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Carusi J, Kabuki DY, de Seixas Pereira PM, Cabral L. Aeromonas spp. in drinking water and food: Occurrence, virulence potential and antimicrobial resistance. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113710. [PMID: 38128981 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas sp. is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium and a natural contaminant found in aquatic environments. Some species can invade, colonize, and damage host cells due to the presence of virulence factors, such as flagella, elastase, hemolysins, aerolysins, adhesins, enterotoxins, phospholipases and lipases, that lead to pathogenic activities. Consequently, can cause many health disorders that range from gastrointestinal problems, enteric infections, and ulcers to hemorrhagic septicemia. Aeromonas has been isolated and identified from a variety of sources, including drinking water and ready-to-eat foods (fish, meat, fresh vegetables, dairy products, and others). Some species of this opportunistic pathogen are resistant to several commercial antibiotics, including some used as a last resort for treatment, which represents a major challenge in the clinical segment. Antimicrobial resistance can be attributed to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics by society in aquaculture and horticulture. In addition, antibiotic resistance is attributed to plasmid transfer between microorganisms and horizontal gene transfer. This review aimed to (i) verify the occurrence of Aeromonas species in water and food intended for human consumption; (ii) identify the methods used to detect Aeromonas species; (iii) report on the virulence genes carried by different species; and (iv) report on the antimicrobial resistance of this genus in the last 5 years of research. Additionally, we present the existence of Aeromonas spp. resistant to antimicrobials in food and drinking water represents a potential threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Carusi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marques de Seixas Pereira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Cabral
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Aeromonas Strains Isolated from Fresh Produce and Irrigation Water. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030511. [PMID: 36978377 PMCID: PMC10044025 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas has received constant attention in different areas, from aquaculture and veterinary medicine to food safety, where more and more frequent isolates are occurring with increased resistance to antibiotics. The present paper studied the interaction of Aeromonas strains isolated from fresh produce and water with different eukaryotic cell types with the aim of better understanding the cytotoxic capacity of these strains. To study host-cell pathogen interactions in Aeromonas, we used HT-29, Vero, J774A.1, and primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These interactions were analyzed by confocal microscopy to determine the cytotoxicity of the strains. We also used Galleria mellonella larvae to test their pathogenicity in this experimental model. Our results demonstrated that two strains showed high cytotoxicity in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages. Furthermore, these strains showed high virulence using the G. mellonella model. All strains used in this paper generally showed low levels of resistance to the different families of the antibiotics being tested. These results indicated that some strains of Aeromonas present in vegetables and water pose a potential health hazard, displaying very high in vitro and in vivo virulence. This pathogenic potential, and some recent concerning findings on antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas, encourage further efforts in examining the precise significance of Aeromonas strains isolated from foods for human consumption.
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Fernández-Bravo A, Figueras MJ. An Update on the Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Epidemiology, and Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010129. [PMID: 31963469 PMCID: PMC7022790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas belongs to the Aeromonadaceae family and comprises a group of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in humans, fish, and other aquatic animals. However, bacteria of this genus are isolated from many other habitats, environments, and food products. The taxonomy of this genus is complex when phenotypic identification methods are used because such methods might not correctly identify all the species. On the other hand, molecular methods have proven very reliable, such as using the sequences of concatenated housekeeping genes like gyrB and rpoD or comparing the genomes with the type strains using a genomic index, such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) or in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH). So far, 36 species have been described in the genus Aeromonas of which at least 19 are considered emerging pathogens to humans, causing a broad spectrum of infections. Having said that, when classifying 1852 strains that have been reported in various recent clinical cases, 95.4% were identified as only four species: Aeromonas caviae (37.26%), Aeromonas dhakensis (23.49%), Aeromonas veronii (21.54%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (13.07%). Since aeromonads were first associated with human disease, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and wound infections have dominated. The literature shows that the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas is considered multifactorial and the presence of several virulence factors allows these bacteria to adhere, invade, and destroy the host cells, overcoming the immune host response. Based on current information about the ecology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of the genus Aeromonas, we should assume that the infections these bacteria produce will remain a great health problem in the future. The ubiquitous distribution of these bacteria and the increasing elderly population, to whom these bacteria are an opportunistic pathogen, will facilitate this problem. In addition, using data from outbreak studies, it has been recognized that in cases of diarrhea, the infective dose of Aeromonas is relatively low. These poorly known bacteria should therefore be considered similarly as enteropathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter.
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Reyes-Rodríguez NE, Salgado-Miranda C, Flores-Valle IT, González-Gómez M, Soriano-Vargas E, Peláez-Acero A, Vega-Sánchez V. Molecular Identification and Virulence Potential of the Genus Aeromonas Isolated from Wild Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Mexico. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1706-1713. [PMID: 31536418 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The members of the Aeromonas genus are important foodborne pathogens, with a worldwide distribution. Wild rainbow trout, from the national protected area Santuario del Agua State Park, Corral de Piedra, were analyzed. Species of Aeromonas were isolated from the trout, and their pathogenic potential was analyzed based on different pathogenicity and virulence factors. The isolates were identified as A. allosaccharophila (n = 15), A. sobria (n = 8), A. veronii (n = 3), A. rivipollensis (n = 2), A. piscicola (n = 2), and A. popoffii (n = 1), by RNA polymerase sigma factor (rpoD) gene sequencing. Sequence similarity with the type strain was 92.2 to 99.6% for A. sobria isolates, 97.8 to 98.0% for A. allosaccharophila isolates, 99.2% for the A. popoffii isolate, 99.2 to 100% for A. piscicola isolates, and 98.2 to 99.2% for A. veronii isolates. Notably, isolates A30T2-gills and A30T2-spleen showed sequence similarity of 98.0% with strain A. media CECT 4232T and 99.0% with strain A. rivipollensis P2G1T. Virulence genes were detected by PCR at the following frequencies: fla and serine protease, 96.77%; aerA, 93.54%; aexT, 87.09%; lipases, 74.19%; ascV and ahyB, 67.74%; exu, 61.29%; act, 41.93%; ascF-G, 38.70%; lafA, 32.26%; alt, 6.46%; aopP, 9.67%; and ast, 3.23%. These results indicate that several Aeromonas species had the potential pathogenicity to infect wild rainbow trout in the waterway created by the Corral de Piedra dam, suggesting they could be an emerging zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia E Reyes-Rodríguez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-8677 [V.V.-S.])
| | - Celene Salgado-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, México
| | - Izanami T Flores-Valle
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de Toluca, Toluca 50904, México
| | - Maricruz González-Gómez
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de Toluca, Toluca 50904, México
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, México
| | - Armando Peláez-Acero
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-8677 [V.V.-S.])
| | - Vicente Vega-Sánchez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-8677 [V.V.-S.])
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Xiong J, Huang B, Guo SL, Xu JS, Huang W. A novel multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection of virulent Aeromonas in cultured eels. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:418-428. [PMID: 31136041 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Under intensive and stressful aquaculture conditions, cultured eels are highly susceptible to virulent Aeromonas sp. infections. To rapidly and simultaneously confirm Aeromonas isolate and its virulence, a two-tube multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay incorporating gyrB gene for genus-specific recognition and seven major virulence genes for virulence assessment was developed. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight pairs of primers were designed and divided into two groups-gyrB, ahpA, epr and aerA in tube 1 and alt, act, ast and hlyA in tube 2. The optimized mPCR conditions were the same except for their final concentrations. The specificity of the mPCR was validated by the extracted DNA of 10 Aeromonas and 8 non-Aeromonas species, or mixed DNA templates. Detection limits were determined to be 200 copies per μl in tube 1 and 20 copies per μl in tube 2. The mPCR reproducibility was tested by both artificial challenge and clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS The results showed this two-tube mPCR assay was rapid, specific, sensitive and reliable. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, this is the first report to distinguish virulent Aeromonas isolates from nonvirulent ones by seven popular and major virulence genes at the genus-specific level. And it will be useful for large-scale screening of virulent Aeromonas sp. in cultured eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiong
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
| | - B Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
| | - S-L Guo
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
| | - J-S Xu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
| | - W Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
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