1
|
Laojun S, Chaiphongpachara T. Island mosquitoes of Thailand: an update on species diversity and DNA barcoding. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:224. [PMID: 38809447 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are among the most medically significant insects, with several species acting as vectors for human pathogens. Although there are frequent reports of mosquito-borne diseases in the border island areas of Thailand, comprehensive data on the diversity and DNA barcoding of these mosquito species remain limited. This study investigated mosquito diversity in two main archipelagos in Thailand-the Trat archipelago (comprising Chang Island and Kood Island) and the Ranong archipelago (comprising Chang Island and Phayam Island)-and generated DNA barcode data from the mosquitoes found there. The survey across these islands discovered a total of 41 species, highlighting the presence of several species known to be vectors for human diseases. Thirty-seven mosquito species from the island areas were documented to provide reference DNA barcode sequences for mosquitoes in Thailand's island regions. Two species, Aedes fumidus and Finlaya flavipennis, have been added as new COI sequence records in the database. DNA barcoding was highly effective in classifying almost all species by identifying barcoding gaps, except for Anopheles baimaii and Anopheles dirus, which could not be distinguished. Additionally, the study noted that geographical variations might influence certain mosquito species, such as Anopheles barbirostris A3 and Mansonia dives, causing them to be split into two distinct subgroups. The findings of this study are crucial, as they aid in classifying mosquito species using molecular techniques and expand our knowledge of disease vectors in these biodiverse regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sedthapong Laojun
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram, 75000, Thailand
| | - Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram, 75000, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Loureiro AC, Araki AS, Bruno RV, Lima JBP, Ladeia-Andrade S, Santacoloma L, Martins AJ. Molecular diversity of genes related to biological rhythms (period and timeless) and insecticide resistance (Na V and ace-1) in Anopheles darlingi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220159. [PMID: 37436274 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a public health concern in the Amazonian Region, where Anopheles darlingi is the main vector of Plasmodium spp. Several studies hypothesised the existence of cryptic species in An. darlingi, considering variations in behaviour, morphological and genetic aspects. Determining their overall genetic background for vector competence, insecticide resistance, and other elements is essential to better guide strategies for malaria control. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the molecular diversity in genes related to behaviour and insecticide resistance, estimating genetic differentiation in An. darlingi populations from Amazonian localities in Brazil and Pacific Colombian region. METHODS We amplified, cloned and sequenced fragments of genes related to behaviour: timeless (tim) and period (per), and to insecticide resistance: voltage-gated sodium channel (Na V ) and acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) from 516 An. darlingi DNA samples from Manaus, Unini River, Jaú River and Porto Velho - Brazil, and Chocó - Colombia. We discriminated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), determined haplotypes and evaluate the phylogenetic relationship among the populations. FINDINGS The genes per, tim and ace-1 were more polymorphic than Na V . The classical kdr and ace-1 R mutations were not observed. Phylogenetic analyses suggested a significant differentiation between An. darlingi populations from Brazil and Colombia, except for the Na V gene. There was a geographic differentiation within Brazilian populations considering per and ace-1. CONCLUSIONS Our results add genetic data to the discussion about polymorphisms at population levels in An. darlingi. The search for insecticide resistance-related mechanisms should be extended to more populations, especially from localities with a vector control failure scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cordeiro Loureiro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia, Controle e Vigilância de Insetos Vetores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alejandra Saori Araki
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rafaela Vieira Bruno
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia, Controle e Vigilância de Insetos Vetores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Simone Ladeia-Andrade
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Liliana Santacoloma
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Direção das Redes de Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Entomologia, Bogotá, Colômbia
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia, Controle e Vigilância de Insetos Vetores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brown JJ, Pascual M, Wimberly MC, Johnson LR, Murdock CC. Humidity - The overlooked variable in the thermal biology of mosquito-borne disease. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1029-1049. [PMID: 37349261 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases cause significant financial and human loss, with billions of dollars spent on control. Arthropod vectors experience a complex suite of environmental factors that affect fitness, population growth and species interactions across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Temperature and water availability are two of the most important abiotic variables influencing their distributions and abundances. While extensive research on temperature exists, the influence of humidity on vector and pathogen parameters affecting disease dynamics are less understood. Humidity is often underemphasized, and when considered, is often treated as independent of temperature even though desiccation likely contributes to declines in trait performance at warmer temperatures. This Perspectives explores how humidity shapes the thermal performance of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission. We summarize what is known about its effects and propose a conceptual model for how temperature and humidity interact to shape the range of temperatures across which mosquitoes persist and achieve high transmission potential. We discuss how failing to account for these interactions hinders efforts to forecast transmission dynamics and respond to epidemics of mosquito-borne infections. We outline future research areas that will ground the effects of humidity on the thermal biology of pathogen transmission in a theoretical and empirical framework to improve spatial and temporal prediction of vector-borne pathogen transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel J Brown
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael C Wimberly
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Leah R Johnson
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sanchez-Rojas JC, Aguirre-Obando OA. Dispersion routes of the main vectors of human malaria in the Americas: Genetic evidence from the mitochondrial COI gene. J Vector Borne Dis 2022; 59:363-374. [PMID: 36751768 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.361173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In America, of the 44 species of Anopheles, nine are main vectors of malaria and, of these, genetic information exists for seven. Hence, this study sought to know the gene flow and diversity of the seven principal vectors of malaria at the Americas level. METHODS For the seven species and the sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene obtained from the GenBank and Bold System, genetic analyzes of populations and genetic structure were performed and haplotype networks and phylogenetic trees were obtained. RESULTS For the seven species, 1440 sequences were analyzed and 519 haplotypes were detected. The Hd and π values were higher within a continental context than by countries. Neutrality tests indicated positive and negative values with most of these being significant (p < 0.05). Phylogenetic analyses for all the species recovered three clades with no geographic pattern among them. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Studies suggest that native species of Anopheles from the Americas have greater haplotype diversity and low genetic differentiation due to the lack of physical barriers to impede gene flow among these populations. Moreover, all the species are interconnected by roadways. This scenario complicates the epidemiological picture of malaria in the Americas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Carlos Sanchez-Rojas
- School of Biomathematical Research; Biology Program, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Technologies, Universidad del Quindío. Carrera 15 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Oscar Alexander Aguirre-Obando
- School of Biomathematical Research; Biology Program, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Technologies, Universidad del Quindío. Carrera 15 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lather M, Mallick PK, Sharma D, Kale S, Dang AS, Adak T, Singh OP. Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles fluviatilis species T (Diptera: Culicidae) in India. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:194-202. [PMID: 35182085 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles fluviatilis James (Diptera: Culicidae) represents a complex that comprises four sibling species (S, T, U, and V). Among these, species T is widely distributed in India. Chromosomal inversion polymorphism exists among different geographic populations of An. fluviatilis species T; however, population genetic structure is not understood. This study inferred a genetic structure among six geographically diverse populations of species T using a panel of microsatellite markers. Analyses indicated a significant but low genetic differentiation among the majority of the studied populations. A significant correlation was observed between genetic and geographic distances, exhibiting stepwise migration patterns among populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manila Lather
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant K Mallick
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Sharma
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Kale
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita S Dang
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Tridibes Adak
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Om P Singh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Petersen V, Santana M, Alves JMP, Suesdek L. Genetic and morphological polymorphisms of Aedes scapularis (Diptera: Culicidae), vector of filariae and arboviruses. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 97:105193. [PMID: 34933127 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes scapularis is a neotropical mosquito that is competent to vector viruses and filariae. It is reputed to be highly morphologically and genetically polymorphic, facts that have raised questions about whether it is a single taxonomic entity. In the last five decades, authors have posed the hypothesis that it could actually be a species complex under incipient speciation. Due to its epidemiological importance, its taxonomic status should be determined with confidence. AIM AND METHOD Our objective was to investigate more deeply the polymorphism of Ae. scapularis to detect any evidence of incipient speciation of cryptic species. We then compared populational samples from the Southeastern, Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil. The biological markers used in the comparison were: the complete mitochondrial DNA, the isolated mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and wing geometry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As expected, high morphological/genetic polymorphism was observed in all Ae. scapularis populations, however it was not indicative of segregation or incipient speciation. There was no correlation between wing shape and the geographical origin of the populations analysed. A congruent observation resulted from the analysis of the COI gene, which revealed a high number of haplotypes (51) and no clusterization of populational samples according to the original biomes. In the phylogenetic analysis of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes, the Ae. scapularis clade clustered with maximum support (100% bootstrap support and posterior probability of 1). No significant internal structure was observed in the Ae. scapularis clade, which was nearly a polytomy. Taken together, our results indicate that this species is not a species complex. CONCLUSION We conclude that there was no indication, in the analysed regions, of the occurrence of more than one taxon in the species Ae. scapularis, despite it being highly polymorphic. By ruling out the former species complex hypothesis, our phylogenetic results reinforce that Ae. scapularis is a single taxonomic unit and should be monitored with standardized surveillance and control methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Petersen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes - 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Micael Santana
- Programa de pós-graduação em Biotecnologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes - 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - J Marcelo P Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes - 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Lincoln Suesdek
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil - 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar - 470, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of São Paulo IEA/USP, São Paulo, Brazil..
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bunmee K, Thaenkham U, Saralamba N, Ponlawat A, Zhong D, Cui L, Sattabongkot J, Sriwichai P. Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles minimus in Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA markers. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:496. [PMID: 34565456 PMCID: PMC8474755 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The malaria vector Anopheles minimus has been influenced by external stresses affecting the survival rate and vectorial capacity of the population. Since An. minimus habitats have continuously undergone ecological changes, this study aimed to determine the population genetic structure and the potential gene flow among the An. minimus populations in Thailand. METHODS Anopheles minimus was collected from five malaria transmission areas in Thailand using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps. Seventy-nine females from those populations were used as representative samples. The partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) and cytochrome b (Cytb) gene sequences were amplified and analyzed to identify species and determine the current population genetic structure. For the past population, we determined the population genetic structure from the 60 deposited COII sequences in GenBank of An. minimus collected from Thailand 20 years ago. RESULTS The current populations of An. minimus were genetically divided into two lineages, A and B. Lineage A has high haplotype diversity under gene flow similar to the population in the past. Neutrality tests suggested population expansion of An. minimus, with the detection of abundant rare mutations in all populations, which tend to arise from negative selection. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the population genetic structure of An. minimus lineage A was similar between the past and present populations, indicating high adaptability of the species. There was substantial gene flow between the eastern and western An. minimus populations without detection of significant gene flow barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamonchanok Bunmee
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naowarat Saralamba
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Ponlawat
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchara Sriwichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Torres-Cosme R, Rigg C, Santamaría AM, Vásquez V, Victoria C, Ramirez JL, Calzada JE, Cáceres Carrera L. Natural malaria infection in anophelines vectors and their incrimination in local malaria transmission in Darién, Panama. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250059. [PMID: 33939707 PMCID: PMC8092770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 85% of the malaria cases in Panama occur in poor, rural and indigenous regions like Darien Province. Vector diversity, infection rate and spatial distribution are important entomological parameters of malaria transmission dynamics. Their understanding is crucial for the development of effective disease control strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the composition of Anopheles species, their natural infection rate and their geographic distribution to better understand the malaria transmission dynamics in Darién, Panama. Methods Anophelines mosquitoes were captured during the rainy and dry season of 2016. We selected five communities where adult anophelines were collected using CDC light-traps, and through protective human-baited traps. Detection of natural infection and Plasmodium genotype were detected via nested PCR through the amplification of ssrRNA and the circumsporozoite protein gene (csp), respectively. Results A total of 1,063 mosquitoes were collected mosquitoes were collected for the detection of natural infection with Plasmodium spp. Nine Anophelines species were identified, with the predominant species being: An. (Nys.) darlingi (45.0%) and An. (Nys.) albimanus (42.6%). Natural infection in An. (Nys.) albimanus with P. vivax was detected in one mosquito pool from the community Pueblo Tortuga (0.6%), three from Marraganti (1.7%), two from Bajo Chiquito (1.1%) and three pools from Alto Playona 3 (1.7%). For An. (Nys.) darlingi mosquitoes, we detected seven positive pools from the community Bajo Chiquito (4.0%), two pools from Marraganti (1.1%) and two pools from Alto Playona (1.1%). The P. vivax allelic variant VK210 was detected in infected mosquitoes. Conclusion The results from this study provide new information on the transmission dynamics associated with anophelines vectors in the Darién region. This is the first report of natural P. vivax infection in An. (Nys.) darlingi and its incrimination as a potential malaria vector in this region of Panama. Additional studies are necessary to expand our knowledge and determine crucial parameters in malaria transmission in Darién, which in turn will aid the National Malaria Program in attaining an adequate malaria control strategy towards malaria elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Torres-Cosme
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Ana María Santamaría
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Vanessa Vásquez
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Carlos Victoria
- Departamento de Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - José Luis Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - José E. Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Londono-Renteria B, Montiel J, Calvo E, Tobón-Castaño A, Valdivia HO, Escobedo-Vargas K, Romero L, Bosantes M, Fisher ML, Conway MJ, Vásquez GM, Lenhart AE. Antibody Responses Against Anopheles darlingi Immunogenic Peptides in Plasmodium Infected Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:455. [PMID: 32984076 PMCID: PMC7488213 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Malaria is still an important vector-borne disease in the New World tropics. Despite the recent decline in malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum infection in Africa, a rise in Plasmodium infections has been detected in several low malaria transmission areas in Latin America. One of the main obstacles in the battle against malaria is the lack of innovative tools to assess malaria transmission risk, and the behavioral plasticity of one of the main malaria vectors in Latin America, Anopheles darlingi. Methods: We used human IgG antibodies against mosquito salivary gland proteins as a measure of disease risk. Whole salivary gland antigen (SGA) from Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes was used as antigen in Western blot experiments, in which a ~65 kDa protein was visualized as the main immunogenic band and sent for sequencing by mass spectrometry. Apyrase and peroxidase peptides were designed and used as antigens in an ELISA-based test to measure human IgG antibody responses in people with different clinical presentations of malaria. Results: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed 17 proteins contained in the ~65 kDa band, with an apyrase and a peroxidase as the two most abundant proteins. Detection of IgG antibodies against salivary antigens by ELISA revealed a significant higher antibody levels in people with malaria infection when compared to uninfected volunteers using the AnDar_Apy1 and AnDar_Apy2 peptides. We also detected a significant positive correlation between the anti-peptides IgG levels and antibodies against the Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum antigens PvMSP1 and PfMSP1. Odd ratios suggest that people with higher IgG antibodies against the apyrase peptides were up to five times more likely to have a malaria infection. Conclusion: Antibodies against salivary peptides from An. darlingi salivary gland proteins may be used as biomarkers for malaria risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jehidys Montiel
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID/NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Hugo O Valdivia
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru
| | | | - Luz Romero
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Bosantes
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Michael J Conway
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | | | - Audrey E Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Londono-Renteria B, Drame PM, Montiel J, Vasquez AM, Tobón-Castaño A, Taylor M, Vizcaino L, Lenhart AE. Identification and Pilot Evaluation of Salivary Peptides from Anopheles albimanus as Biomarkers for Bite Exposure and Malaria Infection in Colombia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030691. [PMID: 31973044 PMCID: PMC7037407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect saliva induces significant antibody responses associated with the intensity of exposure to bites and the risk of disease in humans. Several salivary biomarkers have been characterized to determine exposure intensity to Old World Anopheles mosquito species. However, new tools are needed to quantify the intensity of human exposure to Anopheles bites and understand the risk of malaria in low-transmission areas in the Americas. To address this need, we conducted proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of immunogenic candidate proteins present in the saliva of uninfected Anopheles albimanus from two separate colonies—one originating from Central America (STECLA strain) and one originating from South America (Cartagena strain). A ~65 kDa band was identified by IgG antibodies in serum samples from healthy volunteers living in a malaria endemic area in Colombia, and a total of five peptides were designed from the sequences of two immunogenic candidate proteins that were shared by both strains. ELISA-based testing of human IgG antibody levels against the peptides revealed that the transferrin-derived peptides, TRANS-P1, TRANS-P2 and a salivary peroxidase peptide (PEROX-P3) were able to distinguish between malaria-infected and uninfected groups. Interestingly, IgG antibody levels against PEROX-P3 were significantly lower in people that have never experienced malaria, suggesting that it may be a good marker for mosquito bite exposure in naïve populations such as travelers and deployed military personnel. In addition, the strength of the differences in the IgG levels against the peptides varied according to location, suggesting that the peptides may able to detect differences in intensities of bite exposure according to the mosquito population density. Thus, the An. albimanus salivary peptides TRANS-P1, TRANS-P2, and PEROX-P3 are promising biomarkers that could be exploited in a quantitative immunoassay for determination of human-vector contact and calculation of disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Entomology Department, Vector Biology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Pl, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-785-532-2120
| | - Papa M. Drame
- Department of Global Health, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Jehidys Montiel
- Entomology Department, Vector Biology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Pl, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Ana M. Vasquez
- Calle 70 No. 52–21, Malaria Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia 05001, Colombia; (A.M.V.); (A.T.-C.)
| | - Alberto Tobón-Castaño
- Calle 70 No. 52–21, Malaria Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia 05001, Colombia; (A.M.V.); (A.T.-C.)
| | - Marissa Taylor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.T.); (L.V.); (A.E.L.)
| | - Lucrecia Vizcaino
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.T.); (L.V.); (A.E.L.)
| | - Audrey E. Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.T.); (L.V.); (A.E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prado CC, Alvarado-Cabrera LA, Camargo-Ayala PA, Garzón-Ospina D, Camargo M, Soto-De León SC, Cubides JR, Celis-Giraldo CT, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Behavior and abundance of Anopheles darlingi in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213335. [PMID: 30845198 PMCID: PMC6405047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, relative frequencies of malaria parasite species in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside have changed, being Plasmodium vivax (61.4%) and Plasmodium malariae (43.8%) the most frequent. Given this epidemiological scenario, it is important to determine the species of anophelines involved in these parasites' transmission. This study was carried out in June 2016 in two indigenous communities living close to the tributaries of the Amazon River using protected human bait. The results of this study showed a total abundance of 1,085 mosquitos, of which 99.2% corresponded to Anopheles darlingi. Additionally, only two anopheline species were found, showing low diversity in the study areas. Molecular confirmation of some individuals was then followed by evolutionary analysis by using the COI gene. Nested PCR was used for identifying the three Plasmodium species circulating in the study areas. Of the two species collected in this study, 21.0% of the An. darlingi mosquitoes were infected with P. malariae, 21.9% with P. vivax and 10.3% with Plasmodium falciparum. It exhibited exophilic and exophagic behavior in both study areas, having marked differences regarding its abundance in each community (Tipisca first sampling 49.4%, Tipisca second sampling 39.6% and Doce de Octubre 10.9%). Interestingly, An. mattogrossensis infected by P. vivax was found for the first time in Colombia (in 50% of the four females collected). Analysis of An. darlingi COI gene diversity indicated a single population maintaining a high gene flow between the study areas. The An. darlingi behavior pattern found in both communities represents a risk factor for the region's inhabitants living/working near these sites. This highlights the need for vector control efforts such as the use of personal repellents and insecticides for use on cattle, which must be made available in order to reduce this Anopheline's abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Camilo Prado
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Paola Andrea Camargo-Ayala
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Garzón-Ospina
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Camargo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sara Cecilia Soto-De León
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Ricardo Cubides
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Genetic diversity and population structure of Anopheles triannulatus s. l. in the department of Córdoba, Colombia, using DNA barcoding. BIOMEDICA 2018; 38:117-126. [PMID: 30184372 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Anopheles triannulatus is not incriminated as a vector of malaria transmission in Colombia despite recent reports of infection with Plasmodium spp. in populations related to the northwestern and southeastern lineages. Genetic diversity can delimit information about gene flow and population differentiation in localities with malaria.
Objective: To estimate the genetic diversity of An. triannulatus in five municipalities with high and low incidence of malaria in the department of Córdoba.
Materials and methods: The entomological collections were done between August and November, 2016, in Tierralta, Puerto Libertador, Montelíbano, Sahagún, and Planeta Rica. We used the COI barcoding fragment as molecular marker. The genetic analysis included the estimation of genetic parameters such as the diversity haplotype, the genetic structure, the gene flow, the Tajima’s D test, the haplotype network, and the phylogenetic relationship.
Results: We obtained 148 sequences with a length of 655 nucleotides of the COI gene, from which we derived 44 haplotypes. The H2 and H21 haplotypes were the most frequent in the populations. The values of the Tajima’s D test were negative and not significant (p>0.10). The genetic structure
index (FST=0.01427) and the gene flow (Nm=17.27) evidenced no differentiation between sampled populations due to the high exchange of migrants. Using phylogenetic inferences and the haplotype network, we identified one single species without geographic differentiation or lineages in the geographic range studied.
Conclusions: The genetic diversity calculated for An. triannulatus in this context indicated stable populations in constant exchange.
Collapse
|
13
|
Weeraratne TC, Surendran SN, Walton C, Karunaratne SHPP. Genetic diversity and population structure of malaria vector mosquitoes Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles peditaeniatus, and Anopheles vagus in five districts of Sri Lanka. Malar J 2018; 17:271. [PMID: 30029664 PMCID: PMC6053832 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Sri Lanka is considered as a malaria-free nation, the threat of re-emergence of outbreaks still remains due to the high prevalence and abundance of malaria vectors. Analysis of population genetic structure of malaria vectors is considered to be one of the vital components in implementing successful vector control programmes. The present study was conducted to determine the population genetic structure of three abundant malaria vectors; Anopheles subpictus sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles peditaneatus and Anopheles vagus from five administrative districts in two climatic zones; intermediate zone (Badulla and Kurunegala districts) and dry zone (Ampara, Batticoloa and Jaffna districts) of Sri Lanka using the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Methods Adult mosquitoes of An. subpictus s.l., An. peditaeniatus, and An. vagus were collected from five study sites located in five districts using cattle baited traps and backpack aspirators. Representative samples of each species that were morphologically confirmed were selected from each locality in generating COI sequences (> 6 good quality sequences per species per locality). Results Anopheles subpictus s.l. specimens collected during the study belonged to two sibling species; An. subpictus ‘A’ (from all study sites except from Jaffna) and An. subpictus ‘B’ (only from Jaffna). The results of haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices showed that all the three species are having high genetic diversity. Although a high significant pairwise difference was observed between An. subpictus ‘A’ and ‘B’ (Fst> 0.950, p < 0.05), there were no significant genetic population structures within An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus and An. subpictus species A (p > 0.05), indicating possible gene flow between these populations. Conclusions Gene flow among the populations of An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus and An. subpictus species A was evident. Application of vector control measures against all mosquito species must be done with close monitoring since gene flow can assist the spread of insecticide resistance genes over a vast geographical area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2419-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilini C Weeraratne
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Catherine Walton
- School of Earth and Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rosero CY, Jaramillo GI, Gonzalez R, Cardenas H. Genetic Differentiation of Colombian Populations of Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:487-498. [PMID: 28229354 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi Root is a primary vector of malaria in the neotropic region, a species not just highly anthropophilic but very efficient in transmitting Plasmodium species and considered the most important vector in the Amazon region. The main goal of this study was to determine the genetic structure of the A. darlingi populations using microsatellites (STR) in western and eastern regions of Colombia. DNA extraction was done with the cited protocol of band using the Genomic Prep™ cell and tissue isolation commercial kits. We used the STR reported by Conn et al (Mol Ecol Notes 1: 223-225, 2001). The analysis with STR proved there was a high genetic diversity and significant alterations of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The greatest genetic diversity was recorded in Mitu (Vaupes) (Na = 14, Ho = 0.520). The lowest was in Pueblo Nuevo (Cordoba) (Na = 12, Ho = 0.457). The eastern region and the Mitu (Vaupes) populations presented the highest number of primer alleles (Ap = 30; Ap = 13; Ap = 9), with variations between 0.010 and 0.097. The AMOVA revealed that the whole population underwent moderate genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.063, p < 0.05). The same differentiation was noticed (0.06 < F ST > 0.06, p < 0.05) with five of the six populations included in this job, and there was a low differentiation in the Las Margaritas (Santander) area (F ST = 0.02s3, p < 0.05). Our results suggest a slight positive correlation, which does not show a statistical significance between the geographic and genetic distances, probably suggesting that the moderate genetic differentiation found between pairs of populations does not need to be explained for the hypothesis of separation by distance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Y Rosero
- Medicine Faculty, Univ Cooperativa de Colombia, Calle 18 No. 47-150 Torobajo, Pasto, Colombia.
| | - G I Jaramillo
- Medicine Faculty, Univ Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - R Gonzalez
- Biology Department, Univ del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - H Cardenas
- Biology Department, Univ del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pacheco MA, González R, Brochero HL. [Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) Rood 1926: Morphometric variations in wings and legs of populations from Colombia]. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2017; 37:124-134. [PMID: 29161484 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i0.3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural populations of Anopheles darlingi, the main malaria vector in Colombia, have shown phenotypic variations in some of their diagnostic characters. OBJECTIVE To characterize morphometric variations in wing spot patterns and diagnostic characters of the hind leg of adult females of An. darlingi collected in areas where malaria is endemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patterns of the costal vein spots of wild females of An. darling populations collected in the departments of Chocó, Guaviare, Meta and Vichada were analyzed using linear and morphometric approaches. The second tarsomere of the hind leg of females was characterized by linear morphometric analysis. RESULTS We found 19 patterns of spots in the costal vein; patterns I (n=118/240, 49%) and VI (n=66, 28%) were the most frequent. The proportion of the basal dark area of hind tarsomere II and the length of hind tarsomere II (DSIII2/Ta-III2) constituted a robust diagnostic character as it represented 89% (n=213/240) of the total specimens studied. Significant differences were found in the wing shape (F=1.65, df =50, p<0.001) and the wing size (F=3.37, df=5, p=0.005) among populations from different locations. The smallest centroid size (2.64 mm) was found in populations from Chocó. CONCLUSIONS We registered 11 new wing spot patterns in the costal vein and the dominance of the patterns I and VI for populations of An. darlingi from Colombia. We confirmed DSIII2/TaIII2 ratio as a robust diagnostic character for the taxonomy of this species. We found differences between the size and shape of the wings of An. darlingi populations in accordance to their geographical distribution, which constitute important bionomic aspects for this malaria vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alfonso Pacheco
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feng X, Huang L, Lin L, Yang M, Ma Y. Genetic diversity and population structure of the primary malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in China inferred by cox1 gene. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:75. [PMID: 28183358 PMCID: PMC5439230 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis is a primary vector for Plasmodium vivax malaria in most regions of China. A comprehensive understanding of genetic variation and structure of the mosquito would be of benefit to the vector control and in a further attempt to contribute to malaria elimination in China. However, there is only inadequate population genetic data pertaining to An. sinensis currently. Methods Genetic variations and structure among populations of An. sinensis was examined and analyzed based on the nucleotide sequences of a 662 nt variable region of the mitochondrial cox1 gene among 15 populations from 20 collection sites in China. Results A total of 453 individuals in 15 populations were analyzed. The cox1 gene sequences were aligned, and 247 haplotypes were detected, 41 of these shared between populations. The range of haplotype diversity was from 0.709 (Yunnan) to 0.998 (Anhui). The genealogic network showed that the haplotypes were divided into two clusters, cluster I was at a high level of homoplasy, while cluster II included almost all individuals from the Yunnan population. The Yunnan population displayed a significantly high level of genetic differentiation (0.452−0.622) and a restricted gene flow with other populations. The pairwise FST values among other populations were lower. The AMOVA result showed that the percentage of variation within populations (83.83%) was higher than that among populations (16.17%). Mantel test suggested that geographical distance did not significantly contribute to the genetic differentiation (R2 = 0.0125, P = 0.59). Neutral test and mismatch analysis results showed that the An. sinensis population has undergone demographic expansions. Conclusions Anopheles sinensis populations showed high genetic polymorphism by cox1 gene. The weak genetic structure may be a consequence of low genetic differentiation and high gene flow among populations, except the Yunnan samples. The Yunnan population was isolated from the other populations, gene flow limited by geographical distance and barriers. These findings will provide a theoretical basis for vector surveillance and vector control in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2013-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Feng
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Tropical Infectious Disease, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Libin Huang
- Second Military Medical University Press, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Tropical Infectious Disease, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Manni Yang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Disease, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Tropical Infectious Disease, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
López-Rubio A, Suaza-Vasco J, Marcet PL, Ruíz-Molina N, Cáceres L, Porter C, Uribe S. Use of DNA barcoding to distinguish the malaria vector Anopheles neivai in Colombia. Zootaxa 2016; 4175:377-389. [PMID: 27811749 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A reference 535 bp barcode sequence from a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), acquired from specimens of An. neivai Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1913 from its type locality in Panama, was used as a tool for distinguishing this species from others in the subgenus Kerteszia. Comparisons with corresponding regions of COI between An. neivai and other species in the subgenus (An. bellator Dyar & Knab 1906, An. homunculus Komp 1937, An cruzii Dyar & Knab, 1908 and An. laneanus Corrêa & Cerqueira, 1944) produced K2P genetic distances of 8.3-12.6%, values well above those associated with intraspecific variation. In contrast, genetic distances among 55 specimens from five municipalities in the Colombian Pacific coastal state of Chocó were all within the range of 0-2.5%, with an optimized barcode threshold of 1.3%, the limit for unambiguous differentiation of An. neivai. Among specimens from the Chocó region, 18 haplotypes were detected, two of which were widely distributed over the municipalities sampled. The barcode sequence permits discrimination of An. neivai from sympatric species and indicates genetic variability within the species; aspects key to malaria surveillance and control as well as defining geographic distribution and dispersion patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés López-Rubio
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín - Facultad de Ciencias - Escuela de Biociencias - Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular. Calle 53A 63-20, Medellín. Código Postal 050034 - Colombia.;
| | - Juan Suaza-Vasco
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín - Facultad de Ciencias - Escuela de Biociencias - Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular. Calle 53A 63-20, Medellín. Código Postal 050034 - Colombia.; unknown
| | - Paula L Marcet
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch. Atlanta, USA; unknown
| | - Natalia Ruíz-Molina
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín - Facultad de Ciencias - Escuela de Biociencias - Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular. Calle 53A 63-20, Medellín. Código Postal 050034 - Colombia.; unknown
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch. Atlanta, USA; unknown
| | - Charles Porter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch. Atlanta, USA; unknown
| | - Sandra Uribe
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín - Facultad de Ciencias - Escuela de Biociencias - Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular. Calle 53A 63-20, Medellín. Código Postal 050034 - Colombia.; unknown
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Naranjo-Díaz N, Sallum MAM, Correa MM. Population dynamics of Anopheles nuneztovari in Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:56-65. [PMID: 27553709 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles nuneztovari is an important Colombian malaria vector widespread on both sides of the Andean Mountains, presenting morphological, behavioral and genetic heterogeneity throughout the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the population structure and distribution of An. nuneztovari in Colombia are associated with ecological and physical barriers present in a heterogeneous landscape. Further, differences in behavior were addressed. A total of 5392 specimens of An. nuneztovari were collected. Mitochondrial and nuclear marker analyses detected subdivision among the northwest-west, northeast and east populations. For both markers, isolation by distance (~53%) and isolation by resistance (>30%) were determinants of population genetic differentiation. This suggests that physical barriers, geographical distance and ecological differences on both sides of the Andean Mountains promoted the genetic differentiation and population subdivision of An. nuneztovari in Colombia. This species showed the highest biting activity after 20:00h; indoor and outdoor preferences were found in all localities. These results indicated that the most effective interventions for controlling vector populations on both sides of the Andes need to be region-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Naranjo-Díaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Maria Anice M Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Naranjo-Díaz N, Conn JE, Correa MM. Behavior and population structure of Anopheles darlingi in Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:64-73. [PMID: 26792711 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is a widely distributed and important malaria vector in Colombia. Biogeographical and ecological heterogeneity across the Colombian distribution led to the hypothesis of behavioral and genetic differentiation among A. darlingi populations. A total of 2017 A. darlingi specimens were collected during 222 h of sampling. This vector was the most abundant anopheline species in most of the localities sampled. Subdivision between samples collected west and east of the Andes was indicated by 1) mitochondrial COI and nuclear CAD sequences from NW-W and CE-S populations (COI ΦST=0.48761-0.81974, CAD FST=0.11319-0.21321), 2) a COI haplotype network, and 3) SAMOVA. Endo- and exophagy were detected in populations west of the Andes, whereas exophagy was evident in PTG, a locality east of the Andes. Isolation by resistance was significant for COI and explained 26% of the genetic differentiation. We suggest that at a macrogeographic scale, the Andes influence the differentiation of A. darlingi in Colombia and may drive divergence, and, at a microgeographic scale, ecological differences have a significant impact on structure. These data could constitute a baseline for the design of effective vector interventions, locality-specific for the east and similar for panmictic populations west of the Andes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Naranjo-Díaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lainhart W, Bickersmith SA, Nadler KJ, Moreno M, Saavedra MP, Chu VM, Ribolla PE, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Evidence for temporal population replacement and the signature of ecological adaptation in a major Neotropical malaria vector in Amazonian Peru. Malar J 2015; 14:375. [PMID: 26415942 PMCID: PMC4587789 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major Neotropical malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi, was reintroduced into the Iquitos, Loreto, Peru area during the early 1990s, where it displaced other anophelines and caused a major malaria epidemic. Since then, case numbers in Loreto have fluctuated, but annual increases have been reported since 2012. METHODS The population genetic structure of An. darlingi sampled before and after the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) was investigated to test the hypothesis of temporal population change (2006 vs. 2012). Current samples of An. darlingi were used to test the hypothesis of ecological adaptation to human modified (highway) compared with wild (riverine) habitat, linked to forest cover. In total, 693 An. darlingi from nine localities in Loreto, Peru area were genotyped using 13 microsatellite loci. To test the hypothesis of habitat differentiation in An. darlingi biting time patterns, HBR and EIR, four collections of An. darlingi from five localities (two riverine and three highway) were analysed. RESULTS Analyses of microsatellite loci from seven (2006) and nine settlements (2012-2014) in the Iquitos area detected two distinctive populations with little overlap, although it is unclear whether this population replacement event is associated with LLIN distribution or climate. Within the 2012-2014 population two admixed subpopulations, A and B, were differentiated by habitat, with B significantly overrepresented in highway, and both in near-equal proportions in riverine. Both subpopulations had a signature of expansion and there was moderate genetic differentiation between them. Habitat and forest cover level had significant effects on HBR, such that Plasmodium transmission risk, as measured by EIR, in peridomestic riverine settlements was threefold higher than in peridomestic highway settlements. HBR was directly associated with available host biomass rather than forest cover. CONCLUSIONS A population replacement event occurred between 2006 and 2012-2014, concurrently with LLIN distribution and a moderate El Niño event, and prior to an increase in malaria incidence. The likely drivers of this replacement cannot be determined with current data. The present-day An. darlingi population is composed of two highly admixed subpopulations, which appear to be in an early stage of differentiation, triggered by anthropogenic alterations to local habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Lainhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5669 State Farm Road, Building 1, Room 101, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| | - Sara A Bickersmith
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5669 State Farm Road, Building 1, Room 101, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| | - Kyle J Nadler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | | - Virginia M Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5669 State Farm Road, Building 1, Room 101, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| | | | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Instituto de Medicine Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5669 State Farm Road, Building 1, Room 101, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Emerson KJ, Conn JE, Bergo ES, Randel MA, Sallum MAM. Brazilian Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae) Clusters by Major Biogeographical Region. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130773. [PMID: 26172559 PMCID: PMC4501553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major drivers of the extensive biodiversity of the Neotropics are proposed to be geological and tectonic events together with Pliocene and Pleistocene environmental and climatic change. Geographical barriers represented by the rivers Amazonas/Solimões, the Andes and the coastal mountain ranges in eastern Brazil have been hypothesized to lead to diversification within the primary malaria vector, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root, which primarily inhabits rainforest. To test this biogeographical hypothesis, we analyzed 786 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 12 populations of An. darlingi from across the complex Brazilian landscape. Both model-based (STRUCTURE) and non-model-based (Principal Components and Discriminant Analysis) analysis of population structure detected three major genetic clusters that correspond with newly described Neotropical biogeographical regions: 1) Atlantic Forest province (= southeast population); 2) Parana Forest province (= West Atlantic forest population, with one Chacoan population - SP); and 3) Brazilian dominion population (= Amazonian population with one Chacoan population - TO). Significant levels of pairwise genetic divergences were found among the three clusters, allele sharing among clusters was negligible, and geographical distance did not contribute to differentiation. We infer that the Atlantic forest coastal mountain range limited dispersal between the Atlantic Forest province and the Parana Forest province populations, and that the large, diagonal open vegetation region of the Chacoan dominion dramatically reduced dispersal between the Parana and Brazilian dominion populations. We hypothesize that the three genetic clusters may represent three putative species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Emerson
- Biology Department, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, St. Mary’s City, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan E. Conn
- The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences—School of Public Health, SUNY Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Eduardo S. Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melissa A. Randel
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Maria Anice M. Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Herrera-Varela M, Orjuela LI, Peñalver C, Conn JE, Quiñones ML. Anopheles species composition explains differences in Plasmodium transmission in La Guajira, northern Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:952–956. [PMID: 25411002 PMCID: PMC4296503 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria in La Guajira, the most northern state of Colombia, shows two different epidemiological patterns. Malaria is endemic in the municipality of Dibulla whereas in Riohacha it is characterised by sporadic outbreaks. This study aimed to establish whether differences in transmission patterns could be attributed to different vector species. The most abundant adult female species were Anopheles aquasalis, exclusive to Riohacha, and Anopheles darlingi, restricted to Dibulla. Anopheles mosquitoes were identified using morphology and the molecular markers internal transcribed spacer 2 and cytochrome c oxidase I. All specimens (n = 1,393) were tested by ELISA to determine natural infection rates with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. An. darlingi was positive for P. vivax 210, with an infection rate of 0.355% and an entomological inoculation rate of 15.87 infective bites/person/year. Anopheles albimanus larvae were the most common species in Riohacha, found in temporary swamps; in contrast, in Dibulla An. darlingi were detected mainly in permanent streams. Distinctive species composition and larval habitats in each municipality may explain the differences in Plasmodium transmission and suggest different local strategies should be used for vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Herrera-Varela
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lorena I Orjuela
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Jan E Conn
- New York State Department of Health, The Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Martha L Quiñones
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Petersen V, Devicari M, Suesdek L. High morphological and genetic variabilities of Ochlerotatus scapularis, a potential vector of filarias and arboviruses. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:128. [PMID: 25885902 PMCID: PMC4357162 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ochlerotatus scapularis is a potential vector of filarias and arboviruses in the Neotropics. This species was once typically associated with sylvatic environments; however, cases of synanthropy and urbanization of this species have been increasingly reported in southeast Brazil. Despite the medical relevance of Oc. scapularis, its populational variability is not yet known. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the morphological and genetic variabilities of this species. Methods Population samples were characterized using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene and wing geometrics. Adult mosquitoes were collected from five sampling sites from remnants of the Atlantic forest embedded in the urban or rural areas of southeast Brazil. Results In the 130 individuals analyzed, 46 COI haplotypes were detected. Haplotype diversity was high and ranged from 0.66 to 0.97. Six haplotypes were present in 61% of the individuals, whereas the remaining haplotypes were less frequent (39%). Wing shape was also highly polymorphic. Differentiation of populations across sampling sites according to genetic distances (Fst = −0.009 to 0.060) and morphological distances (Qst = 0.47) indicated that populations were not identical. No correlations were noted for phenetic and genetic diversities (p = 0.19) or for genetic or phenetic distances with geographical distances (p = 0.2 and p = 0.18, respectively). Conclusions Our study results suggest that Oc. scapularis has a rich genetic patrimony, even though its habitat is fragmented. Implications of such genetic richness with respect to vectorial competence, plasticity, and ability to exploit urbanized areas need to be further investigated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0740-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Petersen
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Devicari
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lincoln Suesdek
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós- graduação do Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gómez GF, Márquez EJ, Gutiérrez LA, Conn JE, Correa MM. Geometric morphometric analysis of Colombian Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) reveals significant effect of environmental factors on wing traits and presence of a metapopulation. Acta Trop 2014; 135:75-85. [PMID: 24704285 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles albimanus is a major malaria mosquito vector in Colombia. In the present study, wing variability (size and shape) in An. albimanus populations from Colombian Maracaibo and Chocó bio-geographical eco-regions and the relationship of these phenotypic traits with environmental factors were evaluated. Microsatellite and morphometric data facilitated a comparison of the genetic and phenetic structure of this species. Wing size was influenced by elevation and relative humidity, whereas wing shape was affected by these two variables and also by rainfall, latitude, temperature and eco-region. Significant differences in mean shape between populations and eco-regions were detected, but they were smaller than those at the intra-population level. Correct assignment based on wing shape was low at the population level (<58%) and only slightly higher (>70%) at the eco-regional level, supporting the low population structure inferred from microsatellite data. Wing size was similar among populations with no significant differences between eco-regions. Population relationships in the genetic tree did not agree with those from the morphometric data; however, both datasets consistently reinforced a panmictic population of An. albimanus. Overall, site-specific population differentiation is not strongly supported by wing traits or genotypic data. We hypothesize that the metapopulation structure of An. albimanus throughout these Colombian eco-regions is favoring plasticity in wing traits, a relevant characteristic of species living under variable environmental conditions and colonizing new habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovan F Gómez
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Edna J Márquez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Lina A Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, 12159 NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, 12222 NY, USA.
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Temporal genetic structure of major dengue vector Aedes aegypti from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Acta Trop 2014; 134:80-8. [PMID: 24631342 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, high levels of Aedes aegypti infestation and several dengue outbreaks with fatal outcome cases have been reported in Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil. This situation made it important to understand the genetic structure and gene flow patterns among the populations of this vector in Manaus, vital pieces of information for their management and development of new control strategies. In this study, we used nine microsatellite loci to examine the effect of seasonality on the genetic structure and gene flow patterns in Ae. aegypti populations from four urban neighborhoods of Manaus, collected during the two main rainy and dry seasons. All loci were polymorphic in the eight samples from the two seasons, with a total of 41 alleles. The genetic structure analyses of the samples from the rainy season revealed genetic homogeneity and extensive gene flow, a result consistent with the abundance of breeding sites for this vector. However, the samples from the dry season were significantly structured, due to a reduction of Ne in two (Praça 14 de Janeiro and Cidade Nova) of the four samples analyzed, and this was the primary factor influencing structure during the dry season. Genetic bottleneck analyses suggested that the Ae. aegypti populations from Manaus are being maintained continuously throughout the year, with seasonal reduction rather than severe bottleneck or extinction, corroborating previous reports. These findings are of extremely great importance for designing new dengue control strategies in Manaus.
Collapse
|
26
|
Moreno M, Bickersmith S, Harlow W, Hildebrandt J, McKeon SN, Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Loaiza JR, Ruiz F, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Sallum MAM, Bergo ES, Fritz GN, Wilkerson RC, Linton YM, Juri MJD, Rangel Y, Póvoa MM, Gutiérrez-Builes LA, Correa MM, Conn JE. Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:47. [PMID: 23433428 PMCID: PMC3606328 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex: Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C were investigated. METHODS The mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2 of samples that include the known geographic distribution of these taxa were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference, Maximum parsimony and Maximum likelihood approaches. RESULTS Each data set analyzed septely yielded a different topology but none provided evidence for the seption of An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C, consistent with the hypothesis that the two are undergoing incipient speciation. The phylogenetic analyses of the white gene found three main clades, whereas the statistical parsimony network detected only a single metapopulation of Anopheles triannulatus s.l. Seven COI lineages were detected by phylogenetic and network analysis. In contrast, the network, but not the phylogenetic analyses, strongly supported three ITS2 groups. Combined data analyses provided the best resolution of the trees, with two major clades, Amazonian (clade I) and trans-Andean + Amazon Delta (clade II). Clade I consists of multiple subclades: An. halophylus + An. triannulatus C; trans-Andean Venezuela; central Amazonia + central Bolivia; Atlantic coastal lowland; and Amazon delta. Clade II includes three subclades: Panama; cis-Andean Colombia; and cis-Venezuela. The Amazon delta specimens are in both clades, likely indicating local sympatry. Spatial and molecular variance analyses detected nine groups, corroborating some of subclades obtained in the combined data analysis. CONCLUSION Combination of the three molecular markers provided the best resolution for differentiation within An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and C. The latest two species seem to be very closely related and the analyses performed were not conclusive regarding species differentiation. Further studies including new molecular markers would be desirable to solve this species status question. Besides, results of the study indicate a trans-Andean origin for An. triannulatus s.l. The potential implications for malaria epidemiology remain to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
- Present address: Division Infectious Diseases University of California San Diego, George Palade Labs, School of Medicine, 92093, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0741, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Bickersmith
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Wesley Harlow
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Hildebrandt
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sascha N McKeon
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Jose R Loaiza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Clayton, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Freddy Ruiz
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Maria AM Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, SUCEN, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gary N Fritz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, USA
| | - Richard C Wilkerson
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yvonne M Linton
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Maria J Dantur Juri
- Instituto Superior de Entomología "Dr. Abraham Willink", Facultad de Ciencias, Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Yadira Rangel
- Laboratorio de Biologia de Vectores, Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Lina A Gutiérrez-Builes
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jan E Conn
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jaramillo LM, Gutiérrez LA, Luckhart S, Conn JE, Correa MM. Molecular evidence for a single taxon, Anopheles nuneztovari s.l., from two endemic malaria regions in Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106:1017-23. [PMID: 22241127 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000800020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. taxonomic status at a microgeographic level in four malaria endemic localities from Antioquia and Córdoba, Colombia, fragments of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the white gene were used. The COI analysis showed low genetic differentiation with fixation index (F(ST)) levels between -0.02-0.137 and Nm values between 3-∞, indicating the presence of high gene flow among An. nuneztovari s.l. populations from the four localities. The COI network showed a single most common haplotype, type 1 (n = 55), present in all localities, as the likely ancestral haplotype. Analysis of the white gene showed that An. nuneztovari s.l. populations from both departments grouped with haplotypes 19 and 20, which are part of lineage 3 reported previously. The results of the present study suggest that An. nuneztovari s.l. is a single taxon in the area of the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luz Marina Jaramillo
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rosero DA, Jaramillo LM, Gutiérrez LA, Conn JE, Correa MM. Genetic diversity of Anopheles triannulatus s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) from northwestern and southeastern Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:910-20. [PMID: 22949519 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles triannulatus s.l. is a species complex, however in Colombia its taxonomic status is unclear. This study was conducted to understand the level of genetic differentiation or population structure of specimens of An. triannulatus s.l. from northwestern and southeastern Colombia. Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequence analyses suggested high genetic differentiation between the NW and SE populations. A TCS network and Bayesian inference analysis based on 814 bp of COI showed two main groups: group I included samples from the NW and group II samples from the SE. Two main ITS2-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) patterns were found. Pattern I is present in both the NW and SE, and pattern II is found in the SE specimens. To further elucidate the taxonomic status of An. triannulatus s.l. in Colombia and how these COI lineages are related to the Triannulatus Complex species, the evaluation of immature stages, male genitalia, and additional mitochondrial and nuclear markers will be needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris A Rosero
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hiwat H, Bretas G. Ecology of Anopheles darlingi Root with respect to vector importance: a review. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:177. [PMID: 21923902 PMCID: PMC3183005 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is one of the most important malaria vectors in the Americas. In this era of new tools and strategies for malaria and vector control it is essential to have knowledge on the ecology and behavior of vectors in order to evaluate appropriateness and impact of control measures. This paper aims to provide information on the importance, ecology and behavior of An. darlingi. It reviews publications that addressed ecological and behavioral aspects that are important to understand the role and importance of An. darlingi in the transmission of malaria throughout its area of distribution. The results show that Anopheles darlingi is especially important for malaria transmission in the Amazon region. Although numerous studies exist, many aspects determining the vectorial capacity of An. darlingi, i.e. its relation to seasons and environmental conditions, its gonotrophic cycle and longevity, and its feeding behavior and biting preferences, are still unknown. The vector shows a high degree of variability in behavioral traits. This makes it difficult to predict the impact of ongoing changes in the environment on the mosquito populations. Recent studies indicate a good ability of An. darlingi to adapt to environments modified by human development. This allows the vector to establish populations in areas where it previously did not exist or had been controlled to date. The behavioral variability of the vector, its adaptability, and our limited knowledge of these impede the establishment of effective control strategies. Increasing our knowledge of An. darlingi is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hiwat
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang M, Ma Y, Wu J. Mitochondrial genetic differentiation across populations of the malaria vector Anopheles lesteri from China (Diptera: Culicidae). Malar J 2011; 10:216. [PMID: 21810272 PMCID: PMC3161021 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles lesteri is a primary vector of Plasmodium spp. in central China. A complete understanding of vector population structure and the processes responsible for the differentiation is important to the vector-based malaria control programmes and for identifying heterogeneity in disease transmission as a result of discrete vector populations. There is no adequate An. lesteri population genetic data available. Methods Polymorphism of sequence variations in mitochondrial COII and Cytb genes were assessed to explore the level of genetic variability and differentiation among six populations of An. lesteri from China. Results There were 30 (4.37%) and 21 (5.33%) polymorphic sites for mtDNA-COII and Cytb gene, respectively. Totally 31 COII and 30 Cytb haplotypes were obtained. The range of FST values was from 0.101 to 0.655 by mtDNA-COII, and 0.029 to 0.231 by Cytb gene. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the percentage of variation within populations (65.83%, 88.48%) was greater than that among populations (34.17%, 11.52%) using both genes. The Tajima's D and Fu's Fs values were all negative, except Tajima's D values of YN and HNB populations, which suggest a large number of low-frequency mutations in populations and the populations were in expansion proceeding. Conclusions Levels of genetic variation within An. lesteri populations were higher than among them. While these results may suggest considerable levels of gene flow, other explanations, such as the effect of historical population perturbations can also be hypothesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manni Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Montoya-Lerma J, Solarte YA, Giraldo-Calderón GI, Quiñones ML, Ruiz-López F, Wilkerson RC, González R. Malaria vector species in Colombia: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106 Suppl 1:223-38. [PMID: 21881778 PMCID: PMC4833002 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a comprehensive review of the literature on the vectorial importance of the major Anopheles malaria vectors in Colombia. We provide basic information on the geographical distribution, altitudinal range, immature habitats, adult behaviour, feeding preferences and anthropophily, endophily and infectivity rates. We additionally review information on the life cycle, longevity and population fluctuation of Colombian Anopheles species. Emphasis was placed on the primary vectors that have been epidemiologically incriminated in malaria transmission: Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles nuneztovari. The role of a selection of local, regional or secondary vectors (e.g., Anopheles pseudopunctipennis and Anopheles neivai) is also discussed. We highlight the importance of combining biological, morphological and molecular data for the correct taxonomical determination of a given species, particularly for members of the species complexes. We likewise emphasise the importance of studying the bionomics of primary and secondary vectors along with an examination of the local conditions affecting the transmission of malaria. The presence and spread of the major vectors and the emergence of secondary species capable of transmitting human Plasmodia are of great interest. When selecting control measures, the anopheline diversity in the region must be considered. Variation in macroclimate conditions over a species' geographical range must be well understood and targeted to plan effective control measures based on the population dynamics of the local Anopheles species.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma Y, Yang M, Fan Y, Wu J, Ma Y, Xu J. Population structure of the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in China: two gene pools inferred by microsatellites. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22219. [PMID: 21799796 PMCID: PMC3142120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles sinensis is a competent malaria vector in China. An understanding of vector population structure is important to the vector-based malaria control programs. However, there is no adequate data of A. sinensis population genetics available yet. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study used 5 microsatellite loci to estimate population genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and demographic history of A. sinensis from 14 representative localities in China. All 5 microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic across populations, with high allelic richness and heterozygosity. Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium was found in 12 populations associated with heterozygote deficits, which was likely caused by the presence of null allele and the Wahlund effect. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed two gene pools, grouping samples into two population clusters; one includes six and the other includes eight populations. Out of 14 samples, six samples were mixed with individuals from both gene pools, indicating the coexistence of two genetic units in the areas sampled. The overall differentiation between two genetic pools was moderate (F(ST) = 0.156). Pairwise differentiation between populations were lower within clusters (F(ST) = 0.008-0.028 in cluster I and F(ST) = 0.004-0.048 in cluster II) than between clusters (F(ST) = 0.120-0.201). A reduced gene flow (Nm = 1-1.7) was detected between clusters. No evidence of isolation by distance was detected among populations neither within nor between the two clusters. There are differences in effective population size (Ne = 14.3-infinite) across sampled populations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Two genetic pools with moderate genetic differentiation were identified in the A. sinensis populations in China. The population divergence was not correlated with geographic distance or barrier in the range. Variable effective population size and other demographic effects of historical population perturbations could be the factors affecting the population differentiation. The structured populations may limit the migration of genes under pressures/selections, such as insecticides and immune genes against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manni Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|