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Meloni D, Mudadu AG, Abete MC, Bazzoni AM, Griglione A, Avolio R, Serra S, Fois N, Esposito G, Melillo R, Squadrone S. Seasonal variability of trace elements bioaccumulation in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from an experimental pilot farm in the Calich Lagoon (Sardinia, Italy). J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 85:127487. [PMID: 38908290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metals pollution is a worldwide environmental issue due to their persistence in the ecosystems, non-degradability, and bioaccumulation in marine biota. Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) are highly nutritious bivalve representing an important dietary constituent but may accumulate metals through feeding on suspended sediments from surrounding water, then represent a suitable tool for biomonitoring. MATERIALS AND METHODS The occurrence of trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sn, V, Zn) was investigated in Pacific Oysters (Cassostrea gigas) collected from Calich Lagoon in each season of 2019. Samples were homogenized and subjected to microwave acid digestion before being analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). RESULTS The results showed a significant seasonal variation for temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, and pH. Moreover, high significant seasonal variation in concentrations of Cd, Mn, Ni, and V was recorded. The highest values were found for Fe (128 mg kg⁻1 w.w.), and Al (112 mg kg⁻1 w.w.) in October, for Zn (113 mg kg⁻1 w.w.) in March and May. CONCLUSIONS Pacific Oysters were confirmed as suitable bioindicators of the health status of coastal lagoons; trace elements concentrations were highly affected by season of collection, and according to literature the highest values were recorded in autumn and summer. The EU legal limits for Cd and Pb were not exceeded, then the farmed oysters were safe to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Meloni
- Università degli Studi di Sassari, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Vienna 2, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Graziano Mudadu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, Torino 10154, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bazzoni
- ARPAS-Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente della Sardegna, Via Rockefeller 58/60, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Alessandra Griglione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, Torino 10154, Italy
| | - Rosa Avolio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, Torino 10154, Italy
| | - Simonetto Serra
- AGRIS SARDEGNA - Agenzia per la ricerca in agricoltura, Centro di ricerca di Bonassai, località Bonassai SS 291 km 18,6, Olmedo, SS 07040, Italy
| | - Nicola Fois
- AGRIS SARDEGNA - Agenzia per la ricerca in agricoltura, Centro di ricerca di Bonassai, località Bonassai SS 291 km 18,6, Olmedo, SS 07040, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, Torino 10154, Italy
| | - Rita Melillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Stefania Squadrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, Torino 10154, Italy.
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Yibar A, Saticioglu IB, Ajmi N, Duman M. Molecular Characterization and Antibacterial Resistance Determination of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fresh Raw Mussels and Ready-to-Eat Stuffed Mussels: A Major Public Health Concern. Pathogens 2024; 13:532. [PMID: 39057759 PMCID: PMC11279604 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study focused exclusively on analyzing Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in fresh raw mussels and ready-to-eat (RTE) stuffed mussels obtained from authorized and regulated facilities. However, it is critical to recognize that such contamination represents a significant public health threat in regions where unauthorized harvesting and sales practices are prevalent. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and antibacterial resistance profiles of E. coli in fresh raw mussels and RTE stuffed mussels. E. coli counts in fresh raw mussel samples ranged from 1 to 2.89 log CFU/g before cooking, with a significant reduction observed post-cooking. RTE stuffed mussel samples predominantly exhibited negligible E. coli presence (<1 log CFU/g). A phylogenetic analysis revealed a dominance of phylogroup A, with variations in the distribution observed across different sampling months. Antibacterial resistance was prevalent among the E. coli isolates, notably showing resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and cefotaxime. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) production was rare, with only one positive isolate detected. A variety of antibacterial resistance genes, including tetB and sul1, were identified among the isolates. Notably, virulence factor genes associated with pathogenicity were absent. In light of these findings, it is imperative to maintain rigorous compliance with quality and safety standards at all stages of the mussel production process, encompassing harvesting, processing, cooking, and consumption. Continuous monitoring, implementation of rigorous hygiene protocols, and responsible antibacterial drug use are crucial measures in mitigating food safety risks and combating antibacterial resistance. Stakeholders, including seafood industry players, regulatory agencies, and healthcare professionals, are essential to ensure effective risk mitigation and safeguard public health in the context of seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artun Yibar
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey;
| | - Izzet B. Saticioglu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey; (I.B.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Nihed Ajmi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey; (I.B.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Muhammed Duman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey; (I.B.S.); (N.A.)
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3
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Ciccarelli C, Semeraro AM, Di Trani V, D’Aurizio G, Blasi G, Leinoudi M, De Simoni C, Ciccarelli E. Monitoring of bivalve mollusk harvesting areas: the relevance of Salmonella spp. Ital J Food Saf 2024; 13:12142. [PMID: 38807743 PMCID: PMC11129160 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiological monitoring of bivalve mollusk harvesting areas in the Marche region is based on the parameters of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. However, Regulation EU/2019/627 stated criteria based on E. coli only to determine the health status of these areas. Therefore, the reason for Salmonella spp. monitoring, as provided in the Marche region, could be aimed at reducing the risk of placing on the market contaminated bivalve mollusks. This study, using the results of microbiological monitoring carried out in the Marche region from 2015 to 2022 and the methods based on Bayes' theorem and Poisson's distribution, evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of Salmonella spp. monitoring in reducing the risk to the consumer. The results show that i) the use of a single sample unit significantly reduced the possibility of detecting non-compliance with the microbiological safety criterion; ii) the time taken to report positive results (average of approximately 10 days) did not allow the timely implementation of control measures; iii) the prevalence of positive outcomes was quite sporadic: a random trend of positivity is recognizable on a geographical and monthly basis for mussels and a geographical basis for striped clams; iv) considering the predictive value of E. coli against Salmonella spp., the specificity is very high and the negative predictive value versus Salmonella spp. would be >80%. In conclusion, the study shows that the monitoring of Salmonella spp. has a limited effect on reducing the risk to the consumer; however, in the cost/benefit assessment, other aspects not covered by this study should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Ciccarelli
- Local Public Health Service Ascoli Piceno, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | | | - Vittoria Di Trani
- Local Public Health Service Ascoli Piceno, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Blasi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Umbria and Marche “Togo Rosati”, Fermo, Italy
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Basanisi MG, Nobili G, La Bella G, D’Antuono AM, Coppola R, Damato AM, Scirocco T, Cilenti L, La Salandra G. One-year monitoring of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the waters and sediments of the Lesina and Varano lagoons (South-East Italy). Ital J Food Saf 2024; 13:12218. [PMID: 38887590 PMCID: PMC11181116 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, two Mediterranean coastal lagoons (Lesina and Varano) of southern Italy, located in the north of the Apulia region, were investigated for the presence of Shiga toxin Escherichia coli (STEC) and potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio species in parallel with norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to evaluate the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and viruses in the water and sediments of these ecosystems. From March 2022 to February 2023, a total of 98 samples were collected: 49 water samples and 49 sediment samples. STEC strains were isolated in three samples (3.1%), of which one (2%) was water (stx1 and stx2 positive) and two (4.1%) were sediment (both stx2 positive) samples. Vibrio spp. were detected in twenty samples (20.4%), of which nine were water (18.4%) and eleven were sediment (22.4%) samples. The species detected included V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. vulnificus. NoV was detected in 25 (25.5%) samples, while none of the water or sediment samples were positive for HAV, HEV, and SARS-CoV-2. The results of this study provide an overview of the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in areas influenced by anthropogenic pressure. Monitoring the circulation of these pathogens could be useful to evaluate the water flowing into the lagoons, in particular discharge waters (i.e., urban, agricultural, and livestock runoff), considering the presence of fish and shellfish farms in these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Nobili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | - Gianfranco La Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | | | - Rosa Coppola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | - Annita Maria Damato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | - Tommaso Scirocco
- Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IRBIM CNR), Lesina
| | - Lucrezia Cilenti
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISPA CNR), Foggia, Italy
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Tedde G, Lorenzoni G, Meloni D, Salza S, Melillo R, Bazzardi R, Cau S, Tedde T, Piras G, Uda MT, Leoni F, Esposito G, Virgilio S, Mudadu AG. Trend of Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Occurrences in Bivalve Molluscs Harvested in Sardinian Coastal Environments Between 2011 and 2018. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100150. [PMID: 37634810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate Vibrio parahaemolyticus occurrences in bivalve molluscs harvested from Sardinian coastal environments between 2013 and 2015. The prevalence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus isolates is based on the detection of the two major virulence genes thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and thermolabile hemolysin (trh) To assess changes between 2011 and 2018 in the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in bivalve molluscs, we compared our results with those of previous investigations. In total, 2,933 samples were collected: 1,079 in 2013, 1,288 in 2014, and 566 in 2015. The mean prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish was 3.5% in 2013, 1.7% in 2014, and 3.5% in 2015. The highest percentage of positive samples in 2013 and 2014 was observed in clams (3.5% and 2.7%, respectively), whereas in 2015, it was reported in oysters (15.1%). By comparing the sampling period of 2011-2014 with that of 2015-2018, an increase in the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus was observed in shellfish (p < 0.05). In parallel, 208 potentially enteropathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains were identified through the years 2011-2018 and, in particular, 10 trh+ and six tdh+ isolates. Our present study provides information regarding trends of V. parahaemolyticus occurrences in bivalve molluscs harvested from Sardinian coastal environments between 2011 and 2018 suggesting that the prevalence varies depending on the sampling period and shellfish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tedde
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Lorenzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Sara Salza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Rita Melillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bazzardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Simona Cau
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tedde
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piras
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Uda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Leoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e Delle Marche, LNR per le Contaminazioni Batteriologiche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Sezione di Ancona, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Virgilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Graziano Mudadu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Oller-Ruiz A, Alcaraz-Oliver N, Férez G, Gilabert J. Measuring Marine Biotoxins in a Hypersaline Coastal Lagoon. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:526. [PMID: 37755952 PMCID: PMC10534363 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins have posed a persistent problem along various coasts for many years. Coastal lagoons are ecosystems prone to phytoplankton blooms when altered by eutrophication. The Mar Menor is the largest hypersaline coastal lagoon in Europe. Sixteen marine toxins, including lipophilic toxins, yessotoxins, and domoic acid (DA), in seawater samples from the Mar Menor coastal lagoon were measured in one year. Only DA was detected in the range of 44.9-173.8 ng L-1. Environmental stressors and mechanisms controlling the presence of DA in the lagoon are discussed. As an enrichment and clean-up method, we employed solid phase extraction to filter and acidify 75 mL of the sample, followed by pre-concentration through a C18 SPE cartridge. The analytes were recovered in aqueous solutions and directly injected into the liquid chromatography system (LC-MS), which was equipped with a C18 column. The system operated in gradient mode, and we used tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) for analysis. The absence of matrix effects was checked and the limits of detection for most toxins were low, ranging from 0.05 to 91.2 ng L-1, depending on the compound. To validate the measurements, we performed recovery studies, falling in the range of 74-122%, with an intraday precision below 14.9% RSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Javier Gilabert
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), E-30203 Cartagena, Spain
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Vaccaro E, Ciccotelli V, Oliveri P, Battistini R, Capelli C, Lottici S, Melchiorre N, Smirnova E, Ferro M, Costa E, Betti B, Vivaldi B, Masotti C, Serracca L, Iacona F, Orlandi M, Ercolini C. Shellfish sanitation monitoring in La Spezia gulf: Chemometric evaluation of data from 2015 to 2021. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17032. [PMID: 37383211 PMCID: PMC10293677 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Shellfish sanitary controls are very important to guarantee consumer health because bivalve molluscs (BVM) are filter-feeders so they can accumulate pathogens, environmental contaminants and biotoxins produced by some algae, causing infections and food poisoning in humans after ingestion. The purpose of this work was to analyse with chemometric methods the historical data relating to routine analyses carried out by the competent authority (Liguria Local Health Unit, National Health Service) on the BVM reared in a shellfish farm located in the Gulf of La Spezia (Italy). Chemometric analysis was aimed at identifying any correlations between the variables, as well as any seasonal trends and similarities between the stations, in order to be able to provide further material for a more accurate risk assessment and to improve the monitoring organization for example by reducing sampling stations and/or sampling frequency. The dataset used included 31 variables classified as biotoxicological, microbiological and chemical variables, measured twice a week, monthly or half yearly respectively, for a total of 6 years (from 2015 to 2021), on samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis coming from 7 monitoring stations. The results obtained by the application of principal component analysis have shown positive alga-biotoxin correlations, as well as seasonal trends linked to algae growth, with a greater algal biomass and their toxins during the spring months. In addition, periods characterised by low rainfall were found to affect algal development, promoting especially species such as Dinophysis spp. Considering the microbiological and biotoxicological variables, significant differences between the monitoring stations were not found. However, stations could be distinguished on the basis of the nature of the predominant chemical pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Vaccaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciccotelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia (DIFAR), Università degli Studi di, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Battistini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Erica Costa
- Liguria Local Health Unit-ASL5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Food and Animal Origin, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Barbara Betti
- Liguria Local Health Unit-ASL5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Food and Animal Origin, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vivaldi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Masotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Serracca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Iacona
- Liguria Local Health Unit-ASL5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Food and Animal Origin, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Mino Orlandi
- Liguria Local Health Unit-ASL5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Food and Animal Origin, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Carlo Ercolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
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Andani A, Bunge E, Kassianos G, Eeuwijk J, Mellou K, Van Damme P, Mukherjee P, Steffen R. Hepatitis A occurrence and outbreaks in Europe over the past two decades: A systematic review. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:497-511. [PMID: 36825922 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A (HA) is a vaccine-preventable liver disease with >170 million new cases occurring yearly. In recent outbreaks in the USA, hospitalization and case-fatality ratios were >60% and ~1%, respectively. In Europe, endemicity persists and outbreaks continue to occur. We performed a systematic literature review to understand the changes in HA occurrence in Europe over the past two decades. PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2001 and 14 April 2021 using terms covering HA, 11 selected European countries, outbreaks, outcomes and HA virus circulation. Here, we focus on HA occurrence and outbreaks in the five countries with the largest population and the most comprehensive vaccination recommendations: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK; 118 reports included data for these five European countries. Notification rates (≤9.7/100,000 population) and percentages of men among cases (≤83.0%) peaked in 2017. The number of person-to-person-transmitted cases and outbreaks decreased in children but increased in other risk groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM). Sexually transmitted outbreaks in MSM clustered around 2017. Travel-related outbreaks were few; the proportion of travel-related cases decreased during the past two decades, while the number of domestic cases increased. Despite the existing risk-based vaccination recommendations, HA transmission shifted in proportions from travelers and children to other risk groups, such as MSM and older age groups. Because a substantial proportion of the European population is susceptible to HA, adherence to existing recommendations should be monitored more closely, and enhanced vaccination strategies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eveline Bunge
- Pallas Health Research and Consultancy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer Eeuwijk
- Pallas Health Research and Consultancy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Robert Steffen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Lorenzoni G, Tedde G, Mara L, Bazzoni AM, Esposito G, Salza S, Piras G, Tedde T, Bazzardi R, Arras I, Uda MT, Virgilio S, Meloni D, Mudadu AG. Presence, Seasonal Distribution, and Biomolecular Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Shellfish Harvested and Marketed in Sardinia (Italy) between 2017 and 2018. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1549-1554. [PMID: 33956961 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the present study, we investigated the presence, seasonal distribution, and biomolecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in samples of bivalve mollusks (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Crassostrea gigas, and Ruditapes decussatus) harvested and marketed in Sardinia (Italy) between 2017 and 2018. A total of 435 samples were submitted for qualitative determination of Vibrio spp., V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Potentially enteropathogenic isolates were detected with biomolecular methods. The overall prevalence of Vibrio spp. was 7.6%. The highest Vibrio prevalence was found in R. decussatus (8.3%). The prevalences of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were 2.7 and 4.8%, respectively. Higher prevalences of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were found in R. decussatus (4.2%) and C. gigas (6.2%), respectively. Only two pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains were recovered (genotypes: tdh- and trh+; tdh+ and trh-), both from M. galloprovincialis. None of the isolates were tdh+ and trh+. Pathogenic Vibrio infections are often underestimated, and human infections are increasing in Europe. European data on the true distribution of Vibrionaceae are scarce, and the results of the present study highlight the need of constant monitoring to update the distribution of pathogenic vibrios. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Lorenzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tedde
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Mara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bazzoni
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente della Sardegna, Via Rockefeller 58/60, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Salza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piras
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tedde
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bazzardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Igor Arras
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Uda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Virgilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Graziano Mudadu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Esposito G, Mudadu AG, Abete MC, Pederiva S, Griglione A, Stella C, Ortu S, Bazzoni AM, Meloni D, Squadrone S. Seasonal accumulation of trace elements in native Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) collected in the Calich Lagoon (Sardinia, Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25770-25781. [PMID: 33471307 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 21 trace elements in native Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Calich Lagoon, a typical brackish area of the northwest of Sardinia (Italy), was investigated. The seasonal variation of metals in bivalves was considered, and the highest values were found in spring and summer; in particular, a high significant (P < 0.001) temporal variation was reported for silver (Ag) and mercury (Hg). The highest and similar concentrations were registered for aluminium (Al, mean 32 mg kg-1wet weight), iron (Fe, mean 32 mg kg-1 w. w.), and zinc (Zn, mean 25 mg kg-1 w. w.). The maximum limits set by European Regulations for cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) were never exceeded. Speciation analysis revealed negligible risk related to inorganic arsenic (iAs). Therefore, M. galloprovincialis confirmed its role as suitable bioindicator to monitor the contamination of coastal environments. Although the recommended tolerable weekly intake (TWI) was not exceeded, the levels of aluminium should be carefully evaluated in monitoring plans in the studied lagoon. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Liguria, Italy
| | - Sabina Pederiva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Liguria, Italy
| | - Alessandra Griglione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Liguria, Italy
| | - Caterina Stella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Liguria, Italy
| | - Sergio Ortu
- Regional Natural Park of Porto Conte, SP. 55 N. 44, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bazzoni
- Regional Agency for the Protection of Sardinian Environment, Via Rockefeller 58/60, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefania Squadrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Liguria, Italy.
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Lamon S, Piras F, Meloni D, Agus V, Porcheddu G, Pes M, Cambula MG, Esposito G, Fois F, Consolati SG, Mureddu A. Enumeration of Escherichia coli and determination of Salmonella spp. and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in shellfish ( Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes decussatus) harvested in Sardinia, Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8625. [PMID: 33324586 PMCID: PMC7731884 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonella spp., Verotoxigenic E. Coli (VTEC) and enumerate E. coli in shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes decussatus) collected before and after depuration from two class B harvesting areas located in Sardinia (Italy). All the samples were analyzed for Salmonella spp. detection according to European Commission Regulation (EC) 2073/2005 and examined using the five tube Most-Probable-Number (MPN) method for enumeration of E. coli in accordance with the European Union reference method ISO 16649-3:2015. E. coli VTEC was investigated following a direct multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) screening test. The enumeration of E. coli met the European law limit for Class A areas of 230 MPN/100g. The averaged enumeration of E. coli in samples of M. galloprovincialis and R. decussatus collected at the harvesting time was 39 and 37 MPN/100 g respectively. The average contamination levels in samples collected after purification were 58 MPN/100g (M. galloprovincialis) and 32 MPN/100 g (R. decussatus). E. coli VTEC was not detected, on the contrary, Salmonella ser. Typhimurium was detected in one sample of M. galloprovincialis and in one sample of R. decussatus collected at the harvesting time. No significant associations were observed between E. coli levels in shellfish and environmental parameters of water or with the detection of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium in M. galloprovincialis and R. decussatus samples. Nevertheless, the occurrence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium, involved in human infection outbreaks, should be considered a potential risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lamon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Piras
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Agus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Margherita Pes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Federica Fois
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Anna Mureddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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