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Gunnar MR. Editorial: Placing research in context - what participant and study characteristics should be routinely reported in studies of child and adolescent mental health? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:121-123. [PMID: 38226802 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
This editorial argues that research findings in child and adolescent psychopathology need to be contextualized with demographic information and location in order to help with interpretation of findings and implications for the services that are available and/or potentially effective. For developmental psychopathology and child and adolescent mental health treatment, the demographic information should include key factors known to influence etiology, treatment effectiveness and service availability. These factors include, but may not be limited to, sex and age, location including country (and city or urban area), socioeconomic class, culture and minoritized status. Including such information, in addition to helping us understand why findings might not generalize, can draw attention to the exclusion of certain groups from research and so drive attempts to increase the representativeness of research in child and adolescent mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Shen J, Wang Y. Correlates of Longitudinal Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injuries. J Pediatr Psychol 2023; 48:1021-1029. [PMID: 37846151 PMCID: PMC10733728 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression poses a significant threat to the health and well-being of adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Existing research has limitations in longitudinal follow-up period, consideration of sample heterogeneity, and outcome measurement modeling. This study aimed to address these gaps by applying the second-order growth mixture model (SO-GMM) to examine the 10-year post-injury depression trajectories in adolescents with TBI. METHODS A total of 1,989 adolescents with TBI 16-21 years old from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model System National Data Bank were analyzed up to 10 years post-injury. Depressive symptoms were measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, employment, Functional Independence Measure Cognition, TBI severity, pre-injury disability, and substance use. Longitudinal measurement invariance was tested at the configural, metric, and scalar levels before SO-GMM was fit. Logistic regression was conducted for disparities in depression trajectories by covariates. RESULTS A 2-class SO-GMM was identified with a low-stable group (85% of the sample) and a high-increasing group (15% of the sample) on depression levels. Older age, being a Native American, and having Hispanic origin was associated with a higher likelihood of being in the high-increasing class (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.165-4.989 and 1.609, respectively), while patients with higher education and being male were less likely to be in the high-increasing class (ORs = 0.735 and 0.557, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study examined the disparities in depression among two distinct longitudinal groups of adolescents with TBI 10 years post-injury. Findings of the study are informative for intervention development to improve long-term mental health in adolescents with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Shen
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
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Wang S, Li Q, Lu J, Ran H, Che Y, Fang D, Liang X, Sun H, Chen L, Peng J, Shi Y, Xiao Y. Treatment Rates for Mental Disorders Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2338174. [PMID: 37851443 PMCID: PMC10585417 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.38174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Mental disorders among children and adolescents are global health concerns. Published studies have provided discordant results regarding treatment rates for mental disorders among youths. Objective To estimate combined treatment rates for several common psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents. Data Sources PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Embase were searched from database inception until September 23, 2022, and supplemented with hand-searching of reference lists. Study Selection Included studies were those that used validated methods to report treatment rates for any mental disorder, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and behavior disorders among children and adolescents. Data Extraction and Synthesis This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, and scored quality. Studies with a Joanna Briggs Institute score of 5 or more were included in the meta-analysis. Treatment rates were pooled using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed to investigate the association with treatment rates of factors, such as year of data collection, World Health Organization region, age, income level, timeframe of diagnosis, informant source, service type, sample origin, and internalizing or externalizing disorder. Main Outcomes and Measures Treatment rates for mental disorders among children and adolescents were the main outcomes, measured as percentage estimates. Results Forty studies were included in the analysis, comprising 310 584 children and adolescents, with boys accounting for 39% of participants (sex was not reported in 10 studies). The pooled treatment rate was 38% (95% CI, 30%-45%) for any mental disorder, 36% (95% CI, 29%-43%) for depressive disorders, 31% (95% CI, 21%-42%) for anxiety disorders, 58% (95% CI, 42%-73%) for ADHD, and 49% (95% CI, 35%-64%) for behavior disorders. Age, income level, and region were significantly associated with the combined treatment rates of mental disorders in children and adolescents. The treatment rate for depressive disorders was higher among adolescents than children (36% [95% CI, 25%-46%] vs 11% [95% CI, 0%-25%]), whereas the treatment rate for anxiety disorders was higher among children than adolescents (64% [95% CI, 52%-75%] vs 20% [95% CI, 9%-30%]). The treatment rate for any mental disorder in lower-middle income countries was 6% (95% CI, 2%-14%), in upper-middle income countries was 24% (95% CI, 2%-47%), and in high-income countries was 43% (95% CI, 35%-52%). For depressive disorders, treatment rates were higher in the Americas (40% [95% CI, 30%-51%]) than in Europe (28% [95% CI, 13%-43%]) and the Western Pacific region (6% [95% CI, 1%-16%]). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that, in general, the treatment rates for mental disorders among children and adolescents were low, especially for depression and anxiety. Targeted intervention policies and effective measures should be designed and implemented to improve treatment rates of psychiatric disorders among youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiongxian Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Psychiatry Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Mental Health Institute of Yunnan, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hailiang Ran
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yusan Che
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Die Fang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuemeng Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junwei Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyu Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Library in Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Gustafsson J, Lyyra N, Jasinskaja-Lahti I, Simonsen N, Lahti H, Kulmala M, Ojala K, Paakkari L. Mental health profiles of Finnish adolescents before and after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:54. [PMID: 37120557 PMCID: PMC10148589 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had implications for adolescents' interpersonal relationships, communication patterns, education, recreational activities and well-being. An understanding of the impact of the pandemic on their mental health is crucial in measures to promote the post-pandemic recovery. Using a person-centered approach, the current study aimed to identify mental health profiles in two cross-sectional samples of Finnish adolescents before and after the peak of the pandemic, and to examine how socio-demographic and psychosocial factors, academic expectations, health literacy, and self-rated health are associated with the emerging profiles. METHODS AND FINDINGS Survey data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in Finland in 2018 (N = 3498, age M = 13.44) and 2022 (N = 3838, age M = 13.21) were analyzed. A four-profile model using cluster analysis was selected for both samples. In Sample 1, the identified profiles were (1) "Good mental health", (2) "Mixed psychosocial health", (3) "Somatically challenged", and (4) "Poor mental health". In Sample 2, the identified profiles were (1) "Good mental health", (2) "Mixed psychosomatic health", (3) "Poor mental health and low loneliness", and (4) "Poor mental health and high loneliness". The results of the mixed effect multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that in both samples, being a girl and reporting lower maternal monitoring; lower family, peer, and teacher support; higher intensity of online communication; a less positive home atmosphere and school climate; and poor self-rated health were most strongly linked to belonging to a poorer mental health profile. In addition, in Sample 2, low subjective health literacy was a key factor associated with poorer mental health profiles, and teacher support was more important than before COVID. CONCLUSIONS The current study stresses the importance of identifying those vulnerable to developing poor mental health. To maximize post-pandemic recovery, the role of schools, especially teacher support and health literacy, along with the factors that remained important over time should be taken into account in public health and health promotion interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Gustafsson
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Public Health Research Program, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Nelli Lyyra
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | | | - Nina Simonsen
- Public Health Research Program, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Lahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Markus Kulmala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Kristiina Ojala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Leena Paakkari
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Lee ES, Ryu V, Choi J, Oh Y, Yoon JW, Han H, Hong H, Son HJ, Lee JH, Park S. Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale, DSM-5 Version-Parent Form. Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:884-897. [PMID: 36444152 PMCID: PMC9708864 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) adversely impacts children and adolescents. However, a comprehensive and cost-effective scale to assess DBD is lacking in Korea. Therefore, this study translated the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (DBDRS) into Korean and analyzed its psychometric properties. METHODS Parents and primary caregivers of non-clinical (n=429) and clinical (n=28) children and adolescents aged 6-15 years were included in the analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted; further, concurrent validity and internal consistency were investigated using correlation analysis and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Furthermore, discriminative capacity was estimated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS The four-factor model of K-DBDRS showed good model fit indices and factor loadings, which supported the construct validity of the scale. Strong correlations between K-DBDRS and related measurements were observed, and a robust level of Cronbach's alpha was confirmed (0.891-0.933). The discriminative capacity of the scale was good, based on the area under the curve values (0.933-0.953). CONCLUSION This study indicated that the K-DBDRS is an appropriate screening tool for Korean children and adolescents. Thus, this scale can be applied in clinical and community settings to identify children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sol Lee
- Division of Mental Health Research, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vin Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Choi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhye Oh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Yoon
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeree Han
- Division of Mental Health Research, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Hong
- Division of Mental Health Research, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Son
- Division of Mental Health Research, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Division of Mental Health Research, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Stark CM, Susi A, Nierenberg AA, Nylund CM. Association of Early Life Prescriptions for Antibiotics and Acid Suppressants with Childhood Psychotropic Prescriptions. J Pediatr 2022; 246:191-198.e4. [PMID: 35460701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between antibiotic and acid suppressant prescriptions in the first 2 years of life and subsequent treatment for childhood psychiatric disorders. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study of children born between October 2001 and September 2012 in the Military Health System enrolled in TRICARE past age 2 years and within 35 days of birth, with an initial hospital stay <7 days, and without psychotropic agents dispensed during the first 2 years of life. Exposure was defined as a filled prescription for an antibiotic or acid suppressant before age 2 years, and the outcome was defined as a filled prescription for a psychotropic agent after age 2 years. RESULTS For the 804 920 patients (51% males and 49% female) composing the study population, the mean age at first psychotropic prescription was 6.8 years. A total of 24 176 children (3%) were prescribed a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), 79 243 (10%) were prescribed a histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA), and 607 348 (76%) were prescribed an antibiotic during the first 2 years of life. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of a psychotropic prescription was significantly increased in children prescribed any H2RA (1.79; 95% CI, 1.63-1.96), PPI (1.47; 95% CI, 1.26-1.71), or antibiotic (1.71; 95% CI, 1.59-1.84). The aHR of psychotropic prescriptions increased commensurately with each additional antibiotic class added and with each additional class of medication (H2RA, PPI, or antibiotics) prescribed. CONCLUSIONS Children prescribed antibiotic and acid suppressants in the first 2 years of life have a significant increase in future prescriptions for psychotropics, with a dose-related effect observed. This association represents a potential risk of early exposure to antibiotics and acid suppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX; Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Apryl Susi
- Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrew A Nierenberg
- Dauten Family Center for Bipolar Treatment Innovation, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cade M Nylund
- Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
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Chao Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Guo K, Ma K, Ding P, Geng M, Tao F, Wu X. Associations of social jetlag and emotional and behavioral problems among Chinese preschoolers. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1110-1117. [PMID: 35491850 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2071157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To describe the prevalence of social jetlag among preschoolers and explore its association with emotional and behavioral problems, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of healthy development among preschool children in 11 cities in October and November 2017. The study included 27 200 children aged 3-6 years and the questionnaires were completed exclusively by their parents or main caregivers. Social jetlag was calculated by difference of sleep midpoint between weekdays and weekends. Emotional and behavioral problems (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer interaction, and prosocial behavior) among preschoolers were assessed by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The binary logistic regression model was used to examine the association between social jetlag and emotional/behavioral problems in preschool children. The social jetlag was 0.60 hours in boys and 0.64 hours in girls. After adjusting for confounding factors as children' s gender, age, only child, living area, family economic status, mother's age and education, father's education, screen time and full-day sleep time, we found that longer social jetlag (≥1 h/d) was positively associated with overall emotional and behavioral problems (OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.10-1.32; P < .001), emotional symptoms (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.11-1.15, P < .001), hyperactivity (OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.11-1.30, P < .001) and conduct problems (OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.07-1.31, P < .01). We found that social jetlag is prevalent among Chinese preschool children and is positively associated with emotional and behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Keke Guo
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health across Life Cycle, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Menglong Geng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health across Life Cycle, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health across Life Cycle, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health across Life Cycle, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Parental Perceptions of Child and Adolescent Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Argentina. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2022; 51:1195-1225. [PMID: 35103041 PMCID: PMC8791676 DOI: 10.1007/s10566-021-09663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have implemented preventive measures towards reducing infections. These conditions can affect the mental health of children and adolescents; however, this has not yet been fully explored. Objective The aim of the study was to analyze changes in symptomatology and positive emotions in Argentine children and adolescents since the onset of isolation, based on parent/caregiver report. We analyzed differences based on gender, age, socioeconomic status (SS) and containment measure (and their interactions); their associations with symptomatology and positive affect of parents/caregivers; and the moderating effects of sociodemographic factors on these associations. Method A total of 1205 caregivers responded to a survey regarding the mental health of children and adolescents under their care. They also completed a set of anxiety, depression, and affect measures about themselves. Results A considerable proportion of parents/caregivers perceived changes in their children’s and adolescents’ mental health compared to before the pandemic. Increased levels of anxiety-depression, aggression-irritability, impulsivity-inattention, and dependence-withdrawal were reported, as well as alterations in sleeping and eating habits, and a reduction in positive affect. Differences were observed according to their age and containment measure. Finally, we found correlations between parents/caregivers’ symptomatology and that reported about their children or adolescents. Gender, age and SS moderated some of these relationships. Conclusions Continued monitoring of child and adolescent mental health is a fundamental necessity. We recommend the implementation of early intervention strategies to prevent the escalation of serious mental health problems, particularly in those groups that have been most adversely affected since the onset of the pandemic.
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Evidence That Methylphenidate Treatment Evokes Anxiety-Like Behavior Through Glucose Hypometabolism and Disruption of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Metabolic Networks. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1830-1845. [PMID: 34797528 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) has been widely misused by children and adolescents who do not meet all diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without a consensus about the consequences. Here, we evaluate the effect of MPH treatment on glucose metabolism and metabolic network in the rat brain, as well as on performance in behavioral tests. Wistar male rats received intraperitoneal injections of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 44th postnatal day. Fluorodeoxyglucose-18 was used to investigate cerebral metabolism, and a cross-correlation matrix was used to examine the brain metabolic network in MPH-treated rats using micro-positron emission tomography imaging. Performance in the light-dark transition box, eating-related depression, and sucrose preference tests was also evaluated. While MPH provoked glucose hypermetabolism in the auditory, parietal, retrosplenial, somatosensory, and visual cortices, hypometabolism was identified in the left orbitofrontal cortex. MPH-treated rats show a brain metabolic network more efficient and connected, but careful analyses reveal that the MPH interrupts the communication of the orbitofrontal cortex with other brain areas. Anxiety-like behavior was also observed in MPH-treated rats. This study shows that glucose metabolism evaluated by micro-positron emission tomography in the brain can be affected by MPH in different ways according to the region of the brain studied. It may be related, at least in part, to a rewiring in the brain the metabolic network and behavioral changes observed, representing an important step in exploring the mechanisms and consequences of MPH treatment.
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Burns RD, Pfledderer CD, Fu Y. Adolescent Health Behaviors and Difficulty Concentrating, Remembering, and Making Decisions. Am J Lifestyle Med 2021; 15:664-672. [PMID: 34916887 PMCID: PMC8669897 DOI: 10.1177/1559827619860067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations among physical activity, dietary behaviors, and other salient health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleeping with self-reported adolescent mental health on the 2017 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YBRS). A multistage cluster sampling procedure was employed to yield a representative sample of US adolescents. The number of sampled adolescents with usable data was 14 765. Weighted logistic regression models were employed to examine the predictive utility of independent health behaviors associating with reported mental health problems (difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions), and meeting multiple health behavior criteria with reported mental health problems adjusting for age, sex, body mass index percentile, and race/ethnicity. Meeting physical activity guidelines, consuming breakfast every day, not smoking and/or consuming alcohol in the past 30 days, and sleeping at least 8 hours per night independently associated with lower odds of mental health problems (P < .01). For every one additional positive health behavior met, there were significantly lower odds of reported mental health problems (OR = 0.73, 95%CI 0.68-0.78, P < .001). Meeting salient positive health behavior criteria and meeting multiple positive health behavior criteria associated with lower odds of self-reported difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions on the 2017 National YRBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Burns
- Ryan D. Burns, PhD, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, 250 South 1850 East Room 251, Salt Lake City, UT 84111;
| | - Christopher D. Pfledderer
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (RDB, CDP)
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada (YF)
| | - You Fu
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (RDB, CDP)
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada (YF)
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Chakranarayan C, Weed NC, Han K, Skeel RL, Moon K, Kim JH. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent-Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF) characteristics of ADHD in a Korean psychiatric sample. J Clin Psychol 2021; 78:913-925. [PMID: 34704253 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Global rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have risen. In Korea, ADHD is associated with functional impairments and comorbidity with other psychological disorders. This study examined the correlates of ADHD in a psychiatric sample of Korean adolescents on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent-Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF). In a clinical sample of 247 adolescents, MMPI-A-RF scores from 46 patients diagnosed with ADHD were compared to the remainder of the clinical sample and to the Korean MMPI-A-RF norms. Results demonstrated significantly different scores for the ADHD group on scales indicating externalizing concerns and behavior dysfunction compared with the clinical group with other disorders and to a normative sample. Notable differences were also observed between clinical groups on scales reflecting interpersonal functioning. Relative risk ratio analyses demonstrated that an MMPI-A-RF T-score of 55 was generally most effective for predicting risk for an ADHD diagnosis in the clinical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Chakranarayan
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Nathan C Weed
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Kyunghee Han
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Reid L Skeel
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Kyungjoo Moon
- Maumsarang Research Institute, Maumsarang Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Kerekes N, Zouini B, Tingberg S, Erlandsson S. Psychological Distress, Somatic Complaints, and Their Relation to Negative Psychosocial Factors in a Sample of Swedish High School Students. Front Public Health 2021; 9:669958. [PMID: 34350150 PMCID: PMC8328276 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.669958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adolescence is a period in life characterized by major neurobiological, physiological, and psychological changes. Those changes may give rise to worsened mental health and an increased prevalence of somatic complaints combined with a negative psychosocial environment. Rapid changes in society, which may also affect young people in several ways, call for a renewed screening of today's adolescents' mental and somatic well-being. Aim: The present study's primary aim was to measure the level of self-rated psychological distress and the prevalence of somatic complaints in a sample of Swedish high school students. As a secondary aim, it identifies gender-specific patterns and examines mental and somatic health in relation to negative psychosocial factors (such as parental alcohol use problems or the experience of physical or psychological abuse). Method: Two hundred and eighty-seven Swedish high school students completed a survey including the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and a questionnaire about the presence of defined somatic complaints. In order to examine the relationship between negative psychosocial factors and mental and somatic health, three groups were formed: those reporting (i) parental substance use problems, (ii) previous experience of abuse, (iii) none of these problems. Results: The majority of the Swedish high-school students (>80%) reported no or only a few problems with psychological distress and no or only one somatic complaint. Female students disclosed a significantly higher psychological distress level captured by each BSI domain. The number of somatic complaints was similarly distributed between the genders. The students rarely reported parental substance use problems, but almost 40% of the male and 50% of the female students indicated the experience of physical and/or psychological abuse. Such negative psychosocial circumstances were related to an increased level of anxiety in the male and an increased general level of psychological distress in female students. Conclusions: The study confirmed female students' higher psychological distress level. Gender differences in the type of somatic complaints, but not in the number were detected. The experience of physical and/or psychological abuse was found to significantly worsen psychological distress in students of both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Kerekes
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Btissame Zouini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Sofia Tingberg
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Soly Erlandsson
- Department of Social and Behavioural Studies, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
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13
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Mohammadi MR, Salmanian M, Keshavarzi Z. The Global Prevalence of Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2021; 16:205-225. [PMID: 34221047 PMCID: PMC8233559 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v16i2.5822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: There has been little effort to conduct systematic reviews or meta-analyses of the available literature to find global prevalence rates of conduct disorder and analyze the sources of heterogeneity. Method : We searched multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify cross-sectional studies with random or nonrandom sampling to assess the global prevalence of conduct disorder in children and adolescents aged under 18 in the general or school-based populations. Quality assessment and data extraction were independently carried out by two authors. Subgroup analysis was used to find the potential sources of heterogeneity. Results: We reached 50 studies, incorporating 186,056 children and adolescents from 35 countries. The total prevalence of conduct disorder was 8% (CI: 7-9%; I2: 99.77%), including 7% in females (CI: 4-9%; I2: 99.56%) and 11% in males (CI: 7-15%; I2: 99.74%). The results of subgroup analysis showed that total heterogeneity could be explained by measurement tools. When diagnostic interviews such as the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) were employed, the pooled prevalence rates for conduct disorder were 0.4% and 0.7%, respectively, and heterogeneity decreased. However, the use of the screening tools such as the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)-parent or teacher report and SDQ-self report increased the pooled prevalence of conduct disorder to 10% and 16% respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of conduct disorder in the epidemiological studies should be estimated by employing the diagnostic interviews to reach accurately assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salmanian
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Keshavarzi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Quantitative and temporal approach to utilising electronic medical records from general practices in mental health prediction. Comput Biol Med 2020; 125:103973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Salmanian M, Mohammadi MR, Hooshyari Z, Mostafavi SA, Zarafshan H, Khaleghi A, Ahmadi A, Alavi SS, Shakiba A, Rahgozar M, Safavi P, Arman S, Delpisheh A, Mohammadzadeh S, Hosseini SH, Ostovar R, Hojjat SK, Armani A, Talepasand S, Amiri S. Prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of conduct disorder: the national epidemiology of Iranian children and adolescents psychiatric disorders (IRCAP). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1385-1399. [PMID: 31811577 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the lifetime prevalence of conduct disorder according to sociodemographic characteristics, determine the sociodemographic predictors of conduct disorder, and estimate the rates of comorbidities of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with conduct disorder by age and gender. The National Epidemiology of Iranian Children and Adolescents Psychiatric Disorders was a cross-sectional, general population-based study on 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years from all provinces of Iran, which was done using multistage cluster sampling. Iranian citizens aged 6-18 years who resided at least 1 year in each province were included, and children and adolescents with severe physical illnesses that prevented them to participate in the study were excluded. The sample weighting adjustment was used, since we had randomly selected the equal number of 1000 participants of each province from the urban and rural areas. Trained psychologists conducted diagnostic interviews with the adolescents and the children's parents using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). In this study, 54 children aged 6-9 years (0.58%, CI 0.47-0.77), 64 adolescents aged 10-14 years (0.57%, CI 0.47-0.77), and 117 adolescents aged 15-18 years (1.22%, CI 0.96-1.44) met the criteria of the lifetime conduct disorder. Conduct disorder was significantly more common in boys than in girls, and was significantly less prevalent among those participants whose fathers had no history of psychiatric hospitalization. Of the participants with conduct disorder, 83.4% met the criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder. Conduct disorder had a high rate of comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (54.89%, CI 48.50-61.12), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (32.34%, CI 26.68-38.56), tobacco use (20.43%, CI 15.77-26.04), and depressive disorders (18.30%, CI 13.88-23.74). Because of using the diagnostic instrument, we found a low total rate of prevalence for conduct disorder; however, higher rates of it were observed among boys and adolescents. Further studies are needed to explore the nature of comorbidities of conduct disorder and to consider them in a large clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Salmanian
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hooshyari
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mostafavi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Zarafshan
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Ahmadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Salman Alavi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alia Shakiba
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahgozar
- Department of Statistics and Computer, Social Welfare and Rehabilitation University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Safavi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Soroor Arman
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Delpisheh
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Soleiman Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rahim Ostovar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Seyed Kaveh Hojjat
- Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Alireza Armani
- Department of Psychiatry, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Shahrokh Amiri
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Tsai HL, Chang JW, Chen MH, Jeng MJ, Yang LY, Wu KG. Associations Between Psychiatric Disorders and Enuresis in Taiwanese Children: A National Population-Based Study. Clin Epidemiol 2020; 12:163-171. [PMID: 32110107 PMCID: PMC7035896 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s230537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may negatively impact drug compliance and the prognosis of enuresis. However, existing studies regarding associations between lifetime psychiatric disorders and childhood enuresis are primarily from Western countries, and studies from Taiwan are lacking. METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort analysis using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2010. A total of 1,146 children with enuresis (ICD-9-CM code: 307.6) and 4,584 randomly selected sex- and age-matched controls were identified between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2011. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the development of psychiatric disorders in the children with enuresis. RESULTS Enuresis was more common in the younger children, and the rate was significantly higher in boys (58.7%) than in girls (41.3%). A total of 171 patients (14.9%) in the enuresis group had at least one psychiatric diagnosis vs 259 (5.7%) in the control group (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of enuresis increased the odds of developing major depressive/dysthymic disorder (OR=2.841, 95% CI: 1.619, 4.987), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (OR=3.156, 95% CI: 2.446, 4.073), autism spectrum disorder (OR=2.468, 95% CI: 1.264, 4.822), anxiety disorders (OR=3.113, 95% CI: 2.063, 4.699), intelligence disability (OR=3.989, 95% CI: 2.476, 6.426), disruptive behavior disorders (OR=3.749, 95% CI: 1.756, 8.004), and tic disorder (OR=2.660, 95% CI: 1.642, 4.308). CONCLUSION Children with enuresis are likely to have psychiatric disorders, and physicians should consider this during their evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Lin Tsai
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Wen Chang
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jy Jeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Gong Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Ogbonna PN, Iheanacho PN, Ogbonnaya NP, Mbadugha CJ, Ndubuisi I, Chikeme PC. Prevalence of mental illness among adolescents (15-18 years) treated at Federal Neurospsychiatric Hospital, Enugu Nigeria, from 2004 to 2013. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2020; 34:7-13. [PMID: 32035592 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of mental illness among adolescents treated at Federal Neurospsychiatric Hospital, Enugu Nigeria. METHODS A retrospective descriptive design was used to assess 1255 adolescents within the age of 15-18 years diagnosed with mental illness from 2004 to 2013. A proforma designed by the researchers was used to document information on prevalence, type, and relationship with age and gender. RESULTS The prevalence of mental illness within the 10 year period was 9.9%. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 869 (69.2%) were the commonest conditions recorded. Higher prevalence of mental illness was seen among males 752 (59.9%) compared to females 503 (40.1%). Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 384 (76.3%); depressive disorders 20 (4.0%) were more common among female adolescents while substance-related and addictive disorders 84(11.2%) and neurodevelopmental disorders 48(6.8%) were more common among male adolescents. The prevalence of mental illness increased with age, being highest at 18 years and lowest at 15 years while prevalence of drug induced psychosis was 90 (7.2%). CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the need to focus on the mental health of adolescents by planning preventive programs and creating awareness on mental health promoting strategies, and to introduce child and adolescent psychiatric health services in the study setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleasure Nwakego Ogbonna
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Peace Njideka Iheanacho
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Ngozi Phoebe Ogbonnaya
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Chisom Joy Mbadugha
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Ifeoma Ndubuisi
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Paulina Chigwara Chikeme
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
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18
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Mohammadi MR, Salmanian M, Hooshyari Z, Shakiba A, Alavi SS, Ahmadi A, Khaleghi A, Zarafshan H, Mostafavi SA, Alaghmand A, Molavi P, Mahmoudi-Gharaei J, Kamali K, Ghanizadeh A, Nazari H, Sarraf N, Ahmadipour A, Derakhshanpour F, Riahi F. Lifetime prevalence, sociodemographic predictors, and comorbidities of oppositional defiant disorder: the National Epidemiology of Iranian Child and Adolescent Psychiatric disorders (IRCAP). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 42:162-167. [PMID: 31433003 PMCID: PMC7115452 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This was the first national epidemiological study on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in Iran, which provided new information about the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD. METHODS Data from a face-to-face household survey of 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years were collected from across all 31 provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling design. The Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was used in this study. RESULTS The lifetime prevalence of ODD was found to be 3.9%. ODD was significantly more common in boys than girls and appeared in late adolescence more frequently than in childhood. A lower prevalence of ODD was found among participants who lived in rural areas. ODD is highly likely to co-occur with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depressive disorders. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this national population-based study confirm and extend previous findings on the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salmanian
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hooshyari
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alia Shakiba
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Salman Alavi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Ahmadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Zarafshan
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mostafavi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anita Alaghmand
- Department of Psychiatry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Parviz Molavi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fatemi Hospital, Ardabil University Of Medical Sciences, Ardebil, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi-Gharaei
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghanizadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Hafez Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hedayat Nazari
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Abad, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sarraf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadipour
- Department of Psychiatry, Booshehr University of Medical Sciences, Khalij-E Fars Hospital, Booshehr, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Derakhshanpour
- Golestan Psychiatric Research Center, Gholestan University of Medical Sciences, Gholestan, Iran
| | - Forough Riahi
- Department of Psychiatry, Jondi Shapour University, Ahvaz, Iran
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19
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Zouini B, Sfendla A, Hedman Ahlström B, Senhaji M, Kerekes N. Mental health profile and its relation with parental alcohol use problems and/or the experience of abuse in a sample of Moroccan high school students: an explorative study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2019; 18:27. [PMID: 31889971 PMCID: PMC6923982 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-019-0251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on mental health are scarce from Arab countries, especially studies focusing on adolescents. In addition to the neurobiological and physiological changes that occur during adolescent development, psychological, societal and cultural influences have strong effects on adolescents' behavior and on their somatic and mental health. The present study aimed (1) to describe the mental health profile, operationalized as psychological distress, of a sample of Moroccan adolescents, and (2) to investigate how specific psychosocial factors (parental alcohol use problems and the experience of physical and/or psychological abuse) may affect adolescents' mental health. METHODS The sample included 375 adolescents from conveniently selected classes of four high schools in the city of Tetouan in Morocco. The participants responded to an anonymous survey containing, beside other inventories, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and identified those reporting parental alcohol use problems and/or the previous experience of abuse. The sample characteristics were defined using descriptive statistics. The effects of the defined psychosocial factors were identified using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the post hoc Fisher's least significant difference test. RESULTS The most common problems found in high school students from an urban region of Morocco were memory problems, concentration difficulties, restlessness, fear, nervosity and feelings of inadequacy during interpersonal interactions. The female students reported significantly higher psychological distress levels when compared to the male students (p < 0.001). The adolescents reporting parental alcohol use problems and the experience of physical/psychological abuse showed significantly higher levels of psychological distress (p = 0.02), especially symptoms of somatization (p < 0.001), hostility (p = 0.005) and anxiety (p = 0.01), than those not reporting any of these psychosocial factors. CONCLUSION The mental health profile of female adolescents from an urban area of Morocco is worse than that of their male fellow students. Adolescents reporting parental alcohol use problems and/or the experience of physical/psychological abuse need synchronized support from social- and healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Btissame Zouini
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Anis Sfendla
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Errachidia, Morocco
| | | | - Meftaha Senhaji
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Nóra Kerekes
- 3Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
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20
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Khazaie H, Najafi F, Hamzeh B, Chehri A, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Amin-Esmaeili M, Moradi-Nazar M, Zakiei A, Komasi S, Pasdar Y. Cluster analysis of psychiatric profile, its correlates, and using mental health services among the young people aged 15-34: findings from the first phase of Iranian youth cohort in Ravansar. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2018; 53:1339-1348. [PMID: 30145626 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES (1) Cluster analysis of psychiatric disorders and partitioning the youth; (2) determining socio-demographic correlates and parental histories for each one of the clusters; and (3) comparing clusters based on the extent and type of using psychotherapeutic services. METHODS The current cross-sectional study is a part of the first phase of PERSIAN Youth Cohort. The sample of the study includes 2991 participants aged 15-34 (27 ± 5.1 years, 55.6% female) from Ravansar district in western Iran. Enrollment and data collection for this phase were performed from October, 2014 to January, 2017. The data were collected through structured interviews, including the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; version 2.1), mental health-related Sheehan Disability Scale, and Service Use Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using two-step cluster analysis, multinomial logistic regression, and Chi-square test. RESULTS Our model proposed three clusters: a clinical cluster with significant mental disability; a healthy cluster with significant disability; and a healthy cluster with mild disability. There is a direct relationship between widow/divorced marital status and psychiatric maternal history with the clinical cluster (P < 0.05). Clinical and non-clinical clusters with medium to severe disability used services for mental health more often that the healthy cluster with mild functional disability (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of the study show that 28.7% of the youth in the general population of western Iran are suffering from psychiatric disorders and nearly two-thirds of the total population reported a medium-severe functional disability. Considering the wide range of mental disorders and the functional disability levels created by these disorders, cluster analysis could provide invaluable information regarding the partitioning of the youth population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Golha Boulevard, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Behrooz Hamzeh
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Azita Chehri
- Department of Psychology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradi-Nazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Zakiei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saeid Komasi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Pasdar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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[Gender-specific Differences in the Degree of Burden on Children and Adolescents Taken into Custody]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2018; 67:48-62. [PMID: 29347894 DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2018.67.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gender-specific Differences in the Degree of Burden on Children and Adolescents Taken into Custody Children and adolescents who were taken into care are a high-risk group for mental disorders such as externalizing problems or conduct disorders. 95 children and adolescents who were taken into care were tested with the Screening Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument 2 (MAYSI-2). In a large proportion of those children and adolescents emotional and physical neglect and abuse was identified. There were sex differences in suicidal thoughts, somatoform disorders, and emotional abuse. The knowledge of mental disorders as well as the gender-specific characteristics is important for specialists of inhospital institutions, in order to optimize their quality of care.
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Rutayisire E, Wu X, Huang K, Tao S, Chen Y, Tao F. Childhood emotional and behavior problems and their associations with cesarean delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 40:145-153. [PMID: 28977068 PMCID: PMC6900761 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2016-2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence of childhood emotional and behavioral problems and examine their associations with cesarean delivery. Methods: Our sample consisted of 8,900 preschoolers from 35 kindergartens in four cities in East China. Parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and provided other information. Children’s emotional and behavioral problems were assessed using five subscales of the SDQ. Mode of delivery was classified as vaginal or cesarean section (CS); in sub-analyses, we divided CS into elective or emergency delivery. Logistic regression was used to examine associations. Results: A total of 1,209 (13.6%) children had a total SDQ score within abnormal range; 25.5% had peer problems within abnormal range, 9.0% had abnormal emotional symptoms, 13.9% had abnormal conduct problems, 18.9% had abnormal hyperactivity problems, and 16.2% were rated abnormal in pro-social behavior. Overall, 67.3% of the children who participated were delivered by CS. In fully adjusted analysis, CS was significantly associated with abnormal total SDQ score (OR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.10-1.46; p < 0.05) and pro-social behavior (OR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.12-1.45; p < 0.0001). No significant association was found between CS and risk of having conduct problems (OR 1.13; 95%CI 0.98-1.29), peer problems (OR 1.11; 95%CI 0.99-1.24), hyperactivity (OR 1.02; 95%CI 0.91-1.15), or emotional problems (OR 1.06; 95%CI 0.90-1.24). Conclusion: In this sample, CS was associated with risk of behavioral problems, but not with emotional problems. Further research is needed to better understand these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erigene Rutayisire
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shuman Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yunxiao Chen
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Hwang S, Kim YS, Koh YJ, Bishop S, Leventhal BL. Discrepancy in perception of bullying experiences and later internalizing and externalizing behavior: A prospective study. Aggress Behav 2017; 43:493-502. [PMID: 28326572 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Discrepancy in perception of bullying experiences may lead to later internalizing or externalizing behavior in adolescents. A 1,663 South Korean 7th and 8th graders (mean age: 13.1 and 14.1 years old), were seen for a follow-up study to examine the relationships between the discrepancy in perception of their bullying experiences (defined as discrepancy between self- and peer-reports of bullying experiences) and internalizing or externalizing behavior at follow-up. Bullying was assessed by self- and peer-report. The discrepancy in perception of bullying experiences was defined by the concordance or discordance between self- and peer-reports. Internalizing and externalizing behavior was evaluated using the Youth Self Report and Child Behavior Checklist, at baseline and follow-up. Two by two ANCOVA was performed with a factorial design, categorizing discrepancy in perception of bullying experiences based on the agreement between self-report and peer-report. Internalizing/externalizing behavior-at-follow-up was used as an outcome, adjusting for other known risk factors for internalizing/externalizing behavior, including baseline internalizing/externalizing behavior, and bullying experiences. Adolescents with perceptions of bullying experiences discrepant from peer-reports showed increased internalizing/externalizing behavior at follow-up. Bullying also stands out as an independent risk factor for the development of future externalizing behavior even among adolescents with accurate perceptions of bullying experiences. These specific groups of youth warrant more focused assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonjo Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
| | - Young Shin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry; University of California; San Francisco California
- Department of Psychiatry; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Yun-Joo Koh
- Korea Institute for Children's Social Development; Seoul South Korea
| | - Somer Bishop
- Department of Psychiatry; University of California; San Francisco California
| | - Bennett L. Leventhal
- Department of Psychiatry; University of California; San Francisco California
- Department of Psychiatry; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
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Abstract
Morningness/eveningness (M/E) preference is an important circadian rhythm indicator with strong individual variation. M/E chronotype has been found to be correlated with depression in adults, yet the relationship is less clear in children and adolescents. Additionally, poor sleep quality is another commonly studied risk factor for depression. The aims of the present study are to investigate the independent effects of M/E chronotype on youth depression using both self-report and parental-report questionnaires. We also evaluated how poor sleep quality may affect the relationship through a mediating or moderating effect. In total, 2,139 students attending grades 1 to 7 participated in this study. They completed questionnaires regarding M/E chronotype, depression, and sleep quality. A total of 1,708 parents also participated and filled out parental-reports of emotional and behavioral problems of their children. The prevalence of self- and parental-report depression was 16.8% and 12.8% among young students, respectively. Overall, 15.4% of the students were the eveningness type. Being an eveningness type was independently associated with self-report depression after adjustment for poor sleep quality (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.07-3.24). We also observed that poor sleep quality mediated the influence of M/E chronotype on self-report depression among students aged 7-13 years (p < 0.001). On the other hand, being an eveningness type was associated with a number of parental-report emotional and behavioral problems in the students, in addition to depression, although these associations become non-significant after adjusted for poor sleep quality. Our results demonstrate the importance of M/E chronotype on youth depression and poor sleep quality partly mediates this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsuan Chiu
- a National Taiwan University, Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Public Health , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jan Yang
- b Department of Public Health , Chung Shan Medical University, College of Health Care and Management , Taichung , Taiwan.,c Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Department of Family and Community Medicine , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- a National Taiwan University, Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Public Health , Taipei , Taiwan.,d National Taiwan University , Research Center for Genes, Environment and Human Health , Taipei , Taiwan
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Montagnini BG, Silveira KM, Pierone BC, de Azevedo Camim N, Anselmo-Franci JA, de Fátima Paccola Mesquita S, Kiss ACI, Gerardin DCC. Reproductive parameters of female Wistar rats treated with methylphenidate during development. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:118-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Park JH, Seo JH, Hong YS, Kim YM, Kang JW, Yoo JH, Chueh HW, Lee JH, Kwak MJ, Kim J, Woo HD, Kim DW, Bang YR, Choe BM. Blood lead concentrations and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean children: a hospital-based case control study. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:156. [PMID: 27659349 PMCID: PMC5034496 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because the developing brain of a child is vulnerable to environmental toxins, even very low concentration of neurotoxin can affect children’s neurodevelopment. Lead is a neurotoxic heavy metal which has the harmful effect on the striatal-frontal circuit of brain. This area of the brain is known to be closely related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pathophysiology. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate whether elevated blood lead concentration is a risk factor for ADHD. The secondary objective was to examine the association between blood lead concentration and symptom severity. Methods We conducted a frequency-matched, hospital-based case-control study with 114 medically diagnosed ADHD cases and 114 controls. The participants were matched for age and sex. The diagnoses of ADHD were assessed with semi-structured diagnostic interviews. The participants completed the continuous performance test (CPT), and their parents completed the ADHD-rating scale (ADHD-RS). Blood lead concentrations were measured by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry featuring Zeeman background correction. Results Children with ADHD exhibited blood lead concentrations that were significantly higher than those of the controls ( 1.90 ± 086 μg/dℓ vs. 1.59 ± 0.68 μg/dℓ, p = 0.003). The log transformed total blood lead concentration was associated with a higher risk of ADHD (OR: 1.60, 95 % CI: 1.04–2.45, p < 0.05). The analysis also revealed that the children with blood lead concentrations above 2.30 μg/dℓ were at a 2.5–fold (95 % CI: 1.09–5.87, p < 0.05) greater risk of having ADHD. After adjusting for covariates, our multivariate regression models indicated that blood lead concentrations were not significantly associated with ADHD-RS or CPT profiles among the ADHD cases. Conclusion Even low blood lead concentrations are a risk factor for ADHD in children. This study warrants primary prevention policies to reduce the environmental lead burden. Future studies may be required to ascertain the effects of lead on symptom severity in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hong Park
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Seo
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-714, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Kim
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-714, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Wook Kang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Chueh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, 262, Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kwak
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 179, Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Dong Woo
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Kim
- Department of Home Economics, College of Natural Science, Korea National Open University, 86, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rong Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Moo Choe
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 602-715, Republic of Korea.
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Shyu YC, Yuan SS, Lee SY, Yang CJ, Yang KC, Lee TL, Wang LJ. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, methylphenidate use and the risk of developing schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:161-7. [PMID: 26363968 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study estimated the risk of developing psychotic disorders by comparing children with ADHD to non-ADHD controls, and to examine whether methylphenidate (MPH) treatment influences the risks of psychotic disorders. A nationwide cohort of patients who were newly diagnosed with ADHD (n=73,049) and age- and gender-matched controls (n=73,049) were selected from Taiwan's National Health Insurance database from January 2000 to December 2011. All participants were observed until December 31, 2011. Cox regression models were used to estimate the effects of ADHD diagnosis and MPH use on subsequent outcomes. Having a diagnosis of any psychotic disorder and of schizophrenia were set as two different outcomes and were analyzed separately. Compared to the control group, the ADHD group showed significantly increased risk of developing any psychotic disorder (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 5.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.30-6.30) and schizophrenia (aHR, 4.65; 95% CI, 3.59-6.04). Compared to ADHD patients without psychosis, patients with ADHD who developed psychosis had significantly older age at first diagnosis of ADHD (9.4±3.3years vs. 10.6±4.0years). Among patients with ADHD, MPH use significantly increased the risk of developing any psychotic disorder (aHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04-1.40), but did not increase the risk of developing schizophrenia (aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.94-1.42). The results indicated that previous diagnoses of ADHD are a powerful indicator of developing psychotic disorders. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms of the relationships between ADHD, MPH use and psychotic disorders need further elucidation in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chiau Shyu
- Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Sheng Yuan
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Yang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Chung Yang
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Liang Lee
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Lee YJ, Park J, Kim S, Cho SJ, Kim SJ. Academic performance among adolescents with behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11:61-8. [PMID: 25515277 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The present study investigated academic performance among adolescents with behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome (BISS) and attempted to identify independent predictors of academic performance among BISS-related factors. METHODS A total of 51 students with BISS and 50 without BISS were recruited from high schools in South Korea based on self-reported weekday sleep durations, weekend oversleep, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Participants reported their academic performance in the form of class quartile ranking. The Korean version of the Composite Scale (KtCS) for morningness/eveningness, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-II (BIS-II) for impulsivity were administered. RESULTS Adolescents with BISS reported poorer academic performance than adolescents without BISS (p = 0.02). Adolescents with BISS also exhibited greater levels of eveningness (p < 0.001), depressive symptoms (p < 0.001), and impulsiveness (p < 0.01). Longer weekend oversleep predicted poorer academic performance among adolescents with BISS even after controlling for ESS, KtCS, BDI, and BIS-II (β = 0.42, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS BISS among adolescents is associated with poor academic performance and that sleep debt, as represented by weekend oversleep, predicts poorer academic performance independent of depression, impulsiveness, weekday sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and morningness/eveningness among adolescents with BISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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