoid plants (Cyperaceae, sedges), other abiotic and biotic factors and the presence and abundance of early instar
Anopheles larvae in aquatic habitats as a proxy indicator for oviposition. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 110 aquatic habitats along the shores of Lake Victoria was done during the rainy season. Habitats were sampled for mosquito larvae using the sweep-net method and habitat characteristics recorded. Results:
Anopheles arabiensis was the dominant species identified from aquatic habitats. Larvae of the secondary malaria vectors such as
Anopheles coustani, An. rufipes and
An. maculipalpis were found only in habitats covered with graminoids, whereas
An. arabiensis, An. ziemanni and
An. pharoensis were found in both habitats with and without graminoid plants. The hypothesis that sedges might be positively associated with the presence and abundance of early instar
Anopheles larvae could not be confirmed. The dominant graminoid plants in the habitats were
Panicum repens,
Cynodon dactylon in the Poaceae family and
Cyperus rotundus in the Cyperaceae family. All of these habitats supported abundant immature vector populations. The presence of early instar larvae was significantly and positively associated with swamp habitat types (OR=22, 95% CI=6-86, P<0.001) and abundance of late
Anopheles larvae (OR=359, CI=33-3941, P<0.001), and negatively associated with the presence of tadpoles (OR=0.1, CI=0.0.01-0.5, P=0.008). Conclusions: Early instar malaria vectors were abundant in habitats densely vegetated with graminoid plants in the study area but no specific preference could be detected for any species or family. In search for oviposition cues, it might be useful to screen for chemical volatiles released from all dominant plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew E Bokore
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,School of Physical and Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya.,Public Health Entomology Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Paul Ouma
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick O Onyango
- School of Physical and Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Tullu Bukhari
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,School of Physical and Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Ulrike Fillinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Martin JA, Hendershot AL, Saá Portilla IA, English DJ, Woodruff M, Vera-Arias CA, Salazar-Costa BE, Bustillos JJ, Saénz FE, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Koepfli C, Lobo NF. Anopheline and human drivers of malaria risk in northern coastal, Ecuador: a pilot study. Malar J 2020; 19:354. [PMID: 33008438 PMCID: PMC7532652 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding local anopheline vector species and their bionomic traits, as well as related human factors, can help combat gaps in protection. Methods In San José de Chamanga, Esmeraldas, at the Ecuadorian Pacific coast, anopheline mosquitoes were sampled by both human landing collections (HLCs) and indoor-resting aspirations (IAs) and identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Human behaviour observations (HBOs) (including temporal location and bed net use) were documented during HLCs as well as through community surveys to determine exposure to mosquito bites. A cross-sectional evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections was conducted alongside a malaria questionnaire. Results Among 222 anopheline specimens captured, based on molecular analysis, 218 were Nyssorhynchus albimanus, 3 Anopheles calderoni (n = 3), and one remains unidentified. Anopheline mean human-biting rate (HBR) outdoors was (13.69), and indoors (3.38) (p = 0.006). No anophelines were documented resting on walls during IAs. HBO-adjusted human landing rates suggested that the highest risk of being bitten was outdoors between 18.00 and 20.00 h. Human behaviour-adjusted biting rates suggest that overall, long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) only protected against 13.2% of exposure to bites, with 86.8% of exposure during the night spent outside of bed net protection. The malaria survey found 2/398 individuals positive for asymptomatic P. falciparum infections. The questionnaire reported high (73.4%) bed net use, with low knowledge of malaria. Conclusion The exophagic feeding of anopheline vectors in San Jose de Chamanga, when analysed in conjunction with human behaviour, indicates a clear gap in protection even with high LLIN coverage. The lack of indoor-resting anophelines suggests that indoor residual spraying (IRS) may have limited effect. The presence of asymptomatic infections implies the presence of a human reservoir that may maintain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Martin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Allison L Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Iván Alejandro Saá Portilla
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Daniel J English
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Madeline Woodruff
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Claudia A Vera-Arias
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Bibiana E Salazar-Costa
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Juan José Bustillos
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Fabián E Saénz
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador.
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Zhong D, Hemming-Schroeder E, Wang X, Kibret S, Zhou G, Atieli H, Lee MC, Afrane YA, Githeko AK, Yan G. Extensive new Anopheles cryptic species involved in human malaria transmission in western Kenya. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16139. [PMID: 32999365 PMCID: PMC7527330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of malaria vector species composition and their bionomic characteristics is crucial to devise effective and efficient vector control interventions to reduce malaria transmission. It has been well documented in Africa that malaria interventions in the past decade have resulted in major changes in species composition from endophilic Anopheles gambiae to exophilic An. arabiensis. However, the role of cryptic rare mosquito species in malaria transmission is not well known. This study examined the species composition and distribution, with a particular focus on malaria transmission potential of novel, uncharacterized Anopheles cryptic species in western Kenya. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS2 and COX1 genes revealed 21 Anopheles mosquito species, including two previously unreported novel species. Unusually high rates of Plasmodium sporozoite infections were detected in An. funestus, An. gambiae and eight cryptic rare species. Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale sporozoite infections were identified with large proportion of mixed species infections in these vectors. This study, for the first time, reports extensive new Anopheles cryptic species involved in the malaria transmission in western Kenya. These findings underscore the importance of non-common Anopheles species in malaria transmission and the need to target them in routine vector control and surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Hemming-Schroeder
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Solomon Kibret
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Harrysone Atieli
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew K Githeko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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35
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Campos M, Crepeau M, Lee Y, Gripkey H, Rompão H, Cornel AJ, Pinto J, Lanzaro GC. Complete mitogenome sequence of Anopheles coustani from São Tomé island. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2020; 5:3376-3378. [PMID: 33458175 PMCID: PMC7782027 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1823273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We report the first complete mitogenome (Mt) sequence of Anopheles coustani, an understudied malaria vector in Africa. The sequence was extracted from one individual mosquito from São Tomé island. The length of the A. coustani Mt genome was 15,408 bp with 79.3% AT content. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. coustani is most closely related to A. sinensis (93.5% of identity); and 90.1% identical to A. gambiae complex members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campos
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marc Crepeau
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - Hans Gripkey
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Herodes Rompão
- Programa Nacional de Luta Contra o Paludismo, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Anthony J Cornel
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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36
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Davidson JR, Wahid I, Sudirman R, Small ST, Hendershot AL, Baskin RN, Burton TA, Makuru V, Xiao H, Yu X, Troth EV, Olivieri D, Lizarraga S, Hasan H, Arfah A, Yusuf M, Nur N, Syafruddin D, Asih P, Lobo NF. Molecular analysis reveals a high diversity of Anopheles species in Karama, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:379. [PMID: 32727610 PMCID: PMC7392657 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding local Anopheles species compositions and bionomic traits are vital for an effective malaria vector intervention strategy. Though eight malaria vectors, including species complexes, have been documented across the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, a comprehensive survey linking morphological and molecular species identification has not been conducted in this global hotspot of biodiversity. Results Eighteen distinct species of Anopheles were molecularly identified in a 1 km2 area in Karama village, West Mamuju Province, Sulawesi. Known species included An. aconitus, An. karwari, An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus, An. barbirostris, An. tessellatus, An. nigerrimus, An. crawfordi, An. maculatus, An. flavirostris and An. kochi. Of the 18 distinct sequence groups identified through both ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2, and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 loci, 8 could not be identified to species through comparison to published sequences. The comparison of morphological and molecular identities determined that interpretations of local species compositions for primary and expected species in Karama (An. barbirostris and An. vagus) had the highest rate of accuracy (92.1% and 87.6%, respectively) when compared to molecular analysis. However, the remaining distinct sequences molecularly identified to species were identified correctly by morphological methods less frequently, from 0 to 83%. Conclusions Karama, Indonesia has a high diversity of Anopheles spp. The unexpected high number of Anopheles species in a small area points to possible complex transmission dynamics and limitations with vector control based on possible varying behaviors and interactions with both humans and interventions. Morphological identification of Anopheles spp. in this study was more accurate for primary and expected species than secondary or unexpected species. Finally, the inability to identify seven sequence groups to species with consensus sequences implies that future studies employing sequencing are required to clarify species compositions in the Nigerrimus Subgroup, among others, as well as their distribution and vector status. Use of molecular methods in conjunction with morphological investigations for analysis of species composition, population dynamics and bionomic characteristics is directly implicated in understanding drivers of malaria transmission, intervention effectiveness, and the pursuit of malaria elimination. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rusdiyah Sudirman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Scott T Small
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Allison L Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Robert N Baskin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Victoria Makuru
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Honglin Xiao
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Emma V Troth
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Daniel Olivieri
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Stephanny Lizarraga
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Hajar Hasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Arfah
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nirwana Nur
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puji Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Davidson JR, Baskin RN, Hasan H, Burton TA, Wardiman M, Rahma N, Saputra FR, Aulya MS, Wahid I, Syafruddin D, Hawkes FM, Lobo NF. Characterization of vector communities and biting behavior in South Sulawesi with host decoy traps and human landing catches. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:329. [PMID: 32600472 PMCID: PMC7324974 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indonesia has high mosquito diversity, with circulating malaria and arboviruses. Human landing catches (HLC) are ethically questionable where arboviral transmission occurs. The host decoy trap (HDT) is an exposure-free alternative outdoor sampling device. To determine HDT efficacy for local culicids, and to characterize local mosquito fauna, the trapping efficacy of the HDT was compared to that of HLCs in one peri-urban (Lakkang) and one rural (Pucak) village in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Results In Lakkang the outdoor HLCs collected significantly more Anopheles per night (n = 22 ± 9) than the HDT (n = 3 ± 1), while the HDT collected a significantly greater nightly average of Culex mosquitoes (n = 110 ± 42), than the outdoor HLC (n = 15.1 ± 6.0). In Pucak, there was no significant difference in Anopheles collected between trap types; however, the HDT collected significantly more Culex mosquitoes than the outdoor HLC nightly average (n = 53 ± 11 vs 14 ± 3). Significantly higher proportions of blood-fed mosquitoes were found in outdoor HLC (n = 15 ± 2%) compared to HDT (n = 2 ± 0%). More blood-fed culicines were collected with outdoor HLC compared to the HDT, while Anopheles blood-fed proportions did not differ. For the HDT, 52.6%, 36.8% and 10.5% of identified blood meals were on cow, human, and dog, respectively. Identified blood meals for outdoor HLCs were 91.9% human, 6.3% cow, and 0.9% each dog and cat. Mosquitoes from Pucak were tested for arboviruses, with one Culex pool and one Armigeres pool positive for flavivirus, and one Anopheles pool positive for alphavirus. Conclusions The HDT collected the highest abundance of culicine specimens. Outdoor HLCs collected the highest abundance of Anopheles specimens. Although the HDT can attract a range of different Asian mosquito genera and species, it remains to be optimized for Anopheles in Asia. The high proportion of human blood meals in mosquitoes collected by outdoor HLCs raises concerns on the potential exposure risk to collectors using this methodology and highlights the importance of continuing to optimize a host-mimic trap such as the HDT.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA.
| | - Robert N Baskin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Hajar Hasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Muhammad Wardiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nur Rahma
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Fadly R Saputra
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Sultanul Aulya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frances M Hawkes
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
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Dahan-Moss Y, Hendershot A, Dhoogra M, Julius H, Zawada J, Kaiser M, Lobo NF, Brooke BD, Koekemoer LL. Member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex can be misidentified as Anopheles leesoni. Malar J 2020; 19:89. [PMID: 32093677 PMCID: PMC7038563 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate Anopheles species identification is key for effective malaria vector control. Identification primarily depends on morphological analysis of field samples as well as molecular species-specific identifications. During an intra-laboratory assessment (proficiency testing) of the Anopheles funestus group multiplex PCR assay, it was noted that Anopheles arabiensis can be misidentified as Anopheles leesoni, a zoophilic member of the An. funestus group. The aim of this project was, therefore, to ascertain whether other members of the Anopheles gambiae complex can also be misidentified as An. leesoni when using the standard An. funestus multiplex PCR. METHODS The An. funestus multiplex PCR was used to amplify DNA from An. gambiae complex specimens. These included specimens from the laboratory colonies and field samples from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Amplified DNA from these specimens, using the universal (UV) and An. leesoni species-specific primers (LEES), were sequence analysed. Additionally, An. leesoni DNA was processed through the diagnostic An. gambiae multiplex PCR to determine if this species can be misidentified as a member of the An. gambiae complex. RESULTS Laboratory-colonized as well as field-collected samples of An. arabiensis, An. gambiae, Anopheles merus, Anopheles quadriannulatus, Anopheles coluzzii as well as Anopheles moucheti produced an amplicon of similar size to that of An. leesoni when using an An. funestus multiplex PCR. Sequence analysis confirmed that the UV and LEES primers amplify a segment of the ITS2 region of members of the An. gambiae complex and An. moucheti. The reverse was not true, i.e. the An. gambiae multiplex PCR does not amplify DNA from An. leesoni. CONCLUSION This investigation shows that An. arabiensis, An. gambiae, An. merus, An. quadriannulatus, An. coluzzii and An. moucheti can be misidentified as An. leesoni when using An. funestus multiplex PCR. This shows the importance of identifying specimens using standard morphological dichotomous keys as far as possible prior to the use of appropriate PCR-based identification methods. Should there be doubt concerning field-collected specimens molecularly identified as An. leesoni, the An. gambiae multiplex PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) can be used to eliminate false identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Dahan-Moss
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Allison Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Minishca Dhoogra
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Henry Julius
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacek Zawada
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Kaiser
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Basil D Brooke
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gopal S, Ma Y, Xin C, Pitts J, Were L. Characterizing the Spatial Determinants and Prevention of Malaria in Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E5078. [PMID: 31842408 PMCID: PMC6950158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 3 is to ensure health and well-being for all at all ages with a specific target to end malaria by 2030. Aligned with this goal, the primary objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of utilizing local spatial variations to uncover the statistical relationships between malaria incidence rate and environmental and behavioral factors across the counties of Kenya. Two data sources are used-Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys of 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015, and the national Malaria Indicator Survey of 2015. The spatial analysis shows clustering of counties with high malaria incidence rate, or hot spots, in the Lake Victoria region and the east coastal area around Mombasa; there are significant clusters of counties with low incidence rate, or cold spot areas in Nairobi. We apply an analysis technique, geographically weighted regression, that helps to better model how environmental and social determinants are related to malaria incidence rate while accounting for the confounding effects of spatial non-stationarity. Some general patterns persist over the four years of observation. We establish that variables including rainfall, proximity to water, vegetation, and population density, show differential impacts on the incidence of malaria in Kenya. The El-Nino-southern oscillation (ENSO) event in 2015 was significant in driving up malaria in the southern region of Lake Victoria compared with prior time-periods. The applied spatial multivariate clustering analysis indicates the significance of social and behavioral survey responses. This study can help build a better spatially explicit predictive model for malaria in Kenya capturing the role and spatial distribution of environmental, social, behavioral, and other characteristics of the households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Gopal
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.G.); (Y.M.); (C.X.)
- Center for Global Development Policy, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Yaxiong Ma
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.G.); (Y.M.); (C.X.)
| | - Chen Xin
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.G.); (Y.M.); (C.X.)
| | - Joshua Pitts
- Center for Global Development Policy, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Lawrence Were
- College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Lemma W, Alemu K, Birhanie M, Worku L, Niedbalski J, McDowell MA, Lobo NF. Anopheles cinereus implicated as a vector of malaria transmission in the highlands of north-west Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:557. [PMID: 31767025 PMCID: PMC6878634 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of malaria in the highlands of Ethiopia is poorly understood and usually attributed to importation by mobile populations or local transmission by Anopheles arabiensis. To characterize and identify Anopheles species present in a highland area of northern Ethiopia, adult and larval collections were performed in Gondar town and the neighboring Senbet Debir village (Dembia district, > 2000 meters above sea level, masl), in addition to Bahir Dar town (capital of Amhara region) and Kumer Aftit village (Metema district, < 2000 masl). Methods CDC-light traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes and larval collections were performed from rain pools for rearing into adults for species identification. Collections were made September-March 2016–2018. Adult mosquitoes were identified morphologically and a subset of randomly chosen specimens were identified to species by sequencing the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Results The primary species of Anopheles identified at elevations higher than 2000 masl was An. cinereus, which was confirmed molecularly by ITS2 and cox1 sequencing. Interestingly, two unknown species were also sequenced, in addition to two specimens of An. pretoriensis. The species collected at sites with elevations less than 2000 masl (Bahir Dar town and Kumer Aftit village) was An. arabiensis. Three Plasmodium falciparum-positive specimens were identified molecularly as An. cinereus. Conclusions The presence of Plasmodium-positive An. cinereus in areas greater than 2000 masl incriminates this species as a potential vector contributing to non-peak malaria transmission in Ethiopian highland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wossenseged Lemma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. .,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Center, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Kassahune Alemu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meserete Birhanie
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ligabaw Worku
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Julie Niedbalski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Davidson JR, Wahid I, Sudirman R, Makuru V, Hasan H, Arfah AM, Nur N, Hidayat MY, Hendershot AL, Xiao H, Yu X, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D, Lobo NF. Comparative field evaluation of kelambu traps, barrier screens and barrier screens with eaves for longitudinal surveillance of adult Anopheles mosquitoes in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:399. [PMID: 31409374 PMCID: PMC6693138 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sampling methodologies for mosquitoes that are capable of transmitting vector-borne infectious diseases provide critical information on entomological endpoints. Reliable and meaningful field data is vital to the understanding of basic vector biology as well as disease transmission. Various traps take advantage of different vector behaviors and are inevitably subject to sampling biases. This study represents the first comparison of kelambu traps (KT) to barrier screens (BS), barrier screens with eaves (BSE) and indoor and outdoor human landing catches (HLCs). Methods Two trap comparison studies were undertaken. In the first study, mosquitoes were collected in Karama over 26 trapping nights to evaluate the kelambu trap relative to indoor and outdoor HLCs. In the second study, mosquitoes were collected in Karama over 12 trapping nights to compare the kelambu trap, barrier screen, barrier screen with eaves and outdoor HLCs. The kelambu trap, barrier screen and barrier screen with eaves obstruct the flight of mosquitos. HLCs target host-seeking behaviors. Results There was no significant difference between indoor and outdoor HLCs for overall Anopheles mosquito abundance. All five of the molecularly identified Anopheles species collected by HLCs, An. aconitus, An. barbirostris, An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus and An. tessellatus, are reported as vectors of malaria in Indonesia. The kelambu trap (n = 2736) collected significantly more Anopheles mosquitoes than indoor HLCs (n = 1286; Z = 3.193, P = 0.004), but not the outdoor HLCs (n = 1580; Z = 2.325, P = 0.053). All traps collected statistically similar abundances for the primary species, An. barbirostris. However, both comparison studies found significantly higher abundances for the kelambu trap for several secondary species compared to all other traps: An. nigerriumus, An. parangensis, An. tessellatus and An. vagus. The kelambu trap retained the highest species richness and Gini-Simpson’s diversity index for both comparison studies. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the kelambu trap collects overall Anopheles abundance and species-specific abundances at statistically similar or higher rates than HLCs in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Therefore, the kelambu trap should be considered as an exposure-free alternative to HLCs for research questions regarding Anopheles species in this malaria endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rusdiyah Sudirman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Victoria Makuru
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Hajar Hasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Muhammad Arfah
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nirwana Nur
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf Hidayat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Allison L Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Honglin Xiao
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | - Din Syafruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Mark-release-recapture studies reveal preferred spatial and temporal behaviors of Anopheles barbirostris in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:385. [PMID: 31370906 PMCID: PMC6676633 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population density, dispersion patterns, flight distances, and survival rate of vector mosquitoes are all contributors to vectorial capacity that may be estimated in a single experimental method: mark-release-recapture (MRR). In this study, these key parameters were measured for mosquito populations in Karama, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. METHODS Two mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiments were carried out in Karama village to characterize seasonality differences, if any: wet season (December 2013, MRR1) and dry season (May 2014, MRR2). For both experiments, mosquitoes were marked according to release site/date and were released on four consecutive nights. Four sampling methodologies were utilized to enable recapture: human landing catches (HLCs), kelambu traps and barrier screens. RESULTS 98.7% of all catches were molecularly confirmed as Anopheles barbirostris. During the wet season, An. barbirostris demonstrated no preference toward endophagy. In the dry season, An. barbirostris demonstrated an endophagic preference. The duration of the feeding cycle for An. barbirostris was determined to be 5 days during the wet season and 3.7 days during the dry season, though an anomaly likely caused the wet season feeding cycle to be overestimated. The largest percentages of recaptured mosquitoes were collected in a single site during both seasons. The only significant relationship with mosquito dispersal was site of release and recapture. Finally, dispersal rates of An. barbirostris frequently ranged up to 800 m (the maximum measurable distance in this study) within a single day of release. CONCLUSIONS This study estimated key vector parameters for An. barbirostris an understudied species complex, in Karama, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Despite the length of the feeding cycle, the high indoor biting rates demonstrated by An. barbirostris in Karama suggest that the use of IRSs and LLINs, especially during the dry season, would have a substantial impact on the panmictic An. barbirostris population.
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Ogola EO, Chepkorir E, Sang R, Tchouassi DP. A previously unreported potential malaria vector in a dry ecology of Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:80. [PMID: 30744665 PMCID: PMC6369554 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Kenya, malaria remains a major public health menace equally affecting the semi-arid to arid ecologies. However, entomologic knowledge of malaria vectors in such areas remains poor. METHODS Morphologically-identified wild-caught Anopheles funestus (s.l.) specimens trapped outdoors from the semi-arid to arid area of Kacheliba, West Pokot County, Kenya, were analysed by PCR and sequencing for species identification, malaria parasite infection and host blood-meal sources. RESULTS Three hundred and thirty specimens were analysed to identify sibling species of the An. funestus group, none of which amplified using the available primers; two were infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium ovale, separately, while 84% (n = 25) of the blood-fed specimens had fed on humans. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences of 55 specimens (Plasmodium-positive, blood-fed and Plasmodium-negative) did not match reference sequences, possibly suggesting a previously unreported species, resolving as two clades. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the existence of yet-to-be identified and described anopheline species with a potential as malaria vectors in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin O Ogola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edith Chepkorir
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Jeffries CL, Lawrence GG, Golovko G, Kristan M, Orsborne J, Spence K, Hurn E, Bandibabone J, Tantely LM, Raharimalala FN, Keita K, Camara D, Barry Y, Wat'senga F, Manzambi EZ, Afrane YA, Mohammed AR, Abeku TA, Hedge S, Khanipov K, Pimenova M, Fofanov Y, Boyer S, Irish SR, Hughes GL, Walker T. Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:113. [PMID: 30483601 PMCID: PMC6234743 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14765.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wolbachia, a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations in West Africa. As there are numerous Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species across five malaria endemic countries to determine Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of Plasmodium, Wolbachia and the competing bacterium Asaia. Methods: Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017. Molecular analysis was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing, Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results: Novel Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species: An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, An. moucheti and An. species A, increasing the number of Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with Wolbachia supergroup B strains. We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within An. species A. Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in An. moucheti and An. species A but present at lower densities in An. coluzzii. Interestingly, no evidence of Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and Asaia infection densities were shown to be variable and location dependent. Conclusions: The important discovery of novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors. Novel Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Gena G Lawrence
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30033, USA
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - James Orsborne
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kirstin Spence
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Eliot Hurn
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Janvier Bandibabone
- Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | - Luciano M Tantely
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Fara N Raharimalala
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Kalil Keita
- Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministere de la Sante, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Denka Camara
- Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministere de la Sante, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Yaya Barry
- Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministere de la Sante, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Francis Wat'senga
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | - Emile Z Manzambi
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul R Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Shivanand Hedge
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Pimenova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sebastien Boyer
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Seth R Irish
- The US President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30329-4027, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Ogola EO, Fillinger U, Ondiba IM, Villinger J, Masiga DK, Torto B, Tchouassi DP. Insights into malaria transmission among Anopheles funestus mosquitoes, Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:577. [PMID: 30400976 PMCID: PMC6219006 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most malaria vectors belong to species complexes. Sibling species often exhibit divergent behaviors dictating the measures that can be deployed effectively in their control. Despite the importance of the Anopheles funestus complex in malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, sibling species have rarely been identified in the past and their vectoring potential remains understudied. METHODS We analyzed 1149 wild-caught An. funestus (senso lato) specimens from 21 sites in Kenya, covering the major malaria endemic areas including western, central and coastal areas. Indoor and outdoor collection tools were used targeting host-seeking and resting mosquitoes. The identity of sibling species, infection with malaria Plasmodium parasites, and the host blood meal sources of engorged specimens were analyzed using PCR-based and sequencing methods. RESULTS The most abundant sibling species collected in all study sites were Anopheles funestus (59.8%) and Anopheles rivulorum (32.4%) among the 1062 successfully amplified specimens of the An. funestus complex. Proportionally, An. funestus dominated in indoor collections whilst An. rivulorum dominated in outdoor collections. Other species identified were Anopheles leesoni (4.6%), Anopheles parensis (2.4%), Anopheles vaneedeni (0.1%) and for the first time in Kenya, Anopheles longipalpis C (0.7%). Anopheles funestus had an overall Plasmodium infection rate of 9.7% (62/636), predominantly Plasmodium falciparum (59), with two infected with Plasmodium ovale and one with Plasmodium malariae. There was no difference in the infection rate between indoor and outdoor collections. Out of 344 An. rivulorum, only one carried P. falciparum. We also detected P. falciparum infection in two non-blood-fed An. longipalpis C (2/7) which is the first record for this species in Kenya. The mean human blood indices for An. funestus and An. rivulorum were 68% (93/136) and 64% (45/70), respectively, with feeding tendencies on a broad host range including humans and domestic animals such as cow, goat, sheep, chicken and pig. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the importance of active surveillance through application of molecular approaches to unravel novel parasite-vector associations possibly contributed by cryptic species with important implications for effective malaria control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin O Ogola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ulrike Fillinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isabella M Ondiba
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.
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Jeffries CL, Lawrence GG, Golovko G, Kristan M, Orsborne J, Spence K, Hurn E, Bandibabone J, Tantely LM, Raharimalala FN, Keita K, Camara D, Barry Y, Wat’senga F, Manzambi EZ, Afrane YA, Mohammed AR, Abeku TA, Hedge S, Khanipov K, Pimenova M, Fofanov Y, Boyer S, Irish SR, Hughes GL, Walker T. Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:113. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14765.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Wolbachia, a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations. As there are numerous Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species to determine Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of Plasmodium, Wolbachia and the competing endosymbiotic bacterium Asaia. Methods: Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017. Molecular analysis of samples was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing, Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results: Novel Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species: An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, An. moucheti and An. species ‘A’, increasing the number of Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with Wolbachia supergroup B strains. We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within An. species ‘A’. Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in An. moucheti and An. species ‘A’, but present at lower densities in An. coluzzii. Interestingly, no evidence of Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and Asaia infection densities were also shown to be variable and location dependent. Conclusions: The important discovery of novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors. Novel Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies.
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Bandibabone J, Muhigwa JBB, Agramonte NM, Zawadi B, Ombeni L, Corredor-Medina C, Lawrence GG, Chimanuka B, Irish SR. Identification of Anopheles species in Sud Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo, using molecular tools. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 112:405-407. [PMID: 30085272 PMCID: PMC10961943 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito fauna of the Democratic Republic of Congo remains understudied, including that of the province of Sud Kivu. To improve understanding of species presenting Sud Kivu, adult mosquitoes were collected from houses and larvae were collected from standing water at altitudes between 1627 and 1875 m above sea level. Morphological and molecular methods were used to identify the species of Anopheles collected. Six species were found, including several primary and potential secondary malaria vectors. Further work is needed to characterize mosquito populations in Sud Kivu, as well as to improve methods for identifying Anopheles in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janvier Bandibabone
- Laboratoire d’entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu
| | | | - Natasha M. Agramonte
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta GA 30033, USA
| | - Bertin Zawadi
- Laboratoire d’entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu
| | - Luc Ombeni
- Laboratoire d’entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu
| | - Claudia Corredor-Medina
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta GA 30033, USA
| | - Gena G. Lawrence
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta GA 30033, USA
| | - Bantuzeko Chimanuka
- Laboratoire d’entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu
- Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB), Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Seth R. Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta GA 30033, USA
- US President’s Malaria Initiative
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Guo Y, Song Z, Luo L, Wang Q, Zhou G, Yang D, Zhong D, Zheng X. Molecular evidence for new sympatric cryptic species of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in China: A new threat from Aedes albopictus subgroup? Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:228. [PMID: 29618379 PMCID: PMC5885320 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) is an indigenous species and the predominant vector of dengue fever in China. Understanding of genetic diversity and structure of the mosquito would facilitate dengue prevention and vector control. Sympatric cryptic species have been identified in the Ae. albopictus subgroup in Southeast Asia; however, little is known about the presence and distribution of cryptic species in China. This study aimed to examine the genetic diversity, evaluate potential new cryptic sibling species, and assess the prevalence of Wolbachia infections in field populations. Methods Aedes adult female specimens were collected from five provinces in southern and central China during 2015–2016. Morphological identification was performed under dissection microscope. The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1, DNA barcoding) locus and the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) marker were used to examine the genetic variation, evaluate cryptic sibling species, and population structure in the field populations. Screening for the presence of Wolbachia was performed using multiplex PCR. Results A total of 140 individual specimens with morphological characteristics similar to Ae. albopictus were sequenced for DNA barcoding. Among these, 129 specimens (92.1%) were confirmed and identified as Ae. albopictus. The remaining 11 specimens, from 2 provinces, were identified as 2 distinct sequence groups, which were confirmed by ITS2 marker sequencing, suggesting the existence of potential cryptic species of Ae. albopictus. In Ae. albopictus, we found significant genetic differentiation and population structure between populations collected from different climate zones. Medium to high frequencies of Wolbachia infections were observed in natural Ae. albopictus populations, whereas Wolbachia was infrequent or absent in cryptic species populations. Conclusions Our findings highlight the population differentiation by climate zone and the presence of novel, cryptic Aedes species in China. The low prevalence of Wolbachia infections in cryptic species populations could reflect either a recent invasion of Wolbachia in Ae. albopictus or different host immune responses to this symbiont in the cryptic species. The study provides useful information for vector control and host-symbiont coevolution. Further study is needed to investigate the potential for arbovirus infection and disease transmission in the emerged cryptic species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2814-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhangyao Song
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Department of Disinfection and Pesticide of Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dizi Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Abstract
SUMMARYMosquitoes’ importance as vectors of pathogens that drive disease underscores the importance of precise and comparable methods of taxa identification among their species. While several molecular targets have been used to study mosquitoes since the initiation of PCR in the 1980s, its application to mosquito identification took off in the early 1990s. This review follows the research's recent journey into the use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI or COX1) as a DNA barcode target for mosquito species identification – a target whose utility for discriminating mosquitoes is now escalating. The pros and cons of using a mitochondrial genome target are discussed with a broad sweep of the mosquito literature suggesting that nuclear introgressions of mtDNA sequences appear to be uncommon and that the COI works well for distantly related taxa and shows encouraging utility in discriminating more closely related species such as cryptic/sibling species groups. However, the utility of COI in discriminating some closely related groups can be problematic and investigators are advised to proceed with caution as problems with incomplete lineage sorting and introgression events can result in indistinguishable COI sequences appearing in reproductively independent populations. In these – if not all – cases, it is advisable to run a nuclear marker alongside the mtDNA and thus the utility of the ribosomal DNA – and in particular the internal transcribed spacer 2 – is also briefly discussed as a useful counterpoint to the COI.
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50
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St Laurent B, Sukowati S, Burton TA, Bretz D, Zio M, Firman S, Sumardi, Sudibyo H, Safitri A, Suwito, Asih PB, Kosasih S, Shinta, Hawley WA, Burkot TR, Collins FH, Syafruddin D, Lobo NF. Comparative evaluation of anopheline sampling methods in three localities in Indonesia. Malar J 2018; 17:13. [PMID: 29310656 PMCID: PMC5759267 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of vector control efforts can vary based on the interventions used and local mosquito behaviour and adaptability. In many settings, biting patterns of Anopheles mosquitoes can shift in response to interventions targeting indoor-biting mosquitoes, often resulting in higher proportions of mosquitoes feeding outside or at times when people are not protected. These behaviourally resistant mosquitoes have been shown to sustain residual malaria transmission and limit control efforts. Therefore, it is important to accurately sample mosquitoes to understand their behaviour. Methods A variety of traps were evaluated in three geographically diverse sites in malaria-endemic Indonesia to investigate local mosquito feeding behaviour and determine effective traps for surveillance. Results Eight traps were evaluated in three sites: Canti village, Lampung, Kaliharjo village, Purworejo, and Saketa village, Halmahera, Indonesia, including the gold standard human landing collection (HLC) and a variety of traps targeting host-seeking and resting mosquitoes both indoors and outdoors. Trapping, using indoor and outdoor HLC, the Ifakara tent trap C, goat and human-occupied tents, resting pots and boxes, and CDC miniature light traps was conducted for 16 nights in two sites and 8 nights in a third site, using a Latin square design. Trap efficacy varied by site, with outdoor HLC yielding the highest catch rates in Canti and Kaliharjo and a goat-baited tent trap proving most effective in Saketa. In Canti village, anthropophilic Anopheles sundaicus were caught indoors and outdoors using HLCs, peaking in the early morning. In Kaliharjo, a variety of mosquitoes were caught, mostly outdoors throughout the night. HLC was ineffective in Saketa, the only site where a goat-baited tent trap was tested. This trap was effective in catching zoophilic vectors outdoors before midnight. Conclusions Different trapping methods were suitable for different species, likely reflecting differences in behaviour among species. The three villages, each located on a different island in the Indonesian archipelago, contained mosquito populations with unique behaviours. These data suggest that the effectiveness of specific vector monitoring and control measures may vary by location. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2161-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandyce St Laurent
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. .,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Supratman Sukowati
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - David Bretz
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mulyadi Zio
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Syah Firman
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sumardi
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heru Sudibyo
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amalia Safitri
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Suwito
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puji B Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shinta
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - William A Hawley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Unicef, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Cairns, Australia
| | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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