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Abey SL, Teka M, Bitew AB, Molla W, Ejo M, Dagnaw GG, Adugna T, Nigatu S, Mengistu BA, Kinde MZ, Berju A, Belete MA, Temesgen W, Dagnachew S, Tesema TS. Detection and antibiogram profile of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from two abattoir settings in northwest Ethiopia: a one health perspective. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2024; 6:8. [PMID: 38705992 PMCID: PMC11071326 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-024-00102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a zoonotic pathogen that contaminates abattoir workers, slaughter environments, slaughter equipment, and carcasses during abattoir processing. Infection with E. coli is associated with the consumption of contaminated food and water, and it is a potential threat to the health and welfare of both humans and animals. Hence, this study aimed to detect diarrheagenic E. coli and assess its antibiogram profile in two abattoir settings, in one health lens. METHODS A cross-sectional study in one health approach was conducted from December 2020 to June 2021. A total of 384 samples from abattoir workers' hands, carcasses, knives, cattle feces, abattoir water and effluents were collected. Bacterial culture and biochemical tests were conducted to isolate E. coli, while conventional polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify virulence genes. The antibiogram of diarrheagenic E. coli was tested against nine antimicrobials using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. RESULTS A total of 115 (29.95%) E. coli were isolated from the 384 samples, and from these isolates, about 17 (14.8%) were confirmed to be diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). Among the DEC pathotypes, nine (52.94%), five (29.4%), and three (17.65%) were Shiga toxin-producing, enterohemorrhagic, and enterotoxigenic E. coli, respectively. While 14 (82.35%) DEC isolates harbored the stx2 gene, five (29.41%) the eae gene, five (29.41%) the hlyA gene and three (17.65%) harbored the st gene. All the DEC isolates were resistant to erythromycin and vancomycin; whereas, they were susceptible to ampicillin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. Furthermore, 64.7% of DEC isolates showed resistance to both ceftazidime and kanamycin and 88.24% of the isolates showed multidrug resistance. CONCLUSION This study detected DEC isolates having different virulence genes, which showed single and multiple antimicrobial resistance. Given the existing poor hygienic and sanitary practices along the abattoir-to-table food chain, coupled with the habit of raw meat consumption, this result indicates a potential public and animal health risk from the pathogen and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Lulie Abey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia.
| | - Mersha Teka
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Belete Bitew
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrat Ejo
- Vaccine and Diagnostics Research & Development Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Getaneh Dagnaw
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Adugna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Seleshe Nigatu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Bemrew Admassu Mengistu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrie Zemene Kinde
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Berju
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mequanint Addisu Belete
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Wudu Temesgen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shimelis Dagnachew
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
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Bonino MP, Crivelli XB, Petrina JF, Galateo S, Gomes TAT, Navarro A, Cundon C, Broglio A, Sanin M, Bentancor A. Detection and analysis of Shiga toxin producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in cattle from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1257-1266. [PMID: 37041346 PMCID: PMC10235289 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are pathovars that affect mainly infants' health. Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC. Uremic hemolytic syndrome and diarrheas can be found at high rates in Tierra del Fuego (TDF). This study aimed to establish the prevalence of STEC and EPEC in cattle at slaughterhouses in TDF and to analyze the isolated strains. Out of 194 samples from two slaughterhouses, STEC prevalence was 15%, and EPEC prevalence was 5%. Twenty-seven STEC strains and one EPEC were isolated. The most prevalent STEC serotypes were O185:H19 (7), O185:H7 (6), and O178:H19 (5). There were no STEC eae + strains (AE-STEC) or serogroup O157 detected in this study. The prevalent genotype was stx2c (10/27) followed by stx1a/stx2hb (4/27). Fourteen percent of the strains presented at least one stx non-typeable subtype (4/27). Shiga toxin production was detected in 25/27 STEC strains. The prevalent module for the Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA) island was module III (7/27). EPEC strain was categorized as atypical and with the ability to cause A/E lesion. The ehxA gene was present in 16/28 strains, 12 of which were capable of producing hemolysis. No hybrid strains were detected in this work. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that all strains were resistant to ampicillin and 20/28 were resistant to aminoglycosides. No statistical differences could be seen in the detection of STEC or EPEC either by slaughterhouse location or by production system (extensive grass or feedlot). The rate of STEC detection was lower than the one reported for the rest of Argentina. STEC/EPEC relation was 3 to 1. This is the first study on cattle from TDF as reservoir for strains that are potentially pathogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Bonino
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ximena Blanco Crivelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Facundo Petrina
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Galateo
- Dirección de Fiscalización Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | | | - Armando Navarro
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Cundon
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Broglio
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Sanin
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Bentancor
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Colello R, Baigorri M, Del Canto F, González J, Rogé A, van der Ploeg C, Sánchez Chopa F, Sparo M, Etcheverría A, Padola NL. Occurrence and genetic characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli on bovine and pork carcasses and the environment from transport trucks. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:174. [PMID: 37115263 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens causing severe diseases. The ability of STEC to produce disease is associated with Shiga toxin (Stx) production. We investigated the occurrence of STEC on bovine and pork carcasses and walls of trucks where they were transported, and we characterized virulence genes and serotypes of STEC strains. We compared the whole genomic sequencing of a STEC O157:H7 strain isolated from a bovine carcass in this work and a STEC O157:H7 strain isolated from a child with HUS, both isolated in 2019. We studied the relationship between these isolates and others collected in the database. The results show a 40% of STEC and two different serogroups were identified (O130 and O157). STEC O157:H7 were isolated from bovine carcasses and harbored stx2, eae, ehxA, katP, espP, stcE, ECSP_0242/1773/2687/2870/2872/3286/3620 and were classified as lineage I/II. In STEC non-O157 isolates, three isolates were isolated from bovine carcasses and harbored the serogroup O130 and one strain isolated from pork carcasses was O-non-typeable. All STEC non-O157 harbored sxt1 gene. The analysis from the whole genome showed that both STEC O157:H7 strains belonged to the hypervirulent clade 8, ST11, phylogroup E, carried the allele tir 255 T > A T, and they were not clonal. The analysis of information allows us to conclude that the STEC strains circulate in pork and bovine carcasses arriving in transport. This situation represents a risk for the consumers and the need to implement an integrated STEC control in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Colello
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA- CICPBA- CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Manuela Baigorri
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe Del Canto
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana González
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA- CICPBA- CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Rogé
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia van der Ploeg
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Sánchez Chopa
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA- CICPBA- CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Sparo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Ramón Santamarina, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA- CICPBA- CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA- CICPBA- CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Seasonal effect on Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 and non-O157 in the beef industry in Colombia, South America. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07547. [PMID: 34345734 PMCID: PMC8319524 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigated the variations in the occurrence of Salmonella, STEC O157:H7 and non-O157 in the beef production chain in Colombia affected by seasons, hypothesizing that pathogen prevalence will be highest in the rainy season owing to soil moisture promoting bacteria multiplication and transfer between animals. To test this hypothesis, samples were obtained from five abattoirs, which represent 50% of the beef production in this country. A total of 1017 samples were collected, from which 606 were bovine feces, 206 were hide swabs, and 205 corresponded to carcass post-intervention. From the 1017 samples, 49.9% (n = 507) were collected during dry season, while 50.1% (n = 510) during rainy season. All samples (n = 1017) underwent screening for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, while only a proportion of fecal samples (n = 339) were screened for the big six STEC serogroups and their virulence markers. The effect of season, age of animal and sex of animal were correlated with the prevalence results. A total of 84.7% of fecal samples carried virulence genes associated to STEC (stx or eae), suggesting that testing and control should be increased for the big-six STEC compared to E. coli O157:H7. Pathogen prevalence in feces was found to be 8.3%, 5.0%, and 51.0% for Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and STEC non-O157, respectively. Hides had a prevalence of 15.0% and 6.8% of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Carcasses post-intervention were found to have 4.4% and 2.5% prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. A seasonal effect was found for fecal samples. E. coli O157 and non-O157 STEC shedding were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) during rainy season compared to dry season. In contrast, hides and carcasses were more likely to present lower incidence of pathogens during rainy months compared to dry season; however, it was significant only for Salmonella on carcasses with estimated odds of detection almost six times higher in the dry season relative to the rainy season (OR = 5.90, 95% CI 1.18-29.57).
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Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure and Beef Patty Formulations on the Inactivation of Native Strains of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Costa M, Londero A, Brusa V, Galli L, Van Der Ploeg C, Roge A, Leotta GA. Characterization and molecular subtyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains in provincial abattoirs from the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, during 2016-2018. Prev Vet Med 2020; 183:105133. [PMID: 32979660 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We characterized Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 (n = 20) and non-O157 (n = 68) isolated from carcasses (n = 54), the environment (n = 20), head meat (n = 3) and viscera washing and chilling water (n = 11) in provincial abattoirs before and after implementing improvement actions. The strains were tested for eae, saa, ehxA and fliCH7 genes. Variants stx1 and stx2 were also determined. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was carried out with restriction enzymes XbaI and BlnI. All twenty O157 STEC strains [H7; H21; HNM] carried genes rfbO157 and ehxA; 90.0 % were positive for eae and 15.0 % were negative for fliCH7 and positive for saa. Results of PFGE showed 17 XbaI patterns, of which 14 were unique and three formed clusters. From the 68 non-O157 STEC strains, 66.2 %, 55.9 % and 2.9 % were positive for ehxA, saa and eae genes, respectively. Fifty-three XbaI patterns were obtained (49 unique and four forming clusters). Cross-contamination between products and between the environment and products was confirmed in all abattoirs. While the proposed improvements reduced the risk of contamination, Good Hygiene Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices should be implemented in provincial abattoirs, stressing the importance of having a uniform national food safety standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandra Londero
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Van Der Ploeg
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, (1282), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Roge
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, (1282), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Leotta
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Comprehensive evaluation and implementation of improvement actions in bovine abattoirs to reduce pathogens exposure. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rhades LC, Larzábal M, Bentancor A, García JSY, Babinec FJ, Cataldi A, Amigo N, Baldone VN, Urquiza L, Delicia PJ, Fort MC. A one-year longitudinal study of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 fecal shedding in a beef cattle herd. Res Vet Sci 2019; 127:27-32. [PMID: 31670090 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bovines are the primary reservoir of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and the main source of its transmission to humans. Here, we present a one-year longitudinal study of fecal shedding of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 obtained from recto-anal mucosal samples were characterized by multiplex PCR. The E. coli O157 prevalence ranged from 0.84% in July to 15.25% in November. The confinement within pens resulted in prevalence of 11%. Most animals (61.86%; 75/118) shed E. coli O157 at least in one sampling occasion. Of the positive animals, 82.19%, 16.44%, and 1.37% were stx positive on one, two and three sampling occasions, respectively. All the E. coli O157 isolated strains carried the genes eae and rfbO157, whereas 11%, 33% and 56% contained stx1, stx2 and stx1/stx2, respectively. The stx1/stx2 and stx2 types were significantly higher during the grazing and finishing periods, respectively, in comparison with the rearing and grazing periods. The presence of stx2a subtype was evident in four isolates, whereas stx2c was present in at least seven. However, both subtypes were present simultaneously in two isolates. The stx1/stx2c, stx1/stx2d and stx1/stx2NT genotypes occurred in 24, 2 and 15 isolates, respectively. The simultaneous occurrence of stx1 and stx2c significantly increased during grazing. Some cases of within-pen and between-pen transmission occurred throughout the study. Contagion levels during in-field grazing were higher than during permanent confinement in the pens. Thus, the individual patterns of shedding varied depending on the proportion of animals shedding the bacteria within pens and the time of shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Bentancor
- Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, UBA, Argentina
| | - J Sabio Y García
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, Argentina
| | - F J Babinec
- EEA INTA, Anguil, Argentina; Facultad de Agronomía, UNLPam, Argentina
| | | | - N Amigo
- IABIMO, CICVyA INTA, Argentina
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King T, Vockler CJ, Allnutt TR, Fegan N. Transcriptomic response of Escherichia coli O157 isolates on meat: Comparison between a typical Australian isolate from cattle and a pathogenic clinical isolate. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:378-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Signorini M, Costa M, Teitelbaum D, Restovich V, Brasesco H, García D, Superno V, Petroli S, Bruzzone M, Arduini V, Vanzini M, Sucari A, Suberbie G, Maricel T, Rodríguez R, Leotta GA. Evaluation of decontamination efficacy of commonly used antimicrobial interventions for beef carcasses against Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Meat Sci 2018; 142:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Salinas Ibáñez ÁG, Lucero Estrada C, Favier GI, Vega AE, Stagnitta PV, Mattar MA, Zolezzi G, Carbonari C, Miliwebsky E, Cortiñas TI, Escudero ME. Characterization of Shiga-toxin producingEscherichia coliisolated from meat products sold in San Luis, Argentina. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Lucero Estrada
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Researches, National Council of Scientific and Technological Researches (IMIBIO-CONICET); San Luis Argentina
| | | | - Alba Edith Vega
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | | | - María Aída Mattar
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Gisela Zolezzi
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Carolina Carbonari
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Miliwebsky
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
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Frequency, characterization and genotypic analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef slaughterhouses of Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 51:32-38. [PMID: 29937134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate STEC frequency in hide and carcass samples taken from beef slaughterhouses supplying the domestic market in Argentina, (2) to establish the pheno-genotypic characteristics of STEC and non-toxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroups O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, O145 or O157 isolated from the analyzed samples and, (3) to study their clonal relatedness. Sixty hides and 60 carcasses were analyzed. At the screening step, 48% of hide and 80% of carcass samples tested positive for the stx gene by endpoint PCR. The STEC isolation rate was 5% for hides and 8% for carcasses. The isolation rate of STEC-positive for O26, O45, O103, O111, O145 or O157 serogroups was 0% for hides and 2% for carcasses. With the purpose of studying the clonal relatedness of isolates, macrorestriction fragment analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed. The results indicated cross-contamination between hides and between carcasses of animals in the same lot and, that the origin of carcass contamination was their own hide, or the hides of other animals in the same lot. The high detection rate at the screening step, especially in carcasses, and the evidence of cross-contamination show the need to apply additional in-plant intervention strategies aimed at preventing carcass contamination.
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Pianciola L, Rivas M. Genotypic Features of Clinical and Bovine Escherichia coli O157 Strains Isolated in Countries with Different Associated-Disease Incidences. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020036. [PMID: 29702577 PMCID: PMC6027531 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great geographical variation in the frequency of Escherichia coli O157 infections that correlates with important differences in the bovine reservoir of each country. Our group carried out a broad molecular characterization of human and bovine E. coli O157 strains circulating in Argentina using different methodologies. Our data allows us to conclude that in Argentina, a high homogeneity is observed in both cattle and human strains, with almost exclusive circulation of strains belonging to the hypervirulent clade 8 described by Manning. The aim of this review was to compare the genetic background of E. coli O157 strains isolated in countries that have conducted similar studies, to try to correlate specific O157 genotypes with the incidence and severity of E. coli O157 associated diseases. The characteristics of the strains that cause disease in humans reflect the predominant genotypes in cattle in each of the countries analyzed. The main features clearly linked to high incidence or severity of E. coli O157 infections are lineage-specific polymorphism assay-6 lineage I/II, clade 8 strains and probably, clade 6 strains, the stx2a/stx2c genotype, the presence of q933 and q21 simultaneously, and putative virulence factor EC_3286. In countries with an absence of these features in O157 strains, the overall incidence of O157 disease is low. Argentina, where these characteristics are detected in most strains, shows the highest incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, Neuquén 8300, Argentina.
| | - Marta Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, Buenos Aires 1281, Argentina.
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Calidad higiénico-sanitaria en plantas de faena de la provincia de Tucumán. Detección, aislamiento y caracterización de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 49:242-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Virulence traits and different nle profiles in cattle and human verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains from Argentina. Microb Pathog 2017; 102:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mellor GE, Fegan N, Duffy LL, McMILLAN KE, Jordan D, Barlow RS. National Survey of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Serotypes O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 in Australian Beef Cattle Feces. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1868-1874. [PMID: 28221921 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157 and six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serotypes (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, colloquially referred to as the "big 6") have been classified as adulterants of raw nonintact beef products in the United States. While beef cattle are a known reservoir for the prototype STEC serotype, E. coli O157, less is known about the dissemination of non-O157 STEC serotypes in Australian cattle. In the present study, 1,500 fecal samples were collected at slaughter from adult (n =628) and young (n =286) beef cattle, adult (n =128) and young (n =143) dairy cattle, and veal calves (n = 315) across 31 Australian export-registered processing establishments. Fecal samples were enriched and tested for E. coli O157 and the big 6 STEC serotypes using BAX System PCR and immunomagnetic separation methods. Pathogenic STEC (pSTEC; isolates that possess stx, eae, and an O antigen marker for O157 or a big 6 serotype) were isolated from 115 samples (7.7%), of which 100 (6.7%) contained E. coli O157 and 19 (1.3%) contained a big 6 serotype. Four of the 115 samples contained multiple pSTEC serotypes. Among samples confirmed for big 6 pSTEC, 15 (1%) contained E. coli O26 and 4 (0.3%) contained E. coli O111. pSTEC of serotypes O45, O103, O121, and O145 were not isolated from any sample, even though genes indicative of E. coli belonging to these serotypes were detected by PCR. Analysis of animal classes revealed a higher pSTEC prevalence in younger animals, including veal (12.7%), young beef (9.8%), and young dairy (7.0%), than in adult animals, including adult beef (5.1%) and adult dairy (3.9%). This study is the largest of its kind undertaken in Australia. In contrast to E. coli O157 and consistent with previous findings, this study reports a relatively low prevalence of big 6 pSTEC serotypes in Australian cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen E Mellor
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Narelle Fegan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Lesley L Duffy
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Kate E McMILLAN
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- Department of Primary Industries, 1243 Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia
| | - Robert S Barlow
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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Leotta GA, Brusa V, Galli L, Adriani C, Linares L, Etcheverría A, Sanz M, Sucari A, Peral García P, Signorini M. Comprehensive Evaluation and Implementation of Improvement Actions in Butcher Shops. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162635. [PMID: 27618439 PMCID: PMC5019392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens can cause acute and chronic diseases and produce a wide range of symptoms. Since the consumption of ground beef is a risk factor for infections with some bacterial pathogens, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of butcher shops, implemented improvement actions for both butcher shops and consumers, and verified the impact of those actions implemented. A comprehensive evaluation was made and risk was quantified on a 1-100 scale as high-risk (1-40), moderate-risk (41-70) or low-risk (71-100). A total of 172 raw ground beef and 672 environmental samples were collected from 86 butcher shops during the evaluation (2010-2011) and verification (2013) stages of the study. Ground beef samples were analyzed for mesophilic aerobic organisms, Escherichia coli and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus enumeration. Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and Listeria monocytogenes were detected and isolated from all samples. Risk quantification resulted in 43 (50.0%) high-risk, 34 (39.5%) moderate-risk, and nine (10.5%) low-risk butcher shops. Training sessions for 498 handlers and 4,506 consumers were held. Re-evaluation by risk quantification and microbiological analyses resulted in 19 (22.1%) high-risk, 42 (48.8%) moderate-risk and 25 (29.1%) low-risk butcher shops. The count of indicator microorganisms decreased with respect to the 2010-2011 period. After the implementation of improvement actions, the presence of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and stx genes in ground beef decreased. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 10 (11.6%) ground beef samples, without detecting statistically significant differences between both study periods (evaluation and verification). The percentage of pathogens in environmental samples was reduced in the verification period (Salmonella spp., 1.5%; L. monocytogenes, 10.7%; E. coli O157:H7, 0.6%; non-O157 STEC, 6.8%). Risk quantification was useful to identify those relevant facts in butcher shops. The reduction of contamination in ground beef and the environment was possible after training handlers based on the problems identified in their own butcher shops. Our results confirm the feasibility of implementing a comprehensive risk management program in butcher shops, and the importance of information campaigns targeting consumers. Further collaborative efforts would be necessary to improve foodstuffs safety at retail level and at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Luciano Linares
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, CICPBA, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA
| | - Marcelo Sanz
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, CICPBA, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA
| | - Adriana Sucari
- Centro Estudios Infectológicos “Dr. Daniel Stamboulian”, División Alimentos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pilar Peral García
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- CONICET - EEA Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Dini C, Bolla PA, de Urraza PJ. Treatment of in vitro enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection using phage and probiotics. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:78-88. [PMID: 26969848 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assay the combination of phage and probiotics against EHEC in vitro on infected Hep-2 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Phage and probiotics treatments on EHEC O157:H7-infected Hep-2 cells were assayed individually or combined. The effect of freeze-drying on phage and probiotic antimicrobial activity was also studied. While treatment with phage alone increased cell detachment caused by EHEC infection, the treatments with MM alone or in combination with phage proved to effectively diminish cell damage caused by EHEC infection. Combined treatment showed a decrease in apoptotic cell count of 57·3% and a reduction in EHEC adhesion to cell monolayer of 1·2 log CFU. The simultaneous use of phage and probiotics showed no antagonistic effect, and freeze-drying did not affect their antipathogenic activity. CONCLUSIONS The combination of phage and probiotics has great potential for reducing the number of pathogens adhered to epithelial cells during EHEC O157:H7 infection and attenuating the cytotoxic effect derived from it. Further in vivo assays are needed for assessing the actual effectiveness of the treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study presents a freeze-dried formulation of phage and probiotics capable of controlling EHEC infections and reducing epithelial cell damage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dini
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA - CONICET-UNLP) CCT La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - P A Bolla
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas 'Dr. J.J. Ronco' (CINDECA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - P J de Urraza
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA - CONICET-UNLP) CCT La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
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Pianciola L, D'Astek BA, Mazzeo M, Chinen I, Masana M, Rivas M. Genetic features of human and bovine Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains isolated in Argentina. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:123-30. [PMID: 26935026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important food-borne pathogens associated with human diseases. In Argentina, O157:H7 is the dominant serotype in hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) cases. Previously, we have described the almost exclusive circulation of human E. coli O157 strains belonging to the hypervirulent clade 8 in Neuquén Province. The aim of the present study was to investigate, by a broad molecular characterization, if this particular distribution of E. coli O157 clades in Neuquén is similar to the situation in other regions of the country and if it may be originated in a similar profile in cattle, its main reservoir. Two-hundred and eighty O157 strains (54 bovine and 226 human) isolated between 2006 and 2008 in different regions of Argentina were studied. All strains harbored rfbO157, fliCH7, eae, and ehxA genes. The predominant genotype was stx2a/stx2c in human (76.1%) and bovine (55.5%) strains. All human isolates tested by Lineage-Specific Polymorphism Assay (LSPA-6), were lineage I/II; among bovine strains, 94.1% belonged to lineage I/II and 5.9% to lineage I. No LSPA-6 lineage II isolates were detected. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis has revealed the existence of nine clade phylogenetic groups. In our clinical strains collection, 87.6% belonged to the hypervirulent clade 8, and 12.4% were classified as clade 4/5. In bovine isolates, 59.3% strains were clade 8, 33.3% clade 4/5 and 7.4% clade 3. More than 80% of human strains showed the presence of 6 of the 7 virulence determinants described in the TW14359 O157 strain associated with the raw spinach outbreak in the U.S. in 2006. More than 80% of bovine strains showed the presence of 3 of these factors. The q933 allele, which has been related to high toxin production, was present in 98.2% of clinical strains and 75.9% of the bovine isolates. The molecular characterization of human STEC O157 strains allows us to conclude that the particular situation previously described for Neuquén Province, may actually be a characteristic of the whole country. These genetic features are quite similar to those observed in the bovine reservoir and may be derived from it. This data confirms that, unlike the rest of the world, in Argentina most of the STEC O157 strains present in cattle may cause human infections of varying severity and the marked virulence described for these strains may be related to the high incidence of HUS in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - B A D'Astek
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Mazzeo
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - I Chinen
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Masana
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Morón, Pcia, de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Brookes VJ, Jordan D, Davis S, Ward MP, Heller J. Saltelli Global Sensitivity Analysis and Simulation Modelling to Identify Intervention Strategies to Reduce the Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 Contaminated Beef Carcasses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146016. [PMID: 26713610 PMCID: PMC4694618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Strains of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) are important foodborne pathogens in humans, and outbreaks of illness have been associated with consumption of undercooked beef. Here, we determine the most effective intervention strategies to reduce the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated beef carcasses using a modelling approach. Method A computational model simulated events and processes in the beef harvest chain. Information from empirical studies was used to parameterise the model. Variance-based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) using the Saltelli method identified variables with the greatest influence on the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated carcasses. Following a baseline scenario (no interventions), a series of simulations systematically introduced and tested interventions based on influential variables identified by repeated Saltelli GSA, to determine the most effective intervention strategy. Results Transfer of STEC O157 from hide or gastro-intestinal tract to carcass (improved abattoir hygiene) had the greatest influence on the prevalence of contaminated carcases. Due to interactions between inputs (identified by Saltelli GSA), combinations of interventions based on improved abattoir hygiene achieved a greater reduction in maximum prevalence than would be expected from an additive effect of single interventions. The most effective combination was improved abattoir hygiene with vaccination, which achieved a greater than ten-fold decrease in maximum prevalence compared to the baseline scenario. Conclusion Study results suggest that effective interventions to reduce the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated carcasses should initially be based on improved abattoir hygiene. However, the effect of improved abattoir hygiene on the distribution of STEC O157 concentration on carcasses is an important information gap—further empirical research is required to determine whether reduced prevalence of contaminated carcasses is likely to result in reduced incidence of STEC O157 associated illness in humans. This is the first use of variance-based GSA to assess the drivers of STEC O157 contamination of beef carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Brookes
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David Jordan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Davis
- School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Brusa V, Galli L, Linares LH, Ortega EE, Lirón JP, Leotta GA. Development and validation of two SYBR green PCR assays and a multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in meat. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 119:10-7. [PMID: 26410309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are recognized as food-borne pathogens. We developed and validated two SYBR green PCR (SYBR-PCR) and a real-time multiplex PCR (RT-PCR) to detect stx1 and stx2 genes in meat samples, and compared these techniques in ground beef samples from retail stores. One set of primers and one hydrolysis probe were designed for each stx gene. For RT-PCR, an internal amplification control (IAC) was used. All PCR intra-laboratory validations were performed using pure strains and artificially contaminated ground beef samples. A total of 50 STEC and 30 non-STEC strains were used. Naturally contaminated ground beef samples (n=103) were obtained from retail stores and screened with SYBR-PCR and RT-PCR, and stx-positive samples were processed for STEC isolation. In the intra-laboratory validation, each PCR obtained a 1×10(2) CFU mL(-1) limit of detection and 100% inclusivity and exclusivity. The same results were obtained when different laboratory analysts in alternate days performed the assay. The level of agreement obtained with SYBR-PCR and RT-PCR was kappa=0.758 and 0.801 (P<0.001) for stx1 and stx2 gene detection, respectively. Two PCR strategies were developed and validated, and excellent performance with artificially contaminated ground beef samples was obtained. However, the efforts made to isolate STEC from retail store samples were not enough. Only 11 STEC strains were isolated from 35 stx-positive ground beef samples identically detected by all PCRs. The combination of molecular approaches based on the identification of a virulence genotypic profile of STEC must be considered to improve isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina; IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luciano H Linares
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Emanuel E Ortega
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan P Lirón
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Leotta
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP La Plata, Argentina.
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Jure MA, Condorí MS, Pérez Terrazzino G, Catalán MG, López Campo A, Zolezzi G, Chinen I, Rivas M, Castillo M. Aislamiento y caracterización de Escherichia coli O157 en productos cárnicos bovinos y medias reses en la provincia de Tucumán. Rev Argent Microbiol 2015; 47:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Masana MO, Barrio YX, Palladino PM, Sancho AM, Vaudagna SR. High pressure treatments combined with sodium lactate to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and spoilage microbiota in cured beef carpaccio. Food Microbiol 2015; 46:610-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Livezey KW, Groschel B, Becker MM. Use of the ecf1 gene to detect Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef samples. J Food Prot 2015; 78:675-84. [PMID: 25836391 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and six serovars (O26, O103, O121, O111, O145, and O45) are frequently implicated in severe clinical illness worldwide. Standard testing methods using stx, eae, and O serogroup-specific gene sequences for detecting the top six non-O157 STEC bear the disadvantage that these genes may reside, independently, in different nonpathogenic organisms, leading to false-positive results. The ecf operon has previously been identified in the large enterohemolysin-encoding plasmid of eae-positive Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Here, we explored the utility of the ecf operon as a single marker to detect eae-positive STEC from pure broth and primary meat enrichments. Analysis of 501 E. coli isolates demonstrated a strong correlation (99.6%) between the presence of the ecf1 gene and the combined presence of stx, eae, and ehxA genes. Two large studies were carried out to determine the utility of an ecf1 detection assay to detect non-O157 STEC strains in enriched meat samples in comparison to the results using the U. S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) method that detects stx and eae genes. In ground beef samples (n = 1,065), the top six non-O157 STEC were detected in 4.0% of samples by an ecf1 detection assay and in 5.0% of samples by the stx- and eae-based method. In contrast, in beef samples composed largely of trim (n = 1,097), the top six non-O157 STEC were detected at 1.1% by both methods. Estimation of false-positive rates among the top six non-O157 STEC revealed a lower rate using the ecf1 detection method (0.5%) than using the eae and stx screening method (1.1%). Additionally, the ecf1 detection assay detected STEC strains associated with severe illness that are not included in the FSIS regulatory definition of adulterant STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin W Livezey
- Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Michael M Becker
- Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Reyes-Rodríguez NE, Soriano-Vargas E, Barba-León J, Navarro A, Talavera-Rojas M, Sanso AM, Bustamante AV. Genetic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from cattle carcasses and feces in Mexico state. J Food Prot 2015; 78:796-801. [PMID: 25836407 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Meat of bovine origin is one of the major vehicles in the transmission of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) to human consumers. This pathogen can produce serious human illness, including bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The aim of the current study was to characterize E. coli isolates (mainly VTEC strains) belonging to several serotypes in samples from cattle carcasses and feces of three municipal slaughter plants from Mexico State. The genetic diversity and molecular relatedness among the isolates was evaluated with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). To our knowledge, and with the exception of E. coli O157:H7, this is the first time that serotypes analyzed here have been subtyped by MLVA in Mexico. MLVA typing grouped the 37 strains from this study into 30 distinct genotypes, 26 of which were unique. These findings indicate that cattle carcasses and feces from slaughter plants in Mexico are a source of VTEC that are genetically diverse in terms of serotypes and virulence profiles. The presence of these pathogens in carcasses indicates the high probability of the spread of VTEC strains during slaughter and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia E Reyes-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Jeannette Barba-León
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Armando Navarro
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | - Martín Talavera-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - A Mariel Sanso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ana V Bustamante
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
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Duffy G, McCabe E. Veterinary Public Health Approach to Managing Pathogenic Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the Agri-Food Chain. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2. [PMID: 26104349 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0023-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Verocytoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) comprises many diverse serogroups, but seven serogroups, O157, O26, O103, O145, O111, O21, and O45, have been most commonly linked to severe human infections, though illness has also been reported from a range of other VTEC serogroups. This poses challenges in assessing the risk to humans from the diverse range of VTEC strains that may be recovered from animals, the environment, or food. For routine assessment of risk posed by VTEC recovered from the agri-food chain, the concept of seropathotype can be used to rank the human risk potential from a particular VTEC serogroup on the basis of both serotype (top seven serogroups) and the presence of particular virulence genes (vt in combination with eae, or aaiC plus aggR). But for other VTEC serogroups or virulence gene combinations, it is not currently possible to fully assess the risk posed. VTEC is shed in animal feces and can persist in the farm environment for extended periods ranging from several weeks to many months, posing an ongoing reservoir of contamination for grazing animals, water courses, and fresh produce and for people using farmland for recreational purposes. Appropriate handling and treatment of stored animal waste (slurries and manures) will reduce risk from VTEC in the farm environment. Foods of animal origin such as milk and dairy products and meat may be contaminated with VTEC during production and processing, and the pathogen may survive or grow during processing operations, highlighting the need for well-designed and validated Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point management systems. This article focuses on a veterinary public health approach to managing VTEC, highlighting the various routes in the agri-food chain for transmission of human pathogenic VTEC and general approaches to managing the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evonne McCabe
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
We have reviewed the risk factors for the occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC)-associated human diseases. The analysis of STEC surveillance data and trends shows differences in frequency and severity of the illnesses across countries, whereas the economic and social costs for the affected families, the community, and the health system are better estimated in developed countries. The occurrence of STEC infections is determined by the interaction of the pathogen, the reservoirs, and the biological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of the host. The main risk factors identified in earlier case-control and population-based studies were dietary behaviors and beef consumption. However, in recent years, other risky exposures have also emerged, like the consumption of raw vegetables and sprouts, working or camping in rural areas, visiting farms, and person-to-person transmission. Epidemiological changes have also been determined by the intensification of cattle production, the increase in centralized food production and distribution, and the growth in the volume of international trade of foods. The main lessons learned from recent large outbreaks are knowledge of virulence determinants of new pathogenic strains, recognition of new vehicles of infection, development of new methodologies for detecting STEC in foods and humans, improvement in food regulations and hygiene guidelines, new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of infected patients, establishment of continuous educational programs for food consumers, and enhanced cooperation and teamwork of regional and international networks.
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Islam MZ, Musekiwa A, Islam K, Ahmed S, Chowdhury S, Ahad A, Biswas PK. Regional variation in the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93299. [PMID: 24691253 PMCID: PMC3972218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli O157 (EcO157) infection has been recognized as an important global public health concern. But information on the prevalence of EcO157 in cattle at the global and at the wider geographical levels is limited, if not absent. This is the first meta-analysis to investigate the point prevalence of EcO157 in cattle at the global level and to explore the factors contributing to variation in prevalence estimates. METHODS Seven electronic databases- CAB Abstracts, PubMed, Biosis Citation Index, Medline, Web of Knowledge, Scirus and Scopus were searched for relevant publications from 1980 to 2012. A random effect meta-analysis model was used to produce the pooled estimates. The potential sources of between study heterogeneity were identified using meta-regression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 140 studies consisting 220,427 cattle were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence estimate of EcO157 in cattle at the global level was 5.68% (95% CI, 5.16-6.20). The random effects pooled prevalence estimates in Africa, Northern America, Oceania, Europe, Asia and Latin America-Caribbean were 31.20% (95% CI, 12.35-50.04), 7.35% (95% CI, 6.44-8.26), 6.85% (95% CI, 2.41-11.29), 5.15% (95% CI, 4.21-6.09), 4.69% (95% CI, 3.05-6.33) and 1.65% (95% CI, 0.77-2.53), respectively. Between studies heterogeneity was evidenced in most regions. World region (p<0.001), type of cattle (p<0.001) and to some extent, specimens (p = 0.074) as well as method of pre-enrichment (p = 0.110), were identified as factors for variation in the prevalence estimates of EcO157 in cattle. CONCLUSION The prevalence of the organism seems to be higher in the African and Northern American regions. The important factors that might have influence in the estimates of EcO157 are type of cattle and kind of screening specimen. Their roles need to be determined and they should be properly handled in any survey to estimate the true prevalence of EcO157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Zohorul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Alfred Musekiwa
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Shahana Ahmed
- Chittagong Veterinary Laboratory, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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29
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Pianciola L, Chinen I, Mazzeo M, Miliwebsky E, González G, Müller C, Carbonari C, Navello M, Zitta E, Rivas M. Genotypic characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains that cause diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome in Neuquén, Argentina. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:499-504. [PMID: 24702854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important food-borne pathogens associated with cases of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). E. coli O157:H7 is the dominant serotype in Argentina and also in Neuquén Province, in which HUS incidence is above the national average, with a maximum of 28.6 cases per 100,000 children less than 5 years old reported in 1998. The aim of this study was to characterize a collection of 70 STEC O157 strains isolated from patients with diarrhea and HUS treated in the province of Neuquén, Argentina, between 1998 and 2011. All strains harbored eae, ehxA, rfbO157, and fliCH7 genes, and stx2a/stx2c (78.7%) was the predominant genotype. A total of 64 (91.4%) STEC O157 strains belonged to the hypervirulent clade 8 tested using both 4 and 32 SNP typing schemes. The strains showed the highest values reported in the literature for 6 of the 7 virulence determinants described in the TW14359 O157 strain associated with the raw spinach outbreak in the U.S. in 2006. Clade 8 strains were strongly associated with two of them: ECSP_3286, factor encoding an outer membrane protein that facilitates the transport of the heme complex (P=0.001), and in particular extracellular factor ECSP_2870/2872, coding proteins related to adaptation to plant hosts (P=0.000004). The q933 allele, which has been related to high toxin production, was present in 97.1% of the strains studied for the anti-terminator Q gene. In summary, this study describes, for the first time in Argentina, the almost exclusive circulation of strains belonging to the hypervirulent clade 8, and also the presence of putative virulence factors in higher frequencies than those reported worldwide. These data may help to understand the causes of the particular epidemiological situation related to HUS in Neuquén Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Isabel Chinen
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Mazzeo
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Miliwebsky
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital "Dr. Horacio Heller", Godoy y Lighuén, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Constanza Müller
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carbonari
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Navello
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Zitta
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Marta Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Oral administration of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli induces intestinal and systemic specific immune response in mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 203:145-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Mellor GE, Besser TE, Davis MA, Beavis B, Jung W, Smith HV, Jennison AV, Doyle CJ, Chandry PS, Gobius KS, Fegan N. Multilocus genotype analysis of Escherichia coli O157 isolates from Australia and the United States provides evidence of geographic divergence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5050-8. [PMID: 23770913 PMCID: PMC3754714 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01525-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157 is a food-borne pathogen whose major reservoir has been identified as cattle. Recent genetic information has indicated that populations of E. coli O157 from cattle and humans can differ genetically and that this variation may have an impact on their ability to cause severe human disease. In addition, there is emerging evidence that E. coli O157 strains from different geographical regions may also be genetically divergent. To investigate the extent of this variation, we used Shiga toxin bacteriophage insertion sites (SBI), lineage-specific polymorphisms (LSPA-6), multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), and a tir 255T>A polymorphism to examine 606 isolates representing both Australian and U.S. cattle and human populations. Both uni- and multivariate analyses of these data show a strong association between the country of origin and multilocus genotypes (P < 0.0001). In addition, our results identify factors that may play a role in virulence that also differed in isolates from each country, including the carriage of stx1 in the argW locus uniquely observed in Australian isolates and the much higher frequency of stx2-positive (also referred to as stx2a) strains in the U.S. isolates (4% of Australian isolates versus 72% of U.S. isolates). LSPA-6 lineages differed between the two continents, with the majority of Australian isolates belonging to lineage I/II (LI/II) (LI, 2%; LI/II, 85%; LII, 13%) and the majority of U.S. isolates belonging to LI (LI, 60%; LI/II, 16%; LII, 25%). The results of this study provide strong evidence of phylogeographic structuring of E. coli O157 populations, suggesting divergent evolution of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 in Australia and the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen E. Mellor
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Archerfield BC, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas E. Besser
- Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret A. Davis
- Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Brittany Beavis
- Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - WooKyung Jung
- Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Helen V. Smith
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield BC, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy V. Jennison
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield BC, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine J. Doyle
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield BC, QLD, Australia
| | - P. Scott Chandry
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Kari S. Gobius
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Narelle Fegan
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Narvaez-Bravo C, Miller MF, Jackson T, Jackson S, Rodas-Gonzalez A, Pond K, Echeverry A, Brashears MM. Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence in cattle and on carcasses in a vertically integrated feedlot and harvest plant in Mexico. J Food Prot 2013; 76:786-95. [PMID: 23643120 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle feedlots and the impact of subsequent contamination on carcasses in a Mexican Federal Inspection Type Standards harvest facility, 250 animals were tagged and sampled in each step of the slaughter process. Samples were taken from hides and fecal grabs, and composite samples were taken from three anatomical carcass sites (hindshank, foreshank, and inside round) during the slaughter process, at preevisceration (PE), prior to entering the hot box (PHB), and after 24 h of dry chilling (DC). Additionally, 250 fecal samples were collected from the feedlot (FL), holding pens (HP), and intestinal feces (IF), and water samples were taken from the HP area. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella detection were carried out with the BAX System, immunomagnetic separation, and conventional methods. Overall Salmonella prevalence was 52.5%. The highest prevalence (92.4%) was found on hides, followed by feces from the HP (91.0%), FL (55.56%), PE (49.0%), IF (46.8%), and PHB (24.8%), for all sampling periods combined. The lowest prevalence of 6.0% was found after DC. The overall prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was as follows: 11.7% for hides, 5.2% for IF, 2.7% for FL, 2.0% for HP, 0.8% for PE, 0.4% for PHB, and 0.4% for the cooler. High prevalence of Salmonella in IF and on hides present a significant risk factor for contamination by Salmonella at the different processing steps. These results serve as a warning as to the risks of contamination in meats for these pathogens and the importance of following good manufacturing practices during beef production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Narvaez-Bravo
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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Brusa V, Aliverti V, Aliverti F, Ortega EE, de la Torre JH, Linares LH, Sanz ME, Etcheverría AI, Padola NL, Galli L, Peral García P, Copes J, Leotta GA. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef retail markets from Argentina. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 2:171. [PMID: 23346554 PMCID: PMC3548221 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens that cause mild or serious diseases and can lead to people death. This study reports the prevalence and characteristics of STEC O157 and non-O157 in commercial ground beef and environmental samples, including meat table, knife, meat mincing machine, and manipulator hands (n = 450) obtained from 90 retail markets over a nine-month period. The STEC isolates were serotyped and virulence genes as stx (Shiga toxin), rfb(O157)] (O157 lipopolysaccharide), fliC(H7) (H7 flagellin), eae (intimin), ehxA (enterohemolysin) and saa (STEC autoagglutinating adhesin), were determined. STEC O157 were identified in 23 (25.5%) beef samples and 16 (4.4%) environmental samples, while STEC non-O157 were present in 47 (52.2%) and 182 (50.5%), respectively. Among 54 strains isolated, 17 were STEC O157:H7 and 37 were STEC non-O157. The prevalent genotype for O157 was stx(2)/eae/ehxA/fliC(H7) (83.4%), and for STEC non-O157 the most frequent ones were stx(1)/stx(2)/saa/ehxA (29.7%); stx(2) (29.7%); and stx(2)/saa/ehxA (27%). None of the STEC non-O157 strains were eae-positive. Besides O157:H7, other 20 different serotypes were identified, being O8:H19, O178:H19, and O174:H28 the prevalent. Strains belonging to the same serotype could be isolated from different sources of the same retail market. Also, the same serotype could be detected in different stores. In conclusion, screening techniques are increasingly sensitive, but the isolation of STEC non-O157 is still a challenge. Moreover, with the results obtained from the present work, although more studies are needed, cross-contamination between meat and the environment could be suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout", Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-La Plata, CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pathogenic Escherichia coli and One Health Implications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45791-7_261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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35
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Polifroni R, Etcheverría AI, Sanz ME, Cepeda RE, Krüger A, Lucchesi PMA, Fernández D, Parma AE, Padola NL. Molecular characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from the environment of a dairy farm. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:337-43. [PMID: 22706777 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental samples were taken from ground, cattle water troughs, and feeders from a dairy farm with different STEC prevalence between animal categories (weaning calves, rearing calves, and dairy cows). Overall, 23 % of samples were positive for stx genes, stx(2) being the most prevalent type. Isolates were analyzed by PCR monoplex to confirm generic E. coli and by two multiplex PCR to investigate the presence of stx(1), stx(2), eae, saa, ehxA, and other putative virulence genes encoded in STEC plasmids: katP, espP, subA, and stcE. The toxin genes were subtyped and the strains were serotyped. The ground and the environment of the rearing calves were the sites with the highest number of STEC-positive samples; however, cattle water troughs and the environment of cows were the places with the greater chance of finding stx(2EDL933) which is a subtype associated with serious disease in humans. Several non-O157 STEC serotypes were detected. The serotypes O8:H19; O26:H11; O26:H-; O118:H2; O141:H-; and O145:H- have been asociated with human illness. Furthermore, the emergent pathogen STEC O157:H- (stx(1)-ehxA-eae) was detected in the environment of the weaning calves. These results emphasize the risk that represents the environment as source of STEC, a potential pathogen for human and suggest the importance of developing control methods designed to prevent contaminations of food products and transmission from animal to person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Polifroni
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Dpto. SAMP, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
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36
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Phylogenetically related Argentinean and Australian Escherichia coli O157 isolates are distinguished by virulence clades and alternative Shiga toxin 1 and 2 prophages. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4724-31. [PMID: 22544241 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00365-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 is the leading cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. The frequencies of stx genotypes and the incidences of O157-related illness and HUS vary significantly between Argentina and Australia. Locus-specific polymorphism analysis revealed that lineage I/II (LI/II) E. coli O157 isolates were most prevalent in Argentina (90%) and Australia (88%). Argentinean LI/II isolates were shown to belong to clades 4 (28%) and 8 (72%), while Australian LI/II isolates were identified as clades 6 (15%), 7 (83%), and 8 (2%). Clade 8 was significantly associated with Shiga toxin bacteriophage insertion (SBI) type stx(2) (locus of insertion, argW) in Argentinean isolates (P < 0.0001). In Argentinean LI/II strains, stx(2) is carried by a prophage inserted at argW, whereas in Australian LI/II strains the argW locus is occupied by the novel stx(1) prophage. In both Argentinean and Australian LI/II strains, stx(2c) is almost exclusively carried by a prophage inserted at sbcB. However, alternative q(933)- or q(21)-related alleles were identified in the Australian stx(2c) prophage. Argentinean LI/II isolates were also distinguished from Australian isolates by the presence of the putative virulence determinant ECSP_3286 and the predominance of motile O157:H7 strains. Characteristics common to both Argentinean and Australian LI/II O157 strains included the presence of putative virulence determinants (ECSP_3620, ECSP_0242, ECSP_2687, ECSP_2870, and ECSP_2872) and the predominance of the tir255T allele. These data support further understanding of O157 phylogeny and may foster greater insight into the differential virulence of O157 lineages.
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37
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Fernández-Brando RJ, Bentancor LV, Mejías MP, Ramos MV, Exeni A, Exeni C, Laso MDC, Exeni R, Isturiz MA, Palermo MS. Antibody response to Shiga toxins in Argentinean children with enteropathic hemolytic uremic syndrome at acute and long-term follow-up periods. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19136. [PMID: 21559455 PMCID: PMC3084754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection is associated with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations that include diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Systemic Stx toxemia is considered to be central to the genesis of HUS. Distinct methods have been used to evaluate anti-Stx response for immunodiagnostic or epidemiological analysis of HUS cases. The development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot (WB) assay to detect the presence of specific antibodies to Stx has introduced important advantages for serodiagnosis of HUS. However, application of these methods for seroepidemiological studies in Argentina has been limited. The aim of this work was to develop an ELISA to detect antibodies against the B subunit of Stx2, and a WB to evaluate antibodies against both subunits of Stx2 and Stx1, in order to analyze the pertinence and effectiveness of these techniques in the Argentinean population. We studied 72 normal healthy children (NHC) and 105 HUS patients of the urban pediatric population from the surrounding area of Buenos Aires city. Using the WB method we detected 67% of plasma from NHC reactive for Stx2, but only 8% for Stx1. These results are in agreement with the broad circulation of Stx2-expressing STEC in Argentina and the endemic behavior of HUS in this country. Moreover, the simultaneous evaluation by the two methods allowed us to differentiate acute HUS patients from NHC with a great specificity and accuracy, in order to confirm the HUS etiology when pathogenic bacteria were not isolated from stools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina J. Fernández-Brando
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Leucemia Experimental (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leticia V. Bentancor
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Pilar Mejías
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Leucemia Experimental (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Ramos
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Exeni
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Austral, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Exeni
- Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital Municipal del Niño, San Justo, La Matanza, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María del Carmen Laso
- Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital Municipal del Niño, San Justo, La Matanza, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramón Exeni
- Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital Municipal del Niño, San Justo, La Matanza, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín A. Isturiz
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Leucemia Experimental (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina S. Palermo
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Leucemia Experimental (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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38
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Ferens WA, Hovde CJ. Escherichia coli O157:H7: animal reservoir and sources of human infection. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:465-87. [PMID: 21117940 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review surveys the literature on carriage and transmission of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in the context of virulence factors and sampling/culture technique. EHEC of the O157:H7 serotype are worldwide zoonotic pathogens responsible for the majority of severe cases of human EHEC disease. EHEC O157:H7 strains are carried primarily by healthy cattle and other ruminants, but most of the bovine strains are not transmitted to people, and do not exhibit virulence factors associated with human disease. Prevalence of EHEC O157:H7 is probably underestimated. Carriage of EHEC O157:H7 by individual animals is typically short-lived, but pen and farm prevalence of specific isolates may extend for months or years and some carriers, designated as supershedders, may harbor high intestinal numbers of the pathogen for extended periods. The prevalence of EHEC O157:H7 in cattle peaks in the summer and is higher in postweaned calves and heifers than in younger and older animals. Virulent strains of EHEC O157:H7 are rarely harbored by pigs or chickens, but are found in turkeys. The bacteria rarely occur in wildlife with the exception of deer and are only sporadically carried by domestic animals and synanthropic rodents and birds. EHEC O157:H7 occur in amphibian, fish, and invertebrate carriers, and can colonize plant surfaces and tissues via attachment mechanisms different from those mediating intestinal attachment. Strains of EHEC O157:H7 exhibit high genetic variability but typically a small number of genetic types predominate in groups of cattle and a farm environment. Transmission to people occurs primarily via ingestion of inadequately processed contaminated food or water and less frequently through contact with manure, animals, or infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold A Ferens
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3052, USA.
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Verotoxins in bovine and meat verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates: type, number of variants, and relationship to cytotoxicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:73-9. [PMID: 21037301 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01445-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined vt subtypes and evaluated verotoxicity in basal as well as induced conditions of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) strains isolated from cattle and meat products. Most (87%) of the 186 isolates carried a vt(2) gene. Moreover, the vt(2) subtype, which is associated with serious disease, was present in 42% of our VTEC collection. The other vt subtypes detected were vt(1), vt(1d), vt(2vha), vt(2vhb), vt(2O118), vt(2d) (mucus activatable), and vt(2g). A total of 41 (22%) of the isolates possessed more than one vt subtype in its genome, and among them the most frequent combination was vt(1)/vt(2), but we also observed multiple combinations among vt(2) subtypes. Differences in verotoxicity titers were found among a selection of 54 isolates. Among isolates with a single vt(2) variant, those carrying the vt(2) subtype had high titers under both uninduced and induced conditions. However, the highest increase in cytotoxicity under mitomycin C treatment was detected among the strains carrying vt(2vha) or vt(2hb) variants. Notably, the isolates carrying the vt(1) subtype showed a lesser increase than that of most of the vt(2)-positive VTEC strains. Furthermore, the presence of more than one vt gene variant in the same isolate was not reflected in higher titers, and generally the titers were lower than those for strains with only one gene variant. The main observation was that both basal and induced cytotoxic effects seemed to be associated with the type and number of vt variants more than with the serotype or origin of the isolate.
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40
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Fernández D, Irino K, Sanz M, Padola N, Parma A. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows in Argentina. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:377-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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