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Viltrop A, Niine T, Tobias T, Sassu EL, Bartolo ID, Pavoni E, Alborali GL, Burow E, Smith RP. A Review of Slaughter Practices and Their Effectiveness to Control Microbial - esp. Salmonella spp. - Contamination of Pig Carcasses. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100171. [PMID: 37778508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The BIOPIGEE project (part of the One Health European Joint Programme under Horizon 2020) aimed to identify relevant measures to effectively control Salmonella, and another zoonotic pathogen, hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the pig meat food chain. The aim of this study was to identify biosecurity measures or management practices that are relevant for limiting Salmonella and/or HEV occurrence and spread within pig slaughterhouses. This was with the final goal of compiling a list of biosecurity measures for different processes and operations along the slaughter line with evidence of their effectiveness. To achieve this, a literature review was conducted on studies estimating the effectiveness of measures applied in slaughterhouses to reduce the microbial contamination of pig carcasses. Results of this literature search are discussed and presented in summary tables that could be used as a source of information for the pig slaughter industry to further develop their guidelines on hygienic slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvo Viltrop
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - Tarmo Niine
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - Tijs Tobias
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health Unit, Yalelaan 7, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Royal GD (Animal Health Service), P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
| | - Elena Lucia Sassu
- Institute of Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria.
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Dept. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Enrico Pavoni
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Elke Burow
- German Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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Jolley J, Kiermeier A, Sumner J. Microbiological Quality of Australian Beef, Sheep and Pork Carcases, Cuts and Offals. Foods 2023; 12:3832. [PMID: 37893725 PMCID: PMC10606703 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A one-year survey was undertaken of the microbiological quality of carcases and the derived primal cuts, manufacturing meat and offals at twelve Australian export establishments (six beef, three sheep/lamb and three pork). A total of 27,157 microbiological results for aerobic plate count (APC) and generic Escherichia coli were gathered, 15,155 from beef, 8405 from sheep and 3597 from pig establishments. The mean log10 APCs on beef, sheep and pig carcases were 0.84, 1.60 and 1.30 log10 cfu/cm2, respectively. For primals, the mean log10 APC was higher for beef but was similar for sheep and pork primals, with 'outside' cuts having higher counts. For manufacturing meat, the concentration was 2-3 log10 cfu/g, irrespective of species. The prevalence (%) of generic E. coli from beef, sheep and pork was 2.3, 28.4 and 5.4 on carcases; 7.0, 20.6 and 3.2 on primals; and 5.8, 33.6 and 6.1 on manufacturing meat, respectively. The mean log10 APCs of beef, sheep and pork offal were 3.23, 3.18 and 3.37 log10 cfu/g, with tripes and tongues having APCs 1-2 log10 units higher than organ offals. The results reflect improvements in total bacterial loadings compared with previous national baseline surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jolley
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Andreas Kiermeier
- Statistical Process Improvement Consulting and Training Pty Ltd., Gumeracha, SA 5233, Australia;
| | - John Sumner
- M&S Food Consultants Pty Ltd., Deviot, TAS 7275, Australia;
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Fürstenberg R, Langkabel N, Grosse-Kleimann J, Kreienbrock L, Meemken D. Agar Contact Method as a Valuable Tool to Identify Slaughter Hygiene Deficiencies along the Slaughter Process by Longitudinally Sampling Pig Skin Surfaces. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2512. [PMID: 37894170 PMCID: PMC10609102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Examinations of total viable counts (TVCs) and Salmonella spp. on the skin of individual pigs during the slaughter process are useful to identify abattoir-specific risk factors for (cross-)contamination. At seven process stages (lairage to before chilling), pigs were bacteriologically investigated by repeatedly sampling the same animals using the agar contact method. The mean TVC of all pigs increased significantly at the first three tested process stages (mean count, after delivery: 5.70 log cfu/cm2, after showering: 6.27 log cfu/cm2, after stunning: 6.48 log cfu/cm2). Significant mean TVC reductions occurred after scalding/dehairing (mean count: 3.71 log cfu/cm2), after singeing/flaming (2.70 log cfu/cm2), and after evisceration (2.44 log cfu/cm2) compared with the respective preceding process stages. At the end of the slaughter line and before chilling, the mean TVC was 2.33 log cfu/cm2, showing that the slaughter process reduced contamination significantly. The slaughter process effectively reduced even very high levels of incoming TVCs, since at the individual animal level, at the end of the slaughter process, there was no difference in the TVCs of animals with initially high and initially low TVCs. Additionally, 12 Salmonella spp. isolates were recovered from 12 different pigs, but only until the stage after scalding/dehairing. Overall, the agar contact method used is valuable for detecting hygiene deficiencies at slaughter, and is animal-equitable, practical, and suitable for use on live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Fürstenberg
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.)
| | - Nina Langkabel
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.)
| | - Julia Grosse-Kleimann
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.)
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Cê ER, Giombelli A, Kich JD, Moresco KS, Miranda A, Pedrão MR, Johann G, Badaró ACL, Hashimoto EH, Machado-Lunkes A. Monitoring of Pig Slaughter Stages and Correlation in the Prevalence of Pathogens and Levels of Microorganisms That Indicate Microbiological Quality and Hygiene Using a Predictive Model. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100034. [PMID: 36916590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pig production is relevant to the Brazilian economy. Different stages of the raising and slaughtering process influence the microbiological quality of pig products and by-products. Microbiological analysis and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCPs) are tools for monitoring microbiological quality indicator microorganisms. The construction of predictive models can assist the process of monitoring the microbiological quality of pig products. This study aimed to map the slaughter stages and develop a model to predict the absence or presence of Salmonella based on the process variables (distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse and aerobic mesophilic) and analyze their influence on contamination indicator microorganisms. A total of 810 samples were collected at nine stages of the slaughter process (bleeding, scalding, dehairing, singeing, washing, evisceration, inspection, final washing, and chilling). The binary class predictive model was used as a microbiological quality predictor at the slaughter stages. Salmonella was identified at all process stages, with lower contamination levels at the scalding and chilling stages, whereas the highest levels were found at the dehairing and bleeding stages. The predictive model revealed an accuracy of about 85% for Salmonella being a tool to monitor the microbiological quality of pig slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Rodrigo Cê
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Audecir Giombelli
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Concórdia-SC, Brazil
| | - Karla Suzana Moresco
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil; Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Realeza-PR, Brazil
| | - Andresa Miranda
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Mayka Reghiany Pedrão
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Gracielle Johann
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cátia Leal Badaró
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Hiromi Hashimoto
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Machado-Lunkes
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil.
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Cavalheiro LG, Gené LA, Coldebella A, Kich JD, Ruiz VLDA. Microbiological Quality of Pig Carcasses in a Slaughterhouse under Risk-Based Inspection System. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243986. [PMID: 36553728 PMCID: PMC9778288 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat product inspection is one of the procedures adopted more than a century ago to guarantee food quality and safety for consumption. Due to technology and regulation advancement for farming and slaughtering pigs, a change in zoonotic profile attributed to pork has been identified. Thus, a global movement began to establish inspection parameters based on epidemiological risk profiles, culminating in the publication of a new regulation in Brazil in 2018. This normative instruction establishes that slaughterhouses under federal inspection must implement risk-based inspection until 2028. Changes in the inspection system can generate questions and objections on the part of customers and consumer markets. In order to assess microbiological contamination when adopting a risk-based inspection system, the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and the quantification of Enterobacteriaceae and mesophilic aerobic counts were compared in pig carcasses slaughtered under traditional and risk-based inspection systems. A statistical significance reduction was identified regarding the quantification of Enterobacteriaceae (log -0.18 to -1.61 CFU/cm2) and mesophilic aerobic counts (log 4.60 to 3.49 CFU/cm2). The occurrence of Salmonella spp. did not show a significant difference (4% to 5.3%). The results allowed us to conclude that adopting risk-based inspection systems improves food safety through Enterobacteriaceae and mesophilic aerobic counts reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Giacometti Cavalheiro
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-98169-1133
| | - Luisa Aneiros Gené
- Department of Food Science, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR153, km 110, Concórdia 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR153, km 110, Concórdia 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Vera Letticie de Azevedo Ruiz
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
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VIVAN GF, BADARO ACL, HASHIMOTO EH. Singeing to improve visual aspect and microbiological quality of pig carcasses. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-9940202100372022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The proper operating conditions of the singeing machine on pig slaughterhouses to achieve good carcass quality are little reported. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an automatic singeing machine on the quality of pig carcasses for better control in pork production. A two-factor (pressure and time) completely randomized design was used. The carcasses were subjected to four treatments using gas pressures of 0.6 and 0.8 kgf.cm-2 for 3.7 and 4.2 seconds of exposure to the flame. The carcasses were analyzed as for visual appearance, counts of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli, and temperature. Gas consumption was also assessed during the process. Carcasses subjected to 0.6 kgf.cm-2 for 4.2 s had a better visual appearance. Both pressure and time reduced the counts of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli. Regarding gas consumption, exposure to the flame for 4.2 s consumed three times more gas than exposure for 3.7 s. Among the treatments tested, singeing using a pressure of 0.6 kgf.cm-2 for 4.2 s was sufficient to reduce microbial counts and improve visual appearance. This singeing standardization serves as a reference for slaughterhouses to produce pork with a visual appearance of better acceptability by consumers.
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Tian L, Luo Y, Wen T, Yang W, Zhao Y, Huang P, He H, Wu J, Li Z, Pan C. A quadruple protection procedure for resuming pig production in small-scale ASFV-positive farms in China. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100014. [PMID: 34841307 PMCID: PMC8610312 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever outbreak has caused serious economic losses in China. Pork supply in consequence faces huge demand. The small-scale farms in China are encountering difficulties in raising pigs. A comprehensive procedure was tested in 35 small pig farms that had been confirmed with African swine fever virus. During a one-year study, 100 percent of porkers and 98.8 percent of sows were healthy respectively. An effective biosafety procedure was developed for production of pigs in small-scale farms in China.
African swine fever (ASF) outbreak has caused serious economic losses in Asia since 2018. As ASF is a new emerging disease, many farmers hesitate to raise pigs before biosafety procedures were evaluated to be effective. To support small-scale farms in resuming pig production, a comprehensive procedure, called the quadruple protection procedure (QPP), was tested in 35 small farms which had been confirmed with African swine fever virus (ASFV). The QPP takes care of the farms' construction, environmental disinfection, regular immunization, and feed quality. Qualified daily management was supplemented as well. During a one-year survey four disinfectants and one piece of equipment were used in higher frequency. A 7- or 15-day empty period after the disinfection was suitable when it was combined with the rest of the protection measures from QPP. Totally 18,730 porkers and 3,006 sows were healthy by the end of the study with percentage of 100 and 98.8, respectively, indicating that QPP could protect pigs in small-scale farms from pathogens within China. This study developed an effective protective procedure system for small-scale farms to produce pigs under the risk of ASF outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Tian
- Institute of Animal Protection Technology, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Institute of Animal Protection Technology, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Tanqing Wen
- Institute of Animal Protection Technology, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Weizheng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Innovation Technology Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yulin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Innovation Technology Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Innovation Technology Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo He
- Institute of Animal Protection Technology, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on the Technology of Pig-breeding and Pig-disease prevention, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongsheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on the Technology of Pig-breeding and Pig-disease prevention, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chungen Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Innovation Technology Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on the Technology of Pig-breeding and Pig-disease prevention, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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Pessoa J, McAloon C, Rodrigues da Costa M, García Manzanilla E, Norton T, Boyle L. Adding value to food chain information: using data on pig welfare and antimicrobial use on-farm to predict meat inspection outcomes. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:55. [PMID: 34649629 PMCID: PMC8518164 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using Food Chain Information data to objectively identify high-risk animals entering abattoirs can represent an important step forward towards improving on-farm animal welfare. We aimed to develop and evaluate the performance of classification models, using Gradient Boosting Machine algorithms that utilise accurate longitudinal on-farm data on pig health and welfare to predict condemnations, pluck lesions and low cold carcass weight at slaughter. RESULTS The accuracy of the models was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC). The AUC for the prediction models for pneumonia, dorsocaudal pleurisy, cranial pleurisy, pericarditis, partial and total condemnations, and low cold carcass weight varied from 0.54 for pneumonia and 0.67 for low cold carcass weight. For dorsocaudal pleurisy, ear lesions assessed on pigs aged 12 weeks and antimicrobial treatments (AMT) were the most important prediction variables. Similarly, the most important variable for the prediction of cranial pleurisy was the number of AMT. In the case of pericarditis, ear lesions assessed both at week 12 and 14 were the most important variables and accounted for 33% of the Bernoulli loss reduction. For predicting partial and total condemnations, the presence of hernias on week 18 and lameness on week 12 accounted for 27% and 14% of the Bernoulli loss reduction, respectively. Finally, AMT (37%) and ear lesions assessed on week 12 (15%) were the most important variables for predicting pigs with low cold carcass weight. CONCLUSIONS The findings from our study show that on farm assessments of animal-based welfare outcomes and information on antimicrobial treatments have a modest predictive power in relation to the different meat inspection outcomes assessed. New research following the same group of pigs longitudinally from a larger number of farms supplying different slaughterhouses is required to confirm that on farm assessments can add value to Food Chain Information reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Pessoa
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Ireland. .,Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland. .,M3-BIORES-Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Conor McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Maria Rodrigues da Costa
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Northern Faculty, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Inverness, Scotland
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Ireland.,Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Tomas Norton
- M3-BIORES-Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Ireland
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Klaharn K, Pichpol D, Meeyam T, Pfeiffer D, Moomon A, Lohaanukul P, Punyapornwithaya V. Analysis of nationwide survey data to determine bacterial contamination levels in meat from pig slaughterhouses in Thailand. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Werlang GO, Kich JD, Lopes GV, Coldebella A, Feddern V, Cardoso M. Effect of gaseous ozone application during chilling on microbial and quality attributes of pig carcasses. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2021; 28:366-376. [PMID: 33983853 DOI: 10.1177/10820132211014985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ozone application has been suggested as an additional measure to the slaughter animals under hygiene programs. In this study, we determined the efficacy of gaseous ozone applied to pig carcasses during chilling (16 h at 2-5°C). Forty carcasses were allocated to each treatment: control, without ozone application (T1) and 5 ppm gaseous ozone application (T2), divided in two 4-h periods. The carcasses were sampled before and after chilling. The average counts of total aerobic mesophilic (TAM) bacteria before chilling were not different (p = 0.55) between T1 and T2. In turn, after chilling, the ozone-treated carcasses had significantly reduced about 0.4 colony-forming units (CFU)/cm2 of TAM counts (p < 0.001) than the control carcasses. No significant reduction was observed in the number of carcasses positive for Listeria sp. and Escherichia coli after gaseous ozone treatment; while a tendency (p = 0.08) of lower number of Salmonella positive carcasses in T2 was observed. Common macrorestriction (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) patterns of S. enterica were observed in the carcasses before and after chilling. Pork samples from treated and untreated carcasses with ozone showed no lipid oxidation or altered color and pH. The results indicate that the gaseous ozone in the tested protocol is effective in reducing TAM populations, but not effective in decreasing the number of carcasses positive for E. coli and Listeria sp. Regarding Salmonella, the tendency of positive carcasses reduction may encourage further studies by testing other protocols of gaseous ozone application inside the chilling chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Orosco Werlang
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | | | - Graciela Volz Lopes
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brasil
| | | | | | - Marisa Cardoso
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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De Clercq K, Vandaele L, Vanbinst T, Riou M, Deblauwe I, Wesselingh W, Pinard A, Van Eetvelde M, Boulesteix O, Leemans B, Gélineau R, Vercauteren G, Van der Heyden S, Beckers JF, Saegerman C, Sammin D, de Kruif A, De Leeuw I. Transmission of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 by Artificial Insemination with Frozen-Thawed Semen from Naturally Infected Bulls. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040652. [PMID: 33918924 PMCID: PMC8069090 DOI: 10.3390/v13040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of bluetongue (BT) virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) via artificial insemination of contaminated frozen semen from naturally infected bulls was investigated in two independent experiments. Healthy, BT negative heifers were hormonally synchronized and artificially inseminated at oestrus. In total, six groups of three heifers received semen from four batches derived from three bulls naturally infected with BTV-8. Each experiment included one control heifer that was not inseminated and that remained BT negative throughout. BTV viraemia and seroconversion were determined in 8 out of 18 inseminated heifers, and BTV was isolated from five of these animals. These eight heifers only displayed mild clinical signs of BT, if any at all, but six of them experienced pregnancy loss between weeks four and eight of gestation, and five of them became BT PCR and antibody positive. The other two infected heifers gave birth at term to two healthy and BT negative calves. The BT viral load varied among the semen batches used and this had a significant impact on the infection rate, the time of onset of viraemia post artificial insemination, and the gestational stage at which pregnancy loss occurred. These results, which confirm unusual features of BTV-8 infection, should not be extrapolated to infection with other BTV strains without thorough evaluation. This study also adds weight to the hypothesis that the re-emergence of BTV-8 in France in 2015 may be attributable to the use of contaminated bovine semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris De Clercq
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leen Vandaele
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Tine Vanbinst
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.)
| | - Mickaël Riou
- UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.R.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Isra Deblauwe
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Wendy Wesselingh
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Anne Pinard
- UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.R.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Mieke Van Eetvelde
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.R.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Bart Leemans
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Robert Gélineau
- UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.R.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Griet Vercauteren
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.V.); (S.V.d.H.)
| | - Sara Van der Heyden
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.V.); (S.V.d.H.)
| | - Jean-François Beckers
- Département des Sciences Fonctionnelles (DSF), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4130 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Donal Sammin
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, W23 X3PH Co. Kildare, Ireland;
| | - Aart de Kruif
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.)
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Zeng H, Rasschaert G, De Zutter L, Mattheus W, De Reu K. Identification of the Source for Salmonella Contamination of Carcasses in a Large Pig Slaughterhouse. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010077. [PMID: 33477347 PMCID: PMC7831019 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the major source of Salmonella contamination in a pig slaughterhouse, samples were collected from the clean and unclean area and Salmonella isolates were further typed. Carcasses entering the clean area showed a Salmonella contamination rate of 96.7% in the oral cavity and 55.0% in the rectum content samples. Evisceration seemed not to be critical as the contamination rate of the carcasses was similar before (16.7%) and after (18.3%) this slaughter step. In the unclean area, a limited number of oral cavity samples were positive after bleeding, while a dramatic increase of positives was observed after dehairing. Salmonella was detected in up to 0.01 mL of the recycled water collected from the dehairing machine. Genotyping of Salmonella isolates showed that similar pulsotypes were present in the oral cavity and recycled water. Based on these observations it can be concluded that the recycled water used in the dehairing machine was the major source for the carcass contamination in this slaughterhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zeng
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.Z.); (G.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.Z.); (G.R.)
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Infectious Diseases in Humans, Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Koen De Reu
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.Z.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-272-3043
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Hdaifeh A, Khalid T, Boué G, Cummins E, Guillou S, Federighi M, Tesson V. Critical Analysis of Pork QMRA Focusing on Slaughterhouses: Lessons from the Past and Future Trends. Foods 2020; 9:E1704. [PMID: 33233782 PMCID: PMC7699970 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne microbial diseases have a significant impact on public health, leading to millions of human illnesses each year worldwide. Pork is one of the most consumed meat in Europe but may also be a major source of pathogens introduced all along the farm-to-fork chain. Several quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) have been developed to assess human health risks associated with pork consumption and to evaluate the efficiency of different risk reduction strategies. The present critical analysis aims to review pork QMRA. An exhaustive search was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology. It resulted in identification of a collection of 2489 papers including 42 on QMRA, after screening. Among them, a total of 29 studies focused on Salmonella spp. with clear concern on impacts at the slaughterhouse, modeling the spreading of contaminations and growth at critical stages along with potential reductions. Along with strict compliance with good hygiene practices, several potential risk mitigation pathways were highlighted for each slaughterhouse step. The slaughterhouse has a key role to play to ensure food safety of pork-based products but consideration of the whole farm-to-fork chain is necessary to enable better control of bacteria. This review provides an analysis of pork meat QMRA, to facilitate their reuse, and identify gaps to guide future research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Hdaifeh
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Tahreem Khalid
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Géraldine Boué
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Ireland;
| | - Sandrine Guillou
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincent Tesson
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
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Buncic S, Alban L, Blagojevic B. From traditional meat inspection to development of meat safety assurance programs in pig abattoirs – The European situation. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Schut CH, Farzan A, Ainslie-Garcia MH, Friendship RM, Lillie BN. Antibody Responses to Salmonella in Pigs from Weaning Up to Marketing and Presence of Salmonella at Slaughter. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 16:187-194. [PMID: 30481060 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is estimated to be one of the leading causes of enteric illness worldwide. Human salmonellosis is most frequently related to contaminated food products, particularly those of animal origin, such as pork. Pigs are often asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, highlighting the importance of identifying high-prevalence farms and effective detection methods. The objectives of this study were to investigate Salmonella antibody responses and their association with on-farm shedding and Salmonella isolation at slaughter. Fourteen groups of pigs from eight farrowing sources were followed from birth to slaughter (totaling 796 pigs). Information about farm management was collected through a questionnaire. Blood and fecal samples were collected four times at different stages of production, and palatine tonsils/submandibular lymph nodes were obtained at slaughter. Sera were tested for Salmonella antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and fecal/tissue samples were cultured for Salmonella. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect multivariable modeling method with farm, litter, and pig as random effects. Salmonella seropositivity rates were 20.3%, 5.8%, 15.9%, and 37.3% at weaning, at the end of nursery, at end of grower, and at end of finisher, respectively. Salmonella seropositivity and shedding increased with age (p < 0.05), and pigs shedding Salmonella were more likely to test seropositive (p = 0.02). Antibody response and shedding on-farm had no significant association with isolation of Salmonella from tissues harvested at slaughter. The variation in Salmonella seropositivity due to farm was 28.9% of total variation. These findings indicate that on-farm intervention may be a more effective approach to control Salmonella and to reduce the presence of Salmonella at slaughter. Additionally, the observation that some pigs in this study were Salmonella-negative throughout production and at slaughter is promising with regard to food safety, and studies are needed to explore the genotypes of those pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne H Schut
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .,2 Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | - Brandon N Lillie
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
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16
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Sánchez-Rodríguez J, Navas L, Vinuesa F, Castells C, Martínez M, López A, Lindez B, Cabrera-Vique C. New insights on the risk factors associated with the presence of Salmonella on pig carcasses. Lessons from small slaughterhouses. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Wambui J, Lamuka P, Karuri E, Matofari J, Njage PMK. Microbial Contamination Level Profiles Attributed to Contamination of Beef Carcasses, Personnel, and Equipment: Case of Small and Medium Enterprise Slaughterhouses. J Food Prot 2018; 81:684-691. [PMID: 29557673 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microbial contamination level profiles (MCLPs) attributed to contamination of beef carcasses, personnel, and equipment in five Kenyan small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses were determined. Aerobic plate counts, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella were used to determine contamination at four different slaughter stages, namely, dehiding, evisceration, splitting, and dispatch. Microbiological criteria of the four microorganisms were used to score contamination levels (CLs) as poor (0), poor to average (1), average (2), or good (3). MCLPs were further assigned to carcasses, personnel, and equipment at each stage by summing up the CL scores. The CL score attributed to aerobic plate count contamination was 2 or 3 for carcasses but 0 for personnel and equipment in almost all slaughterhouses. A score of 0 on carcasses was mostly attributed to Enterobacteriaceae at evisceration and to Salmonella at dehiding and evisceration. In addition, a score of 0 was mostly attributed to Staphylococcus contamination of personnel at dehiding. A score of 3 was attributed mostly to Enterobacteriaceae on hands at splitting, whereas a score of 2 was mostly attributed to the clothes at dehiding and evisceration. A CL score of 3 was mostly attributed to Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella contamination of equipment at dehiding and splitting, respectively. Although CLs attributed to contamination of carcasses, personnel, and equipment ranged from 0 to 3, the maximum MCLP score of 9 was only attained in carcasses from two slaughterhouses at dehiding and from one slaughterhouse at dispatch. There is, therefore, a lot of room for small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses to improve their food safety objectives by improving food safety management systems at the points characterized by low CL scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wambui
- 1 Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-5505 [J.W.]).,2 Institute of Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Lamuka
- 1 Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-5505 [J.W.])
| | - Edward Karuri
- 1 Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-5505 [J.W.])
| | - Joseph Matofari
- 3 Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; and
| | - Patrick Murigu Kamau Njage
- 1 Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-5505 [J.W.]).,4 Division for Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Biasino W, De Zutter L, Mattheus W, Bertrand S, Uyttendaele M, Van Damme I. Correlation between slaughter practices and the distribution of Salmonella and hygiene indicator bacteria on pig carcasses during slaughter. Food Microbiol 2017; 70:192-199. [PMID: 29173627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of hygiene indicator bacteria and Salmonella on pig carcasses. Moreover, the relation between hygiene indicator counts and Salmonella presence as well as associations between specific slaughter practices and carcass contamination were determined for each carcass area. Seven Belgian pig slaughterhouses were visited three times to swab five randomly selected carcasses at nine different areas, after evisceration and trimming. Information about slaughter practices was collected using a questionaire. In all samples, the E. coli and Salmonella presence was analyzed and Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic bacteria were quantified. Average total aerobic counts ranged from 3.1 (loin, pelvic duct, ham) to 4.4 log10 CFU/cm2 (foreleg). Median Enterobacteriaceae numbers varied between 0.4 (ham) an 1.8 log10 CFU/cm2 (foreleg). E. coli and Salmonella presence ranged from 15% (elbow) to 89% (foreleg) and 5% (elbow) to 38% (foreleg), respectively. Positive relations were found between hygiene indicator counts and Salmonella presence at the head, sternum, loin and throat. Several slaughter practices, such as splitting the head and incising tonsils, were associated with higher levels of hygiene indicator bacteria and Salmonella. These findings can be used to educate slaughterhouse personnel and estimate the public health risk involved in consumption of different pork cuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Biasino
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Mattheus
- Section of Bacterial Diseases, NRC Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, J. Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Bertrand
- Section of Bacterial Diseases, NRC Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, J. Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bio-Science Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - I Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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19
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de Freitas Costa E, Corbellini LG, da Silva APSP, Nauta M. A Stochastic Model to Assess the Effect of Meat Inspection Practices on the Contamination of the Pig Carcasses. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:1849-1864. [PMID: 27996166 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of meat inspection is to promote animal and public health by preventing, detecting, and controlling hazards originating from animals. With the improvements of sanitary level in pig herds, the hazards profile has shifted and the inspection procedures no longer target major foodborne pathogens (i.e., not risk based). Additionally, carcass manipulations performed when searching for macroscopic lesions can lead to cross-contamination. We therefore developed a stochastic model to quantitatively describe cross-contamination when consecutive carcasses are submitted to classic inspection procedures. The microbial hazard used to illustrate the model was Salmonella, the data set was obtained from Brazilian slaughterhouses, and some simplifying assumptions were made. The model predicted that due to cross-contamination during inspection, the prevalence of contaminated carcass surfaces increased from 1.2% to 95.7%, whereas the mean contamination on contaminated surfaces decreased from 1 logCFU/cm² to -0.87 logCFU/cm², and the standard deviations decreased from 0.65 to 0.19. These results are explained by the fact that, due to carcass manipulations with hands, knives, and hooks, including the cutting of contaminated lymph nodes, Salmonella is transferred to previously uncontaminated carcasses, but in small quantities. These small quantities can easily go undetected during sampling. Sensitivity analyses gave insight into the model performance and showed that the touching and cutting of lymph nodes during inspection can be an important source of carcass contamination. The model can serve as a tool to support discussions on the modernization of pig carcass inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology (Epilab), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Gustavo Corbellini
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology (Epilab), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Serafini Poeta da Silva
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology (Epilab), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maarten Nauta
- Technical University of Denmark - National Food Institute, Søborg, Denmark
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20
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Bollerslev AM, Nauta M, Hald T, Hansen TB, Aabo S. A risk-based approach for evaluation of hygiene performance at pig slaughter. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Young I, Wilhelm BJ, Cahill S, Nakagawa R, Desmarchelier P, Rajić A. A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Slaughter and Processing Interventions to Control Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Beef and Pork. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2196-2210. [PMID: 28104927 PMCID: PMC5238939 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pork is one of the major food sources of human salmonellosis worldwide, while beef products have been implicated in numerous foodborne outbreaks. As a result, effective interventions to reduce Salmonella contamination during beef and pork processing are of interest to both regulators and industry. We conducted a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of literature investigating the efficacy of slaughter and processing interventions to control Salmonella in beef and pork. Review steps included: a comprehensive search strategy; relevance screening of abstracts; relevance confirmation of articles; data extraction; risk-of-bias assessment; meta-analysis (where appropriate); and a weight-of-evidence assessment. A total of 191 relevant experimental studies were identified. Two controlled trials indicated that hot water and steam treatments are effective at reducing the prevalence of Salmonella on beef carcasses (relative risk [RR] = 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.58), while four trials found that pre-chill organic acid washes are effective at reducing Salmonella on pork carcasses (RR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.78), with high confidence in the estimates of effect. Four quasi-experimental studies found that post-exsanguination chemical washes were effective to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on cattle hides, with low confidence in the specific estimate of effect; moderate confidence was found for the effect estimates of scalding (RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.29) and singeing (RR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.52) of pork carcasses. The overall evidence supported enhanced reductions of Salmonella through a multiple-hurdle approach. In conclusion, various slaughter and processing interventions can contribute to reducing Salmonella on beef and pork carcasses, depending on the context of application; an appropriate combination should be selected, validated, and verified by establishment operators within their local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, POD 249, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Barbara J Wilhelm
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Cahill
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Rei Nakagawa
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrijana Rajić
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
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22
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Corbellini LG, Júnior AB, de Freitas Costa E, Duarte ASR, Albuquerque ER, Kich JD, Cardoso M, Nauta M. Effect of slaughterhouse and day of sample on the probability of a pig carcass being Salmonella-positive according to the Enterobacteriaceae count in the largest Brazilian pork production region. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 228:58-66. [PMID: 27107299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sources of contamination of carcasses during slaughter include infected pigs as well as environmentally related sources. There are many microbial indicators that can be used in the processing of food to assess food hygiene and the safety of food processing. The presence of some microbial indicators can be viewed as a result of direct or indirect contamination of a food with fecal material. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae is often used as a hygiene indicator, as they are found both in the environment and in the intestine of warm-blooded animals. An association between Salmonella isolation and Enterobacteriaceae count (EC) on pre-chill carcasses has been described, however the impact of slaughterhouse and the day of sampling on the occurrence of Salmonella has not been previously investigated. To this end, mixed logistic regressions (MLRs) with random effects and fixed slopes were performed to assess the change in EC and its correlation with Salmonella occurrence using two data sets. The first describes the EC and Salmonella isolation in 60 pork carcasses in one slaughterhouse sampled at 11 different slaughter steps, including the carcass as a random effect. The second describes the EC and Salmonella isolation on 1150 pre-chill carcasses sampled in 13 slaughterhouses over 230 sampling days, and the model combined two random intercepts, slaughterhouse and date of sampling nested with slaughterhouse (day/slaughterhouse). Statistically significant associations (p<0.0001) between the log of the EC and Salmonella occurrence were found in all models. Nevertheless, although a strong association was found between Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella contamination in pork carcasses, this association was not constant, given that there was a high variation in the probability of a carcass being positive for Salmonella according to the EC mainly between days of samples. The effect of the day of sampling on Salmonella prevalence was so large that the predictive value of the EC count for Salmonella isolation on a daily basis was compromised. It is possible that on some days batches with a high prevalence of Salmonella carriers shedding a high number of Salmonella were slaughtered. On these days, the potential for contamination/cross-contamination of carcasses will be so large that even hygienic slaughter, confirmed by the low EC on carcasses, will not be able to prevent the presence of Salmonella on some carcasses. The results of this study demonstrate that, despite the statistically significant association found, it may be difficult to predict when hygiene failure measured via EC actually indicates Salmonella contamination, and neither the inverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Gustavo Corbellini
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | | | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Sofia Ribeiro Duarte
- Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | | | | | - Marisa Cardoso
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maarten Nauta
- Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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Nastasijevic I, Tomasevic I, Smigic N, Milicevic D, Petrovic Z, Djekic I. Hygiene assessment of Serbian meat establishments using different scoring systems. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Swart AN, Evers EG, Simons RLL, Swanenburg M. Modeling of Salmonella Contamination in the Pig Slaughterhouse. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:498-515. [PMID: 26857531 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this article we present a model for Salmonella contamination of pig carcasses in the slaughterhouse. This model forms part of a larger QMRA (quantitative microbial risk assessment) on Salmonella in slaughter and breeder pigs, which uses a generic model framework that can be parameterized for European member states, to describe the entire chain from farm-to-consumption and the resultant human illness. We focus on model construction, giving mathematical formulae to describe Salmonella concentrations on individual pigs and slaughter equipment at different stages of the slaughter process. Variability among individual pigs and over slaughterhouses is incorporated using statistical distributions, and simulated by Monte Carlo iteration. We present the results over the various slaughter stages and show that such a framework is especially suitable to investigate the effect of various interventions. In this article we present the results of the slaughterhouse module for two case study member states. The model outcome represents an increase in average prevalence of Salmonella contamination and Salmonella numbers at dehairing and a decrease of Salmonella numbers at scalding. These results show good agreement when compared to several other QMRAs and microbiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - E G Evers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - R L L Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - M Swanenburg
- Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Belluco S, Barco L, Roccato A, Ricci A. Variability of Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae counts on pig carcasses: A systematic review. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Smid J, van Hoek A, Aarts H, Havelaar A, Heres L, de Jonge R, Pielaat A. Quantifying the sources of Salmonella on dressed carcasses of pigs based on serovar distribution. Meat Sci 2014; 96:1425-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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De Busser EV, De Zutter L, Dewulf J, Houf K, Maes D. Salmonella control in live pigs and at slaughter. Vet J 2013; 196:20-7. [PMID: 23414643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As European Union legislation sets reduction targets to lower the incidence of human salmonellosis, Member States are obliged to take effective measures to control Salmonella infection and contamination along the pig production chain. This review considers the most important control measures in the primary phase of pig production as well as during transport, lairage and along the slaughter line. Pig feed should be free of Salmonella, and contamination after feed processing must be prevented. Cleaning and disinfection procedures should be improved, although this can be complicated by the development of biofilms and the interaction between Salmonella and protozoa. Further research is required on the acid tolerance response of Salmonella strains regarding the use of organic acids in feed and/or drinking water. Vaccination of sows and piglets can be helpful but can interfere with current serosurveillance as no differentiation can yet be made between naturally infected and vaccinated animals. Fasting, transport and lairage conditions should be critically evaluated and improved. Slaughterhouses must avoid contamination and cross-contamination during all stages of the slaughter process. Scalding by steam and implementing a second singeing step after polishing are beneficial. Attention should be paid to the cleaning and disinfection procedures along the slaughter line. Carcass decontamination is a promising approach, but needs to be considered as a tool to add to good hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V De Busser
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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29
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The role of transport, lairage and slaughter processes in the dissemination of Salmonella spp. in pigs in Ireland. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Modelling food safety and economic consequences of surveillance and control strategies for Salmonella in pigs and pork. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 139:754-64. [PMID: 20653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Targets for maximum acceptable levels of Salmonella in pigs and pork are to be decided. A stochastic simulation model accounting for herd and abattoir information was used to evaluate food safety and economic consequences of different surveillance and control strategies, based among others on Danish surveillance data. An epidemiological module simulated the Salmonella carcass prevalence for different scenarios. Cost-effectiveness analysis was used to compare the costs of the different scenarios with their expected effectiveness. Herd interventions were not found sufficient to attain Salmonella carcass prevalence <1%. The cost-effectiveness of abattoir interventions changed with abattoir size. The most cost-effective strategy included the use of steam vacuum and steam ultrasound. Given uncertainty of the effect of steam vacuum and steam ultrasound, model results should be updated as more information becomes available. This framework contributes to informed decision-making for a more cost-effective surveillance and control of Salmonella in pigs and pork.
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34
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Scientific Opinion on a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment of Salmonella in slaughter and breeder pigs. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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36
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Delhalle L, Saegerman C, Messens W, Farnir F, Korsak N, Van der Stede Y, Daube G. Assessing interventions by quantitative risk assessment tools to reduce the risk of human salmonellosis from fresh minced pork meat in Belgium. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2252-63. [PMID: 19903386 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.11.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The risk of human salmonellosis through the consumption of minced pork meat in Belgium was assessed via a modular risk model covering pork meat production from lairage to human consumption. The main goal of the model was to give concrete options to reduce effectively the risk of human salmonellosis through the consumption of minced pork meat. These options (scenarios) were elaborated with reference to the international situation and the literature to give concrete and realistic possibilities for improving the microbiological quality of pork meat and to reduce the number of human salmonellosis cases per year in Belgium. The model estimates 15,376 cases of human salmonellosis per year in Belgium due to the consumption of minced pork meat. The results of the scenarios showed that the risk of human salmonellosis could be significantly reduced by efforts all along the pork meat production chain but also by efforts made by consumers. The responsibility of food business operators for the pork meat production chain is high in relation to the microbiological quality of meat delivery, especially at the slaughterhouse. Consumers also need to be aware of good hygiene practices during preparation of the meat at home. Cross-contamination with raw food can be avoided by changing the habits and the behavior of the household cook. The results of these scenarios would be useful for the food business operators involved in the pork meat chain and for public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Delhalle
- University of Liege, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science Department-Microbiology Section, Sart-Tilman, B43bis, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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Bollaerts KE, Messens W, Delhalle L, Aerts M, Van der Stede Y, Dewulf J, Quoilin S, Maes D, Mintiens K, Grijspeerdt K. Development of a quantitative microbial risk assessment for human salmonellosis through household consumption of fresh minced pork meat in Belgium. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2009; 29:820-840. [PMID: 19392678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) according to the Codex Alimentarius Principles is conducted to evaluate the risk of human salmonellosis through household consumption of fresh minced pork meat in Belgium. The quantitative exposure assessment is carried out by building a modular risk model, called the METZOON-model, which covers the pork production from farm to fork. In the METZOON-model, the food production pathway is split up in six consecutive modules: (1) primary production, (2) transport and lairage, (3) slaughterhouse, (4) postprocessing, (5) distribution and storage, and (6) preparation and consumption. All the modules are developed to resemble as closely as possible the Belgian situation, making use of the available national data. Several statistical refinements and improved modeling techniques are proposed. The model produces highly realistic results. The baseline predicted number of annual salmonellosis cases is 20,513 (SD 9061.45). The risk is estimated higher for the susceptible population (estimate 4.713 x 10(-5); SD 1.466 x 10(-5)) compared to the normal population (estimate 7.704 x 10(-6); SD 5.414 x 10(-6)) and is mainly due to undercooking and to a smaller extent to cross-contamination in the kitchen via cook's hands.
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Algino RJ, Badtram GA, Ingham BH, Ingham SC. Factors associated with Salmonella prevalence on pork carcasses in very small abattoirs in Wisconsin. J Food Prot 2009; 72:714-21. [PMID: 19435217 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.4.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has expressed concern over Salmonella prevalence on pork carcasses. Our objectives were to survey the prevalence of Salmonella on pork carcasses in very small Wisconsin abattoirs, and identify processing conditions and indicator bacteria levels associated with reduced Salmonella prevalence. During April to July 2007, sponge samples were obtained from 181 pork carcasses at 10 Wisconsin abattoirs before carcass washing (carcass half A), and after washing and chilling and before fabrication (carcass half B). Each sample was categorized by whether the carcass was skinned, by wash-water temperature (7 to 43 degrees C), and the duration (1 or 2 days), temperature, and percent relative humidity of chilling. Sponge samples were analyzed qualitatively for Salmonella and quantitatively for Escherichia coli, coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, and aerobic plate count (APC). Salmonella prevalences on skinned and unskinned prewash carcasses were 11.7 and 8.3%, respectively. Corresponding values for chilled carcasses were 32.0 and 19.5% for 1-day chilled carcasses, and 11.4 and 14.7% for 2-day chilled carcasses. Lower Salmonella prevalence on prewash carcasses was significantly related to lower prewash carcass APC levels (odds ratio = 7.8 per change of 1.0 log CFU/cm2), while lower Salmonella prevalence on chilled carcasses was significantly related to 2-day chilling (odds ratio = 5.2), and chilled-carcass levels of coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, and APC (odds ratio = 1.5 to 1.9 per change of 1.0 log CFU/cm2). Salmonella prevalence on chilled pork carcasses in very small Wisconsin plants could be reduced by chilling carcasses 2 days before fabrication and improving carcass-handling hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Algino
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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